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Several recent studies show growing popularity of therapeutic climbing (TC) for patients with various conditions. This could be an attempt to fill the gap left by traditional exercises that do not always address physical, mental and social well-being. The review provides an overview of physical, mental and social effects and safety aspects of climbing for different indications.A literature search was conducted on July 8Two independent reviewers evaluated the studies' quality using appropriate Risk of Bias (RoB) tools, and domains' level of evidence was graded. Study characteristics and TC's effectiveness data were extracted and synthesised. Meta-analyses were conducted for the three dimensions (physical/mental/social health), using a random-effects model.112 publications were reviewed, and 22 full-text articles were assessed regarding the eligibility criteria, of which 18 trials involving 568 patients were included. TC is safe and positively affects physical (e.g., fitness, motor control, movement velocity, dexterity, strength), mental (e.g., depressiveness, somatisation, psychoticism, emotion regulation, body perception, self-esteem, fatigue), and social health (e.g., social functioning, trust, communication, sense of responsibility) for those with neurological, orthopaedic, psychiatric and paediatric ailments. The meta-analysis showed a statistically significant improvement in the physical dimension favouring the climbing group Improvements that were not statisticaly significant were found for the mental/social dimensions in the climbing group. The heterogeneity of data was moderate/high (social/mental dimension), and for the physical dimension, data were homogenous.The studies investigating TC outline its positive effects in various patient groups. TC is a safe and effective treatment for improving physical/mental/social well-being. This review is based on the best available evidence; however, significant gaps remain in providing sufficiently strong evidence. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A non-invasive, no radiation, out-of-hospital automated system is proposed to identify low arch integrated in the design and manufacturing of personalized orthoses using parametric modelling. The aim of the design process is to integrate assistive technology with assessment and prevent low arch progressing to a more serious case - flatfoot. In the automated procedure, we developed an assessment method including reliable thresholds of foot type classification and test protocol to reduce interferences due to preceding activities, an automation to translate scanned data into parametric design for orthotic customization, finite element model evaluating effectiveness of the personalized design, and a personalized comparative test to evaluate the long-term improvement of foot arch shape. Our low arch threshold established by subject-specific 3D models reduced the misclassification rate from 55%, as previously reported to 6.9%. Individuals who engaged in sedentary activity (i.e. sitting) had the greater change in arch height compared to active activity (i.e. standing and walking), which is more likely to affect the obtained measure. Therefore, a test protocol now states that participants are not allowed to sit over 100 min prior the measurement to reduce such interference. We have proposed and tested an automated algorithm to translate scanned data including seven foot's parameters into customised parametric design of the insert. The method decreases the required time of orthotic computer-aided design from over 3 h to less than 2 min. A finite element analysis procedure was additionally developed to assess the performance of geometries and material of designed orthotic based on the distribution of plantar pressure and internal stress. The personalized comparative assessment based on midfoot contact area was carried out periodically for follow-up and the orthotic could be re-designed if necessary. The proposed automated procedure develops a pre-screening system to distinguish low arch and provide preventatives before it becomes symptomatic. Furthermore, non-symptom flatfoot can be detected at early stages and referred to medics for further diagnosis or treatment.

Excessive food waste (nearly 1.3 billion tons per annum) has exacerbated the world hunger crisis. This comprehensive review focuses on the food waste scenario, adverse effects, food waste management, existing waste management policies, and regulations in Bangladesh. Municipalities and urban centers generate 3.78 million tons of waste each year (15.96% of total food waste). This study utilized the national database to analyze food waste generation and projected growth by the year 2050. Yearly an estimated 17215.2 thousand acres of land and a significant amount of natural resources (water, energy) are being used to produce 23691.15 thousand tons of wasted food (45% of total food production). This study critically analyzed the waste management policy gap of Bangladesh and clearly identified each stage of the food loss production supply chain. The study assessed that yearly 481.6 MW energy could be generated from food waste. Focusing on effective policy and sustainability, a national food waste management model has been proposed for Bangladesh in compliance with sustainable development goals 12.3.1 global food loss. Food accumulates 16.7% to 20% of the world economy; therefore, any measures taken to reduce the food waste will be economically beneficial and environmentally sustainable.

Objective To investigate the effect of sport climbing on a biomechanical marker of axial posture in patients with Parkinson's disease, as well as its association with age, body mass index and health-related quality-of-life outcome measures. Design Pre-planned secondary analysis of our randomized controlled, semi-blind trial (unblinded patients, blinded assessors) comparing sport climbing to unsupervised exercise. Setting Single-centre study conducted at the Department of Neurology of the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Participants Forty-eight Parkinson's disease patients (aged 64 ± 8 years, Hoehn & Yahr stage 2–3) were included. Intervention Sport climbers ( n = 24) followed a 12-week, 90 min/week supervised top-rope sport climbing course in an indoor climbing gym. The unsupervised training group ( n = 24) independently followed the ‘European Physiotherapy Guidelines for Parkinson's Disease’ and World Health Organization recommendations for an active lifestyle for 12 weeks. Main measures Posture was assessed with the horizontal distance of the seventh cervical vertebra to the wall at baseline and after the intervention. Results Participating in the sport climbing group significantly predicted the biomechanical marker of axial posture ( P = 0.044). The improvement in the biomechanical marker did not affect the quality of life, depression, fatigue, physical activity or fear of falling. Participants in the sport climbing group showed a significantly decreased horizontal distance of the seventh cervical vertebra to the wall after the intervention (−1.7 cm (95%CI [−2.6, −0.8]). In the unsupervised training group, no difference was found (−0.5 cm; 95%CI −1.3, 0.2]). Conclusions We conclude that sport climbing improves a biomechanical marker of axial posture in Parkinson's disease.

The work investigates the relationship between the leg spread and hip joint flexibility during kicking action of highly skilled martial artists. Vector-based spreading angles (VSAs), as a simplified way to assess kick execution patterns and movement ranges, are proposed. The first VSA measures the angle between the two femur vectors (i.e., upper leg spread), whereas the second describes the full-leg spread. The proposed measures were applied to 3D motion analysis performed on 33 participants at various skill levels who executed double side kicks and performed two static flexibility tests (hip joint flexion and abduction). Statistical analysis showed that the proposed parameters differentiate between skill levels. Both VSAs and VSA rate of change showed high Pearson correlation to the quality of execution (the average of 10 subjective kickboxing experts' evaluation scores) at critical instants of the kick execution , i.e., during the first leg elevation and kick (angles: ρ0.8; p0.001). In addition, they significantly correlated to maximum static hip abduction at any instant (ρ = 0.37-0.69; p0.05). The work established that both static and dynamic joint flexibility contribute to high-performance levels and could be used for initial selection and assessment of training effectiveness.

Drying techniques reduce post-harvest food deterioration. However, conventional drying consumes 20–25% of the energy used in food processing industries. This work presents a detailed design and comprehensive numerical analysis of a hybrid geothermal-PCM flat plate solar collector, which is in effect a self-sustaining renewable energy food drying system. The applicability of the hybrid geothermal-solar dryer for developing countries with a significant underground geothermal temperature gradient is investigated. The performed numerical analysis promises high efficiency and effectivity of this near-zero hybrid energy technology. The proposed conceptual design assessed using the related mathematical model to assess the functional parameters of the hybrid geothermal PCM flat plate solar collector dryer. Numerical simulation showed that the efficiency of hybrid geothermal PA-FPSC is 20.5% higher than conventional flat plate solar collector when the mass flow rate is at 0.02 kg/s. Therefore, successful integration of this technology to the existing food processing industries of the developing countries could be a step towards the prevention of irreversible climate change achieving SDG 12 (sustainable development goals).

Therapeutic climbing (TC) is a whole-body workout that stimulates and improves physical and psychosocial abilities. It has been used in neurological rehabilitation, but there is scarce evidence of specific benefits for people with Parkinson's (PwP).To investigate and evaluate self-reported differences in health and well-being among trial participants, the overall feasibility of TC and clinical changes caused as a rehabilitation measure for PwP.A 3-level Likert scale survey was completed by 26 PwP (100% response rate) after a TC course (mean 16 sessions) at the Neurological Rehabilitation Center assessing self-perceived differences in health and well-being in terms of physical, psychological, and social parameters. We investigated the feasibility of TC in terms of adherence, practicability and acceptability during a multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation program and determined several clinical outcomes (10-meter distance and 2-minute duration walking tests, Functional Gait Assessment, Nine-Hole-Peg tests, and Tinetti Assessment Tool).Improvements are based on self-reported perceptions of PwP. We observed an improvement of overall physical (average 65%), psychological (average 59%) and social (average 39%) aspects after TC. PwP improved strength (96%), balance (88%), range of motion (88%), body awareness (85%), physical well-being (77%), and fatigue (75%). Furthermore, they self-reported admiration in their social surrounding (42%) and felt more sociable and outgoing (40%). Concerning adherence, practicability and acceptability, TC seems to be feasible for PwP. Treatment adherence was 100%, 70% declared motivation to continue TC, and 96% intended to recommend TC to peers. Furthermore, PwP showed statistically significant improvements in 10-meter walking tests (T0: 7.5 (1.1-13.9), T1: 6.5 (0.1-12.9); p .01; n = 16), 2-minute walking tests (T0: 149.5 (-111.0-410.0), T1: 177.0 (-140.7-494.7); p .01; n = 19), Functional Gait Assessment (T0: 26.0 (-24.8-76.8), T1: 28.0 (2.6-53.4); p .01; n = 15), and Nine-Hole-Peg tests (left: T0: 26.5 (24.3-28.7), T1: 24.1 (22.0-26.3); p .01; n = 15; right: T0: 26.7 (24.1-29.2), T1: 23.3 (20.8-25.7); p .01; n = 15).The preliminary findings suggest that TC offers an effective and feasible training method that may positively affect PwP overall perceptions of physical and psychosocial health status. The methodological limitations and small sample size limit the study's interpretability. More research is needed to definitely show the scientifically significant benefits of TC to PwP.

Food waste is an alarming issue for the modern world. Drying is one of the oldest and easiest solutions for overcoming unnecessary food waste. However, most of the conventional drying consumes a significant amount of energy to remove water from food. On the other hand, there are many sources, which cause heat waste. Smart utilization of waste heat from sources including IC engine, turbine, brick kiln and something like those would be a great solution to the energy consumption problem of food drying. There is no systematic theoretical analysis of waste-heat-based food drying system available in the literature. In this study, a comprehensive transport model of drying system using engine’s exhaust waste heat has been simulated. Utilization of a small lab-scale IC engine exhaust results in reducing about 1137.15 kg of CO2 every year that would be produced from a conventional food dryer of the same capacity. In addition, low installation cost and payback period offer a promising rational solution of drying system. The proposed system is also capable of reducing entropy to an appreciable extent. Therefore, successful implementation of this proposed technique would offer a high-energy efficient, low-cost drying system along with ensuring a green environment.

Cow dung or cow manure is a heterogeneous substance excreted by bovine animal species as waste. It also contains water, microbiota, feed scraps and dead skin. The demand for livestock and dairy products has led to the exponential growth in cow dung generation in the past decades. Cow dung is primarily disposed in the environment, used as organic fertiliser or used as solid fuel in rural areas. However, severe environmental and ecological damage has been caused by indiscriminate disposal and improper elimination of cow dung into the surrounding. This alarming problem can be addressed by converting cow dung into biofuel via thermochemical process or be used as organic fertiliser after vermicompost treatment. Moreover, cow dung can be used for electricity production, heat, biochar and friction composites. A cow dung to biofuel conversion systems should be efficient and well controlled to offer economically feasible energy generation and limit environmental pollution. Hence, the objective of this chapter is to analyse the physio-chemical properties of cow dung and evaluate its potential for multi-utilisation as biofuel and organic fertiliser. Moreover, the chapter discusses advanced processes of thermochemical energetic conversion of cow dung to assess its potential as a sustainable renewable source.

Physical activity is of prime importance in non-pharmacological Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment. The current study examines the effectiveness and feasibility of sport climbing in PD patients in a single-centre, randomised controlled, semi-blind trial. A total of 48 PD patients without experience in climbing (average age 64 ± 8 years, Hoehn & Yahr stage 2–3) were assigned either to participate in a 12-week sport climbing course (SC) or to attend an unsupervised physical training group (UT). The primary outcome was the improvement of symptoms on the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III (MDS-UPDRS-III). Sport climbing was associated with a significant reduction of the MDS-UPDRS-III (−12.9 points; 95% CI −15.9 to −9.8), while no significant improvement was to be found in the UT (−3.0 points; 95% CI −6.0 to 0.1). Bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor subscales significantly improved in SC, but not in the unsupervised control group. In terms of feasibility, the study showed a 99% adherence of participants to climbing sessions and a drop-out rate of only 8%. No adverse events occurred. This trial provides class III evidence that sport climbing is highly effective and feasible in mildly to moderately affected PD patients.

The study objective is to test general- and sport-specific adaption during a single training on the Flexibility Trainer. The device is designed to trigger residual muscle tone decreases of the hip-...

A technique in Martial Arts is often indicated by an athlete’s preceding actions, which potentially enables an opponent to detect or counter it. Prior to kicks, fighters attain balance and ease leg...

This paper presents the design of a simple transducer for measuring the longitudinal force acting on a javelin during a throw.

The study represents an experimental methodology for enhancing the calibration procedure in order to increase the accuracy and reliability of the kinematic data collection in biomechanics studies. The frequency response function of the on-line system was studied from tests with controlled input frequency. A parallel synchronised feedback signal with higher sampling frequency was designed to measure the true values of the kinematic derivatives.

This paper presents a kinematic analysis of a kick combination action: Commonly performed, functional motion sequences are identified and, focusing on balance and sequential action characteristics,...

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an established method for assessing integrity of biotissue. Adapting BIA as a diagnostic tool to monitor electrophysiological activity gives rise to evidence-based objective diagnostic approaches as opposed to visual assessment currently performed by practitioners in wound healing management. Advancements in the telecommunication and textile industries have made the Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT), the future of telemedicine. E-textile electrodes give us the ability for long-term monitoring applications; however, they are associated with electrode polarization impedance (Z(p)) contributing to the electrode-skin impedance (Z(es)). By studying the design of e-textile electrodes, we can reduce Z(p) and characterise it relative to changes in skin properties, such as skin temperature and perspiration. In this study, we examined the effects of selected textile substrates on changes in Z(p) of e-textile electrodes, and characterized Z(p) in a climatic chamber with temperature and relative humidity settings emulating skin temperature and perspiration. An air permeability test was also conducted to account for the physiological comfort of the e-textile electrodes. Our results demonstrate that a polyester non-woven felt substrate is ideal for use in e-textile electrodes. By understanding and quantifying the relationship between Z(p), skin temperature and perspiration, this insight can be incorporated into the calibration process of BIA systems for accurate long-term monitoring, resulting in an objective assessment of changes in tissue integrity. Spanish Government MINECOSpanish Government [TEC2016-79465-R] This work was supported by the Spanish Government MINECO under Project TEC2016-79465-R.

The present work focuses on the first stage of the development of a mathematical mode for objective assessment of foot arch geometrical characteristics using 3D scanning approach. The model is a first step in the development of multi-parametric assessment that aims to bridge the existing mismatch between professional visual based assessment and objective measurement and objective indices. One of the perceived reasons for this is that the objective indices are applied to plane projections, i.e. 3D characteristics are inferred from partial 2D information. Hence a modified index using 3D scan data was developed and assessed. Based on this single index and statistical analysis, population result matched closely reported values by professional assessors. The overlap, i.e. type 1 and type 2 errors, were reduced but still require further refinement. The next step in the artificial intelligence type multi-criteria decision making is to utilize the Gaussian curve at a global shape level using ellipsoids for shape characterization. The work on this is still in progress as key characteristics for image reconstruction need to be finalized as well as the degree of complexity of the shape approximation.

Understanding the drying kinetics within a food dryer is an important step towards its improvement. This study investigates the drying kinetics of potato slices in a recently proposed waste-heat based convective dryer. Statistical analyses are conducted for ten dissimilar mathematical models to choose the best fit model for the experimental data at various drying temperatures (70 °C, 60 °C, and 50 °C). Results show that the Midilli et al. model is the best fit model to describe the drying kinetics of potato in the proposed dryer as it offers root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0022, a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99, reduced chi-square (χ2) of 9.2 ×10−7. Results also demonstrate that the activation energy is 47.19 kJ⁄mol and the effective moisture diffusivity of dried potato sample is 4.22 ×10−10 to 11.67 × 10−10 m2/s at a drying air temperature of 50–70 °C. Moreover, if the proposed waste-heat based convective dryer is used instead of an electric convective dryer at 60 °C, it can reduce the external energy requirement by 29.98 MJ/kg. Exergo-environmental analysis of the proposed dryer shows that the CO2 emission and CO2 mitigation values for 20-year life cycle periods are 184.46 kg/year and 17.24 tons, respectively. Therefore, successful industrial application of the proposed drying system might be a striding stone towards the advancement of energy-efficient sustainable food drying systems.

This paper aims to establish consumer's perception of electric waste recycling and management on a national scale in Bangladesh. The attitude, willingness to pay (WTP) and consumers' behaviour were explored by conducting a questionnaire-based survey. The conclusions are based on 915 valid responses out of 2000 online survey invitations. Interestingly, 37.9% of the respondents indicated that they would accept to pay for electronic waste recycling. Analysis also shows that the preferred WTP would cover 5–10% of the recycling cost. Factors like environmental awareness, monthly income, and education level affect the consumers' WTP. Nevertheless, most of the participants believe that the Government should share the recycling cost. The study suggests that e-waste recycling can be stimulated by promoting environmental awareness, educating the public about the benefits of recycling e-waste, and making e-waste recycling more convenient. However, additional measures will likely be needed to tackle the e-waste problem. Thus, support for environmental education is imperative in order to promote environmental awareness and increase the WTP of consumers. The study outlines key characteristics of consumer-focused e-waste management archetypes and proposes an effective road map for Bangladesh.

World Food Program reports that more than 821 million people are subjected to acute hunger despite sufficient amount of food being produced. One of the underlying reasons is the food wastage due to poor preservation techniques and the energy cost of the established processing methods. Drying techniques are an effective means for reducing post-harvest food loss. However, the existing industrial drying techniques consume 20–25% of the energy used in the food processing chain. A system that utilizes the waste heat recovered from a diesel engine exhaust flue gas is proposed and an initial prototype tested. The system requires no external energy to operate the drying process; hence no CO2 is generated as a result of this process. Furthermore, the entropy is reduced by 0.206 kJ/kg.K as the overall thermal efficiency increases by 8.46%. It is estimated that the payback period is in the range of 321 days. Drying experiments were conducted to assess the dried food quality of five different staple food products, i.e. potato, pumpkin, carrot, radish, and apple. The drying performance (moisture removal rate) and product quality (Color analysis and Vitamin C analysis) conformed to the current industry standard. The overall performance assessment suggests that the system has the potential to reduce current levels of emission in food drying process and could be a stepping stone towards the development of energy-efficient food preservation technique.

Harmonic oscillations of NACA 0012 airfoils in water are numerically simulated to assess the corresponding structural loads due to the generated forces. An appropriately devised procedure estimates the unsteady effect caused by the foil acceleration, i.e. the added mass effect. This is found to play a very important role as the resulting inertia forces are largely enhanced in the range of analysed parameters. The influence of the wing mass is investigated and it is found that light wings generate forces larger than those generated by heavy wings, as light wings accelerate more than heavy wings. The resulting bending stresses and unsteady deflections are calculated by modelling the wings as elastic cantilevers with uniform distributed loads. The maximum unsteady deflection is found to be about 1% of the wing span, that is, the fluid–structure interaction problem can be considered decoupled in the present analysis. It is also shown that heavy, rigid wings appear to be more suitable for the swimming mode corresponding to steady cruise, as the applied stresses result smaller than those obtained for light, flexible wings. The added mass effect could instead be exploited when required, by using lighter propulsors, which generate larger forces.

Unsteady effects caused by accelerating bodies in water play a very important role in biological propulsion. However, such propulsion mechanisms are challenging for simulation as both body geometry and locomotion patterns are quite complex and a natural first step is to model the motion of a standard man-made airfoil. The work presents simulations of harmonic oscillations of a NACA 0012 foil in water and the hydrodynamic forces generated were obtained by a Boundary Element Method (panel method) code. The focus is placed on one of the most important unsteady effects, the added mass effect, which has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. The corresponding unsteady forces were obtained through appropriately devised two-dimensional added mass tensor. The computational results were compared to existing analytical ones and a maximum error of 10−6 was obtained for the added mass coefficients of the circle of unit diameter. The development of a dedicated numerical approach for the calculation of the added mass tensor is necessitated by the lack of analytical solution for a variety of wing shapes such as NACA foils. The simulations showed that for the range of investigated parameters the inertia thrust and lift generated by the flapping foil increase sharply when the added mass contribution is considered. For example, if the Strouhal number is set to 0.3 and the ratio between the wing and fluid densities to 0.3, the time average of the inertia thrust increases by 23 times and the maximum of the inertia lift is ca. 37 times larger when the added mass effect is considered. Generally, a densities' ratio of order 1 results in an increase of the time-average inertia thrust of order 10. It was confirmed that, as the densities' ratio becomes larger, the contribution of the added mass to the generated inertia forces decreased. As the Strouhal number increases, the added mass effect was found to be more dominant due to the imposed motion kinematics, i.e. the pitch amplitude. The obtained results show clearly that for the specific case of flapping flight in dense fluids the unsteady effects caused by the object acceleration are of prime importance for two reasons: (i) accurate estimate of the generated thrust and (ii) realistic assessment of the resulting structural loads.

Computational fluid mechanics (CFD) has made substantial progress on modelling a variety of important problems in industry. However, there is still lack of reliable methods to model the motion of the body in water. This is a central issue in understanding animal and human propulsion in water not only to advance science but to explore the possibility of utilising such propulsion modes for man made vehicles. The presented work identified the added mass effect as the prime contributor to propulsive force generation. The use of boundary element method (BEM) proved very successful as it allowed reducing this dynamic problem to a quasi-static one without sacrificing accuracy in the model. The comparison between the experimental data and the simulation result was in the range of 95% (average accuracy) suggesting that the added mass effect and dynamic lift and drag are the most significant physical phenomena in propulsive force generation despite the fact that there is undoubtedly and the presence of turbulent effects that were not considered.

Simulations of harmonically oscillating wings were performed using two-dimensional and three-dimensional boundary element method computer programs: the corresponding hydrodynamic forces were obtained by assuming potential flow. The maximum thickness of symmetric 4-digit NACA airfoils was varied in order to assess the effect of changing the foil shape on the generated thrust. It was found that the thrust coefficient per unit of wing mass decreases in magnitude when the thickness increases. The result indicates that, if the wing mass is fixed, its thickness has to be minimised in order to maximise the generated thrust. Another important finding is the dependence on the motion frequency, i.e. for a fixed foil thickness the thrust coefficient per unit of wing mass increases with the motion frequency. However, when the foil thickness becomes larger, the motion frequency effect on the generated thrust becomes less pertinent, i.e. the thrust range for a slender foil is larger than that of a thicker one over the same motion frequency range. The three-dimensional effect due to the wing spanwise shape was also investigated by changing the wing sweep angle and the influence on the generated thrust was insignificant within the range of investigated parameters. The outcome reinforces the idea that the function of swept wings for low-speed flyers, such as birds, is mainly structural as the sweep angle can be related to a desired aeroelastic response of the oscillating wing.

Trust generation by flapping wing is a complex fluid phenomenon involving unsteady effects. The work discusses a Boundary Element Method (BEM) based computer model for the analysis of hydrodynamic forces on flapping foil. The specific focus is on the wake model and its effects on the generated thrust. An unsteady formulation of the Kutta condition, assuming finite pressure difference at the trailing edge of the moving foil, was implemented in the numerical procedure to account for the shedding of trailing-edge vortical structures. It is shown that the numerical results depend strongly on the choice of the wake model, especially at large oscillation frequencies. However, the model of the thrust-producing jet (due to the trailing-edge pressure differences) predicts accurately the thrust trend as a function of the oscillation frequency. In other words, the numerical results show the need of experimental data in order to choose the appropriate wake model. An experimental validation of the numerical method is proposed on the basis of recent experimental results that clearly show the time lag between the foil vertical acceleration and generated thrust as predicted by the model. This proves the point that the unsteady BEM approach to these problems is physically sound.

The work represents a stage in the development of an integrated process for the analysis of biological objects – analytical image reconstruction from noisy data that allows fast dynamical analysis. The method also provides an interface to discrete methods such as finite element method (FEM). Two different methods are proposed – one is based on theta functions and the other uses analytical ellipsoids. Both methods possess built-in ability to remove noise from experimental measurements. The methods also have significant advantages if used in biological applications as it could process data directly from optical or general image devices such as cameras, microscopes and scans. Real-time online reconstruction and relevant computational analysis could be performed due to the rapid computational speed which in turn provides a good opportunity for the development of an integrated medical diagnostics technology. Both methods are demonstrated using appropriate examples.