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15) Phortica (Ashima) nudiarista Cheng & Chen, 2008 Phortica (Phortica) nudiarista Cheng & Chen in Cheng et al., 2008: 619. Phortica brachychaeta Chen & Toda in Chen et al., 2005b: 422 (part, misidentification). Phortica (Ashima) nudiarista: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Arista apically with distinct, leaf-like expansion narrower than long and apically tapering and pointed but neither dorsal nor ventral branches (��� Fig. 8 ��� in Cheng et al. 2008); one lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath with 2 anterior postgonites widely separated; the other lateral lobe with 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites (���Fig. 11��� in Cheng et al. 2008). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. pavriarista). Supracervical setae 9���11. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 9 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left lateral lobe bears 2 anterior postgonites, and the right lobe 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites (���Fig. 11��� in Cheng et al. 2008); but in B-type, vice versa. Specimens examined. China: 1♂ (B-type), Zhengxing, Jingdong, Yunnan, 24.vii.2009 (SEHU). Thailand: 1♂ (B-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a.s.l., 24.vii.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU); 1♂ (Atype), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a.s.l., 9.i.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU); 1♂ (B-type), path to Pha Lad, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 5.x.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU); 1♂ (B-type), path to Bung La U O, Ban Thi Pho Ji, Umphang Distr., Tak, ~ 800 m, 22.i.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU). Malaysia: 1♂ (B-type), Ulu Gombak, Selangor, 9.xii.2013, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU). India: 1♂ (B-type), Uttarakhand, Chamoli Distr., Simli (Narainbagar), 5.ix.2010, P.C. Sati leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *, Peninsular Malaysia *, India (Uttarakhand)*. Remarks. This species resembles P. pavriarista in the morphology of the aedeagal sheath and postgonites, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Cheng, Y., Gao, J. J., Watabe, H. & Chen, H. W. (2008) Revision of the genus Phortica Schiner 1862 in China (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zoological Studies, 47, 614 - 632.","Chen, H. W., Toda, M. J. & Gao, J. J. (2005 b) The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and its adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30, 419 - 429.","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42"]}

1) Phortica (Ashima) afoliolata Chen & Toda, 2005 (Fig. 3H) Phortica afoliolata Chen & Toda in Chen et al., 2005b: 421. Phortica (Ashima) afoliolata: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Aedeagal sheath ventro-apically with a pair of strongly sclerotized postgonites much shorter than bifurcated pieces of aedeagal median rod (Fig. 3H); aedeagus with free sclerite within outer membrane (ch.59-1; Fig. 3H). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae 18���20. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1/2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb (dorsal/ventral branches of arista) = 7���9/4���7. Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7���8 per side; posterior sensilla 6���7 per side. All tarsi entirely yellow. Specimens examined. China: 1♂ paratype, 4♂, Jianfeng, Ledong County, Hainan, 21.ix.1993, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 1♂, ditto, except 22.ix.1993 (SEHU); 5♂ paratypes, ditto, except 25.ix.1993 (SEHU). Myanmar: 1♂ paratype, Yangon, 14.i.1982, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU). Laos: 2♂, near Vang Vieng, 27.vii.2009, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Yunnan, Hainan), Myanmar, Laos *. * New record., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Chen, H. W., Toda, M. J. & Gao, J. J. (2005 b) The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and its adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30, 419 - 429.","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42"]}

13) Phortica (Ashima) andreagigoni Toda & B��nziger, sp. nov. (Fig. 4) Diagnosis. Some interfrontal setulae longer than lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch.3-2); arista without apical expansion (ch.7-0; Fig. 4A); pregonite strongly curved ventrad distally (Fig. 4C); posterior postgonites on lateral lobes of aedeagal sheath medially fused to each other (ch.66-1; Fig. 4D); left and right lateral lobes of aedeagal sheath with 1 and 2 anterior, somewhat triangular, plate-like postgonites, respectively (Fig. 4D). Description (not repeating characters common to P. foliiseta). Supracervical setae 14���15. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 2/3 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Longest, dorsal branch of arista shorter than longest seta on pedicel (Fig. 4A). Fore and hind tarsomere Is slightly longer than 3 succeeding tarsomeres together; mid one as long as rest tarsomeres together. Measurements (holotype, in mm): BL = 3.69, ThL = 1.51, WL = 2.46, WW = 1.10. Indices (holotype, in ratio): FW/HW = 0.46, ch/o = 0.07, prorb = 1.26, rcorb = 0.53, vb = 0.29, dcl = 0.55, presctl = 0.46, sctl = (n/a), sterno = 1.00, orbito = 2.37, dcp = 0.33, sctlp = 1.32, C = 2.01, 4c = 1.69, 4v = 2.99, 5x = 0.97, ac = 3.45, M = 0.64, C3F = 0.58. Holotype. ♂ (SEHU), ��� Chang Khian Stream gully, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 800 m a.s.l., 5.vii.2009, H. B��nziger ���. Distribution. Thailand. Remarks. This species resembles P. foliiseta within the cluster of the four species, in having the dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme ��� 2/3 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme (ch.1-0), but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters. Etymology. Composite patronym with which H.B. wants to honor Prof. Dr.Andrea Gigon for his friendship and creation of the Blue Lists (Gigon et al. 2000)., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Gigon, A., Langenauer, R., Meier, C. & Nievergelt, B. (2000) Blue Lists of threatened species with stabilized or increasing abundance: A new instrument for conservation. Conservation Biology, 14, 402 - 413. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.2000.98443. x"]}

31) Phortica (Ashima) zhangyuanae Gong, Zhu & Chen, 2018 Phortica (Ashima) zhangyuanae Gong, Zhu & Chen, 2018: 442. Diagnosis. Posterior postgonite apically bifid, and anterior one composed of basal, thick, short trifurcation and large, thin, V-shaped sclerite (���Figs 34, 35��� in Gong et al. 2018). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae 22���23. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1/2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 0���3/0; longest, dorsal branch longer than longest seta on pedicel; apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically roundish. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 6 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. All tarsi entirely yellow. Pregonite nearly entirely sclerotized (ch.43-1), only angulated in ventrosubapical portion of apical knob (ch.46-1), and coarsely serrated on ventrodistal portion (ch.50-1). The antisymmetry is observed in the phallic organs: in A-type, the posterior postgonite is present on the right side, the anterior one on the left side, and left arm of hypandrium more stretched out; but in B-type, vice versa (���Fig. 35��� in Gong et al. 2018). Specimens examined. Thailand: 1♂ (A-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a.s.l., 20.viii.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU); 1♂ (B-type), Chang Khian Stream gully, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 29.xi.2009, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Gong, L., Zhu, L. & Chen, H. W. (2018) Six new species of the subgenera Alloparadisa and Ashima (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica) from Yunnan, China, with DNA barcoding information. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 54, 434 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2018.1491327"]}

33) Phortica (Ashima) takehiroi Toda, sp. nov. (Fig. 9) Diagnosis. Arista with arb = 2/0 (ch.6-2) and apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than 1/2 length and apically roundish or slightly notched (Fig. 9B); anterior postgonite on left lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath apically trifurcated into one very large, sickle-like and two small, claw-like projections (Fig. 9I). Description (not repeating characters common to P. glabra). Supracervical setae 16���17. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1/2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 6 per side; posterior sensilla 3���4 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomere V; all tarsomere Is slightly longer than 3 succeeding tarsomeres together. Measurements (holotype / 1♂ paratype, in mm): BL = 3.34/3.43, ThL = 1.55/1.37, WL = 2.46/2.24, WW = 1.08/1.03. Indices (holotype / 1♂ paratype, in ratio): FW/HW = 0.43/0.48, ch/o = 0.11/0.09, prorb = 1.23/1.45, rcorb = 0.53/0.59, vb = 0.55/0.40, dcl = 0.49/0.50, presctl = 0.68/0.56, sctl = 1.01/1.03, sterno = 0.92/0.98, orbito = 1.91/1.95, dcp = 0.25/0.23, sctlp = 1.33/1.36, C = 2.48/2.32, 4c = 1.55/1.47, 4v = 3.37/(n/a), 5x = 1.17/1.08, ac = 3.40/(n/a), M = 0.76/0.68, C3F = 0.68/0.64. Holotype. ♂ (SEHU), ��� Matsuyama, Ehime Pref., Japan, 33��51���19��� N 132��46���21��� E, 100 m a.s.l., 23.x.2010, T. Katoh���. Paratype. Japan: 1♂, Kakei, Aki-ota, Hiroshima Pref., 18.vii.2010, T. Katoh (SEHU). Distribution. Japan (Chugoku, Shikoku). Remarks. This species resembles P. glabra in having the apically blunt posterior postgonite on the right side of aedeagal sheath and the long, broad, sinuated lateral lobe on the left side, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters. Etymology. Patronym, dedicated to Dr. Takehiro Katoh, who collected the specimens., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610

1. Phortica (Ashima) afoliolata species group, new Diagnosis. Aedeagal, median rod distally diffentiated into two strongly sclerotized, asymmetric pieces (ch.58-4; Fig. 3F); arista with 4 or more ventral branches (ch.6-0; Fig. 2A); hypandrial phragma broader than lateral gonocoxites (ch.41-0; Fig. 3F). Shared characters. Some interfrontal setulae as long as lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch.3-0). Arista apically without leaf-like expansion (ch.7-0); longest, dorsal branch longer than longest seta on pedicel (Fig. 2A). Cibarial, medial sensilla all trichoid, apically pointed (ch.11-0; Fig. 2C). Prementum without pubescent patches (ch.12-0). Pseudotracheae in labellum 6 per side (ch.14-2; Fig. 2D). Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch.15-1). Mid and hind femora with gray patch submedially or largely dark brown (ch.16-1; Fig. 2G); all tibia with dark gray ring(s) or largely dark brown (ch.17,18,19-1; Fig. 2G). Apical, downward curved setula on fore tarsomere V neither thicker than surrounding setulae nor longer than tarsomere V (ch.20-0; Fig. 2E). Caudal bands on tergites III and IV medially interrupted/constricted (ch.21-2; Fig. 2F). Abdominal sternites III–V longer than wide; III not wider than IV; setulae on medial surface of III–V not so dense (ch.22–24,26–28-0; Fig. 2H). Epandrium widely round on ventral margin (ch.31-1; Fig. 3D); setae on and/or near ventral margin of epandrium not denser than those on other portions (ch.32-0; Fig. 3D), longer than others (ch.33- 1; Fig. 3D). Surstylus without expansion at caudoventral corner (ch.35-0; Fig. 3E), with peg-like teeth (ch.37-0; Fig. 3E). Hypandrium symmetric (ch.40-0; Fig. 3F). Pregonite (Fig. 3G,H) partly strongly sclerotized (ch.43-0), rod-like, with apical knob (ch.44-1), apically narrowing basal extension nearly rectangular to main body (ch.49-1) and sensilla on submedial and basal portions (ch.52,53-1) but no serration on ventrodistal portion (ch.50-0); apical knob without fine serrations (ch.45-0), ventrosubapically protruded, forming apically pointed barbule (ch.46,47-0). Aedeagal, outer membrane bearing neither spiny ornamentation nor apical, long, narrow tube (ch.55-1, ch.57-0; Fig. 3 F–H). Posterior, rod-like process of phallapodeme not longer than aedeagal median rod (ch.62-0; Fig. 3G,H). Aedeagal sheath and/or postgonites asymmetric (ch.63-1; Fig. 3F). Aedeagal sheath without lateral lobe(s) bearing strongly sclerotized postgonites (ch.65-0; Fig. 3G,H). Included species. Phortica (Ashima) afoliolata; P. (A.) eseta Chen; P. (A.) qingsongi An & Chen*; P. (A.) xishuangbanna Cheng & Chen; and P. (A.) efragmentata sp. nov. * The assignment was judged from the original description by An et al. (2015). Remarks. This species group first branched off in the subgenus Ashima (Fig. 1), retaining a number of plesiomorphic characters such as the plumose (with 5 and 4 or more dorsal and ventral branches, respectively; ch.5,6-0) arista but lacking the apical, leaf-like expansion (ch.7-0), cibarial, medial sensilla all trichoid, apically pointed (ch.11-0), the fore tarsomere V apically without specially developed, downward curved setula (ch.20-0), and the abdominal sternites III–V small, not so conspicuously differentiated in shape and setation from each other (ch.22– 24,26–28-0).

21) Phortica (Ashima) halimunensis Toda, sp. nov. (Fig. 6) Diagnosis. Apical piece of aedeagal, median rod small and flat plate (Fig. 6E,F). Description (not repeating characters common to P. tanabei). Supracervical setae 8���11. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly shorter than basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 1���2/1; apical, leaf-like expansion apically somewhat roundish and with short, awn-like projection (Fig. 6A). Cibarial, medial sensilla 5���6 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. Fore and hind tarsomere Is as long as 3 succeeding tarsomeres together; mid one slightly longer than rest tarsomeres together. Measurements (holotype /range of 4♂ paratypes, in mm): BL = 2.90/2.46���2.74, ThL = 1.39/1.15���1.37, WL = 2.11/1.83���2.11, WW = 0.95/0.86���0.98. Indices (holotype /range of 4♂ paratypes, in ratio): FW/HW = 0.46/0.45���0.47, ch/o = 0.07/0.07���0.08, prorb = 1.13/1.11���1.29, rcorb = 0.66/0.47���0.69, vb = 0.31/0.33���0.46, dcl = 0.44/0.37���0.47, presctl = 0.41/0.45���0.51, sctl = 1.00/1.00���1.07, sterno = 0.88/0.85���0.99, orbito = 1.84/2.00���2.39, dcp = 0.22/0.21���0.26, sctlp = 1.08/0.93���1.12, C = 2.31/2.06���2.20, 4c = 1.44/1.43���1.70, 4v = 2.87/2.62���3.21, 5x = 1.30/1.04���1.28, ac = 3.72/3.34���4.03, M = 0.70/0.59���0.80, C3F = 0.54/0.61���0.72. Holotype. ♂ (MZB), ��� Cikaniki, Mt. Halimun, West Java, Indonesia, 6��44���42.5��� S 106��32���14.5��� E, 1,051 m a.s.l., 4.xi.2009, ex around eyes, M.J. Toda ���. Paratypes. Indonesia: 1♂, same data as the holotype, except 5.xi.2009 (MZB); 1♂, ditto, except ex tree trunk (SEHU); 2♂, same data as the holotype, except 9.xi.2009 (SEHU). Distribution. Java (West Java). Remarks. This species is coupled with P. tanabei (BP = 72%; Fig. 1), sharing the aedeagal, median rod distally diffentiated into one asymmetric sclerite piece (ch.58-3; Fig. 6E,F), but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic character. Etymology. Referring to the type locality., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610

4) Phortica (Ashima) efragmentata Toda, sp. nov. (Figs 2, 3 D���G) Diagnosis. Posterior piece of aedeagal median rod widely bifurcated (Fig. 3F); aedeagal free sclerite absent (ch.59- 0; Fig. 3F). Description. Supracervical setae 18���19. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 3/4 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme.Arista with arb = 8/4 (Fig. 2A). Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ (Fig. 2B). Cibarial, medial sensilla 12���17 per side; posterior sensilla 6���7 per side (Fig. 2C). All tarsi entirely yellow (Fig. 2G); fore tarsomere I as long as 3 succeeding tarsomeres together; mid one slightly longer than rest tarsomeres together; hind one as long as rest together. Aedeagal sheath ventro-apically with a pair of strongly sclerotized postgonites much smaller than bifurcated pieces of aedeagal median rod (Fig. 3F). Measurements (holotype, in mm): BL (straight distance from anterior edge of pedicel to tip of abdomen) = 3.65, ThL (distance from anterior notal margin to apex of scutellum) = 1.56, WL (distance from humeral cross vein to wing apex) = 2.46, WW (maximum wing width) = 1.08. Indices (holotype, in ratio): FW/HW (frontal width/head width) = 0.44, ch/o (maximum width of gena/maximum diameter of eye) = 0.08, prorb (proclinate orbital seta length/posterior reclinate orbital seta length) = 1.78, rcorb (anterior reclinate orbital seta length /posterior reclinate orbital seta length) = 0.91, vb (subvibrissal seta length /vibrissa length) = 0.30, dcl (anterior dorsocentral seta length/posterior dorsocentral seta length) = (n/a), presctl (prescutellar seta length /posterior dorsocentral seta length) = 0.52, sctl (basal scutellar seta length /apical scutellar seta length) = (n/a), sterno (anterior katepisternal seta length/posterior katepisternal seta length) = (n/a), orbito (distance between proclinate and posterior reclinate orbital setae/distance between inner vertical and posterior reclinate orbital setae) = 2.08, dcp (distance between ipsilateral dorsocentral setae/distance between anterior dorsocentral setae) = 0.24, sctlp (distance between ipsilateral scutellar setae/distance between apical scutellar setae) = 1.20, C (2nd costal section between subcostal break and R 2+3 /3rd costal section between R 2+3 and R 4+5) = 2.35, 4c (3rd costal section between R 2+3 and R 4+5 /M 1 between r-m and dm-cu) = 1.50, 4v (M 1 between dm-cu and wing margin/M 1 between r-m and dm-cu) = 3.03, 5x (CuA 1 between dm-cu and wing margin/dm-cu between M 1 and CuA 1) = 1.00, ac (3rd costal section between R 2+3 and R 4+5 /distance between distal ends of R 4+5 and M 1) = 3.88, M (CuA 1 between dm-cu and wing margin/M 1 between r-m and dm-cu) = 0.66, C3F [length of heavy setation in 3rd costal section/(length of heavy setation in 3rd costal section+length of light setation in 3rd costal section)] = 0.71. Holotype. ♂ (SEHU), ��� Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia, 8.xii.2013, M.J. Toda ���. Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia. Remarks. This species resembles P. afoliolata in having the small postgonites (Fig. 3 F���H), but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters. Etymology. Referring to the lack of free sclerite within aedeagal outer membrane., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610

14) Phortica (Ashima) pavriarista Cheng & Chen, 2008 Phortica (Phortica) pavriarista Cheng & Chen in Cheng et al., 2008: 620. Phortica speculum (Maca & Lin, 1993): Chen et al., 2005b: 420 (part, misidentification). Phortica (Ashima) pavriarista: Chen & Máca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Arista only very slightly expanded apically (“Fig. 14” in Cheng et al. 2008); all postgonites strongly sclerotized, apically more or less pointed; posterior postgonite on only one lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath; lateral lobes submedially separated from each other; one lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath with 2 relatively close anterior postgonites (“Fig. 17” in Cheng et al. 2008). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. foliiseta). Supracervical setae 12–14. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1/2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Longest, dorsal branch of arista shorter than longest seta on pedicel. Cibarial, medial sensilla 9–10 per side; posterior sensilla 4–6 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomere V. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left lateral lobe bears 2 anterior postgonites, and the right lobe 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites (“Fig. 17” in Cheng et al. 2008); but in B-type, vice versa. Specimen examined. Thailand: 1♂ (B-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a.s.l., 6.i.2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *. Remarks. This species resembles P. andreagigoni in having the less expanded apex of arista, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.

11) Phortica (Ashima) nakanoi Chen, 2012 Phortica (Ashima) nakanoi Chen in Chen & Máca, 2012: 497. Diagnosis. Aedeagal sheath with the following sclerotized postgonites: anterior one longest and strongly curved ventrad, and posterior one minute and apically pointed on left lateral lobe; anterior one broadest, somewhat triangular and gently curved ventrad, and posterior one long and apically pointed on right lateral lobe (“Figs 13, 14” in Chen & Máca 2012). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. foliisetoides). Supracervical setae approximately 14. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1/2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7–8 per side; posterior sensilla 6–7 per side. Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae as short as other acrostichal setulae (ch.15-0). Specimen examined. Indonesia: 3♂ paratypes, Padang, West Sumatra, 11.xii.1989, S. Nakano leg. (SEHU). Distribution. Sumatra. Remarks. This species resembles P. saltiaristula in having both posterior postgonites apically pointed and neither anterior one bifurcated, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.

10) Phortica (Ashima) saltiaristula Chen & Wen, 2005 Phortica saltiaristula Chen & Wen in Chen et al., 2005a: 3956. Phortica (Ashima) saltiaristula: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Arista with 1 or 2 minute, dorsal branches basally (ch.5-1) and apical, leaf-like expansion roundish and irregularly serrated on apical margin; setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch.15-1); pregonite slightly concave on dorsosubapical margin of apical knob (ch.48-1), strongly curved ventrad distally (��� Fig. 3D ��� in Chen et al. 2005a); anterior, sclerotized postgonite on right lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath not bifurcated (��� Fig. 3C ��� in Chen et al. 2005a); posterior postgonites both strongly sclerotized and apically pointed (��� Fig. 3C ��� in Chen et al. 2005a). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. foliisetoides). Supracervical setae 8���9. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1/2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7���8 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. Anterior postgonite on left lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath broadest, located subapically. Specimens examined. China: 1♂ paratype, Menglun, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 940 m a.s.l., 25.xii.2003, S.- Y. Wen and H.-W. Chen leg. (SEHU). Thailand: 1♂, path to Bung La U O, Ban Thi Pho Ji, Umphang Distr., Tak Prov., ~ 800 m a.s.l., 22.i.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU); 2♂, Ban Jom Khiri, Amphoe Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai, 19.xi.2009, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *. Remarks. This species is closely related to P. foliisetoides and P. sagittaristula (Cao et al. 2011; An et al. 2015), but can be distinguished from them by the diagnostic characters., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Chen, H. W., Gao, J. J. & Wen, S. Y. (2005 a) Species diversity of the genus Phortica Schiner in Yunnan, China, with descriptions of nine new species (Diptera, Drosophildae [sic]). Journal of Natural History, 39, 3951 - 3978. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930500533534","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42","Cao, H. L., Wang, X. L., Gao, J. J., Prigent, S. R., Watabe, H., Zhang, Y. P. & Chen, H. W. (2011) Phylogeny of the African and Asian Phortica (Drosophilidae) deduced from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 677 - 685. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.08.002","An, K. Y., Cao, H. L., Wang, X. L. & Chen, H. W. (2015) The subgenus Ashima (Diptera, Drosophildae, Phortica) from China, with DNA barcoding and descriptions of three new species. Systematics and Biodiversity, 13, 42 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2014.968235"]}

25) Phortica (Ashima) longipenis Chen & Gao, 2005 (Fig. 6H) Phortica longipenis Chen & Gao in Chen et al., 2005a: 3957. Phortica (Ashima) longipenis: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Apical, leaf-like expansion of arista much narrower than long, apically with 1 long, medial and 2 minute, lateral, awn-like projections (��� Fig. 4A ��� in Chen et al. 2005a); strongly sclerotized arch on anterior margin of aedeagal sheath recurved at anterior ends as postgonites, posteriorly with one large and one small postgonites (projections); one anterior postgonite curved inward, longer, strongly sclerotized, apically with small claw, but the other curved dorsad, shorter, less sclerotized, without claw (Fig. 6H). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. semiannulata). Supracervical setae approximately 16. Arista with arb = 1���3/0. Cibarial, posterior sensilla 6���7 per side. Pregonite without sensilla on submedial portion (ch.52-0). The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the large, posterior postgonite and strongly sclerotized, inward curved, anterior postgonite is present on the right side (Fig. 6H), while the small, posterior one and less sclerotized, dorsad curved, anterior one on the left side; but in B-type, vice versa. Specimens examined. China: 4♂ (A-type) 6♂ (B-type) paratypes, Mt. Jizu, Binchuan, Yunnan, 1,840 m a.s.l., 17.viii.2000, H.-W. Chen leg. (SEHU). Thailand: 1♂ (A-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a.s.l., 25.vii.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Chen, H. W., Gao, J. J. & Wen, S. Y. (2005 a) Species diversity of the genus Phortica Schiner in Yunnan, China, with descriptions of nine new species (Diptera, Drosophildae [sic]). Journal of Natural History, 39, 3951 - 3978. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930500533534","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42"]}

2.2. Phortica (Ashima) tanabai species subgroup, new Diagnosis. Prementum with a pair of patches of pubescence (ch.12-1; Fig. 6B); aedeagal, outer membrane ornamented with somewhat long, conical spines (ch.55-0, ch.56-2; Figs 6E,G, 7G,H). Shared characters. Some interfrontal setulae as long as lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch.3-0; Fig. 7B). Arista apically with leaf-like expansion (ch.7-1; Figs 6A, 7C). Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch.15-1). Fore and mid tibiae entirely yellow (ch.17,18-0). Abdominal sternites III���V wider than long (ch.22,24,25-1; Figs 6C, 7D); III widest among sternites (ch.23-1; Figs 6C, 7D), with dense setulae on medial surface (ch.26-1; Figs 6C, 7D). Pregonite not concave on dorsosubapical margin of apical knob (ch.48-0; Figs 6E, 7G), without basal extension (ch.49-0; Figs 6E, 7G). Posterior, rod-like process of phallapodeme not longer than aedeagal median rod (ch.62-0; Fig. 6E). Aedeagal sheath without lateral lobes bearing strongly sclerotized postgonites (ch.65-0; Figs 6F, 7F). Included species. Phortica (Ashima) huiluoi Cheng & Chen *; P. (A.) mediarista; P. (A.) tanabei; P. (A.) akutsui sp. nov.; and P. (A.) halimunensis sp. nov. * The assignment was judged from the original description by Cheng et al. (2008)., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Cheng, Y., Gao, J. J., Watabe, H. & Chen, H. W. (2008) Revision of the genus Phortica Schiner 1862 in China (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zoological Studies, 47, 614 - 632."]}

3. Phortica (Ashima) nigrifoliiseta species group, new Diagnosis. Pseudotracheae in labellum 7 per side (ch.14-1; Fig. 9C); aedeagal, outer membrane apically with long, narrow tube (ch.57-1; Figs 6H, 8I); aedeagal, median rod moderately sclerotized (ch.58-1; Fig. 8K). Shared characters. Some interfrontal setulae as long as lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch.3-0). Arista with 1–3 dorsal branches (ch.5-1; Figs 8A, 9B) and apical, leaf-like expansion (ch.7-1; Figs 8A, 9B). Some anterior, cibarial, medial sensilla short, apically blunt, peg-like (ch.11-1; Fig. 8C). Prementum without pubescent patches (ch.12-0; Fig. 9D). Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch.15-1; Fig. 8B). Mid and hind femora and all tibiae entirely yellow (ch.16–19-0). Apical, downward curved setula on fore tarsomere V stout, as long as tarsomere V (ch.20-1; Fig. 8D). Caudal bands on tergites III and IV medially interrupted/constricted (ch.21-2). Abdominal sternite V wider than long (ch.25-1; Figs 8E, 9E). Epandrium widely round on ventral margin (ch.31-1; Figs 8G, 9F); setae on and/or near ventral margin of epandrium longer than those on other portions (ch.33-1; Figs 8G, 9F). Surstylus without expansion at caudoventral corner (ch.35-0; Fig. 9F). Hypandrial phragma as narrow as lateral gonocoxites (ch.41-1; Figs 8 I–K, 9G–I). Pregonite (Figs 8I, 9G) rod-like, with apical knob (ch.44-1); apical knob without fine serrations (ch.45-0). Aedeagal free sclerite absent (ch.59-0; Figs 8 I–K, 9G–I). Posterior, rod-like process of phallapodeme not longer than aedeagal median rod (ch.62-0). Aedeagal sheath and/or postgonites asymmetric (ch.63-1; Figs 8J, 9I), with lateral lobes bearing strongly sclerotized postgonites (ch.65-1; Figs 8 I–K, 9G–I). Included taxa. Phortica (Ashima) foliacea; P. (A.) longipenis Chen & Wen; P. (A.) montipagana An & Chen; P. (A.) semiannulata Gong, Zhu & Chen; P. (A.) spinosa Chen & Gao; P. (A.) glabra species subgroup; and P. (A.) nigrifoliiseta subgroup.

3) Phortica (Ashima) eseta Chen, 2012 Phortica (Ashima) eseta Chen in Chen & M��ca, 2012: 495. Diagnosis. Palpus concave on subapicolateral surface (ch.9-1); cibarial, medial sensilla 65���69 in 3���4 irregular rows per side; postgonites forming large, somewhat triangular plate (in ventral view); two pieces of aedeagal median rod not bifurcated; aedeagal free sclerite C-shaped, larger than median rod. Supplementary description. Supracervical setae approximately 20���21. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 4/5 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 6/4���5. Cibarial, posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. All tarsi entirely yellow. Specimens examined. Malaysia: holotype ♂, Poring, Sabah, 30.xii.1998, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 2♂ paratypes, 1♂, Ulu Senagang, Crocker Range, Sabah, 18.x.1999, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 2♂, Tawau, Sabah, 17.iii.2002, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 3♂, Deramakot, Sabah, 22���31.ii.2004, K. Akutsu leg. (SEHU); 1♂ paratype, Kubah, Sarawak, 21.i.1999, M.J. Toda leg. (FRCK). Distribution. Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah). Remarks. This species is peculiar in the diagnostic characters among the species of the afoliolata group., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42"]}

30) Phortica (Ashima) idiasta Gong, Zhu & Chen, 2018 Phortica (Ashima) idiasta Gong, Zhu & Chen, 2018: 440. Diagnosis. Pregonite partly less sclerotized (ch.43-0), not serrated on ventrodistal portion (ch.50-0); ventrosubapical portion of apical knob more or less protruded, forming barbule (ch.46-0); posterior postgonite dorsad curved, claw-like process, and anterior one basally divided into 3 long, outward oriented processes (“Figs 24, 25” in Gong et al. 2018). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae approximately 14. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1/2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 2/0; longest, dorsal branch as long as longest seta on pedicel; apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically roundish and with minute projection. Cibarial, medial sensilla 6–7 per side; posterior sensilla 3–4 per side. The antisymmetry is observed in the phallic organs: in A-type, the posterior postgonite is present on the right side, the anterior one on the left side, and left gonocoxite of hypandrium more stretched out (“Fig. 25” in Gong et al. 2018); but in B-type, vice versa. Specimen examined. Thailand: 1♂ (B-type), Umphang, Tak, 30.v.2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *. Remarks. This species first branched off in the glabra subgroup (Fig. 1). The remaining three species form a cluster (BP = 96%) with three synapomorphies (Fig. 1): pregonite (Fig. 9G) nearly entirely sclerotized (ch.43-1), only angulated in ventrosubapical portion of apical knob (ch.46-1), and coarsely serrated on ventrodistal portion (ch.50-1).

26) Phortica (Ashima) montipagana An & Chen, 2015 Phortica (Ashima) montipagana An & Chen in An et al., 2015: 46. Diagnosis. Supracervical setae 25���26; dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 4/5 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme (ch.1-0); apical, leaf-like expansion of arista somewhat irregularly serrated on apical margin (��� Fig. 7 ��� in An et al. 2015); strongly sclerotized arch on anterior margin of aedeagal sheath with one large and one small, posterior postgonites (projections) and inward curved, anterior postgonite longer apically bearing small claw on one side, but with only dorsad curved, anterior postgonite on the other side (��� Fig. 10 ��� in An et al. 2015). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. longipenis). Arista with arb = 1���2/0. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 10 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 6 per side. Pregonite with sensilla on submedial portion (ch.52-1). The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the two posterior postgonites and inward curved, anterior postgonite on the right side (Fig. 6H), while only the dorsad curved, anterior one on the left side; but in B-type, vice versa. Specimens examined. Thailand: 2♂ (B-type), Doi Ang Khang, Chiang Mai, ~ 1,450 m a.s.l., H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU); 2♂ (A-type) 3♂ (B-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a.s.l., 24.vii.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU); 1♂ (B-type), ditto, except 25.vii.2008 (SEHU); 1♂ (B-type), below Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 31.viii.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *. Remarks. This species closely resembles P. longipenis in the morphology of postgonites on the aedeagal sheath, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["An, K. Y., Cao, H. L., Wang, X. L. & Chen, H. W. (2015) The subgenus Ashima (Diptera, Drosophildae, Phortica) from China, with DNA barcoding and descriptions of three new species. Systematics and Biodiversity, 13, 42 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2014.968235"]}

7) Phortica (Ashima) foliisetoides Chen & Toda, 2005 Phortica foliisetoides Chen & Toda in Chen et al., 2005b: 423. Phortica (Ashima) foliisetoides: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch.15- 1); anterior, sclerotized postgonite on right lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath bifurcated into short and long projections (���Fig. 13��� in Chen et al. 2005b). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae approximately 9. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1/2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Some interfrontal setulae longer than lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch.3-2). Arista with neither dorsal nor ventral branches (ch.5,6-2); apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically tapering and pointed. Cibarial, medial sensilla 4���7 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 7 per side. Fore femur entirely yellow; fore and mid tibiae entirely yellow (ch.17,18-0); all tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V. Abdominal sternite III wider than long (ch.22-1), widest among sternites (ch.23-1), with dense setulae on medial surface (ch.26-1); IV and V wider than long (ch.24,25-1). Surstylus expanded at caudoventral corner (ch.35-1). Pregonite not concave on dorsosubapical margin of apical knob (ch.48-0), gently curved ventrad distally. Posterior postgonites on lateral lobes of aedeagal sheath medially separated from each other (ch.66-0), both apically roundish; right one less sclerotized (���Figs 12, 13��� in Chen et al. 2005b). Specimens examined. China: 4♂ paratypes, Jianfengling, Ledong County, Hainan, 21.ix.1993, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 5♂ paratypes, 2♂, ditto, except 22.ix.1993 (SEHU); 21♂, ditto, except 25.ix.1993 (SEHU). Distribution. China (Hainan)., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Chen, H. W., Toda, M. J. & Gao, J. J. (2005 b) The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and its adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30, 419 - 429.","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42"]}

27) Phortica (Ashima) spinosa Chen & Gao, 2005 Phortica spinosa Chen & Gao in Chen et al., 2005a: 425. Phortica (Ashima) spinosa: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Abdominal sternite III longer than wide (ch.22-0), without dense setulae on medial surface (ch.26-0); IV not wider than long (ch.24-0), without dense setulae on medial surface (ch.27-0); strongly sclerotized arch on anterior margin of aedeagal sheath nearly symmetric in posterior portion bearing posterior postgonites subequal in size, but asymmetric in anterior portion bearing anterior postgonites (���Fig. 22��� in Chen et al. 2005b). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. semiannulata). Supracervical setae 14��� 15. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1/2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 2���3/0; apical, leaf-like expansion apically with 1 or 2 awn-like projections. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 11 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. Pregonite without sensilla on submedial portion (ch.52-0). The antisymmetry is observed in the anterior postgonites: in A-type, the left postgonite is shorter, and the right one longer (���Fig. 22��� in Chen et al. 2005b); but in B-type, vice versa. Specimens examined. China: 4♂ (A-type) 1♂ (B-type) paratypes, Jianfengling, Ledong County, Hainan, 23.ix.1993, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 2♂ (A-type) 2♂ (B-type), ditto, except 24.ix.1993 (SEHU). Myanmar: 1♂ (Atype) paratype, Pyinoolwin, 30.xii.1981 ��� 6.i.1982, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU). Thailand: 1♂ (B-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a.s.l., 30.v.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU); 1♂ (B-type), below Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 31.viii.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU); 2♂ (A-type), Chang Khian, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,200 m a.s.l., 2.ii.2009, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand *., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Chen, H. W., Gao, J. J. & Wen, S. Y. (2005 a) Species diversity of the genus Phortica Schiner in Yunnan, China, with descriptions of nine new species (Diptera, Drosophildae [sic]). Journal of Natural History, 39, 3951 - 3978. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930500533534","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42","Chen, H. W., Toda, M. J. & Gao, J. J. (2005 b) The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and its adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30, 419 - 429."]}

24) Phortica (Ashima) foliacea (Tsacas & Okada, 1983) Amiota (Phortica) foliacea Tsacas & Okada, 1983: 233. Phortica foliacea: Chen et al., 2005b: 420. Phortica (Ashima) foliacea: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Arch on anterior margin of aedeagal sheath narrow, less sclerotized; postgonites small; posterior one only on either side; anterior ones articulated to tips of arch, slightly curved inward, subequal in size (���Figs 13, 14��� in Tsacas & Okada 1983). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. semiannulata). Supracervical setae 15��� 16. Longest, dorsal branch of arista as long as longest seta on pedicel; apical, leaf-like expansion triangular, slightly narrower than long. Cibarial, posterior sensilla 7���8 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the posterior postgonite only on the right side; but in B-type, only on the left side. Specimens examined. Taiwan: 1♂ (A-type) 2♂ (B-type), Shanlinxi, 16.x.1992, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 2♂ (A-type) 1♂ (B-type), Chitou, 21���22.iv.1997, M.J. Toda leg. (SEHU). Distribution. Taiwan. Remarks. This species resembles P. semiannulata in having the anterior, more or less inward oriented postgonites articulated to tips of sclerotized arch on the anterior margin of aedeagal sheath, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Tsacas, L. & Okada, T. (1983) On the Oriental and New Guinean species of the genus Amiota Loew originally described by Duda as Phortica foliiseta, with descriptions of three new species (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Kontyu, 51, 228 - 237.","Chen, H. W., Toda, M. J. & Gao, J. J. (2005 b) The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and its adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30, 419 - 429.","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42"]}

29) Phortica (Ashima) kerinciensis Toda, sp. nov. (Fig. 8) Diagnosis. Surstylus without peg-like teeth (ch.37-1); aedeagal sheath with 1 posterior and 2 anterior postgonites all strongly sclerotized, recurved, long and thick (Fig. 8 I–K). Description (not repeating characters common to P. nigrifoliiseta). Supracervical setae 25–27. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1/2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 1–3/0. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 10 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 7 per side. All tarsomere Is slightly longer than rest tarsomeres together. One anterior postgonite deeply bifurcated, but the other with triangular flap submedially (Fig. 8 I–K). Measurements (holotype /range of 6♂ paratypes, in mm): BL = 4.13/3.94–4.32, ThL = 2.07/1.92–2.14, WL = 3.31/3.11–3.47, WW = 1.39/1.34–1.45. Indices (holotype /range of 6♂ paratypes, in ratio): FW/HW = 0.44/0.44–0.47, ch/o = 0.12/0.10–0.11, prorb = 1.24/1.05–1.28, rcorb = 0.52/0.48–0.60, vb = 0.55/0.36–0.67, dcl = 0.51/0.51–0.62, presctl = 0.66/0.60–0.76, sctl = 0.99/0.92–1.09, sterno = 1.00/0.92–0.99, orbito = 2.04/1.56–1.90, dcp = 0.26/0.25–0.31, sctlp = 1.12/1.03–1.29, C = 2.78/2.25–2.71, 4c = 1.21/1.31–1.48, 4v = 2.75/2.69–3.33, 5x = 0.91/0.90–1.13, ac = 3.00/3.00–3.45, M = 0.54/0.59–0.69, C3F = 0.71/0.66–0.76. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the posterior postgonite and the bifurcated, anterior one are present on the right side, but only the other anterior postgonite on the left side; but in B-type, vice versa (Fig. 8J). Holotype. ♂ (B-type; MZB), “ Mt. Kerinci, Jambi, Indonesia, 1°45’5.9”S 101°15’34.6”E, 1800–2000 m a.s.l., 6.x.2004, M.J. Toda ”. Paratypes. Indonesia: 1♂ (A-type) 5♂ (B-type), same data as the holotype (3♂ MZB, 3♂ SEHU). Distribution. Sumatra (Jambi). Etymology. Referring to the type locality.

Genus Phortica Schiner, 1862 Phortica Schiner, 1862: 433 (as genus); M��ca, 2003: 251; B��chli et al., 2004: 70; Chen et al., 2005a: 3953. Type species: Drosophila variegata Fall��n, 1823. Phortica (as subgenus of Amiota Loew): Wheeler, 1952: 167; Okada, 1971: 96; M��ca, 1977: 116. Diagnosis. Ocellar tubercle with additional pair of setulae below ocellar setae; proclinate orbital seta nearer to inner vertical seta than to ptilinal fissure; palpus with hollow-shaped or depressed sense organ (modified from Chen et al. 2005a). Characters commonly seen across the genus were described by Chen et al. (2005a), and therefore are not repeated here., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Schiner, I. R. (1862) Vorlaufiger Commentar zum dipterologischen Theile der \" Fauna Austriaca \", mit einer naheren Begrundung der in derselben aufgenommenen neuen Dipteren-Gattungen. V. [part]. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift, 6, 428 - 436.","Maca, J. (2003) Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in the genus Amiota Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica, 47, 247 - 274.","Bachli, G., Vilela, C. R., Andersson Escher, S. & Saura, A. (2004) The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Vol. 39. Brill, Leiden, 362 pp.","Chen, H. W., Gao, J. J. & Wen, S. Y. (2005 a) Species diversity of the genus Phortica Schiner in Yunnan, China, with descriptions of nine new species (Diptera, Drosophildae [sic]). Journal of Natural History, 39, 3951 - 3978. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930500533534","Fallen, C. F. (1823) Geomyzides Sveciae. Berlingianis, Lundae (Lund), 8 pp.","Wheeler, M. R. (1952) XI. The Drosophilidae of the Nearctic region, exclusive of the genus Drosophila. The University of Texas Publication, 5204, 162 - 218.","Okada, T. (1971) A revision and taxometric analysis of the genus Amiota Loew of Japan and adjacent countries (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Kontyu, 39, 82 - 98.","Maca, J. (1977) Revision of Palaearctic species of Amiota subg. Phortica (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 74, 115 - 130."]}

28) Phortica (Ashima) nigrifoliiseta (Takada, Momma & Shima, 1973) Amiota (Phortica) nigrifoliiseta Takada, Momma & Shima, 1973: 74. Phortica (Phortica) nigrifoliiseta: Chen et al., 2007: 25. Phortica (Ashima) nigrifoliiseta: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Surstylus with approximately 8 apically blunt, peg-like teeth (ch.37-0); both anterior postgonites basally with strongly sclerotized, large flaps asymmetric in shape. Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. spinosa). Supracervical setae 27���29. Arista with arb = 2/0. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 9 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 6 per side. Abdominal sternite III wider than long (ch.22-1). Pregonite with sensilla on submedial portion (ch.52-1). Posterior postgonite only on right side of aedeagal sheath; left, anterior postgonite apically strongly sclerotized and bifurcated, but right one not. Specimen examined. Malaysia: holotype ♂, Silau Silau Trail, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, 27.vi.1972, E. Momma leg. (SEHU). Distribution. Borneo (Sabah)., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Chen, H. W., Toda, M. J., Lakim, M. B. & Mohamed, M. B. (2007) The Phortica sensu stricto (Insecta: Diptera, Drosophilidae) from Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 55, 23 - 41.","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42"]}

17) Phortica (Ashima) brachychaeta Chen & Toda, 2005 Phortica brachychaeta Chen & Toda in Chen et al., 2005b: 422. Phortica (Ashima) brachychaeta: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Arista apically with somewhat triangular, leaf-like expansion but neither dorsal nor ventral branches (��� Fig. 5 ��� in Chen et al. 2005b); all postgonites nearly straight in ventral view; posterior postgonite apically pointed, as long as anterior ones; 2 anterior postgonites on one lateral lobe nearly parallel (��� Fig. 8 ��� in Chen et al. 2005b). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. speculum). Supracervical setae 14���16. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 8 per side; posterior sensilla 6���7 per side. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left lateral lobe bears 2 anterior postgonites, and the right lobe 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites; but in B-type, vice versa (��� Fig. 8 ��� in Chen et al. 2005b). Specimen examined. Thailand: 1♂ (B-type), Chang Khian Stream gully, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, ~ 1,100 m a.s.l., 13.ii.2009, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Guangdong, Yunnan), Thailand *. Remarks. This species resembles P. speculum within the foliiseta complex, in having the abdominal sternite III wider than long (ch.22-1), widest among sternites (ch.23-1), and with dense setulae on medial surface (ch.26-1), but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Chen, H. W., Toda, M. J. & Gao, J. J. (2005 b) The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and its adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30, 419 - 429.","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42"]}

32) Phortica (Ashima) glabra Chen & Toda, 2005 Phortica glabra Chen & Toda in Chen et al., 2005b: 424. Phortica (Ashima) glabra: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Arista with 1 or 2 ventral branches (ch.6-1); posterior postgonite present only on right side of aedeagal sheath, short, apically blunt, and left lateral lobe long, broad, somewhat sinuated, apically with very large, trifurcated, anterior postgonite (���Figs 17, 18��� in Chen et al. 2005b). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. zhangyuanae). Supracervical setae 20���22. Apical, leaf-like expansion of arista apically pointed or with minute, awn-like projection. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7���8 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V. Specimens examined. China: 5♂ paratypes, Nanlling, Luyuan, Guangdong, 2.v.2004, H.-W. Chen leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi)., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Chen, H. W., Toda, M. J. & Gao, J. J. (2005 b) The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and its adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30, 419 - 429.","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42"]}

3.2. Phortica (Ashima) glabra species subgroup, new Diagnosis. Palpus concave on subapicolateral surface (ch.9-1; Fig. 9C); abdominal sternite III widest among sternites (ch.23-1; Fig. 9E); sternite V with dense setulae on medial surface (ch.28-1; Fig. 9E); hypandrium asymmetric (ch.40-1; Fig. 9I); pregonite (Fig. 9G) with neither basal extension (ch.49-0) nor sensilla on basal portion (ch.53-0); aedeagus without spiny ornamentation on outer membrane (ch.55-1; Fig. 9G); aedeagal sheath with only 1 anterior or 1 posterior, strongly sclerotized postgonite on each side (Fig. 9H,I). Shared characters. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme Included species. Phortica (Ashima) glabra; P. (A.) idiasta; P. (A.) zhangyuanae; and P. (A.) takehiroi sp. nov., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610

6) Phortica (Ashima) phyllochaeta (Tsacas & Okada, 1983) Amiota (Phortica) phyllochaeta Tsacas & Okada, 1983: 231. Phortica (Ashima) phyllochaeta: Chen & M��ca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Aedeagal sheath with two sclerotized, marginally serrated postgonites on anterior portion of left lateral lobe (��� Fig. 9 ��� in Tsacas & Okada 1983). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. biclavata). Supracervical setae 12���14. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 2/5 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla 9���11 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 6 per side. Specimen examined. Papua New Guinea: 1♂ paratype, Wau, Morobe district, 1,200 m a.s.l., 18.iii.1977, T. Okada leg. (NSMT). Distribution. Papua New Guinea. Remarks. This species closely resembles the foregoing species, P. biclavata, in having the aedeagal sheath with two marginally serrated postgonites on left lateral lobe and one anterior, large, marginally serrated postgonite and posterior, small, not serrated one on right lobe. However, these two species can be distinguished from each other by their diagnoses., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Tsacas, L. & Okada, T. (1983) On the Oriental and New Guinean species of the genus Amiota Loew originally described by Duda as Phortica foliiseta, with descriptions of three new species (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Kontyu, 51, 228 - 237.","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 493 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.42"]}

18) Phortica (Ashima) watabei Sati & Fartyal, sp. nov. (Fig. 5) Diagnosis. Apical expansion of arista 1/4 as wide as long, apically tapering and pointed (Fig. 5A); fore and mid tibiae with dark gray rings proximally and distally (ch.17,18-1); posterior postgonite slightly curved outward, 1/2 as long as anterior one on the same lateral lobe; 2 anterior postgonites on the other lateral lobe widely divergent (Fig. 5E). Description (not repeating characters common to P. brachychaeta). Supracervical setae 7���10. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 7 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 7 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V; all tarsomere Is slightly longer than 3 succeeding tarsomeres together. Measurements (holotype / 1♂ paratype, in mm): BL = (n/a)/2.06, ThL = 1.27/1.42, WL = 2.50/2.52, WW = 1.13/1.14. Indices (holotype / 1♂ paratype, in ratio): FW/HW = 0.41/0.48, ch/o = 0.11/0.09, prorb = 1.17/1.43, rcorb = 0.83/0.53, vb = (n/a)/0.36, dcl = 0.57/0.42, presctl = (n/a)/0.51, sctl = 1.20/1.00, sterno = 0.88/0.92, orbito = 2.00/2.37, dcp = 0.18/0.27, sctlp = 1.50/1.08, C = 2.60/2.31, 4c = (n/a)/1.68, 4v = 2.35/3.11, 5x = 0.75/1.09, ac = 3.10/2.58, M = (n/a)/0.76, C3F = 0.60/0.51. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left lateral lobe bears 2 anterior postgonites, and the right lobe 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites; but in B-type, vice versa (Fig. 5E). Holotype. ♂ (A-type) (DZHNBGU), ��� Simli (Narainbagar), Chamoli Distr., Uttarakhand, India, 5.ix.2010, P.C. Sati ���. Paratype. India: 1♂ (B-type), same data as the holotype (SEHU). Distribution. India (Uttarakhand). Remarks. This species is unique in having the fore and mid tibiae with gray color rings (ch.17,18-1) within the foliiseta subgroup, and somewhat resembles P. brachychaeta in the morphology of the aedeagal sheath and postgonites, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters. Etymology. Patronym, in honor of Emeritus Prof. Hideaki Watabe, Hokkaido University of Education, who has long contributed to the taxonomy of Asian drosophilids., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on pages 21-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610

2.1. Phortica (Ashima) foliiseta species subgroup, new Diagnosis. Surstylus without peg-like teeth (ch.37-1; Figs 4B, 5C); pregonite basally with recurved, apically truncate extension (ch.49-3; Figs 4C, 5D); posterior, rod-like process of phallapodeme longer than aedeagal median rod (ch.62-1; Figs 4C, 5D). Shared characters. Prementum without pubescent patches (ch.12-0). Setulae on medial surface of abdominal sternites IV and V not so dense (ch.27,28-0; Fig. 5B). Setae on and/or near ventral margin of epandrium longer than others (ch.33-1; Figs 4B, 5C). Aedeagal, outer membrane without spiny ornamentation (ch.55-1; Fig. 5D,E); aedeagal, median rod less sclerotized (ch.58-2; Fig. 5D). Aedeagal sheath with lateral lobes bearing strongly sclerotized postgonites (ch.65-1; Figs 4D, 5E). Included taxa. Phortica (Ashima) biclavata Chen; P. (A.) dianmianensis Gong, Zhu & Chen; P. (A.) foliisetoides Chen & Toda; P. (A.) libo Zhu, Qin & Chen*; P. (A.) menglian Gong, Zhu & Chen*; P. (A.) nakanoi Chen; P. (A.) phyllochaeta; P. (A.) sagittaristula Chen & Wen; P. (A.) saltiaristula Chen & Wen; P. (A.) symmetria *; P. (A.) xyleboriphaga *; P. (A.) yalianae Zhu, Qin & Chen*; P. (A.) yiqini Zhu, Qin & Chen*; and P. (A.) foliiseta species complex. * The assignment was judged from the original descriptions by Senior-White (1921), Chen et al. (2005b), Zhu et al. (2017) and Gong et al. (2018)., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Senior-White, R. A. (1921) New Ceylon Diptera. Spolia Zeylanica, 11, 381 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12654","Chen, H. W., Toda, M. J. & Gao, J. J. (2005 b) The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and its adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30, 419 - 429.","Zhu, L., Qin, T. & Chen, H. W. (2017) Three new species of the subgenus Ashima (Diptera, Drosophilidae, Phortica) from southwestern China, with DNA barcoding information. Journal of Natural History, 51, 71 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2016.1247480","Gong, L., Zhu, L. & Chen, H. W. (2018) Six new species of the subgenera Alloparadisa and Ashima (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica) from Yunnan, China, with DNA barcoding information. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 54, 434 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2018.1491327"]}

35) Phortica (Ashima) machoruka Prigent & Chen, 2008 (Fig. 3B,C) Phortica (Phortica) machoruka Prigent & Chen, 2008: 25. Phortica (Ashima) machoruka: Chen & Máca, 2012: 507. Diagnosis. Aedeagal, median rod deeply bifurcated from base: ventral process strongly sclerotized, apically curved ventrad, but dorsal one less sclerotized, apically curved dorsad (“Fig. 21” in Chen & Máca 2012). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. angulata). Supracervical setae approximately 14. Arista with arb = 3–4/0; apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than 1/2 length, apically with long, awn-like projection. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 11 per side; posterior sensilla 5–6 per side. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left postgonite bears apically 1 long and 1 small, strongly sclerotized projections and 1 long, less sclerotized process, and subbasally 1 thick, apically blunt, strongly sclerotized projection, but the right one 2 long, strongly sclerotized projections and 1 long, less sclerotized process in the apical portion; but in B-type, vice versa (“Figs 21, 22” in Chen & Máca 2012). Specimens examined. Kenya: holotype ♂ (A-type), Kakamega Equatorial Forest, 11.x.2002, S. Prigent leg. (MNHN); 1♂ paratype, ditto, except 11–23.x.2002 (MNHN). Distribution. Kenya.

Subgenus Ashima Chen, 2011 Ashima Chen in Cao et al., 2011: 682 (as subgenus of Phortica); Gong et al., 2018: 438. Type species: Phortica xyleboriphaga Senior-White, 1921. Diagnosis. Projections at anterolateral corners of the cibarium longer than 1/2 width of cibarial, anterior margin (ch.10-1; Fig. 2C); mid-dorsally constricted epandrium (ch.29-1; Figs 3B,D, 4B, 6D, 7E, 8G, 9F); less sclerotized, broad lobe-like surstylus (ch.34-1; Figs 3E, 4B, 5C, 6D, 7E, 9F); hypandrium with a pair of anterolateral, inward extensions articulated to base of pregonite (ch.42-1; Figs 3C,F, 4D, 5E, 6G, 7F, 8J, 9I). Shared characters. Characters described as commonly seen across this subgenus (the Phortica foliiseta species complex at that time) by Chen et al. (2005b) are not repeated here. Occipital setae on lower portion shorter than postocular setae (ch.2-0; Figs 7A, 9A). Pedicel with only 1 thick seta (ch.4-0; Figs 2A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7C, 8A, 9B). Clypeus medially pale (ch.8-1; Fig. 8F). Lateral membrane of proboscis scale-like patterned (ch.13-1; Fig. 2D). Prominent postpronotal seta 1. Epandrium not extended at anteroventral corner (ch.30-1; Figs 3D, 4B, 6D, 7E, 8G, 9F). Surstylus completely or largely covered with epandrium (ch.36-1; Figs 4B, 7E, 8G, 9F), with pubescence (ch.38-0; Figs 3E, 4B, 5C, 6D, 7E). Cercus longer than twice of width (ch.39-0; Figs 3B,D, 4B, 5C, 6D, 7E, 8G, 9F). Pregonite articulated to tip of aedeagal guide (ch.54-1; Figs 3G, 4I, 5G, 6E, 7G, 8D, 9C), without sensilla on apical portion (ch.51-0; Figs 3G,H, 4C, 5D, 6E, 7G, 8I, 9G). Phallapodeme vertically flat plate, with posterior, rod-like process apically articulated to aedeagal median rod (ch.60,61-1; Figs 3G,H, 4C, 5D, 6E, 7G, 8I). Aedeagal sheath with more or less sclerotized postgonite(s) (ch.64-1; Figs 3 F���H, 4D, 5D,E, 6F,H, 7F, 8I���K, 9G���I). Key. The digital, multiple-entry key ��� Ashima (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica)��� to all species of this subgenus has been constructed largely based on the character matrix of Appendix 1, and its database package including software instructions is available from the following website: https://drive.google.com/open?id=10ht68FhP1DJDg h2T33kZn7I2ro8YGGX0., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Cao, H. L., Wang, X. L., Gao, J. J., Prigent, S. R., Watabe, H., Zhang, Y. P. & Chen, H. W. (2011) Phylogeny of the African and Asian Phortica (Drosophilidae) deduced from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 677 - 685. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.08.002","Gong, L., Zhu, L. & Chen, H. W. (2018) Six new species of the subgenera Alloparadisa and Ashima (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica) from Yunnan, China, with DNA barcoding information. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 54, 434 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2018.1491327","Senior-White, R. A. (1921) New Ceylon Diptera. Spolia Zeylanica, 11, 381 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12654","Chen, H. W., Toda, M. J. & Gao, J. J. (2005 b) The Phortica (s. str.) foliiseta species-complex (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from China and its adjacent countries. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30, 419 - 429."]}

4. Phortica (Ashima) angulata species group, new Diagnosis. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme ��� 2/3 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme (ch.1-0); abdominal tergites III and IV unicolor (ch.21-3); epandrium with triangular or hook-like projection on anteroventral margin (ch.31-2; Fig. 3B); pregonite (Fig. 3C) not strongly sclerotized (ch.43-2), plate-like (ch.44-0), with basal extension nearly rectangular to main body and apically broad (ch.49-2). Shared characters. Arista with dorsal but no ventral branches; apical, leaf-like expansion apically with small, awn-like projection. Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ (ch.9-2). Some anterior, cibarial, medial sensilla short, apically blunt, peg-like (ch.11-1). Prementum without pubescent patches (ch.12-0). Pseudotracheae in labellum 6 per side (ch.14-2). Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch.15-1). Mid and hind femora and all tibiae entirely yellow (ch.16���19-0). Apical, downward curved setula on fore tarsomere V stout, as long as tarsomere V (ch.20-1). Abdominal sternite III longer than wide (ch.22-0), not wider than IV (ch.23-0); IV not wider than long (ch.24-0); V wider than long (ch.25-1); III���V without dense setulae on medial surface (ch.26���28-0). Setae on and/or near ventral margin of epandrium (Fig. 3B) not denser than those on other portions (ch.32-0), longer than others (ch.33-1). Surstylus (Fig. 3B) without expansion at caudoventral corner (ch.35-0), with peg-like teeth (ch.37-0). Hypandrium symmetric (ch.40-0); phragma as narrow as lateral gonocoxites (ch.41-1). Pregonite (Fig. 3C) not serrated on ventrodistal portion (ch.50-0), with sensilla on submedial and basal portions (ch.52,53-1). Aedeagal, outer membrane bearing neither spiny ornamentation nor apical, long, narrow tube (ch.55-1, ch.57-0); median rod entirely or partly strongly sclerotized (ch.58-0); free sclerite absent within outer membrane (ch.59-0). Posterior, rod-like process of phallapodeme not longer than aedeagal median rod (ch.62-0). Aedeagal sheath with lateral lobes bearing strongly sclerotized postgonites (ch.65-1); sclerotized, posterior postgonites medially separated from each other (ch.66-0). Included species. This species group comprises African species: Phortica (Ashima) angulata Prigent & Chen; P. (A.) curvispina Prigent & Chen *; P. (A.) machoruka Prigent & Chen; and P. (A.) unispina Prigent & Chen *. * The assignment was judged from the original descriptions by Prigent & Chen (2008)., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Prigent, S. & Chen, H. W. (2008) A survey of the genus Phortica Schiner from Kenya, Africa (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 1773 (1), 18 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1773.1.2"]}

23) Phortica (Ashima) semiannulata Gong, Zhu & Chen, 2018 Phortica (Ashima) semiannulata Gong, Zhu & Chen, 2018: 438. Diagnosis. Sclerotized arch on anterior margin of aedeagal sheath with posterior postgonite laterally on each side; anterior postgonites articulated to tips of arch and oriented inward; left, anterior postgonite longer, apically with small claw, and right one shorter, subapically with large hook (���Figs 14, 15��� in Gong et al. 2018). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae 18���19. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1/2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 3/0; longest, dorsal branch longer than longest seta on pedicel; apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically tapering and with short, awnlike projection. Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ (ch.9-2). Cibarial, medial sensilla 9���10 per side; posterior sensilla 5���7 per side. All tarsi entirely yellow. Abdominal sternites III and IV wider than long (ch.22,24-1), with dense setulae on medial surface (ch.26,27-1); III not wider than IV (ch.23-0); V without dense setulae on medial surface (ch.28-0). Setae on and/or near ventral margin of epandrium not denser than those on other portions (ch.32- 0). Surstylus with peg-like teeth (ch.37-0). Hypandrium symmetric (ch.40-0). Pregonite partly strongly sclerotized (ch.43-0), not serrated on ventrodistal portion (ch.50-0), with sensilla on submedial and basal portions (ch.52,53-1); apical knob with round barbule (ch.46,47-0); basal extension nearly rectangular to main body, apically narrowing (ch.49-1). Aedeagal, outer membrane ornamented with short, conical spines (ch.55-0, ch.56-1). Specimen examined. Thailand: 1♂, above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a.s.l., 24.vii.2008, H. B��nziger leg. (SEHU). Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *., Published as part of Toda, Masanori J., B��nziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit & Katoh, Toru, 2020, Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 4789 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3884610, {"references":["Gong, L., Zhu, L. & Chen, H. W. (2018) Six new species of the subgenera Alloparadisa and Ashima (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica) from Yunnan, China, with DNA barcoding information. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 54, 434 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2018.1491327"]}

Phortica (Phortica) paramagna (Okada, 1971) (Fig. 24) Amiota (Phortica) paramagna Okada, 1971: 92. Diagnosis. This species is similar to P. flexousa Zhang & Gan, 1986 in having the aedeagal median rod with transparent, jagged-like processes medially, but can be distinguished from the latter by the having paramere bifurcated subbasally (Fig. 24C). Specimens examined. CHINA: 1♂ (SCAU), Zhongheng Road (Central Cross-Island Highway), 124.6km, 7.vii.1994, S.W. Zhang; 3♂ (SCAU), Wugongshan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 31.iv.2005, 1.vii.2005, C.F. Lee; 1♂ (SCAU), Pingzhena, Chiayi, Taiwan, alt. 500m, 20.v.2005, C.F. Lee; 3♂ (SCAU), Alishan, Taichung, Taiwan, 1.vii.2005, C.F. Lee; 3♂ (SCAU), Renai, Nantou, Taiwan, alt. 2100m, 20.ix.2005, S.W. Chang; 1♂ (SCAU), Jiji Mountain, Nantou, Taiwan, 22.ii.2006, C.F. Lee. Distribution. China (Taiwan)., Published as part of Huang, Jia, Gong, Lu, Tsaur, Shun-Chern, Zhu, Lin, An, Keying & Chen, Hongwei, 2019, Revision of the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from East Asia, with assessment of species delimitation using DNA barcodes, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4678 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4678.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3468782, {"references":["Okada, T. (1971) A revision and taxometric analysis of the genus Amiota Loew of Japan and adjacent countries (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Kontyu, 39, 82 - 98.","Zhang, W. X. & Gan, Y. X. (1986) Description of eight new species of drosophilid flies from Kunming (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Zoological Research, 7, 351 - 365. [in Chinese with English summary]"]}

Phortica (Phortica) xianfui Gong & Chen, sp. nov. (Fig. 37) Diagnosis. This species is very similar to P. subradiata (Okada, 1977) in the shape of paramere, but can be distinguished from the latter by having the vertical process of gonopod radiated apically (Fig. 37C); two basal bridges of aedeagal median rod fused to each other (Fig. 37C). Description. Frons dark brown. Face brownish. Mesoscutum and pleura brownish yellow, with brown spots and pollinose pattern. Scutellum brownish yellow, with 1 pair of dark brown patches distolaterally. Male terminalia (Fig. 37): Epandrium pubescent anteroventrally, with ca. 14 setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 37A). Surstylus basally pubescent on outer surface, with ca. 6 wedge-like prensisetae on apical margin (Fig. 37B). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium undeveloped and lacking pubescence (Fig. 37C). Paramere expanded and pubescent distally; apical and medial processes each with 1 tooth and 1 sensillum; basal process round apically (Fig. 37D). Vertical process of gonopod apically with 4 or 5 of projections per side (Fig. 37C). Aedeagal median rod submedially with 1 pair of small processes (pr in Fig. 37C) and 1 small projection (ps). Measurements and indices. BL = 3.33 mm in holotype (range in 4♂ paratypes: 3.00–3.50), ThL = 1.69 mm (1.24–1.64), WL = 2.49 mm (2.31–2.71), WW = 1.24 mm (1.20–1.24), arb = 4/2 (4–5/2–3), avd = 0.73 (0.64–0.88), adf = 2.57 (1.80–2.60), flw = 2.14 (1.91–2.13), FW/HW = 0.43 (0.42–0.49), ch/o = 0.08 (0.08–0.09), prorb = 1.00 (0.81–1.22), rcorb = 0.44 (0.44–0.53), vb = 0.64 (0.50–0.73), dcl = 0.57 (0.47–0.68), presctl = 0.57 (0.44–0.71), sctl = 1.09 (1.05–1.11), sterno = 1.50 (1.10–1.50), orbito = 1.33 (1.33–1.80), dcp = 0.28 (0.23–0.30), sctlp = 1.13 (1.07–1.25), C = 2.19 (2.11–2.59), 4c = 1.59 (1.38–1.69), 4v = 2.82 (2.80–3.36), 5x = 1.09 (0.83–1.30), ac = 3.86 (2.26–4.17), M = 0.71 (0.63–0.93), C3F = 0.70 (0.63–0.78). Type materials. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 123279), CHINA: Beibeng, Motuo, Xizang, 29°19'00''N, 95°20'00''E, alt. 1000m, 3.x.2010, J.J. Gao. Paratypes: CHINA: 8♂ (4♂ in SCAU, Nos. 123280–83, 4♂ in TMNS), Y.R. Su, L. Wang, L. Wu, same data as the holotype. Distribution. China (Xizang). Etymology. Patronym, in honour of Dr. X.F. Li (SCAU) for helping us in the fieldwork.

Phortica (Phortica) gigas (Okada, 1977) (Fig. 14) Amiota (Phortica) gigas Okada, 1977: 25. Diagnosis. Surstylus with 1 long ventral and 2 short dorsal spines on apical margin (Fig. 14A, B). Specimens examined. CHINA: 2♂ (SCAU), Zhongheng Road (Central Cross-Island Highway), 124.6 km, Taiwan, 7.vii.1994, S.W. Chang; 2♂ (SCAU), Renai, Nantou, Taiwan, alt. 2100m, 20.ix.2005, S.W. Chang. Distribution. China (Taiwan)., Published as part of Huang, Jia, Gong, Lu, Tsaur, Shun-Chern, Zhu, Lin, An, Keying & Chen, Hongwei, 2019, Revision of the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from East Asia, with assessment of species delimitation using DNA barcodes, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4678 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4678.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3468782, {"references":["Okada, T. (1977) The subgenus Phortica Schiner of the genus Amiota Loew of Japan and the Oriental region, with reference to anti-Burla's rule (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 32, 17 - 31."]}

Phortica (Phortica) pangi Chen & Wen, 2005 Phortica (Phortica) pangi Chen & Wen in Chen et al. 2005: 3973. Diagnosis. Paramere apically with 2 small teeth and 1 small, triangular projection; branch of aedeagal basal bridge large, quadripartite, strongly sclerotized (after Chen et al. 2005). Specimen examined. CHINA: 1♂ (SCAU), Wulaoshan, Lincang, Yunnan, 23°15'17''N, 100°11'38''E, alt. 2155m, 14.v.2016, J. Huang. Distribution. China (Yunnan).

Phortica (Phortica) latifoliacea Chen & Watabe, 2008 Phortica (Phortica) latifoliacea Chen & Watabe in Cheng et al. 2008: 624. Diagnosis. Epandrium roundly expanded ventrally; surstylus with ca. 15–17 long, strong prensisetae along inner margin; paramere subbasally with 1 slender process that is as long as 1/4 its full length; branch of aedeagal basal bridge fan-like, with a few jagged-like processes along margin (modified from Cheng et al. 2008). Specimens examined. CHINA: 57♂, Guanlei, Mengla, Yunnan, 21°38'39''N, 101°09'52''E, alt. 560–740m, 5♂ (KIZ) on 14,15. xi.2012, J.J. Gao, 52♂ (SCAU) on 21–23.iv.2016, J. Huang, Y.Q. Liu, Y.L. Wang, L. Zhu; 1♂ (SCAU), Muyiji Park, Ximeng, Yunnan, 22°37'15''N, 99°35'42''E, alt. 1200m, 30.iv.2016, J. Huang; 9♂ (SCAU), Mengdong, Cangyuan, Yunnan, 23°10'08''N, 99°13'52''E, alt. 1260m, 4♂ on 10.v.2016, J. Huang, Y.L. Wang, 5♂ on 19.iv.2018, H.W. Chen, L. Gong, Y. Lin; 1♂ (SCAU), Nabang, Yingjiang, Yunnan, 24°39'51''N, 97°35'31''E, alt. 700m, 17.v.2016, J. Huang; 14♂ (SCAU), Jinshan, Menglian, Yunnan, 22°19'56''N, 99°34'51''E, alt. 940m, 23–25.x.2017, H.W. Chen, L. Gong, B.X. Li. Distribution. China (Yunnan)., Published as part of Huang, Jia, Gong, Lu, Tsaur, Shun-Chern, Zhu, Lin, An, Keying & Chen, Hongwei, 2019, Revision of the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from East Asia, with assessment of species delimitation using DNA barcodes, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4678 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4678.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3468782, {"references":["Cheng, Y., Gao, J. J., Watabe, H. & Chen, H. W. (2008) Revision of the genus Phortica Schiner 1862 in China (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zoological Studies, 47, 614 - 632."]}

Phortica (Phortica) allomega Gong & Chen, sp. nov. (Fig. 31) Diagnosis. This species is somewhat similar to P. hainanensis (Chen & Toda, 1998) in the male terminalia (Fig. 31), but can be distinguished from the latter by having the anterior branch of paramere apically broadened and strongly sclerotized, with 1 small cleft (Fig. 31C); aedeagus submedially lacking process on median rod, and basolaterally lacking brown patch on outer membrane (Fig. 31C). Description. Frons brown above, dark brown below. Face black. Mesoscutum yellow, black anteromedially. Pleura greyish yellow, brownish on katepisternum. Male terminalia (Fig. 31): Epandrium pubescent and strongly protruded on anteroventral corners, with ca. 8 setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 31A). Surstylus medially strongly curved inward, lacking pubescence on outer surface, with several prensisetae on distal 1/3 (Fig. 31B). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium undeveloped and lacking pubescence (Fig. 31C). Paramere lacking sensillum or tooth on anterior and posterior branches (Fig. 31C). Measurements and indices. BL = 3.91 mm in holotype (range in 2♂ paratypes: 3.47–3.64), ThL = 2.00 mm (1.78–1.87), WL = 3.20 mm (3.02–3.08), WW = 1.33 mm (1.33–1.42), arb = 4/2 (5–6/2–3), adv = 0.73 (0.73–0.80), adf = 2.00 (1.88–2.00), flw = 1.88 (1.87–1.88), FW/HW = 0.48 (0.48–0.50), ch/o = 0.17 (0.15–0.17), prorb = 0.91 (0.76–0.91), rcorb = 0.49 (0.48–0.52), vb = 0.56 (0.50–0.58), dcl = 0.50 (0.50–0.58), presctl = 0.55 (0.56–0.65), sctl = 1.09 (1.03–1.08), sterno = 0.79 (0.76–0.77), orbito = 1.40 (1.38–1.43), dcp = 0.23 (0.20–0.24), sctlp = 1.03 (1.00–1.03), C = 2.04 (1.76–1.88), 4c = 1.79 (1.73–1.81), 4v = 3.30 (3.00–3.06), 5x = 1.20 (1.18–1.26), ac = 2.78 (2.76–3.06), M = 0.86 (0.80–0.81), C3F = 0.66 (0.68–0.71). Type materials. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 124906), CHINA: Mengdong, Cangyuan, Yunnan, 23°10'08''N, 99°13'52''E, alt. 1320m, 7.v.2016, J. Huang. Paratypes: 2♂ (SCAU, Nos. 124907, 08), J. Huang, L. Zhu, other data same as the holotype. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. A combination of the Greek words: ' all ' + ' omega ', referring to this species is different from P. omega (Okada, 1977).

Phortica (Phortica) conifera (Okada, 1977) (Fig. 9) Amiota (Phortica) conifera Okada, 1977: 18. Amiota (Phortica) conifera takadai Okada, 1977: 18. Phortica takadai: Máca 2003: 261. syn. nov. Diagnosis. Aedeagal median rod subbasally with 1 slender, triangular, lobe-like process (Fig. 9C), sometimes asymmetrical or bifurcated apically (as fig. 2A, B in Okada 1977). Remarks. We considered P. takadai Okada, 1977 as a synonym of P. conifera, because the lobe-like process of aedeagal median rod usually has some variations among the variegata complex species, such as P. chi (Toda & Sidorenko, 1996), P. eugamma (Toda & Peng, 1990), P. huazhii Cheng & Chen, 2008, and P. lambda (Toda & Peng, 1990). Compared with P. conifera, there is no sufficient morphological evidence in supporting P. takadai as a different species. Specimens examined. JAPAN: 2♂ (SEHU), Tsushima Is., Kyushu, 16.vi.1995, 27.ix.1996, H. Watabe; 4♂ (SCAU), Noppro, Hokkaido, 27.viii.1996, H.W. Chen; 4♂ (SCAU), Uenohara, Yamanashi, Honshu, alt. 530m, 12.viii.2002, H.W. Chen. CHINA: 1♂ (SCAU), Baiyunshan, Luoyang, Henan, 33°40'19''N, 111°51'46''E, alt. 1320m, 10.vii.2005, J.J. Jiang. Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Tsushima Is.), China * (Henan)., Published as part of Huang, Jia, Gong, Lu, Tsaur, Shun-Chern, Zhu, Lin, An, Keying & Chen, Hongwei, 2019, Revision of the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from East Asia, with assessment of species delimitation using DNA barcodes, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4678 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4678.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3468782, {"references":["Okada, T. (1977) The subgenus Phortica Schiner of the genus Amiota Loew of Japan and the Oriental region, with reference to anti-Burla's rule (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 32, 17 - 31.","Maca, J. (2003) Taxonomic notes on the genera previously classified in the genus Amiota Loew (Diptera, Drosophilidae, Steganinae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica, 47, 247 - 274.","Toda, M. J., Sidorenko, V. S., Watabe, H., Kholin, S. K. & Vinokurov, N. N. (1996) A revision of the Drosophilidae (Diptera) in East Siberia and Russian Far East: taxonomy and biogeography. Zoological Science, 13, 455 - 477. https: // doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 13.455","Toda, M. J. & Peng, T. X. (1990) Eight new species of the subgenus Phortica (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Amiota) from Guangdong Province, southern China. Entomotaxonomia, 12, 41 - 55.","Cheng, Y., Gao, J. J., Watabe, H. & Chen, H. W. (2008) Revision of the genus Phortica Schiner 1862 in China (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zoological Studies, 47, 614 - 632."]}

Phortica (Phortica) imbacilia Gong & Chen, sp. nov. (Fig. 34) Diagnosis. This species is somewhat similar to P. eugamma (Toda & Peng, 1990) and P. gamma (Toda & Peng, 1990) in having the male abdominal sixth tergite not extended on posterolateral corners and aedeagal outer membrane with minute, transparent spinules, but can be distinguished from the above-mentioned two species by having the aedeagal median rod distally with 1 spine-like process and 1 deeply bifurcated process per side, basally without didymous, rod-like processes (Fig. 34C); paramere curved basally (Fig. 34D). Description. Frons dark brown to black above, brown below. Face brown. Mesoscutum, pleura and scutellum brown, with dark brown to black patches and pollinose patterns. Male terminalia (Fig. 34): Epandrium pubescent anteroventrally, with ca. 7 setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 34A). Surstylus lacking pubescence on outer surface, with several wedge-like prensisetae on apical margin (Fig. 34B). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium undeveloped and lacking pubescence (Fig. 34C). Paramere with 1 sensillum and 3 teeth on apical process; medial and basal process slender and glabrous (Fig. 34D). Measurements and indices. BL = 3.33 mm in holotype (range in 6♂ paratypes: 3.07–3.56), ThL = 1.67 mm (1.47–1.67), WL = 2.71 mm (2.47–2.76), WW = 1.20 mm (1.09–1.42), arb = 5/2 (4–5/1–2), adv = 0.77 (0.54–0.77), adf = 1.73 (1.85–2.14), flw = 1.73 (2.00–2.14), FW/HW = 0.47 (0.47–0.51), ch/o = 0.14 (0.14–0.18), prorb = 0.81 (0.75–0.89), rcorb = 0.52 (0.47–0.56), vb = 0.53 (0.48–0.57), dcl = 0.53 (0.44–0.63), presctl = 0.65 (0.51–0.70), sctl = 1.09 (1.07–1.11), sterno = 0.79 (0.77–0.85), orbito = 1.50 (1.33–1.67), dcp = 0.25 (0.24–0.29), sctlp = 1.00 (0.88–1.14), C = 2.00 (1.86–1.96), 4c = 1.57 (1.47–1.64), 4v = 2.86 (2.47–2.93), 5x = 1.06 (1.06–1.13), ac = 2.49 (3.54–3.67), M = 0.64 (0.60–0.67), C3F = 0.75 (0.73–0.78). Type materials. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 124901), CHINA: Mengdong, Cangyuan, Yunnan, 23°10'08''N, 99°13'52''E, alt. 1300m, 6.v.2016, L. Zhu. Paratypes: CHINA: 6♂ (2♂ in KIZ, Nos. 0090533, 34; 4♂ in SCAU, Nos. 124902–05), J. Huang, Y.Q. Liu, Y.L. Wang, other data same as the holotype. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. From the Latin words: ' im ' + ' bacillus ', referring to the aedeagal median rod basally without didymous, rod-like process.

Phortica (Phortica) saeta (Zhang & Gan, 1986) (Fig. 29) Amiota (Phortica) saeta Zhang & Gan, 1986: 354. Diagnosis. Aedeagal median rod triangularly expanded subapically, with 1 spine-like process per side (Fig. 29C). Specimens examined. 1♂ (SCAU), Benzilan, Deqin, Yunnan, 28°14'40''N, 99°17'55''E, alt. 2700m; 31.vii.2004, H.W. Chen; 42♂ (SCAU), Gexigou, Yajiang, Sichuan, 30°02'58''N, 100°57'36''E, alt. 2874m, 12.vii.2017, L. Gong, Y. Lin, N.N. Wang, Y.L. Wang. Distribution. China (Sichuan * , Yunnan)., Published as part of Huang, Jia, Gong, Lu, Tsaur, Shun-Chern, Zhu, Lin, An, Keying & Chen, Hongwei, 2019, Revision of the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from East Asia, with assessment of species delimitation using DNA barcodes, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4678 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4678.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3468782, {"references":["Zhang, W. X. & Gan, Y. X. (1986) Description of eight new species of drosophilid flies from Kunming (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Zoological Research, 7, 351 - 365. [in Chinese with English summary]"]}

Phortica (Phortica) orientalis (Hendel, 1914) (Figs. 6A, 6B, 23) Amiota orientalis Hendel, 1914: 116. Amiota (Phortica) antheria Okada, 1977: 20. Amiota (Phortica) orientalis: Okada 1971: 91 (misidentified); Okada 1977: 19 (misidentified). Diagnosis. This species is similar to P. ryukyuensis Chen in Chen & Máca 2012 in the characters of paramere and aedeagus, but can be distinguished from the latter by having two characters of the vertical process of gonopod (Fig. 23D): submedian branches (b) of anterior tripartite processes much longer than apical branches (a); base (c) of posterior saccate processes distinctly thinned and stalk-like; in P. ryukyuensis (as fig. 31 in Chen & Máca 2012): apical branches (a) of anterior tripartite processes slightly longer than submedian branches (b); base (c) of posterior saccate processes distinctly broadened. Specimens examined. CHINA: 2♂ (SCAU), Jianfengling, Ledong, Hainan, 18°41'50''N, 108°50'04''E, alt. 700–890m, 20.iv.2004, H.W. Chen; 4♂ (SCAU), Dinghushan, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, 23°10'17''N, 112°32'31''E, alt. 580–670m, 15.iv.2005, H.L. Cao, H.W. Chen, M.F. Xu; 5♂ (SCAU), Heishiding, Fengkai, Guangdong, 23°27'37''N, 111°54'10''E, alt. 570m, 6.v.2005, Y.F. Li; 1♂ (SCAU), Longtan Forest Park, Guiping, Guangxi, 23°31'48''N, 110°00'28''E, alt. 400m, 7.viii.2017, H.W. Chen; 3♂ (SCAU), Shimentai, Yingde, Guangdong, 24°25'49''N, 113°17'50''E, alt. 580m, 4.ix.2017, L. Gong, N.N. Wang; 1♂ (SCAU), Nanling, Ruyuan, Guangdong, 24°05'22''N, 113°04'47''E, alt. 1500m, 10.ix.2017, L. Gong. Distribution. China (Taiwan, Guangdong * , Hainan, Guangxi * )., Published as part of Huang, Jia, Gong, Lu, Tsaur, Shun-Chern, Zhu, Lin, An, Keying & Chen, Hongwei, 2019, Revision of the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from East Asia, with assessment of species delimitation using DNA barcodes, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4678 (1) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4678.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3468782, {"references":["Hendel, F. (1914) H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Acalyptrate Musciden (Dipt.) III. Supplementa entomologica, 3, 90 - 117.","Okada, T. (1977) The subgenus Phortica Schiner of the genus Amiota Loew of Japan and the Oriental region, with reference to anti-Burla's rule (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 32, 17 - 31.","Okada, T. (1971) A revision and taxometric analysis of the genus Amiota Loew of Japan and adjacent countries (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Kontyu, 39, 82 - 98.","Chen, H. W. & Maca, J. (2012) Ten new species of the genus Phortica from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zootaxa, 3478, 493 - 509."]}

Phortica (Phortica) tibeta Gong & Chen, sp. nov. (Fig. 36) Diagnosis. This species is somewhat similar to P. rhagolobos Chen & Gao in Cheng et al. 2008 in having the vertical process of gonopod bifurcated distally (Fig. 36C), but can be distinguished from the latter by having the vertical process of gonopod narrow, strongly sclerotized, and with several small jagged-like projections (Fig. 36C); the basal bridge of aedeagal median rod strongly elongated, slightly shorter than aedeagal median rod, with several minute, jagged-like processes (Fig. 36C). Description. Frons black. Face brown. Mesoscutum, pleura and scutellum brown brownish yellow, with brown to dark brown patches and pollinose pattern. Male terminalia (Fig. 36): Epandrium lacking pubescence anteroventrally, with ca. 11 setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 36A). Surstylus lacking pubescence on outer surface, with several wedge-like prensisetae on apical margin and inner surface (Fig. 36B). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium undeveloped and lacking pubescence (Fig. 36C). Paramere medially pubescent; apical and median processes each with 1 tooth; basal process slightly triangular (Fig. 36D). Measurements and indices. BL = 3.73 mm in holotype (range in 3♂ paratypes: 3.07–3.73), ThL = 1.35 mm (1.33–1.50), WL = 2.73 mm (2.44–2.89), WW = 1.24 mm (1.11–1.30), arb = 5/2 (4–5/2–3), avd = 0.73 (0.63–0.70), adf = 1.80 (1.71–1.86), flw = 1.56 (1.33–2.00), FW/HW = 0.48 (0.40–0.48), ch/o = 0.09 (0.08–0.10), prorb = 0.86 (0.78–1.00), rcorb = 0.44 (0.35–0.56), vb = 0.78 (0.64–0.73), dcl =0.57 (0.48–0.58), presctl = 0.43 (0.51–0.62), sctl = 0.95 (1.10–1.26), sterno = 1.64 (1.67–1.92), orbito = 1.71 (1.25–1.83), dcp = 0.24 (0.24–0.30), sctlp = 0.73 (0.79–1.14), C = 2.74 (2.04–3.17), 4c = 1.42 (1.45–1.75), 4v = 3.05 (2.85–3.13), 5x = 1.00 (0.85–1.04), ac = 2.45 (3.86–4.14), M = 0.68 (0.55–0.75), C3F = 0.63 (0.70–0.72). Type materials. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 123275), CHINA: Beibeng, Motuo, Xizang, 29°19'00''N, 95°20'00''E, alt. 1000m, 29.ix.2010, J.J. Gao. Paratypes: CHINA: 3♂ (1♂ in SCAU, No. 123276; 2♂ in TMNS), same data as the holotype, L. Wang, L. Wu, Y.R. Su; 1♂ (SCAU, No. 112026), Moli Forest Park, Ruili, Yunnan, 24°07'05''N, 97°58'51''E, alt. 920m, 23.iv.2017, H.W. Chen. Distribution. China (Yunnan, Xizang). Etymology. Toponym, according to the locality of the holotype., Published as part of Huang, Jia, Gong, Lu, Tsaur, Shun-Chern, Zhu, Lin, An, Keying & Chen, Hongwei, 2019, Revision of the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from East Asia, with assessment of species delimitation using DNA barcodes, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4678 (1) on pages 66-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4678.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3468782, {"references":["Cheng, Y., Gao, J. J., Watabe, H. & Chen, H. W. (2008) Revision of the genus Phortica Schiner 1862 in China (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zoological Studies, 47, 614 - 632."]}

Phortica (Phortica) liukuni Gong & Chen, sp. nov. (Fig. 35) Diagnosis. This species is somewhat similar to P. psi (Zhang & Gan, 1986) in the male terminalia, but can be distinguished from the latter by having the aedeagal median rod with 1 pair of lobe-like, distally slender but not bifurcated processes submedially (Fig. 35C). Description. Frons dark black above, brown below. Face brown. Gena and postgena black. Mesoscutum, pleura, and scutellum yellowish brown, with dark brown patches and pollinose pattern. Male terminalia (Fig. 35): Epandrium pubescent anteroventrally, with ca. 7 setae on posterolateral portion per side (Fig. 35A). Surstylus basally with pubescence on outer surface, with several wedge-like prensisetae on apical margin and inner surface (Fig. 35B). Posterolateral lobe of hypandrium undeveloped and lacking pubescence (Fig. 35C). Paramere with sparse pubescence subapically; apical process with 1 sensillum and 3 teeth; medial process somewhat triangular; basal process with 1 sensillum (Fig. 35C). Measurements and indices. BL = 3.20 mm in holotype (range in 3♂ paratypes: 2.80–3.33), ThL = 1.53 mm (1.47–1.67), WL = 3.13 mm (2.13–3.27), WW = 1.13 mm (1.07–1.27), arb = 3/0 (3–4/0), adf = 1.50 (0.80–1.00), flw = 2.00 (1.40–1.50), FW/HW = 0.38 (0.43–0.50), ch/o = 0.13 (0.09–0.17), prorb = 1.19 (0.80–1.17), rcorb = 0.63 (0.42–0.50), vb = 0.60 (0.50–0.60), dcl = 0.50 (0.44–0.60), presctl = 0.56 (0.44–0.50), sctl = 1.13 (1.07–1.46), sterno = 0.60 (0.67–1.33), orbito = 1.43 (1.10–2.00), dcp = 0.28 (0.21–0.32), sctlp = 0.67 (0.50–0.86), C = 2.10 (1.65–2.23), 4c = 1.40 (1.69–1.82), 4v = 2.67 (3.31–3.36), 5x = 1.13 (1.00–1.05), ac = 3.50 (3.14–4.00), M = 0.60 (0.73–0.82), C3F = 0.71 (0.73–0.85). Type materials. Holotype ♂ (SCAU, No. 124044), CHINA: Mayanghe, Yanhe, Guizhou, 28°40'37''N, 108°19'33''E, alt. 1100m, 24.v.2012, K. Liu. Paratypes: 3♂ (SCAU, Nos. 124045–47), same data as holotype. Distribution. China (Guizhou). Etymology. Patronym after the collector Mr. Kun Liu (SCAU).