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This study explores pig producers' perceptions regarding the use of technologies for animal welfare in pig farming, highlighting the gap between the productive sector and academic institutions. The research was conducted through a questionnaire administered to producers from different cities in Brazil, addressing topics such as property infrastructure, technology adoption, knowledge about animal welfare, and interaction with academic institutions. The results revealed that although the majority of producers have access to information about technologies and animal welfare, there is a perceived resistance to adopting these technologies, reflected in the lack of interest in responding to academic questionnaires. The analysis also points to the influence of producers' profiles, highlighting the importance of academic education and experience in the sector in the perception and adoption of technologies. Additionally, the research highlights the growing presence of commercial companies, filling the gap between academic research and practical application and suggesting the need for more effective strategies to engage producers in the debate on animal welfare and related technologies. These results have important implications for the development of policies and practices aimed at the sustainable advancement of livestock, encouraging greater integration and collaboration among the various actors in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the effect of small-scale pig farming on unemployment alleviation in Buffalo City, Eastern Cape of South Africa. This is against the backdrop of the extreme youth unemployment and increasing poverty rate being witnessed in South Africa (SA) due to the unstable global economic environment that has impacted most economies of the world. On its part, the government made an appreciable number of investments, especially in the agricultural sector, to address the unemployment challenges, which has yielded varied levels of success. The unemployment situation in SA was compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in approximately 33% of the labour resources that were productive before the pandemic to idle. This necessitated a government injection of R100 billion as a stimulus package into the economy to support small businesses and the agricultural sector, especially small-scale farmers. Mixed methods were adopted to gather primary data from 164 pig farmers, which were randomly selected. XLSTAT and SPSS 28 were used to analyse the quantitative data, and NVivo was used for the qualitative data. The results revealed that farming activities provided a source of income for most pig farmers, with several households depending on it for their livelihood. The collective advantage among pig farmers was the availability of space for farming activities, and most of them engaged in pig farming as a necessity. The government plays a crucial role in the sustainability of pig farming activities in the area through the various interventions that create the needed enabling environment for the farmers to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of animal welfare in intensive pig production has been subject to increasing public criticism in recent years. Previous studies revealed a clear citizens' demand for more species-appropriate pig husbandry systems with various enriching housing elements that ensure adequate behaviour and animal welfare. However, despite intense public debates, to the best of our knowledge, no research has been done to examine a more differentiated rating by citizens of enriching housing elements that can potentially be integrated in farming systems and thus increase social acceptance. Against this background, 14 housing elements were selected that are known to potentially enrich the pigs' environment. We used a picture-based survey design to show participants what each element looks like. Participants were recruited through an online panel provider using quota sampling. 414 German citizens were asked to rate the selected enrichment elements. In addition to compare the rating of enrichment elements, we conducted a cluster analysis based on the participants' attitudes towards animal welfare. Participants believed nine out of the 14 housing elements to have a positive influence on animal welfare and to be an important element in a pigsty. Wallows were appreciated the most, closely followed by straw as bedding and enrichment material in a separate rooting area. Showers, tubs, and straw as enrichment material in containers were rated positively as well, although to a lesser extent. In contrast, the slatted outdoor area and all four enriching objects (toys) performed comparatively poorly. Overall, costs associated with the installation/usage of the respective housing elements were rated rather low, and practicability issues were mostly rated as negligible. We identified two citizen segments that showed different ratings of the housing elements and which also differed in gender, meat consumption patterns, interest in agricultural topics, and self-perceived knowledge of animal husbandry. The findings are valuable for farmers to adapt their production systems. Wallows, straw bedding and rooting areas can improve the animal welfare perception from a citizens' point of view, although there seem to be different citizen segments. Simple toys and slatted areas, even outdoors, seem to be less appropriate when communicating improved husbandry systems to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared thermography is a contactless imaging technique, useful for measuring surface temperature at distance, which has been widely applied in animal production. The possible applications within the pig husbandry include sow heat detection, the reduction in the incidence of neonatal mortality, the recognition of the febrile state caused by pathogens, the study of metabolic efficiency, the evaluation of stress caused by heat, by constraints, or by aggressive interaction, and meat quality prediction. Even if this technique could be easily influenced by environmental factors, the continuous improvement in the procedures and the decrease in the cost of the equipment will allow for new and more applications in swine farming in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The mortality rate associated with ASF is remarkably high, almost approaching 100%. Since the introduction of ASF into China in 2018, its rapid spread has caused marked economic losses in the country’s swine industry. To date, there are no safe and effective commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs against ASF; thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel prevention and control strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which comprises various herbs that are abundant in various potential functional components, holds great promise for the prevention and control of ASF. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the advancements in TCM and the effects of its compound formulas against ASF, including the antiviral abilities, immunoregulatory activities, and practical application of these formulas for the prevention and control of ASF. We specifically examined the potential and constraints of natural product-derived extracts and TCM formulas in combating ASFV. This review aims to offer insights and ideas for the holistic management and containment of ASF.

In this article, I study why and how Soviet planners organized a scheme to collect food waste from Soviet residential buildings and food service establishments in Moscow and other cities and utilize it as a feedstock for pork production. By relying on sociologist Zsuzsa Gille’s “waste regime” concept and a great variety of primary sources, I analyze the Soviet “garbage feeding scheme” as a social institution that patterned the social behavior of actors who engaged with food waste in the USSR from the early 1930s until the beginning of the 1980s. I argue that Soviet planners, informed by zootechnics, perceived garbage feeding as a way to reconcile their goal to increase meat production with the reality of continuous grain shortages. As such, they imparted food waste with the economic meaning that it could be turned into other commodities – wheat and meat. I demonstrate that the Soviet garbage feeding scheme never became a success, as the collection of food waste that laid dispersed across many locations in cities posed too big of an organizational challenge for the USSR’s centralized bureaucracy, and because planners did not succeed at integrating Soviet citizens into its scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The mortality rate associated with ASF is remarkably high, almost approaching 100%. Since the introduction of ASF into China in 2018, its rapid spread has caused marked economic losses in the country's swine industry. To date, there are no safe and effective commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs against ASF; thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel prevention and control strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which comprises various herbs that are abundant in various potential functional components, holds great promise for the prevention and control of ASF. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the advancements in TCM and the effects of its compound formulas against ASF, including the antiviral abilities, immunoregulatory activities, and practical application of these formulas for the prevention and control of ASF. We specifically examined the potential and constraints of natural product-derived extracts and TCM formulas in combating ASFV. This review aims to offer insights and ideas for the holistic management and containment of ASF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most noticeable problems associated with the close location of piggeries is gaseous compounds emission. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions affect the quality of life of people living in the vicinity of such facilities. Among the diverse methods for managing and controlling malodorous substances, biological methods, which involve the utilization of microbiological agents, are widely employed. The use of bacterial strains is a relatively simple, low-cost, and ecological method. The study aimed to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the implementation of a novel consortium of deodorizing bacteria. The study involved the selection of bacteria, assessment of the antagonistic properties, implementation of the inoculum in a mesh-filled biofilter, and analysis of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and fine dust content in the air before and after passing through the mature biological bed. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the biofiltration bed in reducing ammonia levels, with a maximum decrease observed at 73.90%. For hydrogen sulfide, a removal efficiency of >72.08% was observed. Reduction in fine dust pollution also decreased from a level of 3.75 mg/m3 to 1.06 mg/m3. The study's findings demonstrate the promising potential of utilizing a consortium of deodorizing bacteria as an effective approach to mitigating emissions from piggeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of auditory environmental enrichment on the behavior of pregnant and lactating sows housed in mixed (cage until 35 days after insemination and then collective pens) or collective housing (cage until 72 hours after insemination and then collective pens) during the gestation period, as well as the behavior of their litters. A sample of 56 sows of a commercial strain between second and sixth parity was submitted to the treatments from artificial insemination to piglet's weaning (21 days). The sows were assigned in 2 × 2 factorial randomized block designs in the treatments: mixed housing-control (MH-C), collective housing-control (CH-C), mixed housing-music (MH-M), and collective housing-music (CH-M). The sows in the treatments with auditory enrichment were exposed daily throughout gestation and lactation to 6 hours of classical music (Bach symphonies) divided into 2-hour periods. Behavioral assessment was performed on 10 sows of each treatment once a week. At 21 days of age, their piglets were subjected to tests of novel arena, novel object, and voluntary human approach. In both phases, regardless of the housing system evaluated (CH or MH), females submitted to music had a lower incidence of agonistic and stereotyped behaviors and greater social interaction with other sows and their piglets in relation to the control group. Piglets from the CH-M treatment vocalized less and showed better results in the voluntary approach test. Music as an environmental enrichment reduced agonistic interactions between pregnant and lactating sows and the incidence of stereotypies. Piglets from sows housed in a collective system exposed to sound stimuli in the pre- and postnatal periods were more fearless at 21 days of age. • Music can enrich the environment and positively affect the quality of life of housed animals. • Auditory enrichment reduced the stress of pregnant and lactating sows. • Piglets from sows housed in a collective system exposed to sound stimuli in the pre and postnatal periods adapted better to adverse situations. • Music reduced agonistic interactions and the stereotypies incidence in sows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of antimicrobials in swine production is an issue that concerns the whole world due to their impact on animal and public health. This study aimed to verify the antimicrobial use in 29 commercial full-cycle farms in the midwestern region of the state of Minas Gerais, since this region is a hub of intensive pig farming in Brazil, as well as the possible correlations between the use of antimicrobials, biosecurity, and productivity. A total of 28 different drugs used for preventive purposes were described. On average, the herds used seven drugs, exposing the piglets for 116 days and totaling 434.17 mg of antimicrobials per kilogram of pig produced. Just eight active ingredients made up 77.5% of the total number of drugs used on the studied herds. Significant differences were found between the variables, biosecurity score and number of sows, antimicrobial amount and number of drugs, number of drugs and number of sows, and between productivity and biosecurity scores. The use of antimicrobials was considered excessive in the swine farms in the state of Minas Gerais compared to what was reported in Brazil and in other countries. Educational measures and better control should be proposed to reduce the preventive use of antimicrobials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazdalkodas is the property of Herman Otto Intezet Nonprofit Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Higher plants produce secondary metabolites expressing antimicrobial effects as a defense mechanism against opportunistic microorganisms living in close proximity with the plant. Fermentation leads to bioconversion of plant substrates to these bioactive compounds and their subsequent release via breakdown of plant cell walls. Fermented feed products have recently started to become implemented in the pig industry to reduce overall disease pressure and have been found to reduce events such as post-weaning diarrhea. In this study, we investigate the antimicrobial potential of fermented soybean- and rapeseed-based pig feed supplements with and without added seaweed. The antimicrobial effect was tested in a plate well diffusion assay against a range of known human and livestock pathogenic bacteria. Further, we investigate the metabolite profiles based on liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the fermented products in comparison to their unfermented constituents. We observed a pronounced release of potential antimicrobial secondary metabolites such as benzoic acids when the plant material was fermented, and a significantly increased antimicrobial effect compared to the unfermented controls against several pathogenic bacteria, especially Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and a strain of atopic dermatitis causing Staphylococcus aureus CC1. In conclusion, fermentation significantly enhances the antimicrobial properties of rapeseed, soybean, and seaweed, offering a promising alternative to zinc oxide for controlling pathogens in piglet feed. This effect is attributed to the release of bioactive metabolites effective against pig production-relevant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to assess prediction models for production indexes in batches of growing pigs using performance regressors (period of the year and farm size). A database containing 663 records on the performance of pig batches (18.83 ± 4.37 to 111.26 ± 10.59 kg body weight (BW) at housing and finisher, respectively) from a private company was used to assess the following average animal characteristics: initial number of animals (INA), initial BW (IBW), initial age (IA), final BW (FBW), final age (FA), daily feed intake (DFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Data were categorized by period (P) of the year (P1 = Nov to Apr and P2 = May to Oct), and farm size (FS): 0 ≤ INA ≤ 1,000, FS1; 1,001 ≤ INA ≤ 2,000, FS2; 2,001 ≤ INA ≤ 3,000, FS3; and INA > 3,000, FS4. The analysis resulted in representing 58 % of the variance of FCR data. The INA impaired FCR, and having larger pig batches improves FCR and profitability. The FBW prediction errors ranged from 2.47 to 3.38 %. Feed conversion ratio prediction errors ranged from 3.27 to 4.47 %. Based on the joint criteria of non-bias and accuracy, the models for predicting the FBW of growing pig batches have practical value in animal science on account of their accuracy. In addition, increasing the initial number of housed pigs in batches affects the FCR regardless of the period of the year.

Context. The strategic management of pigs raised in an intensive system has been conducted, in general, according to the average weight of piglets after weaning. Different models using morphometric parameters to predict the probability of any of the three weight classes (light, medium, and heavy) occurring post-weaning present themselves as an alternative to help the producer conduct these strategic managements. Aims. This study aimed to evaluate the development of suckling piglets by using morphometric parameters. Methods. A thousand simple samples were extracted at random from 268 piglets for the training data, which represent 70% of the original data set (384 piglets). The remaining 116 piglets (test data) were excluded from the analysis so as to verify the performance of the prediction (probability of each weight class to occur). Afterwards, the results were compared with the real weight class of the piglet at weaning. The variables in this research were birth weight (PWB), lactation length (Lac), and morphometric parameters of body length (BL), heart girth (HG), body mass index (BMI), ponderal index (PI), surface:mass ratio (SM), and parity order (PO). Different models were developed to predict the probability of any of the three weight classes (light, <3.967 kg; medium, 3.967-5.095 kg; and heavy, >5.095 kg) occurring at piglet weaning on the basis of their parameters 1 day postpartum. An adjustment of the ordinal regression was proposed to predict the weight classifications. Key results. The model with a significant effect of the Lac variables was selected. Conclusions and implications. One day after birth, light-weight and heavy-weight piglets, regardless of their morphometry, have a high likelihood of remaining in the same weight class at weaning. However, this does not apply to medium-sized piglets with diverse morphometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Veteriner is the property of Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the structure of the animal husbandry production, a prominent place belongs to the pig industry thanks to the valuable products and quick payback. However, when providing the population with food, a large amount of waste accumulates, which is not only a valuable organic fertilizer, but also a producer of environmental pollution, since gaseous air pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere during their decomposition. As a result of the conducted research, the effectiveness of the investigated mineral fertilizers - phosphorite flour and slaked lime in reducing the level of ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions from pig manure at storing it in lagoons was established. In particular, it was established that the addition of phosphorite flour and slaked lime to the pig manure in lagoons contributes to lower emissions of gases (NH3, CO2, CH4, NO, H2S), respectively by 18.4-33.6% and 8.8-30.8%. At the same time as the emission of the studied gases decreases, mineral fertilizers provide a lower level of the pH, i.e. it shifts to the acidic side. Thus, the establishment of the effectiveness of the investigated mineral fertilizers on the reduction of emissions of harmful gases from pig manure during its storage in lagoons indicate the perspective of their use to prevent environmental pollution in the pig industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several smallholder pig farms exist in Brazil in parallel with industrial pig farming, which is carried out on large-scale farms. This study aimed to describe the smallholder pig production systems in the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba. For this, a questionnaire was applied in loco by interviewing 362 farmers. The labor force was exclusively family-oriented (93.4%), 50% of the farms had between 1.1 and 10 acres, 98.3% raised other animal species (i.e., poultry), and in 80.9% of the properties they cultivated mainly corn. Farrow-to-finish operations were developed in 57.2% of the farms, the swine were kept in a confined system in 62.5%, and the swine were kept outdoors in 20.7%. Of the farrow-to-finish operations, 40.1% had between 11 and 20 pigs, while in the fattening farms, 88.4% had up to 5 pigs. Most of the visited properties (79.6%) had pigs with undefined breeds. In terms of feeding practices, corn, and locally available vegetables were the most commonly used. In addition, 38.1% of farmers used commercial concentrate, usually with other feed. Reproduction was exclusively by natural mating, and the most frequently weaning age (46.9%) was two months. All the interviewees raised swine primarily for their consumption, with 78.7% also selling the animals. In the studied region, farmers obtained their family income by combining farming with other activities and stated that pig production contributed little to this income, and was developed mainly as a family tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of environmental, behavioural, and physiological variables is essential for decision making in intensive animal production systems. Data collection and analysis, in real time, employing low-cost tools are fundamental to increase competitiveness and animal wellness. In this context, the goal of this research was to develop a low-cost measurement system for monitoring bioclimatic and behavioural parameters in the production of pigs in the pre-fattening stage. Internet of things technologies was employed in order to increase control over the production and as a tool for decision-making in real time. Sensor Networks were developed using low-cost sensors open-source platforms and code. The system was validated in a pig farm located in Antioquia-Colombia with two groups of 10 pigs in the pre-fattening stage. Parallel tests with three sequential repetitions were carried out. The system was validated through continuous environmental data collection and periodic physiological measurements. The developed system includes temperature, relative humidity, global radiation, wind speed, pressure, and lighting sensors. A high microclimatic variability was found inside the facilities, presenting thermal discomfort conditions in some hours of the day, which impacted the development and behaviour of the animals. The adaptation of low-cost technologies for real-time monitoring of pigs is viable and facilitate decision-making in real time improving the productive efficiency, supplying important information at a productive and scientific level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists, politicians, and practitioners are debating the current structure of pig farms in Lithuania, as medium and small farms have almost disappeared over the past decade. The debated problem is whether the revitalization of medium and small pig farms would sustainably contribute to self-sufficiency in pork production. Therefore, this research aims to determine which farms in terms of size could offer the best prospect for Lithuania. In order to achieve this aim, the multicriteria evaluation method TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) was used. The production and economic indicators of the Lithuanian pig farming sector in Lithuania and in the context of the selected EU countries of Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Spain, France, Latvia, Netherlands, Austria, and Poland were analyzed. The main research period was 2004–2022. The multicriteria evaluation led to the conclusion that Danish pig farms were the best-managed. Large industrial farms were found to dominate in that country. Large pig farms (approximately two thousand sows) appeared as the best prospect in Lithuania: they took first place in the years examined (2016–2021). The criterion estimate of their assessed indicators was much higher than that of the medium (100 sows) and small (20 sows) farms. The main reasons are significantly higher labor productivity, lower cost, lower price, and better production indicators. Large pig farms generate relatively higher incomes and can meet the increasing environmental requirements and devote a larger part of the income to wages. Further research should consider the European Green Deal and the Farm to Fork Strategy, which are of great importance to farms and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Automated pig feeding system is an emerging technology with the potential to considerably enhance pig farming. This study aimed to explore the benefits of automated pig feeding systems and provide a simplified cost– benefit analysis, which would serve as a valuable decision-making tool for the stakeholders. Materials and Methods: This study conducted a literature review of automated pig feeding systems and explored recent advancements. We conducted a cost–benefit analysis to assess the economic feasibility of implementing an automated feeding system in pig farming. Finally, the case study site, a pig farm in Kazakhstan, has been introduced to provide key information. Results: The results described an automated pig feeding system suitable for a farm with 500 pigs in Kazakhstan. The case study was further enhanced using a simplified cost–benefit analysis tailored to the farm’s needs and circumstances. Conclusion: The designed automated pig feeding system is a marked advancement that seamlessly integrates the currently available automation and management technologies. Its distinguishing feature is the inclusion of remote control capabilities and real-time data provision, which utilize modern technology to transform pig farming management.

Abstract In terms of pig farming, pig gut microbes have a significant effect on farmers and the farm environment. However, it is still unclear which microbial composition is more likely to contribute to this effect. This study collected a total of 136 samples, including pigs’ faeces samples, farmers’ faeces samples, samples from individuals who had no contact with any type of farm animal (referred to as ‘non-exposed’ persons), and environmental dust samples (collected from inside and outside pig houses and the farm) from two pig farms, pig farm A and pig farm B. Whereafter, 16S rRNA sequencing and taxonomic composition analysis were performed. According to the study, compared to non-exposed persons, pig farmers had a significantly higher abundance of 7 genera. In addition, the farmers were grouped according to the duration of their occupational exposure, and it was shown that 4 genera, including Turicibacter, Terrisporobacter, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, exhibited a rise in more frequent contact with pigs. As compared to outside the pig house, the environmental dust has a greater concentration of the 3 bacteria mentioned before. Therefore, these 3 microbes can be considered as co-occurring microbes that may exist both in humans and the environment. Also, the 3 co-occurring microbes are involved in the fermentation and production of short-chain fatty acids and their effectiveness decreased as distance from the farm increased. This study shows that the 3 microbes where pig farmers co-occur with the environment come from pig farms, which provides fresh ideas for preventing the spread of microbial aerosols in pig farms and reducing pollution.

This study explores pig producers’ perceptions regarding the use of technologies for animal welfare in pig farming, highlighting the gap between the productive sector and academic institutions. The research was conducted through a questionnaire administered to producers from different cities in Brazil, addressing topics such as property infrastructure, technology adoption, knowledge about animal welfare, and interaction with academic institutions. The results revealed that although the majority of producers have access to information about technologies and animal welfare, there is a perceived resistance to adopting these technologies, reflected in the lack of interest in responding to academic questionnaires. The analysis also points to the influence of producers’ profiles, highlighting the importance of academic education and experience in the sector in the perception and adoption of technologies. Additionally, the research highlights the growing presence of commercial companies, filling the gap between academic research and practical application and suggesting the need for more effective strategies to engage producers in the debate on animal welfare and related technologies. These results have important implications for the development of policies and practices aimed at the sustainable advancement of livestock, encouraging greater integration and collaboration among the various actors in the sector.

Infrared thermography is a contactless imaging technique, useful for measuring surface temperature at distance, which has been widely applied in animal production. The possible applications within the pig husbandry include sow heat detection, the reduction in the incidence of neonatal mortality, the recognition of the febrile state caused by pathogens, the study of metabolic efficiency, the evaluation of stress caused by heat, by constraints, or by aggressive interaction, and meat quality prediction. Even if this technique could be easily influenced by environmental factors, the continuous improvement in the procedures and the decrease in the cost of the equipment will allow for new and more applications in swine farming in the future.

Automation is an important element in modern livestock farming. Image computer analysis is the automation technology aiming to monitor farm animals by recording continuous images. Further analysis can be carried out to assess more precisely and effectively farm animals’ welfare. The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of the commercial multi-sensor device (Peek Analytics) developed by Copeeks SAS (France), in comparison to human-based observations used to assess behaviors in pigs, including posture (standing/resting), area within the pen (feeding/ drinking/resting/enrichment), and activity level (number of active pigs). Two Peek Analytics (Peek 3 and Peek 4) were installed on a commercial fattening pig farm in Murcia (Spain). Each device recorded data of two pens (39 pigs in four pens in total). Scan sampling was the human-based behavioral observation method used in this study. Datawas collected for five consecutive days, in the following intervals: 09:00- 11:00, 13:00-15:00, and 16:00-18:00 (30 hours of observation in total). Every pig was observed six times per hour and hence the information analyzed includes 7020 observations (180 observations/pig). The comparison between data from human observation and Peek Analytics was performed by using Pearson correlation tests. Posture, areas of interest, and activity level were analyzed separately, as well as data recorded by Peek 3 and 4. Results indicated that Peek Analytics showed a better agreement with human observation, when recording posture(r=0.77, P<0.01) and area within the pen (r=0.77, P<0.01), than when recording activity level (r=0.35, P<0.01). Two devices performed differently in general, with Peek 3 having better agreement than Peek 4 with human observation, regardless of posture, area within the pen, and activity level. The better agreement in Peek 3 may be attributed to the smaller number of pigs in Peek 3 (18) compared to Peek 4 (22). We can conclude from the study that image computer analysis may be reliable in assessing posture and area within the pen of pigs. On the other hand, a moderate agreement in activity level between human observation and computer vision can be due to different methodologies of recording the activity, rather than due to low accuracy of Peek Analytics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2012, pig farming in Israel started to be regulated for minimal standards for pig protection. In September 2012, the "Guidelines for Pig Farming", were issued by the Veterinary Services of Ministry of Agriculture of the State of Israel. This was replaced by the "Regulations against cruelty to animals" (Protection of Animals) (Pigs Farming for Agricultural Purposes) on May 2015, issued by the same Ministry after approval by a special Commission of the Israeli Parliament. Among other aspects, current legislation deals with a problematic aspect relative to pig farming: accomplishment of euthanasia or emergency killing. The purpose of several articles of the current regulations, was to minimize or avoid unnecessary pain and sufferance in pigs, caused by injuries or diseases or any other traumatic events. This article examines practical implications of euthanasia or emergency killing of pigs at the farm level, and addresses solutions for consideration in the local pig industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of pig farming, pig gut microbes have a significant effect on farmers and the farm environment. However, it is still unclear which microbial composition is more likely to contribute to this effect. This study collected a total of 136 samples, including pigs' faeces samples, farmers' faeces samples, samples from individuals who had no contact with any type of farm animal (referred to as 'non-exposed' persons), and environmental dust samples (collected from inside and outside pig houses and the farm) from two pig farms, pig farm A and pig farm B. Whereafter, 16S rRNA sequencing and taxonomic composition analysis were performed. According to the study, compared to non-exposed persons, pig farmers had a significantly higher abundance of 7 genera. In addition, the farmers were grouped according to the duration of their occupational exposure, and it was shown that 4 genera, including Turicibacter, Terrisporobacter, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, exhibited a rise in more frequent contact with pigs. As compared to outside the pig house, the environmental dust has a greater concentration of the 3 bacteria mentioned before. Therefore, these 3 microbes can be considered as co-occurring microbes that may exist both in humans and the environment. Also, the 3 co-occurring microbes are involved in the fermentation and production of short-chain fatty acids and their effectiveness decreased as distance from the farm increased. This study shows that the 3 microbes where pig farmers co-occur with the environment come from pig farms, which provides fresh ideas for preventing the spread of microbial aerosols in pig farms and reducing pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Automated pig feeding system is an emerging technology with the potential to considerably enhance pig farming. This study aimed to explore the benefits of automated pig feeding systems and provide a simplified cost– benefit analysis, which would serve as a valuable decision-making tool for the stakeholders. Materials and Methods: This study conducted a literature review of automated pig feeding systems and explored recent advancements. We conducted a cost–benefit analysis to assess the economic feasibility of implementing an automated feeding system in pig farming. Finally, the case study site, a pig farm in Kazakhstan, has been introduced to provide key information. Results: The results described an automated pig feeding system suitable for a farm with 500 pigs in Kazakhstan. The case study was further enhanced using a simplified cost–benefit analysis tailored to the farm’s needs and circumstances. Conclusion: The designed automated pig feeding system is a marked advancement that seamlessly integrates the currently available automation and management technologies. Its distinguishing feature is the inclusion of remote control capabilities and real-time data provision, which utilize modern technology to transform pig farming management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pig meat production plays a significant role in the Spanish agrofood system. The assessment of the efficiency performance with which farmers are operating is necessary to define adequate policy and management strategies. In this context, this study aimed to determine the technical efficiency (TE) performance of pig farms and to examine the key factors that may affect the production system in Spain. To do so, the analysis relies on the quantile stochastic frontier model using a sample of Spanish pig farms. Results show a significant difference between production frontier parameters across the selected quantiles, which support the relevance of using the quantile regression approach. The optimal quantile for the stochastic frontier indicates an average TE level of 75%. In addition, empirical findings suggest that pig farmers in Spain give more importance to the adoption of high technology to improve their economic and technical performance as well as their competitiveness at the European pig market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Antibiotics are widely used in pig farming across the world which has led to concerns about the potential impact on human health through the selection of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria. This worry has resulted in the development of a production scheme known as pigs Raised Without Antibiotics (RWA), in which pigs are produced in commercial farms, but are ear-tagged as RWA until slaughter unless they receive treatment, thus allowing the farmer to sell the pigs either as premium priced RWA or as conventional meat. Development of antibiotic resistance in pig farming has been studied in national surveys of antibiotic usage and resistance, as well as in experimental studies of groups of pigs, but not in individual pigs followed longitudinally in a commercial pig farm. In this study, a cohort of RWA designated pigs were sampled at 10 time points from birth until slaughter along with pen-mates treated with antibiotics at the same farm. From these samples, the microbiome, determined using 16S sequencing, and the resistome, as determined using qPCR for 82 resistance genes, was investigated, allowing us to examine the difference between RWA pigs and antibiotic treated pigs. We furthermore included 176 additional pigs from six different RWA farms which were sampled at the slaughterhouse as an endpoint to substantiate the cohort as well as for evaluation of intra-farm variability. The results showed a clear effect of age in both the microbiome and resistome composition from early life up until slaughter. As a function of antibiotic treatment, however, we observed a small but significant divergence between treated and untreated animals in their microbiome composition immediately following treatment, which disappeared before 8 weeks of age. The effect on the resistome was evident and an effect of treatment could still be detected at week 8. In animals sampled at the slaughterhouse, we observed no difference in the microbiome or the resistome as a result of treatment status but did see a strong effect of farm origin. Network analysis of co-occurrence of microbiome and resistome data suggested that some resistance genes may be transferred through mobile genetic elements, so we used Hi-C metagenomics on a subset of samples to investigate this. We conclude that antibiotic treatment has a differential effect on the microbiome vs. the resistome and that although resistance gene load is increased by antibiotic treatment load, this effect disappears before slaughter. More studies are needed to elucidate the optimal way to rear pigs without antibiotics.

One of the most noticeable problems associated with the close location of piggeries is gaseous compounds emission. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions affect the quality of life of people living in the vicinity of such facilities. Among the diverse methods for managing and controlling malodorous substances, biological methods, which involve the utilization of microbiological agents, are widely employed. The use of bacterial strains is a relatively simple, low-cost, and ecological method. The study aimed to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the implementation of a novel consortium of deodorizing bacteria. The study involved the selection of bacteria, assessment of the antagonistic properties, implementation of the inoculum in a mesh-filled biofilter, and analysis of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and fine dust content in the air before and after passing through the mature biological bed. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the biofiltration bed in reducing ammonia levels, with a maximum decrease observed at 73.90%. For hydrogen sulfide, a removal efficiency of >72.08% was observed. Reduction in fine dust pollution also decreased from a level of 3.75 mg/m3 to 1.06 mg/m3. The study’s findings demonstrate the promising potential of utilizing a consortium of deodorizing bacteria as an effective approach to mitigating emissions from piggeries.

Higher plants produce secondary metabolites expressing antimicrobial effects as a defense mechanism against opportunistic microorganisms living in close proximity with the plant. Fermentation leads to bioconversion of plant substrates to these bioactive compounds and their subsequent release via breakdown of plant cell walls. Fermented feed products have recently started to become implemented in the pig industry to reduce overall disease pressure and have been found to reduce events such as post-weaning diarrhea. In this study, we investigate the antimicrobial potential of fermented soybean- and rapeseed-based pig feed supplements with and without added seaweed. The antimicrobial effect was tested in a plate well diffusion assay against a range of known human and livestock pathogenic bacteria. Further, we investigate the metabolite profiles based on liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the fermented products in comparison to their unfermented constituents. We observed a pronounced release of potential antimicrobial secondary metabolites such as benzoic acids when the plant material was fermented, and a significantly increased antimicrobial effect compared to the unfermented controls against several pathogenic bacteria, especially Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and a strain of atopic dermatitis causing Staphylococcus aureus CC1. In conclusion, fermentation significantly enhances the antimicrobial properties of rapeseed, soybean, and seaweed, offering a promising alternative to zinc oxide for controlling pathogens in piglet feed. This effect is attributed to the release of bioactive metabolites effective against pig production-relevant bacteria.

The use of antimicrobials in swine production is an issue that concerns the whole world due to their impact on animal and public health. This study aimed to verify the antimicrobial use in 29 commercial full-cycle farms in the midwestern region of the state of Minas Gerais, since this region is a hub of intensive pig farming in Brazil, as well as the possible correlations between the use of antimicrobials, biosecurity, and productivity. A total of 28 different drugs used for preventive purposes were described. On average, the herds used seven drugs, exposing the piglets for 116 days and totaling 434.17 mg of antimicrobials per kilogram of pig produced. Just eight active ingredients made up 77.5% of the total number of drugs used on the studied herds. Significant differences were found between the variables, biosecurity score and number of sows, antimicrobial amount and number of drugs, number of drugs and number of sows, and between productivity and biosecurity scores. The use of antimicrobials was considered excessive in the swine farms in the state of Minas Gerais compared to what was reported in Brazil and in other countries. Educational measures and better control should be proposed to reduce the preventive use of antimicrobials.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are a significant contributor to the global antibiotic resistance crisis, which is predicted to kill more people than cancer by 2050. Livestock production is a contributing factor as it has been one of the fastest-growing industries in the previous century but has the most harmful effects on the environment and human health. The pig is the most widely raised and consumed food-producing animal globally, with an upward trend. The derived residues and the meat products constitute an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that can be transmitted to humans through consumption, direct contact, the environment, or poor handling, leading to relevant zoonotic diseases, especially enteric ones. It is essential to know the diversity, abundance, and distribution of ARGs to have better control and monitoring of their dispersion. In the present study, the ARGs and Mobile Genetic Elements (MGEs) of five enteric and pathogenic species commonly present in the microbiota of both pigs and humans were examined by bioinformatic analysis. This analysis showed that 157 ARGs were distributed across 1869 genomes of five bacterial species, ranked from highest to lowest diversity of ARGs: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enterica, and Enterococcus faecalis. This study contributes to better management of antibiotics, which directly impact the health of both humans and animals.

Several patterns of pig marketing channels were found on the Mainland of East Flores Regency (MEFR) which had an impact on transaction costs, farmers' share, marketing margins, and marketing efficiency. Objective: To analyze the pattern of marketing channels and market performance of pigs. Method: The study used a survey method where data was collected through observation, interviews and document search. Purposive determination of three sub-districts and nine sample villages; while sample traders using the snowball sampling method, and 135 sample farmers randomly proportional. The data is analyzed using market display analysis. Results and discussion: There are three patterns of pig marketing channels, namely: Marketing Channel I: farmers sell directly to consumers (51%); Channel II: farmers sell to local traders (35%); and Channel III: farmers sell to inter-district traders (14%). The marketing margin for local traders is IDR 1,125,000, and traders between districts are IDR 1,700,000. The average marketing cost for local traders is IDR 100,000, while traders between districts are IDR 322,000. Farmer's share in Channel I is 100%, Channel II is 81.64%, and Channel III is 77.33%. The marketing efficiency of Channel I is 0%, Channel II is 11.25%, and Channel III is 17.1%. Conclusion: Three marketing channels for pigs were found in the MEFR related to marketing costs, marketing margins, farmer's share, and marketing efficiency. The highest marketing costs and the highest marketing margins occur at the trader level between districts (Channel III). The largest farmer's share is received by farmers (Channel I). The marketing system for pigs is efficient in all channels (Channels I, II and III). The choice of channel depends on the actual conditions of the farmers and traders involved in marketing.

ABSTRACT Fermentation by Lactobacillus can increase the nutritional value of feed, which is advantageous for pig production. However, the effects of Lactobacillus-driven feed fermentation on the emission of odors from pig feces are unclear. Here, we evaluated how feed fermentation by Lactobacillus affects the concentration of odor molecules in feces (CO2, NH3, H2S, indole, and skatole) and analyzed the changes in fecal microbiota and metabolites during fecal storage. Pigs reared on fermented feed had a higher average daily gain (ADG) and lower feed-to-gain (F/G) ratio than the control group. By the 3rd and 5th days, the concentration of CO2 in feces from pigs in the fermentation group significantly decreased, and the contents of H2S, NH3, and skatole in the fermentation group were significantly lower than those in the control group on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days of fecal storage. The fermentation group exhibited a higher Bacteroidetes abundance on the 3rd and 5th days. With prolonged fecal storage, the fermentation group exhibited a higher abundance of Weissella and Lactobacillus and a lower abundance of Streptococcus. The Lactobacillus fermentation group also showed lower levels of secondary amino acid metabolites, such as 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid and 5-aminopentanoic acid. The pure strain Weissella cibaria ZWC030, which could inhibit the production of skatole in vitro, was successfully isolated from the fermentation group. Overall, the study revealed the interrelationships among fecal microbiota, metabolites, and odor molecules. The findings provide a new avenue for the application of Lactobacillus-driven feed fermentation to promote ADG, decrease the F/G ratio in pigs during growth, and reduce environmental pollution.IMPORTANCEOur present study showed that dietary supplementation with feed fermented by Lactobacillus could promote the growth performance of pigs, regulate the microbiota, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. It could prevent the accumulation of toxic substances and reduce odor emission from pig feces, thereby reducing environmental pollution. In addition, one key triumph of the present study was the isolation of Weissella cibaria ZWC030, and the strain could inhibit the production of skatole in vitro in our present results.

Automation is an important element in modern livestock farming. Image computer analysis is the automation technology aiming to monitor farm animals by recording continuous images. Further analysis can be carried out to assess more precisely and effectively farm animals’ welfare. The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of the commercial multi-sensor device (Peek Analytics) developed by Copeeks SAS (France), in comparison to human-based observations used to assess behaviors in pigs, including posture (standing/resting), area within the pen (feeding/drinking/resting/enrichment), and activity level (number of active pigs). Two Peek Analytics (Peek 3 and Peek 4) were installed on a commercial fattening pig farm in Murcia (Spain). Each device recorded data of two pens (39 pigs in four pens in total). Scan sampling was the human-based behavioral observation method used in this study. Data was collected for five consecutive days, in the following intervals: 09:00-11:00, 13:00-15:00, and 16:00-18:00 (30 hours of observation in total). Every pig was observed six times per hour and hence the information analyzed includes 7020 observations (180 observations/pig). The comparison between data from human observation and Peek Analytics was performed by using Pearson correlation tests. Posture, areas of interest, and activity level were analyzed separately, as well as data recorded by Peek 3 and 4. Results indicated that Peek Analytics showed a better agreement with human observation, when recording posture(r=0.77, P

ABSTRACT Different mechanical configurations of diesel engines, when powered by biogas, can influence engine performance and efficiency. Consequently, this study aims to evaluate various generator engines to determine the optimal configuration for a distributed generation unit at a swine farm. In this study, we assess the biogas consumption, specific consumption, and efficiency of five biogas generator engines. Three engines (A, D, and E) were provided by Biogás Motores Estacionários, while the remaining two (B and C) were provided by Electro Hager models and MWM, respectively. The biogas used was produced in plug flow biodigesters (piston flow) by the treatment of swine waste. Engine A, provided by Biogás Motores Estacionários, exhibited specific consumption at a power of 30 kW (low load) similar to engines B and C. However, engines B and C displayed higher efficiencies at high loads compared to engines A, D, and E, attributed to their advanced fuel injection and control systems.

AbstractA cross-sectional study was conducted between February and May 2022 to explore the pig farming practices and assess their compliance with Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and their associated constraints in Mpwapwa and Mbulu districts. A total of 136 pig farmers were randomly chosen from purposively selected wards for interview using a structured questionnaire. The study revealed that 71.3% of all pig farmers were aware of GAPs on pig farming, but only 19.8% of the pig farmers complied with the stipulated GAPs. About 81.6% of the respondents had poor piggery hygiene and 76.5% had poor piggery conditions. Pig farmers reported the cost of feeds (83.8%) and veterinary services (81.6%) to be the hindrance to compliance with GAPs. It was concluded that pig farmers are aware of GAPs but not all implement them. Limited availability and high costs of pig feeds and veterinary services are among the factors limiting the full implemantation of GAP in pig farming in the Mpwapwa and Mbulu districts. Therefore, there is a need for the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development and private investors to collaborate to ensure accessibility to Agro-vet services in rural areas with minimal cost. A positive effect could also result from encouraging pig farmers to use locally available ingredients to compose pig feeds.

Context: The complexity in swine production demands equally complex management actions. In this sense, risk management is an area that has been little explored and that may offer significant contributions to pork producers in their decision-making processes. Aims: This study aimed to collect the available information on risks in pig farming and identify how the topic has been approached in recent studies. Methods: A systematic review was conducted on the basis of searches in the Web of Science , Scopus and Science Direct databases, in the period ranging from 2015 to 2021. The searches resulted in 2178 documents on the theme risks in pig farming, which were then classified into 13 categories to represent the general objective of each study and into 177 subcategories representing the specific objective of each work. The data, separated into categories and subcategories, was not classified by any exclusionary criteria. On the contrary, they represent all the information found in the studied documents. Key results: The results show that, although the number of studies on risks in pig farming is growing, the studies are contained in specific fields only. It was also possible to observe that although the studies focused on problems that may affect pig raising, they were not approached in a holistic manner using risk management methodologies that would allow identifying, measuring and managing risks in a consistent and systematic way. Thus, the studies cannot be characterised as having a risk management approach. Conclusion: The studies on risks in pig farming focus on specific areas instead of using an integrated approach. It was found that risks in pig farming are a growing concern, but a holistic approach to the subject is still unexplored and could be quite fruitful, as it would make it possible to identify, measure and manage risks in a more consistent and systematic way. Implications: Producers, veterinarians, managers and researchers can use the results of this study (1) to develop identification systems, and (2) in quantitative and qualitative analyses, planning, implementation of responses and monitoring of risks in pig farming. The complexity in swine production demands management actions that are equally complex. An area that may significantly help pork producers with their decision-making is risk management. A systematic review was carried. The searches resulted in 2178 documents on the theme risks in pig farming. The results showed that risk is a growing theme in the area but they were not approached in a holistic manner through specific methodologies that would allow identifying, measuring and managing risks in a consistent and systematic way and thus be characterised as risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2012, pig farming in Israel started to be regulated relative to minimal standards for pig protection. On September 2012, the "Guidelines for Pig Farming", were issued by the Veterinary Services of the Ministry of Agriculture, which were replaced by the "Regulations against cruelty to animals (Protection of Animals) (Pig Farming for Agricultural Purposes)" on May 2015, issued by the same Ministry after approval by a specific Commission of the Israeli Parliament. Among other aspects, current legislation deals with the problematic aspect relative to pig farming: implementation of mutilations (tail docking, castration, teeth clipping). The purpose of several articles of the current Regulation was to minimize or avoid unnecessary pain and sufferance in pigs, caused by practices of mutilations. This article examines practical implications of mutilations and addresses potential solutions for consideration in the local pig industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lactating hyperprolific sows present with oxidative stress, which affects feed intake and milk production. The metabolic response of animals is to mobilize body reserves, resulting in a negative energy balance. In this context, this study suggested the use of phytogenic additives in the feed of lactating sows to improve body conditions during the lactation period and milk production, yielding adequate piglet performance. The study verified that using phytogenics in the feed of lactating sows resulted in improved bromatological parameters of the milk and improved the performance of sows and piglets. The objective was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic supplementation in the feed of lactating sows on the performance parameters of sows and suckling piglets. Ninety-three lactating sows of commercial lines (sows TN70) were distributed in a completely randomized design. The treatments adopted were a control diet without phytogenics (control) and a control diet with phytogenic supplementation in the feed. Performance parameters and the behaviors of sows and piglets were evaluated, in addition to milk composition and the biochemical parameters of the animals. The use of phytogenics did not affect the feed intake or tissue mobilization of the sows. However, it improved the production and quality of milk and reduced the possibility of light piglets at weaning by 22.16 percentage points. Regarding biochemical parameters, phytogenics improved animal recovery in the lactation period, as proven by an increase in the serum concentration of total protein and urea. Sows that received phytogenics exhibited increased behaviors of inactivity (3.16%), breastfeeding (1.15%), and water consumption (0.95%). In conclusion, using phytogenics in the feed of lactating sows improves the performance of the litters without affecting the body condition of the sows, with increased milk production and enhanced protein and lactose concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The EU's ambition to establish economy-wide climate neutrality by 2050 requires challenging transformations in many economic activities. This paper aims to investigate the nexus of structural changes and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) in an important sector of the livestock system, namely pig farming, during the period of 2010–2020 and to discuss the main directions of GHGE reduction. The academic novelty of this contribution is characterised by a combination of the shift-share and cluster analysis that allows for the investigation of the evolution phenomenon, applying the sustainability prism in order to understand the nexus between pig farming and the livestock system, as well as combining the national and EU levels. Results suggest that the steep decline in the number of holdings and a moderate reduction in livestock units (LSUs) on farms do not bring tangible GHGE reduction results. The cluster analysis confirms that pig farming systems in pre-2004 member states, except for Finland and Greece, demonstrated positive developments or a lower decline in holdings with pigs and live swine LSUs compared to other countries, while in the dominant share of post-2003 member states, the GHGE reduction rate was higher. This research identifies a reduction in the pig population, improvement in feed production and the development of related supply chains, and changes in manure management and utilisation as the main directions of GHGE reduction; however, the identified clusters are related with different potentials of GHGE reduction when applying the aforementioned measures. Recommendations include the development and support of actions that focus on GHGE reduction from swine manure and contribute to the establishment of a circular economy in the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pig waste can be used to generate energy through biogas and has been gaining importance for being a renewable energy source. The resulting biogas can be used in many forms, such as to produce electricity and supply local networks using microgrids. This helps bring greater stability and energy security to local electricity supply networks. Under this light, this article aims to (i) report on socio-environmental impacts, (ii) present lessons learned (from a circular economy and territorial intelligence perspective), and (iii) point out future business opportunities of value recovery from waste in rural properties. To that end, a case study was carried out in a rural property in Paraná, Brazil. The authors conducted local visits and surveys, and consulted documents provided by the property owners about projects making use of biogas produced from pig waste and used to generate electricity. Different partnerships between the property and public and private bodies enable business opportunities arising from projects that range from the commercialization of carbon credits, decentralized energy generation, to sale of energy to the State's energy provider and establishing Microgrids. From those projects, direct and indirect environmental and social benefits are primarily related to the replacement of non-renewable energy with renewable energy from waste, and impacts avoided from the inadequate handling of pig waste. The results show that it is possible to explore the energy potential of rural properties, based on livestock waste, by developing partnerships with public and private actors, producing energy from biogas, from circular economy and territorial intelligence perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics are widely used in pig farming across the world which has led to concerns about the potential impact on human health through the selection of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria. This worry has resulted in the development of a production scheme known as pigs Raised Without Antibiotics (RWA), in which pigs are produced in commercial farms, but are ear-tagged as RWA until slaughter unless they receive treatment, thus allowing the farmer to sell the pigs either as premium priced RWA or as conventional meat. Development of antibiotic resistance in pig farming has been studied in national surveys of antibiotic usage and resistance, as well as in experimental studies of groups of pigs, but not in individual pigs followed longitudinally in a commercial pig farm. In this study, a cohort of RWA designated pigs were sampled at 10 time points from birth until slaughter along with pen-mates treated with antibiotics at the same farm. From these samples, the microbiome, determined using 16S sequencing, and the resistome, as determined using qPCR for 82 resistance genes, was investigated, allowing us to examine the difference between RWA pigs and antibiotic treated pigs. We furthermore included 176 additional pigs from six different RWA farms which were sampled at the slaughterhouse as an endpoint to substantiate the cohort as well as for evaluation of intra-farm variability. The results showed a clear effect of age in both the microbiome and resistome composition from early life up until slaughter. As a function of antibiotic treatment, however, we observed a small but significant divergence between treated and untreated animals in their microbiome composition immediately following treatment, which disappeared before 8 weeks of age. The effect on the resistome was evident and an effect of treatment could still be detected at week 8. In animals sampled at the slaughterhouse, we observed no difference in the microbiome or the resistome as a result of treatment status but did see a strong effect of farm origin. Network analysis of co-occurrence of microbiome and resistome data suggested that some resistance genes may be transferred through mobile genetic elements, so we used Hi-C metagenomics on a subset of samples to investigate this. We conclude that antibiotic treatment has a differential effect on the microbiome vs. the resistome and that although resistance gene load is increased by antibiotic treatment load, this effect disappears before slaughter. More studies are needed to elucidate the optimal way to rear pigs without antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to apply exploratory analysis and modeling associated with abiotic factors, physiological and behavioral variables of swine in the semi-arid region. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme, randomly distributed in nine pens, with three animals. The behavior of the animals was recorded using images and analyzed within 10-min interval. The data analysis used was multivariate, using the clustering method (tree diagram) and principal component analysis (PCA), in order to establish the main predictors of swine ingestive behavior, using multiple linear regression models. The PCA showed satisfactory results, in which the lowest eigenvalue observed was 2.82 and the accumulated variance for the treatments ranged from 69.70 to 94% for the first two principal components. Through exploratory data analysis, it was possible to identify the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors with the ingestive behavior of pigs in the finishing phase. Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, the most promising predictor variables for estimating the regression models were determined. Adiabatic evaporative cooling associated with 18 h of light was the combination of factors with the best results, presenting models for eating and drinking behavior, i.e. a complete ingestive characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the need for food safety rises, consumers are becoming more interested in certified safe pork products, such as those with safety certification or traceability. Implementing GAHP guidelines for pig farming is one potential approach to achieving food safety in Vietnam. Nevertheless, since GAHP requires a relatively substantial initial investment, its adoption is mostly determined by the economic feasibility of pig farming. A choice experiment was used in this study to investigate farmers' preferences for adopting GAHP in pig farming in Vietnam. The findings show that pig farmers are strongly inclined to adopt GAHP if specific conditions are met. The presence of guaranteed output contracts, increased yields, and price premiums are important variables influencing their decision to implement GAHP. The findings could be used by policymakers to develop and implement supportive regulations to encourage GAHP adoption, while buyers, processors, and retailers can capitalize on pig farmers' preferences by establishing and publicizing market channels for GAHP-certified products. Furthermore, these findings could be used to assist pig farmers in making informed choices about their farming practices, allowing them to analyze the possibility of getting output contracts, implementing productivity-boosting initiatives, and exploring market potential for GAHP-certified pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Atlantic Review of Economics / Revista Atlántica de Economía is the property of Colegio de Economistas de La Coruna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)