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This paper presents a procedure from which information contained in 3-Dimensional single energy X-ray computed tomography (XR-CT) images of sedimentary rocks is converted into sub-mm scale resolution core scalar and core image logs. This new data provide a quantitative and compact (data volume reduction of ~90%) description of the XR-CT images. Density-related outputs are calibrated through automatic integration with continuous digital visual core description (VCD) and discrete moisture and density (MAD) property index measurements of selected samples. After lithology-based calibration of the X-ray attenuation coefficients into density values, quantitative displays include: 1) histogram of the distribution of density values and its related statistical parameters, 2) radial and angular distributions of core density values, 3) volume, average density and mass contributions of three core fractions defined by density thresholds corresponding to voids or vugs (VV, density ≤ ~1 g•cm−3), and a break in the histogram of distribution of the density values showing the limit between the damaged (DM) and non-damaged (ND) fractions of the core material, and so, 4) providing a sub-mm scale bulk density core log free of any drilling disturbance. The procedure is illustrated on data from the 365 m deep Hole C9001C drilled off-shore Shimokita (northeast coast of Honshu, Japan). Usage of the outputs include: 1) derivation of sub-mm scale porosity core log, 2) correction of volume sensitive measurements in case of poor core quality and partially filled core liner, and 3) seismic modeling and well ties.

Data from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 371 reveal vertical movements of 1–3 km in northern Zealandia during early Cenozoic subduction initiation in the western Pacific Ocean. Lord Howe Rise rose from deep (∼1 km) water to sea level and subsided back, with peak uplift at 50 Ma in the north and between 41 and 32 Ma in the south. The New Caledonia Trough subsided 2–3 km between 55 and 45 Ma. We suggest these elevation changes resulted from crust delamination and mantle flow that led to slab formation. We propose a “subduction resurrection” model in which (1) a subduction rupture event activated lithospheric-scale faults across a broad region during less than ∼5 m.y., and (2) tectonic forces evolved over a further 4–8 m.y. as subducted slabs grew in size and drove plate-motion change. Such a subduction rupture event may have involved nucleation and lateral propagation of slip-weakening rupture along an interconnected set of preexisting weaknesses adjacent to density anomalies.

IODP Expedition 350 was the first to be drilled in the rear part of the Izu-Bonin, although several sites had been drilled in the arc axis to fore-arc region; the scientific objective was to understand the evolution of the Izu rear arc, by drilling a deep-water volcaniclastic section with a long temporal record (Site U1437). The Izu rear arc is dominated by a series of basaltic to dacitic seamount chains up to ~100-km long roughly perpendicular to the arc front. Dredge samples from these are geochemically distinct from arc front rocks, and drilling was undertaken to understand this arc asymmetry. Site U1437 lies in an ~20-km-wide basin between two rear arc seamount chains, ~90-km west of the arc front, and was drilled to 1804 m below the sea floor (mbsf) with excellent recovery. We expected to drill a volcaniclastic apron, but the section is much more mud-rich than expected (~60%), and the remaining fraction of the section is much finer-grained than predicted from its position within the Izu arc, composed half of ashes/tuffs, and half of lapilli tuffs of fine grain size (clasts 6.4 cm) are only sparsely scattered through the lowermost 25% of the section, and only one igneous unit was encountered, a rhyolite peperite intrusion at ~1390 mbsf. The lowest biostratigaphic datum is at 867 mbsf (~6.5 Ma), the lowest palaeomagnetic datum is at ~1300 mbsf (~9 Ma), and the rhyolite peperite at ~1390 mbsf has yielded a U–Pb zircon concordia intercept age of (13.6 + 1.6/−1.7) Ma. Both arc front and rear arc sources contributed to the fine-grained (distal) tephras of the upper 1320 m, but the coarse-grained (proximal) volcaniclastics in the lowest 25% of the section are geochemically similar to the arc front, suggesting arc asymmetry is not recorded in rocks older than ~13 Ma.

Zircon extracted from drilled oceanic rocks is increasingly used to answer geologic questions related to igneous and sedimentary sequences. Recent zircon studies using samples obtained from marine drill cores revealed that drilling muds used in the coring process may contaminate the samples. The JOIDES Resolution Science Operator of the International Ocean Discovery Program has been using two types of clays, sepiolite and attapulgite, which both have salt water viscosifier properties able to create a gel-like slurry that carries drill cuttings out of the holes several hundred meters deep. The dominantly used drilling mud is sepiolite originating from southwestern Nevada, USA. This sepiolite contains abundant zircon crystals with U-Pb ages ranging from 1.89 to 2889 Ma and continental trace element, δ18O, and eHf isotopic compositions. A dominant population of 11–16 Ma zircons in sepiolite drilling mud makes identification of contamination in drilled Neogene successions particularly challenging. Interpretation of zircon analyses related to ocean drilling should be cautious of zircon ages in violation of independently constrained age models and that have age populations overlapping those in the sepiolite. Because individual geochronologic and geochemical characteristics lack absolute discriminatory power, it is recommended to comprehensively analyze all dated zircon crystals from cores exposed to drill mud for trace element, δ18O, and eHf isotopic compositions. Zircon analyzed in situ (i.e., in petrographic sections) are assumed to be trustworthy.

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 371 drilled six sites in the Tasman Sea of the southwest Pacific between 27 July and 26 September 2017. The primary goal was to understand Tonga-Kermadec subduction initiation through recovery of Paleogene sediment records. Secondary goals involved understanding regional oceanography and climate since the Paleogene. Six sites were drilled, recovering 2506 m of cored sediment and volcanic rock in 36.4 days of on-site drilling during a total expedition length of 58 days. Wireline logs were collected at two sites. Shipboard observations made using cores and logs represent a substantial gain in fundamental knowledge about northern Zealandia, because only Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 206, 207, and 208 had penetrated beneath upper Eocene strata within the region. The cored intervals at five sites (U1506-U1510) sampled nannofossil and foraminiferal ooze or chalk that contained volcanic or volcaniclastic intervals with variable clay content. Paleocene and Cretaceous sections range from more clay rich to predominantly claystone. At the final site (U1511), a sequence of abyssal clay and diatomite was recovered with only minor amounts of carbonate. The ages of strata at the base of each site were middle Eocene to Late Cretaceous, and our new results provide the first firm basis for defining formal lithostratigraphic units that can be mapped across a substantial part of northern Zealandia and related to onshore regions of New Caledonia and New Zealand. The material and data recovered during Expedition 371 enable primary scientific goals to be accomplished. All six sites provided new stratigraphic and paleogeographic information that can be put into context through regional seismic-stratigraphic interpretation and hence provide strong constraints on geodynamic models of subduction zone initiation. Our new observations can be directly related to the timing of plate deformation, the magnitude and timing of vertical motions, and the timing and type of volcanism. Secondary paleoclimate objectives were not all completed as planned, but significant new records of southwest Pacific climate were obtained.

International audience; Earth's climate during the Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) was punctuated by brief warming and cooling episodes, accompanied by perturbations of the global carbon cycle. Superimposed on a long-term cooling trend, the middle Maastrichtian is characterized by deep-sea warming and relatively high values of stable carbon-isotope ratios, followed by strong climatic variability towards the end of the Cretaceous. A lack of knowledge on the timing of climatic change inhibits our understanding of underlying causal mechanisms. We present an integrated stratigraphy from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1403, providing an expanded deep ocean record from the North Atlantic (Expedition 342, Newfoundland Margin). Distinct sedimentary cyclicity suggests that orbital forcing played a major role in depositional processes, which is confirmed by statistical analyses of high resolution elemental data obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning. Astronomical calibration reveals that the investigated interval encompasses seven 405-kyr cycles (Ma(405)1 to Ma(405)7) and spans the 2.8 Myr directly preceding the Cretaceous/Paleocene (K/Pg) boundary. A high-resolution carbon-isotope record from bulk carbonates allows us to identify global trends in the late Maastrichtian carbon cycle. Low-amplitude variations (up to 0.4%) in carbon isotopes at Site U1403 match similar scale variability in records from Tethyan and Pacific open-ocean sites. Comparison between Site U1403 and the hemipelagic restricted basin of the Zumaia section (northern Spain), with its own well-established independent cyclostratigraphic framework, is more complex. Whereas the pre-K/Pg oscillations and the negative values of the Mid-Maastrichtian Event (MME) can be readily discerned in both the Zumaia and U1403 records, patterns diverge during a similar to 1 Myr period in the late Maastrichtian (67.8-66.8 Ma), with Site U1403 more reliably reflecting global carbon cycling. Our new carbon isotope record and cyclostratigraphy offer promise for Site U1403 to serve as a future reference section for high-resolution studies of late Maastrichtian paleoclimatic change.

International audience; Felsic rocks are minor in abundance but occur ubiquitously in International Ocean Discovery Program Hole U1473A, Southwest Indian Ridge. The trace element abundances of high-Ti brown amphibole, plagioclase, and zircon in veins, as well as the presence of myrmekitic texture in the studied felsic rocks support crystallization origin from highly-evolved melts, probably controlled by fractional crystallization. Based on geochemical criteria and texture of the mineral assemblage in felsic rocks and their relationship with host gabbros, they can be divided into three types: (1) Felsic rock with sharp boundaries is formed when felsic melt intrudes into fractures of host gabbros, resulting in minimal interaction between the melt and the wall minerals. (2) Replacive felsic rock, which is characterized by a pseudomorphic replacement of minerals in the host gabbro. This vein type is caused by the replacement of the host mineralogy by minerals in equilibrium with the felsic melts. (3) Felsic rock with diffused boundaries is formed either by infiltration of felsic melt into the solidifying gabbro body or crystallization of interstitial melts. Infiltration modes of felsic melts are likely controlled by the temperature condition of the cooling host gabbros.

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 342 recovered exceptional Paleogene to early Neogene sedimentary archives from clay-rich sediments in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. These archives present an opportunity to study Cenozoic climate in a highly sensitive region at often unprecedented resolution. Such studies require continuous records in the depth and time domains. Using records from multiple adjacent drilled holes, intervals within consecutive cores are typically spliced into a single composite record on board the R/V JOIDES Resolution using high-resolution physical properties data sets acquired before the cores are split. The highly dynamic nature of the sediment drifts drilled during Expedition 342 and the modest amplitude of variance in the physical property records made it possible to construct only highly tentative initial working splices, which require extensive postexpedition follow-up work. Postexpedition, high-resolution X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning data enabled the construction of a preliminary composite depth scale and splice. Here, we present the revised composite depth scale and splice for IODP Site U1406, predominantly constructed using detailed hole-to-hole correlations of newly generated high-resolution XRF data and revisions of the initial XRF data set. The revised composite depth scale and splice serve as a reference framework for future research on Site U1406 sediments.

Earth’s climate during the Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) was punctuated by brief warming and cooling episodes, accompanied by perturbations of the global carbon cycle. Superimposed on a long-term cooling trend, the middle Maastrichtian is characterized by deep-sea warming and relatively high values of stable carbon-isotope ratios, followed by strong climatic variability towards the end of the Cretaceous. A lack of knowledge on the timing of climatic change inhibits our understanding of underlying causal mechanisms. We present an integrated stratigraphy from Site U1403, providing an expanded deep ocean record from the North Atlantic (IODP Expedition 342, Newfoundland Margin). Distinct sedimentary cyclicity suggests that orbital forcing played a major role on depositional processes, which is confirmed by statistical analyses of high resolution elemental data obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning. Astronomical calibration reveals that the investigated interval encompasses seven 405-kyr cycles (Ma4051 to Ma4057) and spans 2.8 Myr directly preceding the Cretaceous/Paleocene (K/Pg) boundary. A high-resolution carbon-isotope record from bulk carbonates allows to identify global trends in the late Maastrichtian carbon cycle. Low-amplitude variations (up to 0.4 ‰), typical for open ocean settings, are compared to the hemipelagic Zumaia section (N-Spain), with a well-established independent cyclostratigraphic framework. Whereas the pre-K/Pg oscillations and the negative values of the Mid-Maastrichtian Event (MME) can be readily discerned in both records, patterns diverge around 67.5 Ma, with Site U1403 more reliably reflecting global climate change. Our new carbon isotope record and the established cyclostratigraphy from Site U1403 may serve as a future reference for detailed studies of late Maastrichtian events in the North Atlantic.

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 360 was the first leg of Phase I of the SloMo (shorthand for "The nature of the lower crust and Moho at slower spreading ridges") Project, a multiphase drilling program that proposes to drill through the outermost of the global seismic velocity discontinuities, the Mohorovicic seismic discontinuity (Moho). The Moho corresponds to a compressional wave velocity increase, typically at ∼7 km beneath the oceans, and has generally been regarded as the boundary between crust and mantle. An alternative model, that the Moho is a hydration front in the mantle, has recently gained credence upon the discovery of abundant partially serpentinized peridotite on the seafloor and on the walls of fracture zones, such as at Atlantis Bank, an 11-13 My old elevated oceanic core complex massif adjacent to the Atlantis II Transform on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Hole U1473A was drilled on the summit of Atlantis Bank during IODP Expedition 360, 1-2 km away from two previous Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) holes: Hole 735B (drilled during ODP Leg 118 in 1987 and ODP Leg 176 in 1997) and Hole 1105A (drilled during ODP Leg 179 in 1998). A mantle peridotite/gabbro contact has been traced by dredging and diving along the transform wall for 40 km. The contact is located at ∼4200 m depth at the drill sites but shoals considerably 20 km to the south, where it was observed in outcrop at 2563 m depth. Moho reflections have, however, been found at ∼5-6 km beneath Atlantis Bank and

In this paper, we report UV and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on layered planar and mixed bulk heterojunctions of Cu-phtalocyanine (CuPc) and C60, a prototypical material pair for organic photovoltaic cells (OPVCs). The respective heterojunctions were formed on poly(ethylene-dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) substrates in order to achieve morphologies comparable to those in actual OPVCs. As a result of a CuPc-to-substrate electron transfer, the work function of pristine PEDOT:PSS is reduced from 5.4 to 4.4 eV. The deposition of C60 onto CuPc, however, leads to a work function increase of 0.2 eV. The codeposition of C60 and CuPc to form mixed bulk heterojunctions resulted in an effective anode work function of 4.6 eV. The energy offset between the highest occupied levels of CuPc and C60 was determined as 1.3 eV for both the layered planar and mixed bulk heterojunction. With reported values of the charge transport gap of C60, we estimate the upper limit of the open circuit voltage to be 1.0 eV for both types of heterojunctions. Our results demonstrate that the energy level offsets are independent of particular interface morphology in C60/CuPc heterojunctions grown on PEDOT:PSS, and that differences in device efficiency are due to other effects.

Controlling contact resistance in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is one of the major hurdles to achieve transistor scaling and dimensional reduction. In particular in the context of ambipolar and/or light-emitting OFETs it is a difficult challenge to obtain efficient injection of both electrons and holes from one injecting electrode such as gold since organic semiconductors have intrinsically large band gaps resulting in significant injection barrier heights for at least one type of carrier. Here, systematic control of electron and hole contact resistance in poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) ambipolar OFETs using thiol-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is demonstrated. In contrast to common believe, it is found that for a certain SAM the injection of both electrons and holes can be improved. This simultaneous enhancement of electron and hole injection cannot be explained by SAM-induced work-function modifications because the surface dipole induced by the SAM on the metal surface lowers the injection barrier only for one type of carrier, but increases it for the other. These investigations reveal that other key factors also affect contact resistance, including i) interfacial tunneling through the SAM, ii) SAM-induced modifications of interface morphology, and iii) the interface electronic structure. Of particular importance for top-gate OFET geometry is iv) the active polymer layer thickness that dominates the electrode/polymer contact resistance. Therefore, a consistent explanation of how SAM electrode modification is able to improve both electron and hole injection in ambipolar OFETs requires considering all mentioned factors.

The goal of this work is to prepare well-ordered molybdenum oxide films using oxygen implanted Cu3Au(1 0 0) substrate (CAOS, Cu3Au–Oxygen Substrate) and identify the structure of the different oxide phases. Those films were grown on an UHV chamber (2 × 10−10 mbar background pressure) and prepared by electron beam deposition. The structure of the films was studied using low energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The ultra thin molybdenum film shows the formation of an oxide layer with hexagonal symmetry plus a square lattice. The hexagonal mesh units are rotated by 90° (or 30°) with respect to one another. Based on XPS data, the Mo cations are in an oxidation state that ranges from 4+ to 6+. STM results show the presence of hexagonal islands formed over a square symmetry phase.

The VdW (Association of German Business Archivists) offers specialized vocational training and advisory services for business archivists in Germany. The training program consists of three to five day training courses held two to three times each year for a maximum of twenty students for each course. One of the aims of the training is to encourage business archivists to develop and project a positive image, one that supports the business needs of their employers. Particular emphasis is placed on developing public relations, public speaking and time management skills.

We describe the geometric, energetic and electronic structure of the Cu 3 Au (1 0 0) surface using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and first-principles calculations based on density-functional theory (DFT). Our calculations show that the half–half Cu–Au termination is the one with lower surface energy, in agreement with experiments. The surface atomic rippling proposed by experimental data is also well reproduced by the calculations. STM images with atomic resolution display interesting voltage dependence, showing both types of atoms in the surface unit cell for lower voltages but just one type for higher voltages. Comparisons with theoretically simulated STM images and cross-sectional density of states profiles allows for an unambiguous assignment of Au atoms as the one appearing in higher-voltage images, thus providing chemical identification at the surface.

Plants and plant derived ingredients are common and of major importance in the fields of pharmacy, food and cosmetics. The cosmetic industry is a fast moving market. Products have short life-cycles and the industry has to come up with innovative products constantly. Most cosmetic products and their applications are defined by active ingredients. These active ingredients may derive from either synthetic sources or from plant sources. Beside this, no other origin like human or animal are accepted or allowed in cosmetics nor are genetically modified plant sources. The whole cosmetic research and development society is therefore desperately seeking for new innovative plant ingredients for cosmetic application. Unfortunately, new plant derived ingredients are limited because several plants of cosmetic interest are not to be used due to following facts: the plants contain toxic metabolites, the plants grow too slow and a seasonal harvesting is not possible, the concentration of plant constituents differ from harvest to harvest or the plant is endangered and not allowed to harvest. With the plant cell culture technology we bring complete new aspects in the development of novel cosmetic plant derived actives. Due to all these findings, we decided to risk the step into plant cell culture derived cosmetic active ingredient production. This article describes the successful establishment of an apple suspension culture producing a high yield of biomass, cultured in disposable, middle-scale bioreactors. The use of a bioactive extract out of these cells for cosmetic application and the efficacy of this extract on mammalian stem cells is also outlined in this article. To obtain a suitable cosmetic product we used the high pressure homogenization technique to decompose the plant cells and release all the beneficial constituents while encapsulating these components at the same time in liquid Nanoparticles. With the plant cell culture technology we bring complete new aspects in the development of novel cosmetic plants derived actives.

The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the role of the implanted peripheral nerve stimulator in patients with pain in a peripheral nerve distribution. The current study is the largest in the literature that examines the role of the implantable peripheral nerve stimulator in the chronic pain patient. Our patient sample included 38 patients (with 41 nerve stimulators), consisting of 19 males and 19 females with a mean age of 44 years (SD=11 years). Four groups of etiologic factors were identified; blunt or sharp nerve trauma (14/38), iatrogenic injuries from surgery (9/38), inadvertent injection of a nerve (9/38) and post surgery for entrapment or tumour (8/38). Stimulation was attempted in 45 patients, but an initial trial failed in 4. Mean follow-up time from implantation of the stimulator was 31 months (SD=19 months). Compensation benefit was an issue in 29 cases (76%). Outcome following implantation was assessed based on pain criteria, narcotic usage and return to normal function/ work. Relief from preoperative pain was judged as good (50% relief) by 23/38 patients (61%). A total of 15 patients reported fair or poor results (39%). Six patients required removal of their stimulators (15%) due to infection or reduction of pain control after an initial good result. A statistically significant decrease in reported pain level was found postoperatively (p0.05). Workers' compensation patients have equivalent outcomes to non-compensable patients (p0.05). Eighteen of 38 (47%) patients reported a significant improvement in their activity levels following stimulator implant. In conclusion, over 60% of patients had a significant improvement in their pain and lifestyle following implantation of peripheral nerve stimulators. We therefore conclude that peripheral nerve stimulation can be useful in decreasing pain in well selected patients with severe pain in the distribution of a peripheral nerve.

Introduction This chapter of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 350 Proceedings volume documents the procedures and tools employed in the various shipboard laboratories of the R/V JOIDES Resolution during Expedition 350. This information applies only to shipboard work described in the Expedition Reports section of this volume. Methods for shore-based analyses of Expedition 350 samples and data will be described in the individual scientific contributions to be published in the open literature or in the Expedition Research Results section of this volume. This section describes procedures and equipment used for drilling, coring, and hole completion; core handling; computation of depth for samples and measurements; and sequence of shipboard analyses. Subsequent sections describe specific laboratory procedures and instruments in more details.

Combining low energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, angular resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation and density functional theory calculations, we have studied the structure of thin niobia films grown on a Cu 3 Au(1 0 0) substrate. Nb deposition onto oxygen implanted Cu 3 Au(1 0 0) and subsequent oxidation results in a flat, well-ordered thin niobia film of hexagonal symmetry. The results suggest that the film consists of 2/3 ML of Nb between two hexagonal O-layers, where Nb 5+ cations occupy the threefold hollow sites. This leads to a ( 3 × 3 ) R 30° structure with respect to the underlying close packed O layer, which in turn forms a (2 × 7) coincidence structure with the metal substrate. The defect structure includes reflection domain boundaries and vacancies.

A method to create various well-ordered two dimensional transition metal oxide films on a metallic substrate has been exploited. The formation of an intermediate amorphous layer with controllable metal–oxygen stoichiometry serves as an important precursor condition for the final transformation into a mono-phase, crystalline oxide layer via mild annealing. As a key ingredient serves a Cu3Au(1 0 0) substrate covered by oxygen. The flat Cu–O topmost layer stops completely intermixing of the substrate material with the subsequently evaporated transition metal film. Likewise the wetting of the surface is considerably enhanced and a homogeneous oxidation of the film is strongly promoted. The proposed technique appears to be widely efficient for preparation of various two dimensional oxide films covering the entire Cu3Au(1 0 0) substrate. Its usefulness is demonstrated successfully for vanadium, niobium and molybdenum to produce a set of single-phase transition metal oxides of different stoichiometry and geometrical structure. All created oxides are found to be thermally stable at least up to a substrate temperature of 800 K.

The epitaxial growth of vanadium oxide (V2O3) has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low energy ion back-scattering (ISS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Direct evaporation of vanadium onto metal surfaces (Cu, Au or Cu3Au) gives rise to massive surface alloying. The attempt to oxidize the vanadium film by consequent oxygen exposure leads to the formation of rough VO x films of poor quality and mixed valency. A new way of oxide formation has been developed by preoxidation of a Cu3Au substrate, which acts positively in two ways since it prevents completely alloy formation and also forces strong surface wetting of the vanadium oxide. As a result, two-dimensional layer growth of good quality has been achieved. Depending on the preoxygen content at Cu3Au(100), the amount of V deposition and annealing temperature, different epitaxial layers of vanadium oxides can be prepared. In particular, the surface structure of V2O3(0001) was investigated. The surface structure appears completely different from the half layer metal termination at Cr2O3(0001). Specifically, the full vanadium layer stabilized by one third of an oxygen layer located in pseudo bridge positions close to regular oxygen positions of a next layer. Close to defects the full vanadium layer appears also without oxygen stabilization.

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Hole U1436A (proposed Site IBM-4GT) lies in the western part of the Izu fore-arc basin, ~60 km east of the arc-front volcano Aogashima, ~170 km west of the axis of the Izu-Bonin Trench, 1.5 km west of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 792, and at 1776 meters below sea level (mbsl). It was drilled as a 150 m deep geotechnical test hole for potential future deep drilling (5500 meters below seafloor [mbsf]) at proposed Site IBM-4 using the D/V Chikyu. Core from Site U1436 yielded a rich record of Late Pleistocene explosive volcanism, including distinctive black glassy mafic ash layers that may record large-volume eruptions on the Izu arc front. Because of the importance of this discovery, Site U1436 was drilled in three additional holes (U1436B, U1436C, and U1436D), as part of a contingency operation, in an attempt to get better recovery on the black glassy mafic ash layers and enclosing sediments and to better constrain the thickness of the mafic ash layers. IODP Site U1437 is located in the Izu rear arc, ~330 km west of the axis of the Izu-Bonin Trench and ~90 km west of the arc-front volcanoes Myojinsho and Myojin Knoll, at 2117 mbsl. The primary scientific objective for Site U1437 was to characterize “the missing half of the subduction factory”; this was because numerous ODP/Integrated Ocean Drilling Program sites had been drilled in the arc to fore-arc region (i.e., ODP Site 782A Leg 126), but this was the first site to be drilled in the rear part of the Izu arc. A complete view of the arc system is needed to understand the formation of oceanic arc crust and its evolution into continental crust. Site U1437 on the rear arc had excellent core recovery in Holes U1437B and U1437D, and we succeeded in hanging the longest casing ever in the history of R/V JOIDES Resolution scientific drilling (1085.6 m) in Hole U1437E and cored to 1806.5 mbsf. The stratigraphy at Site U1437 was divided into seven lithostratigraphic units (I–VII) that were distinguished from each other based on the proportions and characteristics of tuffaceous mud/mudstone and interbedded tuff, lapilli tuff, and tuff breccia. The section is much more mud rich than expected, with ~60% tuffaceous mud for the section as a whole (89% in the uppermost 433 m) and high sedimentation rates of 100–260 m/My for the upper 1320 m (Units I–V). The proportion (40%) and grain size of tephra are much smaller than expected for an intra-arc basin, composed half of ash/tuff and half of lapilli tuff of fine grain size (clasts < 3 cm). These were deposited by suspension settling through water and from density currents, in relatively distal settings. Volcanic blocks are only sparsely scattered through the lowermost 25% of the section (Units VI and VII, 1320–1806.5 mbsf), which includes hyaloclastite, in situ quench-fragmented blocks, and a rhyolite peperite intrusion (i.e., proximal deposits). The transition from unconsolidated to lithified rocks occurred progressively; however, sediments were considered lithified from 427 mbsf (top of Hole U1437D) downward. Alteration resulted in destruction of fresh glass from ~750 mbsf downward, but minerals are less altered. Because of the alteration, the deepest biostratigraphic datum was at ~850 mbsf and the deepest paleomagnetic datum was at ~1300 mbsf. Additional age control deeper than this depth is provided by an age range of 10.97–11.85 Ma inferred from a nannofossil assemblage at ~1403 mbsf and a preliminary U-Pb zircon concordia intercept age of 13.6 +1.6/–1.7 Ma, measured postcruise on a rhyolite peperite in Unit VI at ~1390 mbsf. Based on the seismic profiles, the Miocene–Oligocene hiatus (~17–23 Ma) was predicted to lie at ~1250 mbsf, but strata at that depth (Unit V, 1120–1312 mbsf) are much younger (~9 Ma), indicating that we recovered a thicker Neogene section of volcaniclastics and associated igneous rocks than anticipated. Our preliminary interpretation of shipboard geochemistry is that arc-front versus rear-arc sources can be distinguished in the upper, relatively distal 1320 m of section (Units I–V), whereas the lower, proximal 25% of the section (Units VI–VII) may be geochemically heterogeneous, suggesting that the rear-arc magmas only fully compositionally diverged after ~13 Ma.

The initial growth of VO x has been investigated by low energy ion backscattering (NICISS) scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Direct evaporation of vanadium onto the Cu 3 Au(100) substrate gives rise to massive surface alloying, consequent oxygen exposure leads to the formation of rough vanadium oxide films of poor quality. A better way has been developed by forming a thin oxygen layer at the clean Cu 3 Au substrate which acts positively in two ways: firstly, it prevents completely the alloy formation, secondly, a strong surface wetting of the vanadium oxide occurs resulting in two-dimensional layer growth of good quality. Depending on the pre-oxygen content at Cu 3 Au(100), the amount of V deposition and annealing temperature, different epitaxial layers of vanadium oxides can be prepared. Namely, three VO x species occur separately: an oxide with low oxygen content showing a quadratic crystallographic lattice, probably VO(100), V 2 O 3 (0001) with a hexagonal superlattice and finally, domains with a rectangular unit cell and VO 2 stoichiometry. As a consequence, oxygen treated Cu 3 Au(100) is ideally suited as a metal substrate for growing homogeneous 2D epitaxial vanadium metal oxides.

Two lipophilic derivatives of Reichardt’s phenolbetaine were dissolved in thin layers of plasticized poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) copolymer. These layers were coated with microporous white PTFE in order to allow reflectance (transflectance) measurements to be performed. The sensor layers respond to aqueous ethanol with a colour change from green to blue when increasing the ethanol content. The highest signal changes are observed at a wavelength of 750 nm with a linear calibration function up to 20% v/v ethanol and a detection limit of 0.1% v/v. The layers also exhibit strong sensitivity to acetic acid which affects real measurements of beverages. However, this limitation can be overcome by adjusting the basic pH of the sample solution. The correlation of ethanol content measured by enzymatic tests or gas chromatography correlates well with the data obtained using the ethanol sensor described here.

Planar ordering of dense self-organized arrays of InP/In 0.48 Ga 0.52 P quantum dots is investigated using grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Using the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the AFM data together with the GISAXS data, we show that the degree of ordering increases with increasing InP deposition time and, therefore, with increasing quantum dot density. This increase in ordering is seen both in that the dot period is less variable and in the appearance of longer ranged ordering of the dots on the surface. Intense photoluminescence due to radiative recombination of heavy holes and electrons in the quantum dots is observed at an energy between the band gaps of InP and In 0.48 Ga 0.52 P. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Room-temperature photoreflectance in van Hoof structures together with atomic force microscopy has been used to determine the influence of InAs quantum dots on the Fermi-level pinning of ${100}$ GaAs surfaces. We show that quantum dots with base lengths of 10 and 25 nm lead to the Fermi level being pinned approximately 250 meV deeper in the band gap, an effect which is reversible by either overgrowing the dots with GaAs or by selectively etching away the dots. These results are discussed within the framework of recent theoretical investigations of surface states due to polar facets associated with quantum dots.

Structure and growth mechanism of ultra-thin Al 2 O 3 films on NiAl(001) have been investigated with 180°-neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy, high resolution spot profile analysis of low energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Ordered Al 2 O 3 films have been prepared by oxygen exposure at room temperature and subsequent annealing at T = 1200 K. The formation of epitaxial oxide films is unaffected by the initial composition or reconstruction of the substrate. The oxidized surface being covered by Al 2 O 3 appears to be microscopically rough, reversible stepped with step heights of about 3 A and consists of a network of elongated equally distributed oxide stripes along 〈100〉 and 〈010〉 directions of the NiAl(001) surface. The lateral anisotropy of the oxide is probably caused by the build up of internal stress in the growth process. After oxygen saturation exposure at room temperature and subsequent annealing, regions with rather regular arranged parallel oxide stripes show up in the STM images (mean width ≈ 27 A , period ≈ 54 A ). The corresponding low energy electron diffraction pattern shows the existence of orthogonal (2 × 1) antiphase domains with a (9 × 1) superstructure (period 26.02 A) close to the mean width of oxide stripes. Next to the oxide stripes, regrowing NiAl terraces and thin layers of amorphous Al 2 O 3 have been found.

„Niemand kame auf die Idee, etwa bei einer Universitatsbibliothek anzurufen und darum zu bitten, eine Bibliothekarin moge doch alle vorhandenen Bucher uber Raffael heraussuchen, daraus die Kapitel zur Sixtinischen Madonna kopieren und dem Anrufer zusenden. Das klingt absurd? Anfragen der Art ‚schicken Sie mir bitte alles, was Sie zum Thema Marshall-Plan, Hoover und Care haben‘‚ oder ‚ich schreibe eine Abschlussarbeit zur Geschichte der XYZ AG‚ (40.000 Mitarbeiter, besteht seit uber 100 Jahren) – konnten Sie mir das Material in Kopie zuschicken?’ erreichen Archive recht haufig. Also ganz deutlich: Wie in Bibliotheken die Bucher, so bekommen Sie als Benutzerin in Archiven nur die Archivalien vorgelegt. Auswahlen, lesen und sich ihre Gedanken daruber machen mussen Sie selbst“ (Burkhardt 2006).