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The association mechanism of several hydrophobically modified sodium polyacrylates (HMPA) in aqueous solutions has been investigated by fluorescence probing with pyrene as the fluorescent probe, by electrical conductivity, and by ¹³C NMR. The investigated HMPAs differed by the molecular weight of the poly(acrylic acid) precursor, the degree of hydrophobe substitution, and the carbon number of the hydrophobe (alkyl chain). The results showed that the association of HMPAs is less cooperative than the micellization of conventional surfactants and that there is a concentration below which no micelle-like aggregates are present in the systems. ¹³C NMR studies showed that only a fraction Faggr of hydrophobes is involved in the formation of hydrophobic microdomains, and that Faggr increases with the hydrophobe length and degree of substitution. The combination of the values of Faggr with the hydrophobic microdomain concentration, obtained from steady state and time-resolved fluorescence quenching measurements, allowed the determination of the average number of alkyl chains making up a hydrophobic microdomain. The polydispersity of the aggregates was estimated from time-resolved fluorescence quenching measurements. These characteristics of the HMPA microdomains were compared to those of micelles of conventional surfactants and of microdomains present in systems of other amphiphilic polymers.

IL-10 is a well-known immunosuppressive and/or anti-inflammatory cytokine. However, we report in vitro experimental studies in which IL-10 primed leukocytes and led to an enhanced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) upon further stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) prepared from whole blood maintained for 20 h at 37°C in the presence of recombinant human IL-10 had an enhanced capacity to produce TNF in response to LPS. In addition to TNF, LPS-induced IL-6 and spontaneous IL-1ra production were also enhanced. When isolated PBMC were first cultured for 20 h in the presence of IL-10 on Teflon to prevent adherence, washed to remove IL-10 and then further cultured in plastic dishes for an additional 20 h in the presence of LPS or IL-1β, an enhanced release of TNF was observed. This was not the case when PBMC were pre-cultured in plastic multidishes in the presence of IL-10. TNF mRNA expression induced by LPS was decreased when the pre-treatment of PBMC with IL-10 was performed on plastic, whereas this was not the case when cells were pre-cultured with IL-10 on Teflon. Furthermore, NFκB translocation following LPS activation was higher after IL-10 pre-treatment on Teflon than on plastic. Interestingly, an enhanced frequency of CD16 and CD68⁺ cells among the CD14⁺ cells was observed in the presence of IL-10, independently of the pre-culture conditions of the PBMC. Altogether, these results indicate that the IL-10-induced up-regulation of cytokine production depends on the prevention of monocyte adherence by red cells in the whole blood assays or by cultures of PBMC on Teflon. In contrast, the adherence parameter has no effect on the IL-10-induced modulation of some monocyte surface markers.

The association in aqueous solution of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes was investigated by ¹⁹F and ¹³C NMR. The polymers studied were poly(sodium acrylate) of average molecular weight ranging between 5 000 and 150 000 and bearing few mole percent of −CH2C7F15 or −C12H25 pendant alkyl chains. The ¹⁹F and ¹³C NMR spectra of these polymers display the characteristic features of slow exchange between the free and aggregated states for the alkyl chains. It is therefore possible to determine the respective fractions of free and aggregated side groups by direct integration of the NMR signals. Thanks to this determination the association mechanism and the dynamics of these systems were studied at a molecular level and compared to what is observed with classical surfactants.

The chemical composition of the deproteinized, delipidated cell walls of five strains of BCG and of an attenuated human strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been established, with special focus on their poly-L-glutamic acid content. All the cell walls have the same overall composition. Their poly-L-glutamic acid content varies from 0 to 4.6%. A correlation between the poly-L-glutamic acid content and the biological properties of the BCG strains reported in the literature could not be established.

Delipidated lysozyme digests of Nocardia opaca, N. corallina, and N. rubra have been fractionated by Sephadex filtration. The mitogenic and adjuvant activities of the fractions thus obtained have been investigated. All fractions are mitogenic except the last fraction of N.rubra, but the N. opaca products induce a stronger stimulation of mouse spleen lymphocytes than the corresponding fractions of the two other species. The activity of the first Sephadex fractions of each strain has been compared to other mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide). All fractions are adjuvant, although one of them, the last Sephadex fraction of N. rubra, does not contain peptidoglycan; its activity must thus be attributed to another kind of molecule. Fractionation of the first Sephadex fraction of N. opaca by centrifugation in glacial acetic acid led to a separation of adjuvant and mitogenic activities.

Fractionation of cells of Nocardia rubra and Nocardia opaca led to the separation of the cell wall and a "cytoplasmic" fraction. Both fractions were mitogenic for the splenocytes of AKR and nude mice and of rabbits. The peptidoglycan was the active part of the cell wall fraction. The products solubilized by the action of Streptomyces albus G peptidases on the peptidoglycan of N. rubra were mitogenic, but the products solubilized by lysoyme were not. Tentative structures are proposed for these fractions. The most active part of the cytoplasmic fractions could be sedimented by centrifugation and seemed to be related to the cytoplasmic membrane.

Three fractions of Nocardia, Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM), Nocardia water-soluble mitogen pellet (NWSMP), and the cell wall peptidoglycan, which are mitogenic for B lymphocytes, were able to induce circulating interferon in mice, NWSMP and NWSM being the most active. The peak of interferon appeared about 2 h after injection. The interferon induced by NSWMP and NWSM was acid stable and antigenically related to viral interferon, as shown by neutralization with antibodies directed against Newcastle disease virus-induced interferon.

Trehalose dimycolate (TDM), a glycolipid present in the cell wall of Mycobacterium spp., is a powerful immunostimulant. TDM primes murine macrophages (Mphi) to produce nitric oxide (NO) and to develop antitumoral activity upon activation with low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we investigated the ability of TDM to induce interleukin 12 (IL-12) and the role of this cytokine in TDM-induced activation of murine Mphi. RNA isolated from peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) collected at different times after TDM injection was used to determine IL-12 (p35 and p40 subunits) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) mRNA levels by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. Constitutive expression of IL-12p35 was observed in PEC from untreated as well as from TDM-injected mice. In contrast, expression of the IL-12p40 subunit was almost undetectable in control PEC but was dramatically upregulated in PEC from TDM-injected mice. IL-12p40 expression peaked at 8 h and subsided to baseline levels at 39 h postinjection. TDM was also able to induce IFN-gamma expression; however, kinetics of induction of IFN-gamma was different from that of IL-12p40. Maximal levels of IFN-gamma mRNA were reached by 24 h and did not return to baseline by 4 days. In addition, pretreatment of mice with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against IL-12 (C15.6.7 and C15.1.2) blocked IFN-gamma mRNA induction in PEC from TDM-treated mice. We further determined if the induction of IL-12 and/or IFN-gamma contributes to the in vivo priming effect of TDM on peritoneal Mphi. TDM-injected mice were treated in vivo with anti-IL-12 or anti-IFN-gamma (XMG.1.6) monoclonal antibodies. TDM-primed Mphi were then activated in vitro with LPS and tested for their ability to produce NO and to develop cytostatic activity toward cocultivated L1210 tumor cells. Priming of Mphi by TDM was completely blocked by in vivo neutralization of either IL-12 or IFN-gamma as demonstrated by an absence of tumoricidal activity and NO production by TDM-elicited Mphi in the presence of LPS. Taken together our results show that TDM, a defined molecule from M. tuberculosis, induces in vivo production of IL-12. Moreover, synthesis of IL-12 mediates TDM priming of mouse peritoneal Mphi through IFN-gamma induction.

Digestion by lysozyme of delipidated cells of Mycobacterium smegmatisliberates a water-soluble immunoadjuvant fraction which is chemically very similar to the water-soluble adjuvant (WSA) obtained previously from purified cell walls, but which contains somewhat more non-peptidoglycan amino acids. The yield of peptidoglycan-arabinogalactan complex is about 10 times greater starting from whole cells than from cell walls. The main biological properties of this “neo-WSA” are described: it increases circulating antibodies to ovalbumin in guinea pigs, it does not produce polyarthritis in rats or induce hypersensitivity to tuberculin, it does not increase susceptibility to histamine or hyperreactivity to endotoxin, and does not produce spleen and liver hypertrophy. Analogous immunostimulant fractions have also been obtained from delipidated cells of Nocardia opacaby lysozyme treatment.

The article discusses the use of clay for removing skin impurities such as acne. It mentions that clay absorb both oil and water combo and unclog the follicles making the skin smooth. It offers information on several varieties of clay including the Green Clay that has the ability to absorb toxins, the Illite for natural health care and the Red kaolin clay that has ferric oxide.

Nitric oxide (NO) generated by two NO donors (sodium nitroprusside or S-nitroso-L-glutathione) was shown to exert a dose-dependent inhibition of encephalomyocarditis virus growth in L-929 cells. This activity was not due to the cytotoxic or direct virucidal effects of NO donors. L-929 cells were shown to produce NO endogenously, but this low level of production did not counter encephalomyocarditis virus replication.

JOLLÈS1,2has previously demonstrated that lysozymes isolated from different organs of the same animal (dog spleen and kidney; hen egg-white and lung) have qualitatively the same biological activity but differ by their amino-acid compositions and their chromatographic behaviour.

The capacity of mycobacteria to enhance the nonspecific resistance of mice to bacterial infections was related to the presence of cord factor. After enzymatic digestion and delipidation, cell walls lost their immunopotentiating activity, which was restored, however, by the addition of cord factor. Cord factor administered alone protected mice effectively against virulent organisms unrelated to mycobacteria. Moreover, although this glycolipid is usually injected as a solution in mineral oil, our data. show its effectiveness when administered in metabolizable peanut oil or even as a suspension in water. Since cord factor is a chemically well-defined molecule (6,6′-trehalose dimycolate), this glycolipid should constitute a new and useful tool for the investigation of nonspecific immunity to infection.