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The challenge of creating reliable technology-based resources for science learning is a perennial challenge in Philippine education, with limited learning materials accessible to all learners. This study is about the development of a videocast embedded with physics education technology (PhET) simulation that served as supplementary learning material for grade 9 science in response to the scarcity of dependable visualization materials. The study employed the developmental research design with analysisdesign-development-implementation-evaluation (ADDIE) model as the developmental framework. The vodcast evaluation tool, achievement test questionnaire, and vodcast perception survey questionnaire for students and teachers were used in the data collection, while the Kendall's W statistic, mean, percentage, and gain score were used in the data interpretation. The teacher respondents (N=64) have moderate agreement on the ranking of topic difficulty, with Kendall's W of 0.45. The researcher-made vodcast attained an overall rating of 4.78 from experts, which implies that the vodcast can be very good material for classroom implementation. The developed achievement test has acceptable difficulty and discrimination indices. The implementation stage yielded a low normalized gain, which can be accounted for by unfocused attention during the pandemic. Nevertheless, the voicecasts were found very useful in learning projectile motion, as perceived by both students and teacher-observers.

Competent teachers are attributed to student performance, school effectiveness, and the efficiency of an entire education system. Hence, this study compares the respondents' teaching proficiency across their profiles and correlates to their academic performance. The study utilized 30 pre-service secondary teachers of Eastern Samar State University Salcedo selected by complete enumeration, a descriptive comparative and correlational research design, and a questionnaire. Frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were applied for descriptive analysis; t-test for comparison of respondents' teaching proficiency; and Pearson's correlation coefficient for the relationship between academic performance and teaching proficiency. The study revealed that respondents had a proficient teaching proficiency. Specifically, they were proficient in subject matter knowledge, lesson planning, classroom management, instructional strategies and motivation, communication skills, questioning skills, and professionalism. They have a very good academic performance in both professional education and major field of specialization. Furthermore, the study found no significant difference in the teaching proficiency across the respondents' sex and age. However, a significant relationship was found between academic performance and teaching proficiency. Based on the findings, it is recommended that remedial classes on contents, pedagogies, and principles be provided especially for those respondents with low academic performance, to improve their teaching proficiency.

Purpose: To improve teacher education and education quality, this study explores the experiences and learning of student teachers during their practice instruction in public high schools in the Philippines. Methodology: Semi-structured, in-depth focus group discussions with student teachers were conducted employing a phenomenological research design using Colaizzi's approach. Eight groups of student teachers participated in the focus group discussions (FGDs). Each group comprised five students, with 40 participants in total. Findings: According to the findings, student teachers often struggle with the practical realities of teaching in public school and real-world scenarios instead of controlled training environments. Additionally, teaching-related learning experiences are crucial for adapting to diverse student characteristics and developing teaching styles. A mentoring program is found to be essential, despite issues of communication and confidence. Moreover, having supportive mentors play a significant role in helping student teachers to become effective educators. The study also emphasized the need to enhance the teaching and learning setting through digital tools. Significance: This study provides important insights into the obstacles and potential for improving teacher education quality in the Philippines and expanding the teaching practice program.

This study was conducted to determine whether the mock board examination performance can predict a candidate's performance in the Licensure Examination for Certified Public Accountants (LECPA). It covered the Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (BSA) graduates from a higher education institution in Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines, who took the mock board examination and were first-time LECPA takers from the October 2022 to May 2023 batches. Participants were directly included in the study. A simple linear regression analysis was utilized to determine whether a candidate's performance on the mock board could predict their LECPA performance. The model summary revealed a value of 0.474, which is below 0.5. Therefore, the study concluded that the mock board examination can predict overall LECPA performance. This result implied that higher scores on the mock board examination correlate with a higher probability of passing the LECPA. Based on these findings, the learning institution should regularly improve the mock board examinations. Suggestions include aligning the difficulty level of the mock board with the LECPA and having the assessment conducted by a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) examiner other than the mock board lecturer.

In the modern industrial revolution, this study looks at how education and curriculum development work together. It does this by looking at the Philippine educational system in particular. The project looks into ways to make curricula more flexible and able to change to changing technology and social and economic needs. The study uses a qualitative research method and involves talking to five teachers from a range of school backgrounds. The interviews aim to explore their experiences and perspectives on curriculum modifications, educational gaps, and the incorporation of technology in teaching. The findings emphasized the need for curricular improvements that integrate technological advancements, promote educational equity, and improve teaching effectiveness. The paper introduces a novel educational framework called "Education 6.0" that seeks to synchronize curricular goals with the ever-changing needs of the global environment. This framework prioritized a transition towards a comprehensive and flexible approach to education, facilitating the acquisition of skills that are applicable to forthcoming societal and economic concerns.

Effective science instruction in a blended learning approach is synonymous with the strategic use of instructional videos (IVs) to fill the gap in teacher support. This study aims to determine the IVs' effectiveness in improving students' concept retention and overall learning experiences. The experimental group was exposed to instruction integrating IVs via embedded mixed-method design, whereas the control group was exposed to traditional lecture methods. The results showed that students' post-test scores and concept retention improved significantly in the experimental group, where students reported better learning experiences than in the control group. This beneficial effect of a technology-integrated approach can be attributed to various elements of IVs, such as engaging content, motion graphics, video length, the language used, and the speaker's perspective. This study recommends that IVs be used to enhance learning opportunities and results in the teaching and learning process.

This research investigated the pre-service teachers' self-regulation, self-efficacy, and mathematics performance in blended learning during the post Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in a state university using a descriptive correlational design. There were 201 pre-service teachers who were identified using simple random sampling. They answered the two-set survey questionnaire, which assessed their self-regulation and self-efficacy, while their performances were assessed using their grades in the subject. The data gathered were treated using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that they had high self-regulation while they had a very high level of self-efficacy. At the same time, they had a very satisfactory performance in mathematics. Moreover, their self-regulation in terms of planning, monitoring, and adjusting was significantly correlated with their math performance while reflecting is not. However, no significant relationship was found between their self-efficacy and mathematics performance. Thus, instructors are encouraged to conduct monitoring during blended learning to encourage pre-service teachers to maintain their high level of self-regulation and self-efficacy in learning mathematics. In addition, future researchers may explore the same variables to validate the findings of the study because these findings are limited only to pre-service teachers and were conducted during the post COVID-19 pandemic.

Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) is an instructional learner material developed to enhance the academic performance of low-performing students. This study aimed to develop e-SIM and investigate its effect on the student's academic performance and learning motivation in Newton's Laws of Motion. The participants were 40 students from Grade 12 ABM and HUMSS strands drawn from a private school in Valenzuela City, Philippines. A quasi-experimental design was utilized in this study using a one-group pre-test and post-test design since the study aims to measure the cause-and-effect of using e-SIM in learning physics. The quantitative data of this research was obtained through a motivational scale, concept test (pre-test and post-test), and e-SIM. The data was analyzed by average mean, p-value, and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. According to the analysis result, there is a significant difference between the academic performance and learning motivation of the students using e-SIM. The use of e-SIM in enhancing academic performance and learning motivation in Newton's second law of motion is recommended.

This action research aimed to study the use the Gamification-Incentive-Feedback (GIF) Model in enhancing the classroom learning experience of Grade 9 students in a private school in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. The research used convenience sampling and used a combination of Likert scale pre-intervention and post-intervention survey questionnaires as well as focus group discussion (FGD) to gather data and responses. The results were analyzed through the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and interview responses from the FGD through thematic analysis. Results reveal a significant difference in students' classroom learning experience in terms of motivation. Further, the participants' responses to the FGD revealed that the GIF Model encourages participation and teamwork; that it promotes competition; that it is motivating, fun, exciting, and interesting; that it encourages learning retention; and that the GIF Model should be implemented face to face; among others. It is concluded that the use of GIF Model is a promising approach for the students in the classroom to create an engaging, motivating, and rewarding experience. Educators are encouraged to adapt the GIF Model in their teaching practice but should make sure that it is properly and fairly organized to avoid student frustration.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, students faced increased risk of contracting the virus due to the relaxation of health protocols by the Philippine government and the authorization of face-to-face instruction in schools by the Department of Education. There is little data on basic education school students' awareness of COVID-19 in the Philippines, particularly in Cebu City. A cross-sectional descriptive-correlational research design was utilized to determine junior and senior high school students' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19. In this study, a survey questionnaire was used to compare and attempt to identify relationships between the demographic profile of students and their KAPs regarding COVID-19. This study also investigated the relationships between students' KAPs. JHS and SHS students exhibited outstanding KAPs for COVID-19. Students' demographic characteristics, including grade level and family income, were significantly associated with their KAPs toward the disease. However, their gender was not significantly associated with their KAPs. There was a significant relationship between students' COVID-19 KAPs. It is imperative that the DepEd develop strategies and programs to combat the situation due to pandemic and prepare for similar situations in future. With the aid of curriculum designers, science educators must adapt the science education curriculum to address current and future health concerns.

Increasing community awareness and knowledge about environmental problems is the primary goal of environmental education. This study explores the best practices of the Youth for Environment in Schools--Organization (YES-O) in selected schools in the National Capital Region, Philippines. A qualitative study involving interviews and focus group discussions directed the collection and analysis of data. The study discovered that the implementation of the YES-O program was successful due to the following best practices: (a) personal advocacy, (b) resource availability, (c) flexibility, (d) integrated school efforts, (e) participatory approach, and (f) monitoring and evaluation strategies, which were all supported by the emerging themes. Meanwhile, capacity building and strong networks emerged as important themes supporting the YES-O program implementation in secondary schools. The schools can continue their practices to sustain the implementation of the program. However, schools should take into account certain indicators that require improvement to enhance their performance. These may include strengthening their networking, linkages, and partnership strategies to better engage and synergize environmental education given the mandated programs, projects, and activities of the YES-O program implementation.

With the unprecedented shift to online or flexible learning modes, both teachers and students adapt to the new normal of education. A qualitative study aimed to draw out the voices of three beginning science teachers, the study utilized the narrative inquiry approach through in-depth interviews. It was found that beginning science teachers are faced with challenges: transitioning to the actual teaching practice and adjusting to the new normal in education. Beginning science teachers voiced out their challenges, including adapting to the culture of the new generation of students, access to a stable internet connection, problems with technology use, and teaching-learning process adjustments. Coping strategies include creative and responsive adjustments to teaching-learning, assessment of learning, learning mode, and internet connection problems and online platforms. Their stories serve as a springboard for interventions that guide and assist beginning teachers.

Purpose: This article examines the use of English medium instruction (EMI) for teaching Japanese as a foreign language (JFL) by non-native speakers with a focus on multilingual classrooms. It also explores teachers' positive and negative beliefs about using EMI in classroom settings for JFL instruction. Methods and procedure: 274 non-native Japanese language teachers from around the world (57 countries) voluntarily participated in a survey, answering a questionnaire on Google Forms and Jotform. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. The research instrument was piloted before the main study and was found to be effective and adequate to elicit the desired data. The research questions aimed to identify whether there were any relationships between the use of EMI and the multilingual classroom. Findings: The results showed a clear correlation between the extensive use of EMI and the multilingual character of JFL classrooms. Translanguaging turned out to be a common practice adopted by non-native Japanese teachers regardless of the primary language of instruction. The article concludes that EMI can be a valuable tool for JFL instruction in multilingual classrooms. Based on the investigation of the teachers' beliefs, the results showed a changing positive attitude towards English employed in JFL classrooms. Implications for research and practice: The findings can be used to further investigate EMI in JFL instructional practices in multilingual classrooms, improve the quality of JFL instruction and facilitate the integration of multilingual education into foreign language teaching. Future research can explore the effectiveness of EMI in different JFL contexts and investigate the impact of EMI on students' language learning outcomes.

The study assessed, designed, developed, validated, implemented, and evaluated the effects of the e-training package on TPACK. The study was conducted at Bukidnon State University from 2021-2022. Using Research and Development, an e-training package on TPACK involved Content Knowledge, Technological Knowledge, and Pedagogical Content Knowledge was developed. The level of TPACK knowledge of secondary pre-service teachers was measured using weighted mean and sd. Findings revealed that pre-service teachers' TPACK level of knowledge shows advancement across all levels of knowledge except for pedagogical knowledge, which is expert. From the needs analysis result, an e-training package on content knowledge, technological knowledge, and pedagogical knowledge was designed. With the development of e-training package, Integrating Resources in Science, feedback from the panel of experts was used as the basis for the revision of the lessons with the guidance of a systematic set of criteria. The e-training was implemented through an online platform for both 3rd year and 4th-year science pre-service teachers. From the evaluation result, preservice teachers have a thorough initial comprehension and fundamental knowledge of TPACK.

This quantitative-correlational study aimed to examine the relationship between online game addiction and mental well-being of high school students from Angeles City, in the Philippines, during the COVID-19 pandemic. To obtain data from the respondents, the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale--Short-Form and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were utilised. After obtaining data from purposively selected 162 high-school students, it was observed that there was a positive and significant relationship between online game addiction and mental well-being. The study highlighted that individuals who are highly dependent on online games are more likely to experience higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Based on the findings, implications for theory and practice, particularly in learning and development, are presented, along with recommendations for schools, teachers, students, and future research directions.

This research explores the educational beliefs of select fourth-year preservice Filipino mathematics teachers enrolled in the Bachelor of Education major in Mathematics program in the second semester of the 2022-2023 academic year in a state university in Bulacan, Philippines, via qualitative-exploratory research. Three qualitative tools were used: a metaphor construction task, unstructured questions, and a drawing task. Thematic analysis and intercoder reliability checking were implemented. Based on the findings, the first theme, the teacher as a knowledge dispenser belief, features the imperative conduct of the dispensation of knowledge; the second theme, the teacher as a reliable improver belief, highlights the formation of space for student participation after dispensing knowledge; the third theme, teacher as an equity promoter belief, highlights the significance of addressing the needs of the students while dispensing knowledge; and the last theme, teacher as a strategic scaffolder belief, highlights combining, extending, and maximizing all knowledge, experiences, and learning opportunities to align with and attain learning objectives. The teacher-as-knowledge dispenser belief is more teacher-centered, the teacher-as-reliable improver and teacher-as-equity promoter beliefs are mixed teacher-centered and student-centered, and the teacher-as-strategic scaffolder belief is more student-centered.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of language policy in the Philippines, with a particular emphasis on the status, challenges, and future prospects of Chinese language education within the national framework. The study is structured into five distinct sections. Firstly, the historical development of language policies in the Philippines is explored, tracing the transitions from colonial to contemporary eras and assessing their implications for language education. Secondly, an in-depth exploration of the present landscape of Chinese language education is provided, evaluating its integration into the Philippine education system and the effectiveness of existing programs. Thirdly, a critical examination of the current state of local Chinese language teacher training is conducted, analyzing the approaches used to foster a sustainable local teaching workforce. Fourthly, strategic pathways for the next decade are outlined, focusing on the localization of Chinese language education in alignment with the plans of the Philippine Department of Education and broader educational objectives. Finally, the concluding section synthesizes insights garnered from the preceding sections, reflecting on the significance of these developments for the future of Chinese language education in the Philippines. It underscores the pivotal role of Chinese language education in promoting cultural and educational exchanges and facilitating the modernization processes in both China and the Philippines. By addressing these dimensions, the paper offers a comprehensive overview of the intersection between language policy and Chinese language education in the Philippines, providing valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers engaged in language education and policy planning in multilingual and multicultural contexts.

This paper explores the professional identities of four Filipino English teachers (FETs) who instruct international students at a language academy in Bonifacio Global City (BGC), a special district for the Philippines' globalization. Employing a narrative inquiry approach, data was gathered through individual interviews, and subsequently analyzed using a thematic analysis framework. The findings indicate that the participants assume three distinct roles within the academy. As experts in English language teaching, they consider themselves the equal of, or even superior to, native English-speaking teachers, which they attribute to their language proficiency, pedagogical skills, and content-based teaching. In their role as educational caretakers, they prioritize their students' well-being, providing motivation for English language learning, and offering emotional support. Furthermore, they identify themselves as international teachers, having deliberately chosen BGC as their career destination to foster multiculturalism and global citizenship. This study is of particular significance, as it scrutinizes the roles of FETs, frequently categorized as "non-native teachers," within the context of globalization.

Employability is a measure of the effectiveness of an academic program in the quality of its graduates. However, insufficient data on employability of forestry graduates are still observed, particularly in northern Philippines. Hence, the study aimed to trace the employment of BS Forestry (BSF) graduates in DMMMSU from 2015 to 2022. The study used descriptive research design to describe the BSF graduates' socio-demographic characteristics, educational background, and initial employment profile. Survey was employed as data collection method, and quantitative techniques were used for analysis. Results revealed that majority of graduates were female and had been awarded college scholarships; some graduated with honours and awards. Majority were licensed foresters, while very few had other professional eligibilities. Most were employed at least once after graduation and were professional contractual employees of companies, mainly in agriculture, hunting, and forestry. Salaries and benefits were the primary reason for acceptance of jobs, while most secured forestry-related jobs within six months after their graduation. The gross monthly income for a great majority of the initial forestry-related jobs reported was less than PhP 15,000.00. Most employed graduates agreed that their program and curriculum were related and relevant to their jobs. However, regular updating of curriculum and instruction is the major suggestion of graduates to improve the program. The likelihood of gaining employment after graduation significantly increases when school support services are provided for career and job placement. Honours and awards in college were seen to be significant factors contributing to the employability of forestry graduates.

This paper examines the experiences of a group of values education teachers who are studying in a customized scholarship and online graduate program under the Linking Standards and Quality Practice (LiSQuP) project in the Philippines. It aimed to explore the attitudes, benefits, and challenges encountered by the values education teachers by participating in the LiSQuP program. Embedded single case study research design was used, and qualitative content analysis was utilized for analyzing and interpreting the data. Recorded focus group interview, online survey documents, observations, and participatory contact were used to obtain the data from the 30 participants who are LiSQuP scholars and teachers of values education in the public schools of the Philippines. Based on the findings of the study, the following results were drawn: 1) The participants exhibited adaptive and positive attitude towards the LiSQuP program; 2) The participants benefited from the program in terms of professional and personal development; and 3) The participants struggled with various factors related to time, program design, and personal traits. The rewarding and challenging experiences of the participants in this study may inform the project management team and other higher education institutions with similar online programs to enhance opportunities for a more responsive and collaborative online learning community for diverse graduate distance learners.

This study employed student choice and tiered worksheets as strategies of differentiated instruction on Quadratic Equations in addressing students' non-compliance with assignments in a flipped classroom. In each lesson, students choose among the instructional materials with guide questions to assist them in focusing on key areas during the asynchronous activities as homework. Tiered worksheets were administered in face-to-face classes based on students' readiness as reflected in pre-assessment results. Data from tiered worksheets show students' mastery levels and student engagement in online class instruction and in-class tasks. Additionally, there is a significant difference between pre-assessment and summative assessment percentage scores with a substantial effect size, implying improved student performance in solving quadratic equations.

Finite complement clauses (FCCs) are an understudied syntactic structure of L2 advanced academic writing. The present study cross-investigated FCCs in qualitative (QUALI) and quantitative (QUANTI) research articles written by Filipino academic writers (FAWs) in Applied Linguistics (APPLING), Communication (COMM), and Measurement and Evaluation (MEEV). Specifically, it determined the FCCs with the most occurrences across five disciplinary research article sub-registers and identified whether these FCCs differ significantly in terms of frequencies of use. With Hernandez's (2021) framework adapted from Biber and Gray's (2016) study, this research analyzed five FCCs in 42 disciplinary research articles. Major results revealed that verb-controlled that-clauses (with 33.69 as normalized frequency count) outnumbered other FCCs in research article sub-registers across disciplines. They were more recurrent in QUALI and QUANTI APPLING research articles (7.91 and 7.54, respectively) and QUANTI and QUALI COMM research articles (7.34 and 6.96, respectively) than in QUANTI MEEV research articles (3.94). In addition, a significant difference exists between them and other FCCs at the p<0.05 level in terms of frequencies of use. In view of these findings, it can be concluded that verb-controlled that-clauses are the most useful FCCs in APPLING, COMM, and MEEV research articles. Likewise, FAWs across the three disciplines write more informally as signposted by their repeated use of that complementizer with these FCCs controlled by verbs. The study draws its implications for academic writing instruction.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an emergency online learning course on students' satisfaction, self-efficacy and achievement. This study used a convergent mixed methods approach with an action research design to explore students' experiences and outcomes in an emergency online science course. This study involved 25 voluntary participants from a private college in Manila, Philippines, who were enrolled in the Science, Technology and Society online course during the 2019-2020 academic year. Data were collected using a variety of instruments, including questionnaires, reflective journals and semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the developed emergency online learning course positively impacted students' satisfaction, efficacy and achievement. Students were satisfied with their interactions with classmates and teachers and the course content. They also expressed confidence in their ability to perform online tasks independently and master the subject through pre-recorded videos. This study suggests that effective student-teacher interaction, peer relationships, relevant and relatable course content, well-designed lesson materials, clear assessment tasks, differentiated tasks to meet individual learning preferences and teacher creativity are essential factors for student satisfaction, efficacy and achievement in emergency online learning courses.

Virtual reality (VR) is used across the educational spectrum (higher education, high school, primary school, and even pre-school); however, primary school teachers' perceptions of using VR in their classrooms require further research. A brief review of the literature of 100 existing articles related to teaching within the primary school context was conducted. The articles were obtained by performing a word search within Google Scholar, with the keywords 'virtual reality primary school teachers 2018 - 2023'. Teachers indicated both hesitance and enthusiasm for incorporating VR. The findings of this study indicated that only a low number of articles (n = 11) addressed VR and primary school teachers, compared to the total number of articles reviewed (n=100). Researching VR and teaching assists in supporting the wider fringe aspects of e-learning practices, such as VR. It advances the compass of e-learning knowledge by integrating immersive learning tools into the primary school classroom.

Interest has been globally established as a powerful predictor that triggers engagement, especially in fostering physical culture among students. Scholarly works in PE have already shown that situational interest triggers individual interest, which can lead to highly engaged students. However, little is known about the impact of individual interest alone on students' school engagement. In this regard, this study is focused on determining the significant difference between the sex and institution of students concerning individual interest and school engagement. Moreover, it aimed to assess the relationship and direct influence of individual interest on school engagement. After obtaining data from 1659 samples of undergraduate students from the most prominent local colleges in Pampanga, it was revealed that there is no significant difference concerning individual interest and school engagement between sex and institution. Fascinatingly, a significant association between students' individual interests and school engagement was observed. Lastly, individual interest, along with its three factors, predicts school engagement. It can be concluded that individual interest has a direct positive influence on school engagement. Recommendations for future research direction and PE teachers to fully translate physical culture to students to improve their overall well-being are hereby presented. [Note: The page range (78-90) shown on the PDF citation is incorrect. The correct page range is 79-91.]

Research shows that videoconferencing tools can be used for delivering high-quality instruction in real-time to a large number of students simultaneously during and even in the aftermath of the pandemic. However, there is a lack of data on how favourable it is among students, particularly in the Philippine setting, in the field of Physical Education (PE). In this regard, this study aimed at inspecting exogenous factors linked to students' acceptance of a video-conferencing platform in learning knowledge- and skill-based concepts in Physical Education through the adaptation of the Technology Acceptance Model. After performing the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling from a purposively selected sample of 250 teacher education students, the results showed that perceived ease of use (PEOU) positively affected perceived usefulness (PU). It was also found that PEOU and PU impacted behavioural intention. Lastly, behavioural intention (BI) positively leverages actual use of the Zoom platform. It can be inferred that students can benefit greatly from using the video-conferencing platform to learn various PE concepts. Moreover, another surprising discovery was that students could use the platform to efficiently learn, thus capitalising on the university's educational system, even in the New Normal.

Biology education plays a vital role in nurturing the understanding of learners about the intricacy of life. Various efforts have emerged to strengthen learning biological concepts but there were still studies that showed that learners have low mastery in some aspects. To determine how well students understood various biological topics, including human physiology, Concept inventory tests (CIT) were used. The concept inventory test may be able to spot students' misconceptions and ultimately lead to improved comprehension. The crafted CIT developed with the aid of a table of specifications based on Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive domain was assessed according to its validity and reliability. In validation, content validity and item analysis were considered while reliability test was employed through Cronbach's alpha. Distractor analysis was also performed to determine possible source of misconception per item. The CIT was administered to 120 senior high school STEM students (50.8% from the private schools, 37.5% in regular public schools and 11.7% from public schools with special programs in science). The results displayed high content validity with a mean of 4.83 for content validity and an average Aiken's validity coefficient of 0.98. It also highlighted that the test is moderately difficult with the test difficulty of 0.58, as well as, discriminatory with a discriminating level of 0.46. After item classification, 63 items were retained (39 accepted, 24 for revisions) and Chronbach's alpha ([alpha]=0.74) indicated good internal consistency. The concept inventory test propounds to be a good classroom test science with minor items to be revised.

Mendelian genetics are essential for students seeking to comprehend the complexities of inheritance; although fundamental, these biology concepts are difficult for students to understand. This study examined the effectiveness of task-based learning (TBL) in enhancing the students' conceptual understanding of the Patterns of Mendelian Genetics. A pretest and posttest quasi-experimental research design involved an experimental and a control group. An Intrinsic Motivation Inventory questionnaire was utilized to assess the level of intrinsic motivation for task evaluation for the experimental group. Paired t-test was used to compare the pretest and post-test results. Before the intervention, both groups had a low conceptual understanding of the topic. At the end of the intervention, both groups had significantly increased their performances from pretest to posttest scores. The study revealed that TBL is more effective than Traditional Lecture-Based Instruction (TLI), as seen in their enhanced student performance, implying the effectiveness of the TBL as an innovative instructional approach. Participants from the experimental group expressed enjoyment, competence, and ownership of their task activities, and they did not feel nervous and anxious about doing the tasks. Pearson r-correlation was used to establish a relationship among the variables. Perceived choice, pressure/tension, and student performance in the experimental group have low positive correlations, and perceived choice, interest/enjoyment, and performance have a negligible correlation. This approach is highly commendable for biology instruction. By illuminating the effectiveness of active learning in improving student's conceptual understanding, this study bridges the gap between theoretical-practical gap in genetics via active learning effectiveness.

Despite achieving similar college degrees, students venture into different paths post-graduation. Having a career plan with career aspirations and future career perspectives is essential for an individual to have a more straightforward career path. This qualitative narrative inquiry research determined science education students' career aspirations and future career perspectives. Nineteen college science education students in a state university in Zambales, Philippines, were asked about their written narratives describing their career aspirations and future career perspectives. Data from the participants were subjected to thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke's (2006) framework. Findings showed that science education students' career aspirations were (a) to teach and inspire students, (b) to pursue advanced studies, (c) to take licensure examinations, (d) to work abroad, and (e) to shift career. Meanwhile, the science education students' perspectives toward their career after 10 years were (a) to become successful in the teaching field, (b) inspiring and teaching the students, (c) contented in the chosen profession, and (d) willing to embark on another journey. Based on the findings, researchers recommended the creation of career guidance and career management programs among graduating students to provide more apparent career aspirations and career perspectives among them as they become future professionals.

This research delves into the assessment of Grade 4 students' reading proficiency at Bueno Integrated School, situated in the Capas West District of Tarlac Province, during the academic period of 2019-2020. Employing a quantitative-descriptive research methodology, this study pinpointed deficiencies in reading abilities through the administration of teacher-crafted examinations. Subsequently, intervention resources were devised and evaluated for suitability by English educators. Analysis uncovered a moderate level of performance among learners, highlighting specific shortcomings in competencies such as anticipatory comprehension and inference drawing. The proposed intervention materials, tailored to address these identified weaknesses, garnered high approval ratings from teachers. Recommendations stemming from this research advocate for the integration of these materials into instructional practices aimed at augmenting reading proficiencies. Furthermore, suggestions include the undertaking of larger-scale trials to validate the effectiveness of the intervention, allocation of resources for the reproduction of materials, and exploration of similar interventions across various academic subjects and grade levels. This study not only sheds light on the reading landscape of Grade 4 students at Bueno Integrated School but also provides actionable insights for educators and policymakers to enhance literacy instruction. By pinpointing specific areas for improvement and developing targeted intervention strategies, this research contributes to the ongoing efforts to bolster reading proficiency among elementary school students. Moreover, the endorsement of intervention materials by teachers underscores their potential efficacy in classroom settings, warranting further exploration and implementation.

For every educator to continue serving quality education to every Filipino learner amidst pandemic, the Department of Education transitioned to Modular Distance Learning (MDL) through printed modules. However, as frontline of this major shift, new changes were experienced by triad' (teachers, parents, and learners). Using phenomenological approach, this study aimed to uncover those experiences and how they cope with problems met. Participants comprised of 24 randomly selected teachers, parents, and learners each from four (4) districts of Maasin City via multi-stage cluster sampling. Semi-structured interviews both online and offline methods with validated instrument were employed to collect data alongside ethical considerations. Results of thematic analysis derived six themes from the lens of teachers namely work stress, readiness or adjustment, observed parental issues, time-management, delayed materials and communication problem. Likewise, parents' experiences extracted five themes namely disruption of work, difficulty in understanding the module, managing children's discipline, learning environment, and managing time. On learners' side, five major themes were generated such as difficulty to understand content, loaded modules and bulky tasks, limited interactions, poor basic Skills in literacy & numeracy, distractions that affect focus, and connectivity problems. Implications reflected major challenges that call for adaptive skills, innovative interventions and policies to ensure both welfare and safety in the process. Despite difficulties, the triad initiated coping strategies. Likewise, factors affecting the quality and efficiency of MDL were drawn such as quality of material, process, learner's foundation, facilitators' welfare and capacity, communication, and home situations. This study concludes that the struggles and triumphs experienced resulting from the new transition in education brought the triad new work atmosphere and influenced the level of learning among learners. This provides valuable insights for potential interventions and policy recommendation for future post-pandemic resiliency and recovery roadmap for every school in the DepEd.

Demonstrating higher-order thinking skills is crucial for thriving in a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environment. In science education, inquiry-based learning has increasingly been recognized as a potent approach to stimulate students' higher-order thinking skills. While prior research has shown evidence of its positive impact on student achievement, no study has critically synthesized its effect on students' higher-order thinking skills in the context of science learning. Thus, this study conducted a meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The study extracted twenty-six (26) effect sizes from twenty (20) studies, involving 1,349 students exposed to both inquiry-based and conventional approaches. Using the Comprehensive Meta-analysis Software, effect size (Hedges g) was calculated to determine the magnitude of the effectiveness of inquiry-based approaches. The overall weighted effect size of g = 0.893 demonstrates that inquiry-based approaches have a significantly large and positive impact on students' higher-order thinking skills. Moderator analysis suggests that regardless of students' educational level, scientific discipline, or level of inquiry, the use of the inquiry-based approach in teaching scientific concepts maximizes students' higher-order thinking skills. Although various inquiry-based approaches were effective when combined with other instructional strategies for teaching scientific concepts, only a few studies integrated technology into the implementation of inquiry-based approaches in science. Given the positive findings of this meta-analysis, science teachers are further encouraged to adapt inquiry-based approaches to enhance their teaching practices and support students in strengthening their higher-order thinking skills.

The aim of this paper is to develop a reliable and valid transactional distance scale in a flexible learning environment from the perspectives of students of a higher education institution in the Philippines. To achieve this goal, the researcher assessed the construct validity and reliability of the scale by using the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Additionally, Cronbach alpha was used to test the internal consistency of the items. The model revealed three-factor structure anchored on Moore's Transactional Distance theory namely structure, learner autonomy and dialogue. The model validates the previously extracted factors along with the items. The findings of this study revealed that the implementation of flexible learning in the Philippine context is a multidimensional construct and serves as a critical success factors. The proposed transactional distance scale in a flexible learning environment may serve to facilitate the implementation of flexible learning in higher education institutions thereby implementing flexible learning effectively and efficiently. Little literature and studies exist on the implementation of flexible learning anchored on transactional distance theory. Thus, this attempts to bridge this gap in the existing literature and studies. This three-factor model of flexible learning in a higher education institution anchored on Transactional Distance Theory would be a useful tool to assess the perception of students towards the implementation of flexible learning in a new normal environment.

The purpose of this investigation was to identify, examine, and analyse the opinions of four international postgraduate students who embarked on a service-learning project required by the course taken in Semester 2, 2021/2022. It included engaging in community service, connection to their academic endeavours, reporting the outcomes, critical reflection, and reciprocity. Choral speaking activities were selected as the tool for their engagement with children in the community. The qualitative approach was chosen as the research design, employing in-depth semi-structured interviews. The findings pointed to the beneficial aspects of service-learning which include: (1) enhances multicultural understanding; (2) improves civic involvement; (3) acknowledges that academic work has real-world importance; and (4) promotes language learning as well as reciprocity, that need to be improved.

This mixed-methods explanatory sequential research investigated the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) cognitions and practices of Filipino high school teachers of Mandarin. The PCK framework highlights the crucial interplay between pedagogical and content knowledge, aiding educators in selecting the most suitable teaching techniques to effectively present the subject matter. This study combined both quantitative and qualitative data from self-assessment reports, semi-structured interviews, and classroom observations, providing a clear picture of the participants' PCK. Using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, this study fully captured the participants' PCK. The qualitative data revealed that the participants' confidence level on their pedagogical content knowledge was considered high. While the qualitative data uncovered the participants' eighteen PCK practices, and their cognitions on the significance of using appropriate techniques to maintain motivation, achieve lesson's objectives, cater students' needs, and bridge challenges in teaching Chinese Mandarin. Lastly, anchored from the findings, this study provided recommendations such as deepening the participants' understanding of the PCK framework and strengthening each professional knowledge, contributing to improving the participants' capability to effectively teach Mandarin.

Purpose -- Throughout the high school years, especially for senior high school (SHS) level, academic stress emerges as the prevalent psychological state among students, particularly due to the simultaneous occurrence of adolescence and the increased intensity of academic obligations and responsibilities that must be fulfilled during this stage. As they approach college, they face the added pressure of making important career-related choices, which further intensifies the challenges they encounter during this phase. With classes transitioning to online platforms as an alternative measure for schools during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the Philippines, presented numerous challenges and difficulties, it is crucial to examine the academic stress and coping self-efficacy among SHS students during this transition period. Additionally, this study aimed to investigate the predictors of academic stress and coping self-efficacy utilizing the sociodemographic profile of the participants. Methodology -- A descriptive research design was employed in the study. A total of 446 SHS students from Grade 11 to Grade 12 in one of the academic institutions in Quezon City were purposively selected to participate by answering two self-administered online measures on academic stress (Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents) and coping self-efficacy (Coping Self-Efficacy Scale). The collected data analyzed using SPSS v25. Findings -- Results revealed that self-expectation (M = 3.65) and workload (M = 3.45) are the primary sources of academic stress, and SHS students are more confident utilizing problem-solving (M = 6.17) to cope with academic stress. Further, being female (P= 0.01), level (P = 0.08), and belonging to the HUMSS (Humanities and Social Sciences) strand (P = 0.08) increase stress scores. A significant negative correlation of -0.26 (95% CI:-0.35, -0.17) between stress and coping self-efficacy was also found, which suggests that as academic stress increases, coping self-efficacy decreases. Further, being a female, SHS2, and in the HUMSS strand-tends to increase academic stress, while being a female who is unemployed and/or a mother whose working at home scores relatively low with coping self-efficacy. Significance -- These findings have educational implications. It highlights the factors to be considered by offering guidance to counselors and educators in developing intervention programs, focusing on psychological well-being and skill enhancement that would help mitigate the adverse outcomes of this period of disruption.

The study aimed to determine the level of involvement of working parents and the level of seriousness of the problems they encountered in modular distance learning. It sought to test whether there is a significant relationship between the academic achievement of the students and their parents' level of involvement. This study utilized a descriptive-correlational research design with a questionnaire as a data-gathering tool. Results show that working parents are highly engaged in the new learning modality while their children manifested a satisfactory level of academic performance. The relationship between the overall level of parents' involvement and level of academic achievement was found insignificant, but coaching and tutoring, and monitoring students' compliance flagged a significant relationship with academic achievement. A set of programs was proposed to address problems experienced by parents such as poor internet connection, insufficient resources at home, unclear instructions in the self-learning modules, and distraction from gadgets.

This study made a preliminary attempt to conduct a needs assessment of teachers' utilization of the SSI-based approach in teaching Science by exploring Filipino teachers' awareness, perceived need, readiness, and willingness. It also aimed to determine which among the demographic profiles of the teachers had significant differences in their perceived need and readiness. A needs assessment using a quantitative survey research design was used in this study. The data-gathering procedure was done using a validated online survey questionnaire with a Cronbach alpha of 0.89. A total of 124 science teachers participated in this study throughout the two-week implementation. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data gathered from this study. Results revealed that more than fifty percent of the teachers were highly aware of the SSI-based approach and perceived the need for its implementation in science classes. Teachers were also willing to participate in an SSI training program to learn more about it and develop their own SSI-related materials. Furthermore, gender and specialization significantly differed in teachers' perceived needs, while specialization significantly differed in readiness. Results obtained from this study can be used as a basis for exploring teachers' perceptions and views of implementing the SSI-based approach.

Classifying, naming, and identifying insects have been complicated topics among science teachers and students. This problem is due to the highly technical collection protocols, safekeeping procedures, the unavailability of appropriate learning resources, and the closure of school laboratories and facilities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the remote learning setup, this study utilized Improvised Insect Traps (IITs) to provide an authentic learning experience in teaching and learning insect taxonomy at home. The study aimed to determine the effects of using IITs on students' self-efficacy beliefs and perceived levels of engagement. In this quasi-experimental study, 42 students designed and developed their improvised insect traps. Insect collection and classification were accomplished within four weeks. A 20-item validated survey questionnaire on self-efficacy and engagement levels was administered via Google Forms. Students' feedback was gathered using virtual focus group discussions and open-ended questions. Results revealed that IITs effectively improved students' self-efficacy beliefs (Z=0.033, p-value=0.022, g=0.68), while no improvement was noted in students' perceived levels of engagement (Z=0.143, p-value=0.188, g=0.07) in teaching and learning insect taxonomy. Moreover, students' feedback and responses were classified as Affordances or Constraints. Subthemes such as motivation, satisfaction, authentic learning, safety, and parental involvement were generated in the thematic analysis. Overall, this study found that the IITs activity is relevant in teaching insect taxonomy and delivering practical learning experiences among students in a distance learning modality.

Open universities have provided quality higher education through open and distance education to serve learners who could not attend traditional in-person universities. While open universities vary in terms of providing their services to learners at a distance, many have shifted to e-learning using cost-effective platforms. A common platform that is essential for online teaching and learning is the learning management system (LMS). While there are common processes observed among open universities in the way they use their LMS, there are also subtle differences caused by each institution's unique and special context. Their contextual challenges often drive them to develop technologies or techniques that may easily be adopted by others. Thus, benchmarking activities are often recommended for mutual improvement. In this regard, a comparative study of open universities in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Pakistan was conducted for decision-makers to understand how they could improve in providing quality education to their learners through Moodle, which is their primary LMS. The Delone and Mclean Model was used to systematically compare system, information, and service quality in e-learning delivered through their LMS. The authors hope that the results and recommendations from this study may help other educational institutions overcome similar challenges in their learning platforms.

The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on everyone's lives. To prevent the spread of the coronavirus, people were ordered to stay at home, whether or not they were infected. Due to psychological issues such as stress, anxiety, and depression, these lockdowns had major consequences to one's mental health. The study aimed to assess the level of anxiety and examine the factors that cause it among graduate students. The study employed a mixed method following an embedded design. Data were collected through an online survey administered to 116 graduate students of the College of Public Affairs and Development at the University of the Philippines, Los Baños. Using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), the study found that almost three-fourths of the graduate students had anxiety. Unstable internet connection, online academic requirements, and learning loss were among the major factors that contribute to their anxiety. Accordingly, policies and interventions should be crafted to ensure that graduate students thrive in this "new normal" of teaching and learning.