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© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., Phlebotomine sandflies are important vectors of Leishmania spp. and phleboviruses causing disease in animals and humans. Morphological identification of phlebotomine sandflies to the species level is challenging, requiring microscopical examination of the genitalia, which is demanding and time consuming. Molecular sandfly species identification can be a practical solution to save resources since it enables further molecular studies capable of generating data, such as biting preferences by blood meal analysis. In this study, resorting to a sandfly dataset collected between 2014 and 2018 across Portuguese territory under active mosquito surveillance and sandfly specific surveys, we used molecular methods to explore the genetic diversity and spatial distribution, further exploring ecological co-variants of four sandfly species—Phlebotomus ariasi, P. perniciosus, P. sergenti, and Sergentomyia minuta—all of which are of public health importance. Sandflies were collected from Spring to Autumn (May–November) following local temperature patterns. P. perniciosus was the most widespread detected species, with a nationwide distribution. All studied species clustered together with known samples from the Iberian Peninsula. Further monitoring studies of sandfly species diversity, distribution, and seasonality are essential for surveillance and control of sandfly-borne pathogens both nationally and globally., This research was supported in part by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the project: “Phleboviruses in Portugal—vectors, pathogenesis and co-infections” (PTDC/DTP-SAP/0859/2014). J.L. was supported by a research lectureship by the Zoology Department of the University of Oxford. M.G. was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).

Leishmaniasis is one of the most important emerging vector-borne diseases in Western Eurasia. Although winter minimum temperatures limit the present geographical distribution of the vector Phlebotomus species, the heat island effect of the cities and the anthropogenic heat emission together may provide the appropriate environment for the overwintering of sand flies. We studied the climate tempering effect of thermal bridges and the heat island effect in Budapest, Hungary. Thermal imaging was used to measure the heat surplus of heat bridges. The winter heat island effect of the city was evaluated by numerical analysis of the measurements of the Aqua sensor of satellite Terra. We found that the surface temperature of thermal bridges can be at least 3-7 °C higher than the surrounding environment. The heat emission of thermal bridges and the urban heat island effect together can cause at least 10 °C higher minimum ambient temperature in winter nights than the minimum temperature of the peri-urban areas. This milder micro-climate of the built environment can enable the potential overwintering of some important European Phlebotomus species. The anthropogenic heat emission of big cities may explain the observed isolated northward populations of Phlebotomus ariasi in Paris and Phlebotomus neglectus in the agglomeration of Budapest.

Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a widespread zoonotic disease that is endemic in the Mediterranean basin. Based on prior point abundance data for the two sand fly vectors of leishmaniosis in the Madrid region (Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus ariasi), models were constructed to predict the spatial distribution patterns of these vectors. The models were obtained by negative binomial regression of several environmental variables and then used to map vector distributions. To validate the maps, we used serological prevalence data of Leishmania infection in dogs and incidence data were obtained through questionnaires completed by veterinarians in the region. Seropositive dogs and veterinary clinics registering a higher incidence of canine leishmaniosis appeared closer to our modeled vector foci. In the face of climate change, we simulated the future distributions of the sand flies for each third of the 21st century and predicted their spread in the region.

International audience; Background: Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921, is the predominant sand fly species in the Cevennes region and a proven vector of Leishmania infantum, which is the main pathogen of visceral and canine leishmaniasis in the south of France. Even if this species is widely present in Western Mediterranean countries, its biology and ecology remain poorly known. The main goals of this work are to investigate the phenotypic variation of P. ariasi at a local scale in a region characterized by climatic and environmental fluctuations, and to determine if slope and altitude could affect the sand fly phenotypes.Results: Sand flies were captured along a 14 km-long transect in 2011 from May to October. At the same time, environmental data such as altitude and slope were also collected. Morphological analysis of P. ariasi wings was performed by a geometric morphometrics approach. We found morphological variation among local populations of P. ariasi. Strong shape and size variations were observed in the course of the season (particularly in June and July) for both genders. During June, we highlighted differences in wing phenotypes according to altitude for both sexes and to slope and station for females.Conclusions: The phenotypic variations observed in P. ariasi along the studied transect indicated these populations are subjected to environmental pressures. Nevertheless, it seems that sand flies are more sensitive to extrinsic factors in June and July, suggesting a phenotypic plasticity.

Adult sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the genus Phlebotomus and of the subgenus Larroussius were collected with sticky traps from thirty-four local- ities in central and south-western Morocco. Four Larroussius species were present in this area, Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, being the most widespread and abundant species particularly in the mountainous area, was sympatric with the closely related species Phlebotomus longicuspis Nitzulescu. Only one male of P. perniciosus displayed the bifid copulatory valves characteristic of the species. All specimens showed copulatory valves curved at their apex. The number of coxite hairs is a taxonomical tool that differentiates this morph of P. perniciosus from P. longicuspis. Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir was collected from six mountain- ous stations. Phlebotomus mariae Rioux et al. was scarce; only five males were collected and were often associated with P. ariasi.

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a widespread disease present in 42 countries. It is considered of epidemiological importance because of its role as a reservoir of human leishmaniasis. Knowledge of the real distribution of CanL and its emergence and/or re-emergence is of great importance in order to determine the extension of the disease. This work reports the detection of CanL in a farm dog located in a Pyrenean area of northwest Catalonia (Spain) where the disease was previously unknown. Since the dog had never left the region and sandfly vectors, Phlebotomus ariasi and P. perniciosus, were present in the farm the case is considered as autochthonous and is the first to be published in this region of Spain.

The population structure of Phlebotomus ariasi, a proven vector of Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean area, is still poorly understood. Previously, only two microsatellite loci had been developed to study the population genetics of this species. Herein we use these loci and determined fourteen novel microsatellite loci, useful for the characterization of Phlebotomus ariasi populations. These loci were tested on three populations of Phlebotomus ariasi, two from France and one from Portugal. In addition, the usefulness of these markers was also evaluated on seven other sandfly species. We show, that for Phlebotomus ariasi, 15 of the 16 loci selected were polymorphic, with a mean of 4.25 alleles and an observed heterozygosity of 0.299. Within the Phlebotomus ariasi population of France, 11 loci were polymorphic, with an average of 2.44 alleles and an observed heterozygosity of 0.2177. The fixation index was moderate among the French populations but high between French and Portuguese populations. In addition, eight loci were also found to be amplifiable in six other Phlebotomus species. These results demonstrate the usefulness of this new set of microsatellite loci for population structure and molecular ecology studies of Phlebotomus ariasi at various spatial scales, but also of other sandfly species.

Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases are the main endemic vector-born diseases in Morocco. Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL), by Leishmania infantum , currently presents a significant health problem throughout the country and may constitute factor for death, especially among children with less than 15 years old. In the past, HVL has been basically absent or at least sporadic in Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz region; however it became significant during the last decade. An entomological survey and a retrospective study on L. infantum HVL cases had been carried out to assess the risk of the disease apparition in this region. 7046 sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) were collected and studied from twelve localities within Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz region. The result shows the presence of ten sand fly species, 58.76% from the genus Phlebotomus and 41.24% from genus Sergentomyia. A further analysis indicates that Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus longicuspis and Phlebotomus ariasi species, incriminated vectors of L. infantum , are dominant (35.56%), so, we describe their spatial (according to altitude and biotopes) and temporal (seasonal activity) distribution in study area.

Cette note fait part des resultats des enquetes entomologiques menees en 1995 dans les provinces de la region de Ligurie (Italie) pendant la periode d'activite des phlebotomes Un total de 2 216 phlebotomes a ete recolte dans quatre provinces en l'espace de 3 mois. Les especes suivantes ont ete identifiees : Phlebotomus perniciosus (31,8 %), P. ariasi (0,8 %) et Sergentomyia minuta (67,4 %). P. perniciosus, vecteur de leishmaniose viscerale en Italie, a ete recolte dans toutes les stations positives. Au contraire, P. ariasi a ete capture seulement dans les provinces d'Imperia et de Savona. La repartition geographique orientale de P. ariasi fait l'objet d'une discussion.

During July 2007 sand fly captures were carried out in Andorra using sticky castor oil traps set in sand fly resting places for four consecutive nights. The sampling stations were located between 800 and 2400 m above sea level. The specimens captured belong to two species of the genus Phlebotomus subgenus Larroussius, Phlebotomus ariasi and Phlebotomus perniciosus. The results shed new light on the wide geographical and altitudinal distribution of P. ariasi in Andorra, where it was located between 800 and 2200 m a.s.l. The study also identified P. perniciosus in Andorra for the first time, with captures below 1000 m a.s.l. The finding of these species, both proven vectors of human and canine leishmaniasis in the bordering areas of France and Spain, is considered in terms of a possible emergence of leishmaniasis in Andorra, as has occurred in other parts of Europe.

In recent years, several vector-borne, parasitic or zoonotic diseases have (re)-emerged and spread in Europe and elsewhere with major health, ecological, socio-economical and political consequences. One of these diseases is leishmaniasis. In southwestern France, it is transmitted by two sandfly vectors (Phlebotomus ariasi and Phlebotomus perniciosus). The objective of this research was to assess the effects of land cover and land cover change and fragmentation on the spatial distribution of Phlebotomus ariasi in southwestern France. Using GIS and remote sensing techniques we analysed the relationships between vectors and landscape-level environmental variables based on time series of fine resolution satellite data over the last two decades. Environmental variables were extracted from Landsat TM images and included both landscape composition and configuration. Changes in landscape composition and configuration were analysed and a logistic regression was used to test the association between sandfly presence/absence and these variables. The study suggested that, although relevant changes in landscape composition and structure were not found between 1984 and 2003, there is a significant association with some environmental variables describing sandfly habitat.

Un exemplaire femelle de Phlebotomus (Larroussius) ariasi Tonnoir, 1921 a ete capture dans l'ile de Fuerteventura (Canaries, Espagne). Cette decouverte vient a l'appui de la theorie de l'origine africaine des Canaries orientales.

Deux enquetes successives sur les vecteurs de Leishmania infantum , realisees dans le Priorat (Catalogne, Espagne), ont permis la dissection de 8 329 Phlebotomes ♀ dont 6 775 Larroussius (2 123 Phlebotomus ariasi et 4 652 P. perniciosus ). Au total dix- huit souches ont ete isolees chez ce meme sous-genre et rapportees, par l'analyse enzymatique, a L. infantum MON-1, MON-29, MON-77. Ces souches se repartissent entre P. ariasi (11 souches : quatre MON-1, sept MON-29) et P. perniciosus (sept souches : un MON-1, cinq MON-29, un MON-77). Par ailleurs un chien, originaire du meme foyer, hebergeait un quatrieme zymodeme (MON-105) mis en evidence au laboratoire par gorgement sur P. perniciosus d'elevage.

This study was conducted around Ceret (Pyrenees-Orientales, mean elevation 200 m) to test the statistical reliability of 12 stations devoted to sampling the Leishmania infantum vectors Phlebotomus ariasi and P. perniciosus in the South of France. Each station included a retaining wall and the surrounding phytoecological environment (total area: 2,000 m 2 ). The wall had rectangular drainage cavities (weep holes) in which flight interception traps (sticky pa- per) were inserted and stretched every 10 days from May to October. For both vector species, the statistical analysis of 10-day and annual frequencies led to the following conclusions: (1) P. ariasi densities were significantly higher than P. perniciosus densities, (2) densities per species were significantly different at the 12 stations : none of them could be considered as representative of local vector densities, which depend on the wall structure (exposure, shade, vertebrate hosts), (3) the 10-day variation trends were not significantly different between stations, indicating that these variations are not determined by the station structure but rather by a common external factor (likely meteorological) and (4) the phytoecological features at the stations were not correlated with the sandfly densities. Most of the observations ob- tained with P. ariasi and P. perniciosus are also relevant for the non-vectorial species S. minuta. In conclusion, future research on the dynamics of leishmaniasis outbreaks relative to climate change and agricultural-silvicultural modifica- tions should be very cautiously carried out, while focusing especially on the vector sampling quality and the use of phytoecological maps as vector density indicators.

Resume Le foyer catalan de leishmaniose cutanee humaine est analyse aux plans clinique, parasitologique et epidemiologique. L'identification enzymatique de 20 souches isolees confirme l'appartenance de l'agent pathogene au «complexe systematique L. infantum . Quatre zymodemes sont individualises, dont un (ZM1) s'observe habituellement dans les leishmanioses viscerales humaines et canines. Les resultats d'une enquete, par intra-dermo-reaction a la leishmanine dans les ecoles du Vallespir (vallee du Tech) temoignent de l'existence d'une zone de morbidite maximale a Ceret et ses environs. L'analyse du reservoir canin, realisee dans le meme secteur, donne des indications comparables. Par contre aucune infestation de rongeurs n'est decelee. L'etude entomologique, menee parallelement designe clairement deux vecteurs potentiels, Phlebotomus perniciosus et surtout Phlebotomus ariasi . Les densites relatives observees pour cette derniere espece le long de la vallee, sont paralleles aux frequences des infestations canines et humaines.

SUMMARY. The range from which Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921 is attracted to a CDC light trap was studied in the field in France by suspending a CDC trap, without a cage, over one of a line of 7 large suction (LS) traps. The LS trap under the CDC trap caught many more sandflies than the other LS traps and the pattern of the catches showed that P. ariasi is attracted to the light of a CDC trap at distances < 2 m. It is concluded that, in studies on the dispersal of marked sandflies, CDC traps would not artificially increase the distance of dispersal and that, in suitable weather, the aerial population of P. ariasi is large and constantly moving during the nocturnal period of activity.

The dispersal of Phlebotomus ariasi was studied in mark-release-recapture experiments in the summer of 1980 in a valley on the north-eastern slopes of the Oiselette range in the Cevennes mountains, in the commune of Roquedur, Gard, 50 km north of Montpellier, France. More than 5,000 specimens of P. ariasi were marked with fluorescent powders and released in 9 batches at 3 different places. Seven batches were engorged females and two were unengorged females and males. From 1-29 days after release, 497 marked sandflies (approximately 9%) were recaptured by active searches with UV lamps or in 58 CDC light traps set up in groups of 4 or 5 at 12 recapture stations. Females released engorged generally remained within 250 m of the release point for the first eight days while the bloodmeal was being digested after which there was a tendency to disperse to distances greater than 350 m presumably in a search for oviposition sites or another bloodmeal. The furthest distance to which a female released engorged was shown to move was 925 m; it was caught 12 days after release. Some of the females released unfed quickly moved away from release points, sometimes to distances of 1,000 m or more. One of these was caught 68.5 hrs after release at a station 2,200 m from the release point. Male sandflies tended to stay near the point of release and were not recaptured at distances greater than 600 m. There was no evidence that the movement of the sandflies was assisted by wind. Observations on the dispersal of female sandflies confirm that leishmaniasis can be more widely spread than generally assumed by the movements of the vector.

L’auteur presente les resultats d’une enquete sur les Phlebotomes dans le foyer zoonotique de Arrâbida (Portugal) pour determiner les vecteurs du kala-azar. Ont ete identifiees trois especes de Phlebotomes : Sergentomyia (S.) minuta, Phlebotomus (L.) ariasi et Phlebotomus (L.) perniciosus ; seules les deux dernieres especes ont ete trouvees parasitees par des promastigotes de Leishmania : 2 femelles de P. ariasi (4,88 %) et 3 femelles de P. perniciosus (2,01 %) sur un total de 195 femelles dissequees.C’est aussi la premiere observation de l’infestation naturelle de P. ariasi au Portugal.

Cold, acidified anthrone was used to test 200 wild-caught sandflies ( Phlebotomus ariasi ♀♀) for the presence of fructose. This sugar, or others with a fructose moiety, were demonstrable in 157 (79%) of the flies; proportions of flies positive in different tests ranged from 44 to 91%. Higher proportions of flies gave positive results when tested less than one hour after capture than when kept in the laboratory for more than 12 hours before testing. Similarly high percentages of flies were positive in samples collected coming to engorge on dogs and in those caught in CDC miniature light traps. These results, together with published reports of the demonstration of sugars in 25 individually tested sandflies of other species, confirm that, like other biting flies, sugar is an important part of the diet of sandflies. Natural sugars may influence the development of leishmaniae in sandflies and their subsequent transmission. The anthrone test was found to be simple, rapid and suitable for field use; it is a valuable addition to indirect techniques for the study of the behaviour of sandflies.

Les auteurs etudient, en conditions controlees, l’influence de la temperature sur les modalites (frequence, intensites, localisations) du parasitisme par Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (souche canine cevenole) chez l’un de ses vecteurs habituels, Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921. Une experimentation preliminaire permet de selectionner quatre paliers thermiques distants chacun de 5° C : 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° C. Les paliers immediatement superieurs (30° C) et inferieurs (5° C) sont lethaux pour l’hote ou le parasite. L’echec de l’elevage de masse oblige a utiliser les imagos ♀ preleves directement sur le terrain : les captures realisees a l’aspirateur-nasse sont placees le soir meme dans une moustiquaire a maille fine, en contact avec un chien leishmanien a fort pouvoir infestant. Les individus gorges sont retires le lendemain, places en tube individuel et repartis dans une serie d’enceintes a temperature constante (± 1,5° C). L’examen du tube digestif est realise entre le 6e et le 10e jour, periode durant laquelle, pour chaque niveau thermique, aucune modification de la frequence des Phlebotomes infestes n’est observee. En fin d’experience, l’analyse des donnees (test du χ2 ) montre que l’augmentation de la temperature ::1 —majore, de facon significative, la frequence globale des Phlebotomes infestes ;2 —accelere la multiplication des promastigotes dans l’intestin moyen ;3 —determine leur passage dans le segment thoracique (a partir de 15° C) ;4 —favorise l’amarrage des flagelles a la paroi des cellules intestinales retrosphincteriennes (a partir de 20° C).L’utilisation d’un modele exponentiel pour deduire la taille de la population parasitee aux diverses temperatures utilisees permet de situer l’optimum thermique de L. infantum aux environs de 25° C. Ces resultats expliquent, pro parte , la discrete dissociation altitudinale observee en Cevennes entre la leishmaniose viscerale qui plafonne a 600 m et le vecteur qui peut depasser 1 000 m.

En complement de leurs recherches ecologiques sur les foyers leishmaniens du bassin mediterraneen, les auteurs etudient la receptivite comparee de Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921 et Rhipicephalus turanicus Pomerancev et Matikasvili, 1940. 223 Phlebotomes femelles et 489 Rhipicephales aux stades larvaire, nymphal et imaginai, sont mis a gorger sur un meme chien spontanement atteint de Kala-azar, puis mis a incuber aux temperatures de 20°, 25° et 30° C. La recherche des parasites est effectuee apres dissection ou ecrasement, sur le frais (eau salee a 7 ‰) et sur frottis colores (technique de Parrot et Lestoquard). Dans les conditions de l’experimentation, Phlebotomus ariasi s’infeste dans la proportion de 75 % alors qu’aucune multiplication ni conservation du parasite n’est constatee chez Rhipicephalus turanicus. L’hypothese de l’intervention des Tiques dans le cycle de la leishmaniose viscerale est, une fois encore, infirmee.

En complement de leur enquete ecologique sur l’endemie leishmanienne en France, les auteurs etudient le pouvoir infestant des diverses formes cliniques de Leishmaniose canine vis-a-vis du vecteur habituel, Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921.Les chiens leishmaniens en phase infra-clinique ne sont que tres faiblement contagieux alors qu’en periode d’etat ils infestent le vecteur dans les proportions de 70 a 80 %. Les animaux traites par les Diamidines conservent intact leur pouvoir infestant, tout au moins dans les premieres semaines qui suivent la fin de la cure. Par ailleurs, le calcul de la densite des chiens infestants (0,09 km2 ) dans un microfoyer des Cevennes meridionales montre que la distance entre deux animaux atteints est suffisamment faible (3,3 km) pour expliquer la circulation de l’affection par le seul deplacement actif du reservoir domestique.

L’emploi d’insecticides a base de virus contre les insectes nuisibles est envisage par l’industrie. Les premiers echantillons de ces produits biologiques sont deja disponibles. Cependant, il existe peu d’etudes affirmant que les virus pathogenes pour les insectes sont rigoureusement specifiques des Invertebres. L’auteur considere que la commercialisation d’insecticides a base de virus est prematuree, et donne des exemples de recherches recentes a ce sujet. Il en ressort que, dans certains cas, l’acide nucleique, ou encore le virus lui-meme pathogene pour l’insecte, induit la replication du virus dans des cellules de Vertebres cultivees in vitro . Ces resultats sont confrontes avec des travaux des auteurs qui preconisent l’emploi des virus dans la lutte microbiologique.

Two distinct populations of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir have been identified in the Cevennes focus of leishmaniasis in the south of France using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of cuticular hydrocarbons extracted from individual dried female flies. Results were obtained after analysis of flies collected from CDC light traps from a domestic and a sylvatic site separated by a distance of 900 m. Flies were provided for GLC analysis as six blind samples. Using cluster and discriminant analysis techniques, five of the samples were shown to form two distinct groups, while a sixth was identified as a mixture. These findings were subsequently confirmed to correspond exactly with the way the samples had been presented. Samples grouped together on the basis of the flies' cuticular hydrocarbon profiles had been taken from the same site, while the ungrouped sample had been deliberately mixed. Using a jack-knifed estimator, it is shown that specimens can be correctly allocated to the population to which they belong with a 92% success rate. These results confirm the value of the technique for the identification of populations of medical vectors. The implication of the findings for the epidemiology of leishmaniasis is discussed with special reference to the need to determine if both populations are vectors and to study differences in behaviour. In addition to adults, profiles of larval sandflies have been obtained for the first time.

From observations with a portable wind tunnel used in the field in southern France, it is estimated that the maximum flight speed of Phlebotomus ariasi is in the range 0·65-0·70 m/sec (2·3 to 2·5 km/h).

Wild-caught Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, starved until their sugar meals had been digested, were caged for 24 h with plants or plants infested with aphids and then tested for fructose, a constituent of plant sap. No evidence was found that the flies took sap directly from nine types of plants present in their habitat. About two-thirds of flies caged with oak (Quercus ilex L.) infested with an aphid [Lachnus roboris (L.)] and about a fifth kept with leaves of the french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) infested with an aphid took honeydew. Experiments with three other aphid species gave negative results. Of sandflies caught in an oak tree infested with aphids, half of the females and three-quarters of the males contained fructose. Tests on females caught in a house and grouped according to state of engorgement showed that, having taken blood, the females stop taking sugar until the bloodmeal is completely digested. It is predicted that honeydews are important in the development of Leishmania infantum Nicolle in the gut of P. ariasi.

An entomological survey was carried out in 2007 in two Pyrenean counties of Lleida province (north-eastern Spain), where cases of autochthonous canine leishmaniasis have been recently reported. Phlebotomus ariasi and P. perniciosus, vectors of Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean area, were captured. The aim of the present study was to compare these phlebotomine populations with others captured in known leishmaniasis foci in Europe. Populations of these species were studied by analysing the polymorphism of seven enzymatic systems (HK, PGI, PGM, MDH, 6PGD, FUM and ACO) and compared with other specimens from endemic regions of France, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain captured in other campaigns, and also with previously published results. Phlebotomus ariasi was more polymorphic than P. perniciosus. Only the ACO locus had diagnostic alleles, but some other alleles show high characteristic frequencies for each species. The neighbour-joining trees separated two population groups in both species. On the basis of the isoenzyme study results, sand fly populations of the Pyrenean region in Lleida province are closely related to those of other nearby leishmaniasis endemic regions in France and Spain.

There are numerous reports of gynandromorphism among mosquito species (Aslamkhan, 1970, Mosquito News 30 : 271), but only 2 for phlebotomine sandflies. One of these referred to a male Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva (Sherlock, 1958, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 18 : 433) which possessed typically female cibarial armature, but had male genitalia with one of the lateral lobes reduced, atrophied spermathecae and rudimentary cerci; the other reported, a male Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir (Rioux & Golvan, 1969, Monogr. de L'Inst. Nat. de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, No. 37), had 2 abnormal spermathecae, reduced penis, and atrophied lateral lobes.