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Multidrug resistance is a global health problem that is closely related to microbial resistance. Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis are opportunistic bacteria that cause urinary tract infections, especially in the use of catheters in hospitals in inpatient care. Handling it using commercial antibiotics can increase the effect of antibacterial resistance if the use is irrational and neglected. Avocado leaves have been reported to have antibacterial, antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to observe into the antibacterial activity of avocado leaves ethanol extract against K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the Kirby-Bauer method, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined using the streaking method of the inhibition zone formed, and the mechanism of bacterial membrane leakage cell was measured using UVVIS spectrophotometry at wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm. The MIC value was found to be 3.125 mg/mL in both bacteria, with an inhibition zone of 6.43 ± 0.06 mm (K. pneumoniae) and 6.73 ± 0.15 mm (P. mirabilis). The MBC value at 200 mg/mL with a percent reduction of 98.35 % (K. pneumoniae) and at 100 mg/mL with a percent reduction of 98.06 % (P. mirabilis). The supernatant of a membrane leakage cell (DNA and protein) was absorbed at wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of avocado leaves has antibacterial potential against clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The variant called JICA-TH-19, located in the Experimental Orchard of the ‘Presidente Juárez’ Faculty of Agrobiology, was selected in 2021. Avocado trees descended from the original Hass variety from the state of California, USA, established during the 1970s in the INIFAP orchard in Uruapan, were used as reference material (control). Segregating materials were planted in 2016 and characterized between 2018-2022, in an experimental orchard located 4 km from Uruapan, Michoacán and its coordinates are: 19° 23’ 54.3” north latitude, 102° 03’ 12.9” west longitude, and an altitude of 1 636 m. The objective was to characterize morphologically variant genotypes of original ‘Hass’ avocado that have the potential to be exploited commercially in the avocado belt of Michoacán. The characterization of the trees and their vegetative and reproductive organs was carried out based on the Manual of descriptors for avocado (CICTAMEX, 1991), published by the Sánchez Colín Foundation with the support of the standard format followed by the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La ciudad de Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila, se caracteriza por tener árboles de aguacate criollo con diferentes propiedades morfológicas. Sin embargo, es muy poca la información que se tiene sobre las características nutrimentales y sensoriales de los frutos de estos árboles. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar bromatológica, mineral, fitoquímica y sensorial 7 aguacates criollos, obtenidos de diferentes árboles. El análisis proximal se realizó mediante pruebas estandarizadas por la AOAC (2019), mientras que el contenido de fitoquímicos se determinó en un equipo HPLC/MS. Posteriormente, las muestras se evaluaron mediante una prueba hedónica. El análisis bromatológico arrojó diferencias significativas en el total de las muestras para las diferentes variables de respuesta, lo que indica la gran diversidad genética entre los árboles muestreados. Los minerales que se determinaron en mayor concentración fueron Potasio, Magnesio y Calcio. Se identificaron 38 compuestos fitoquímicos diferentes en los frutos, con mayor presencia de flavonas, mientras que el análisis sensorial arrojó una diferencia significativa entre los criollos en las variables evaluadas. Los atributos de sabor y textura resultaron los más importantes para la preferencia del consumidor. Diferentes factores ambientales (suelo, clima, altitud, latitud, madurez) modifican la composición nutrimental del aguacate y sus características organolépticas. Los resultados de este trabajo pudieran ayudar a la propagación, diversificación frutícola y desarrollo de empresas enfocadas en este fruto en Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila.

Mexico is the main producer of avocado (Persea americana Mill.), contributing 31% of the world supply, which provides the country with an annual income of more than 2 billion dollars. The increase in national production is the result of a larger cultivated area, and not an increase in yields. In the State of Mexico, Mexico around 10 thousand hectares are cultivated with avocado trees, although 77% of the producers do not have specialized technical advice that offers reliable information on crop nutrition. This lack of advice and technical support detracts from volume and quality of production. The objective of this research was to carry out the nutritional diagnosis of an avocado orchard in Tejupilco, State of Mexico, Mexico, through the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND), and to generate specific fertilization recommendations for the study area, for which leaf and soil analyses were carried out. Each nutrient determined in the leaf analysis (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B) was compared with its optimal concentration according to literature. The CND yielded relative deficiency or excess indices that determined the order of nutritional limitation. Zn, B, S, and K deficiencies were detected in all sampled areas, while P, Mn, and Cu were deficient only in some areas. N, Ca, Mg, and Fe did not show nutritional limitation. Recommendations were formulated to address each of the nutritional deficiencies and the problem of sodicity revealed by the soil analysis. This is the first work in which the CND is used to assess the nutritional situation of avocado orchards in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic characterization of ex situ plant collections optimizes the utilization of genetic resources by identifying redundancies among accessions, capturing cryptic variation, establishing reference collections, and ultimately assisting pre-breeding and breeding efforts. Yet, the integration of evolutionary genomic analyses is often lacking when studying the biodiversity of crop gene pools. Such is the case in the avocado, Persea americana Mill., an iconic American fruit tree crop that has seen an unprecedented expansion worldwide because of its nutritional properties. However, given a very restricted number of commercial clones, avocado plantations are becoming more vulnerable to diseases and climate change. Therefore, exploring new sources of evolutionary novelty and genetic diversity beyond the commercial varieties derived from traditional genetic pools in Mexico and Central America is imperative. To fill this gap, we aimed to characterize the genomic diversity of Colombian avocado trees. Specifically, we constructed reduced representation genomic libraries to genotype by sequencing 144 accessions from the Colombian National genebank and 240 materials from local commercial orchards in the Colombian northwest Andes. We merged the resulting reads with available sequences of reference genotypes from known avocado groups (also named as races), Mexican, Guatemalan, and West Indian, to discover 4931 SNPs. We then analyzed the population structure and phylogenetic diversity, and reconstructed evolutionary scenarios, possibly leading to new genetic groups in Colombian germplasm. We detected demographic stratification despite evidence of intergroup gene flow. Besides the classical three avocado groups, we found an exclusive Colombian group with a possible genetic substructure related to the geographical origin (Andean and Caribbean). Phylogenetic and ABC demographic modeling suggested that the Colombian group evolved in the Pleistocene before human agriculture started, and its closest relative from the three recognized races would be the West Indian group. We conclude that northwest South America offers a cryptic source of allelic novelty capable of boosting avocado pre-breeding strategies to select rootstock candidates well adapted to specific eco-geographical regions in Colombia and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To determine the effectiveness of avocado peel extract (Persea americana Mill) as an antifungal against T. rubrum, which causes dermatophytosis. Methods In vitro laboratory experimental study using a post-testonly control group design analysed active compounds of avocado peel and continued with the antifungal activity test. In each group divided according to the concentration of 0% (negative control), 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, 50%, 62.5%, 75%, and positive control (2% ketoconazole) antifungal activity test was carried out using the fungus T. rubrum ATCC 28188 for five repetitions. Results The avocado peel extract contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Antifungal activity test showed a significant difference with the highest mean inhibition zone diameter of T. rubrum, which was demonstrated at a concentration of 75%. Conclusion Avocado peel extract is useful to inhibit growth of Trichophyton rubrum in dose dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) are high in phytochemicals and are utilized in herbal medicine. The objective of this study is to analyze the antioxidant activities, total phenolics and flavonoids of the P. americana seed extract. P. americana seed extraction was obtained through maceration and reflux using a 70% ethanol solvent. The results obtained were compared in terms of yield productivity, with yields of 43.07 (%) and 39.58 (%) respectively. Phytochemical compounds extracted from P. americana seeds were tested using the phytochemical screening method, the antioxidant activity assay, the total phenolic analysis, and the total flavonoid analysis. The phytochemical screening showed that P. americana seeds contain flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, and quinones. The antioxidant activity of the 70% ethanol extract of P. americana seeds obtained by maceration and reflux method was 77.298 g/mL and 98.626 g/mL, respectively, meanwhile the IC50 values of vitamin C were 12.883 g/mL. The 70% ethanol extract of P. americana seeds obtained by maceration and reflux method had total phenolic content of 276.96 mgGAE/g and 294.96 mgGAE/g, and total flavonoid content of 1.73 mgQE/g and 12.70 mgQE/g respectively. This simply implies that the 70% ethanolic extracts from P. americana seeds obtained through maceration and reflux have strong antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se aplicaron consorcios microbianos en un sistema de producción de plántulas de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) cultivar ‘Criollo’, evaluándose posibles influencias en el crecimiento y estado nutricional de los patrones. Se evaluaron 4 tratamientos en un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA). Las semillas utilizadas fueron sembradas en sustrato estéril (tierra negra y pomina; 3:1) colocado en bolsas de vivero (polietileno, capacidad: 2,2 kg). Las inoculaciones de microrganismos (Glomus spp, Trichoderma spp., Bacillusspp., Pseudomonasspp.) se realizaron a los 70, 100, 120 y 150 días después de la siembra (DDS). Las variables altura de planta, diámetro de tallo eíndice de verdorfueron evaluadas a lo largo del ensayo (80, 110, 140 y 170 DDS); una vez culminado el ensayo (170 DDS) se evaluóla concentración de nutrientes en tejido, materia seca de tallos, hojas y raíces. Existierondiferencias estadísticamente significativas a los 170 DDS para:altura de planta, diámetro de tallo y contenido de clorofila; el análisis de concentración de nutrientes en tejido reportó valores dentro de los parámetros adecuados para la especie eincremento en la concentración del Cu. Esta investigación reporta el efecto favorable de los microorganismos evaluados en el crecimiento de las plántulasy en laasimilación de nutrientes.

Nutritional interventions have been shown to be an interesting approach for the treatment of chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Persea americana Mill. (avocado), is a potential food to be used for the prevention or treatment of intestinal inflammation, due to its nutritional value and pharmacological effects. In this study we evaluated if the dietary intervention with avocado fruit pulp could as an intestinal anti-inflammatory diet using a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) model of intestinal inflammation in rats. For this purpose, 5, 10 or 20% of avocado fruit pulp was incorporated in the diet of rats, for 21 days before and 7 days after TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation. Dietary intervention with avocado fruit pulp (20%) decreased the extension of colonic lesions (1.38 ± 0.99 vs. 2.67 ± 0.76 cm), weight/length colon ratio (151.03 ± 31.45 vs. 197.39 ± 49.48 cm), inhibited myeloperoxidase activity (891.2 ± 243.2 vs 1603 ± 158.2 U/g), reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (53.94 ± 6.45 vs. 114.9 ± 6.21 pg/mg), interleukin-1β (583.6 ± 106.2 vs. 1259 ± 81.68 pg/mg) and interferon gamma (27.95 ± 2.97 vs. 47.79 ± 3.51 pg/mg) levels and prevented colonic glutathione depletion (2585 ± 77.2 vs 1778 ± 167.2 nmol/g). The consumption of enriched diet with 20% avocado pulp by 28 days did not promote any alterations in the biochemical or behavioral parameters evaluated. Avocado showed intestinal anti-inflammatory activity, modulating immune response, and acting as antioxidant. The dietary intervention with avocado was safe, suggesting its potential as a complementary treatment in intestinal inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of rootstock has a significant impact, not only on fruit growth and development, but also on avocado fruit quality and postharvest performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare attributes related to the postharvest quality of Hass avocados from "Mexicola" and "Duke 7" rootstocks grown under similar conditions. This study included two harvests: early (23–26% dry matter) and middle (>26–30% dry matter) per season for the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons and two storage conditions (regular air (RA) at 5 °C and controlled atmosphere (CA) at 4 kPa O2 and 6 kPa CO2 at 5 °C) for 55 days. The results showed significant differences in firmness, color and vascular and flesh browning between storage conditions; in addition to these last three attributes, the rootstock played an important role. The fatty acid profile did not reveal significant differences between fruit from both rootstocks. Finally, the polar metabolite profiles revealed differences only for the storage condition, not associated to the rootstock, which could affect the postharvest performance of Hass avocado fruit. This study is one of the few available showing the interaction of rootstock/Hass cultivar on fruit quality and postharvest performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several factors affect the quality and safety of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit during the production process, such as the agronomic management and climate. The objective of this research was to evaluate how foliar treatments affected postharvest control of anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) in two ‘Méndez’ avocado growing areas, Ziracuaretiro (ZI) and Salvador Escalante (SE), Michoacán, Mexico. Foliar sprays were used in the following treatments: 1) conventional management (CM) based on the technician’s experience; 2) integrated management (IM) including Bacillus subtilis, a prebiotic (BioKakimu®), and potassium phosphite; and 3) absolute control without foliar sprays. The effects of the treatments were evaluated on fruit harvested at physiological maturity while taking into account the severity of post-harvest anthracnose and fruit quality up to consumption maturity. During the evaluation period, disease damage was less than 10 % of the fruit surface in all three treatments. However, IM treatment delayed maturation time by 12.4 days in ZI and 10.6 days in SE. Fruits of the IM treatment lost less weight in ZI (7.6 %) than in SE (8.48 %) at eating maturity. Fruit firmness in ZI was higher in the IM and control treatments, while there were no differences in SE. The fruits in ZI and SE showed a decreasing color index profile for the three treatments. It is concluded that the phytopathogenic fungus in ‘Méndez’ was not exposed to weather conditions favorable for its development for an extended period of time, given that the first anthracnose alerts were emitted when the fruits were harvested. The crop management method did not result in an increase in the nutrient concentration of the fruit mesocarp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory cells and fibroblasts have an essential role in the wound healing process. Persea americana Mill. seed categorises as a waste; it contains rich nutrients that can accelerate wound healing activity. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of Persea americana Mill. seed against inflammatory cells and fibroblast formation in tooth extraction socket healing. Methods: Ninety-six Sprague Dawley rats had their lower left molars removed. Forty-eight rats tested for inflammatory cells were divided into four groups: negative control group (IC1), positive control group (IC2), Persea americana Mill. seed extract concentrations of 50% (IE1) and 90% (IE2). Another 48 rats used for fibroblast were divided into three groups: the control group (FC1), Persea americana Mill. seed concentrations of 50% (FE1) and 90% (FE2). The gel was applied to the socket under general anaesthesia. Four rats from each group were decapitated for histopathological tissue preparations with Haematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining on the 3rd, 5th and 7th days for inflammatory cells and the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th days for fibroblast formation. The preparations for each research were scored under the microscope at 40x magnification. The obtained data was analysed using the Kruska—Wallis and the Mann—Whitney test. Results: A significant decrease (p0.05) between FE1 and FE2 was based on the interval days. Conclusion: Persea americana Mill. seed extract can decrease the inflammatory cells and accelerate the fibroblast formation in tooth extraction socket healing.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, and in advanced stages, by inflammation and fibrosis. Excessive ROS production due to mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to NAFLD development, making the decrease in mitochondrial ROS production an emerging target to alleviate NAFLD. Previously, we have shown that avocado oil, a source of several bioactive compounds with antioxidant effects, decreases oxidative stress by improving the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and decreasing ROS levels in mitochondria of diabetic and hypertensive rats. Therefore, we tested in this work whether avocado oil alleviates NAFLD by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. NAFLD was induced in rats by a high fat—high fructose (HF) diet administered for six (HF6) or twelve (HF12) weeks. Hepatic steatosis, hypertrophy and inflammation were detected in both the HF6 and HF12 groups. Hyperglycemia was observed only in the HF12 group. The HF6 and HF12 groups displayed dyslipidemia, impairments in mitochondrial respiration, complex III activity, and electron transfer in cytochromes in the complex III. This led to an increase in the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation. The substitution of the HF6 diet by standard chow and avocado oil for 6 weeks (HF6+AVO + D), or supplementation of the HF12 diet with avocado oil (HF12 + AVO), ameliorated NAFLD, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and counteracted mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress. The substitution of the HF6 diet by standard chow without avocado oil did not correct many of these abnormalities, confirming that the removal of the HF diet is not enough to counteract NAFLD and mitochondrial dysfunction. In summary, avocado oil decreases NAFLD by improving mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

A new biomass-based adsorbent was produced using avocado (Persea americana Mill.) leaves by physical activation. The adsorbent was characterized, and its efficiency was evaluated in removing Levafix Brilliant Red E-4BA and Remazol Black B dyes from synthetic textile wastewater. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to obtain the best response for color removal by evaluating two adsorption parameters: agitation speed (0 – 200 rpm) and adsorbent dosage (5 – 10 g L-1). The new adsorbent presented a specific surface area of 365 m² g-1, a carbon content of 76%, and a point of zero charge of 9.49. The maximum decolorization efficiency (>98%) was found using an adsorbent dosage of 7.5 g L-1, and an agitation speed of 100 rpm. The experimental results of dyes removal followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² = 0.999), representing chemical adsorption. The adsorbent led to decolorization efficiencies that placed the treated effluent under the limit of the color parameter of the local legislation after 10 minutes. The results indicated the potential to use the material for color removal as an alternative adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, avocado cultivation is limited and scattered in the southern and northeastern region of India. A large number of avocado genotypes were available in Kerala, which vary widely in terms of biochemical as well as morphological attributes. In the present study, about 27 accessions (Acc.) were collected from different parts of Kerala, including high-altitude areas and plains. Wide variability in biochemical and morphological traits was observed among accessions collected from different locations. Acc. 11 had the highest vitamin C and Acc. 15 had the highest protein content. The highest fat content was reported in Acc. 7, while the highest oleic acid was recorded in Acc. 10. Acc. 25 reported the highest flavonoid and calcium content. Genotypes collected from Wayanad recorded comparatively higher values for vitamin C, phenols, potassium and crude fibre content. Protein, total fat and calcium contents were comparatively higher in genotypes collected from Idukki. Accessions 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15 and 25 could be selected for future conservation, popularization and commercial cultivation based on their biochemical and morphological quality attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Avocado ripening entails intricate physicochemical transformations resulting in desirable characteristics for consumption; however, its impact on specific metabolites and its cultivar dependence remains largely unexplored. This study employed LC-MS to quantitatively monitor 30 avocado pulp metabolites, including phenolic compounds, amino acids, nucleosides, vitamins, phytohormones, and related compounds, from unripe to overripe stages, in three commercial varieties (Hass , Fuerte , and Bacon). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed significant metabolic variations between cultivars, leading to the identification of potential varietal markers. Most monitored metabolites exhibited dynamic quantitative changes. Although phenolic compounds generally increased during ripening, exceptions such as epicatechin and chlorogenic acid were noted. Amino acids and derivatives displayed a highly cultivar-dependent evolution, with Fuerte demonstrating the highest concentrations and most pronounced fluctuations. In contrast to penstemide, uridine and abscisic acid levels consistently increased during ripening. Several compounds characteristic of the Bacon variety were delineated but require further research for identification and role elucidation. [Display omitted] • 30 compounds were quantitatively monitored over ripening in avocados from 3 varieties. • Metabolic differences were noted between unripe/ripe fruits and tested cultivars. • Phenolic compounds concentration exhibited an increase during the softening process. • The evolution of amino acids and derivatives was highly cultivar-dependent. • Abscisic acid, uridine, and penstemide displayed consistent trends for all varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grafting induces precocity and maintains clonal integrity in fruit tree crops. However, the complex rootstock × scion interaction often precludes understanding how the tree phenotype is shaped, limiting the potential to select optimum rootstocks. Therefore, it is necessary to assess (1) how seedling progenies inherit trait variation from elite 'plus trees', and (2) whether such family superiority may be transferred after grafting to the clonal scion. To bridge this gap, we quantified additive genetic parameters (i.e., narrow sense heritability— h 2, and genetic-estimated breeding values—GEBVs) across landraces, "criollo", "plus trees" of the super-food fruit tree crop avocado (Persea americana Mill.), and their open-pollinated (OP) half-sib seedling families. Specifically, we used a genomic best linear unbiased prediction (G -BLUP) model to merge phenotypic characterization of 17 morpho-agronomic traits with genetic screening of 13 highly polymorphic SSR markers in a diverse panel of 104 avocado "criollo" "plus trees." Estimated additive genetic parameters were validated at a 5-year-old common garden trial (i.e., provenance test), in which 22 OP half-sib seedlings from 82 elite "plus trees" served as rootstocks for the cv. Hass clone. Heritability (h 2) scores in the "criollo" "plus trees" ranged from 0.28 to 0.51. The highest h 2 values were observed for ribbed petiole and adaxial veins with 0.47 (CI 95%0.2–0.8) and 0.51 (CI 0.2–0.8), respectively. The h 2 scores for the agronomic traits ranged from 0.34 (CI 0.2–0.6) to 0.39 (CI 0.2–0.6) for seed weight, fruit weight, and total volume, respectively. When inspecting yield variation across 5-year-old grafted avocado cv. Hass trees with elite OP half-sib seedling rootstocks, the traits total number of fruits and fruits' weight, respectively, exhibited h 2 scores of 0.36 (± 0.23) and 0.11 (± 0.09). Our results indicate that elite "criollo" "plus trees" may serve as promissory donors of seedling rootstocks for avocado cv. Hass orchards due to the inheritance of their outstanding trait values. This reinforces the feasibility to leverage natural variation from "plus trees" via OP half-sib seedling rootstock families. By jointly estimating half-sib family effects and rootstock-mediated heritability, this study promises boosting seedling rootstock breeding programs, while better discerning the consequences of grafting in fruit tree crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and refrigeration of fruits and vegetables are used to extend their shelf life. The hypothesis of this study is that quality attributes of avocados stored in MAP at 8 °C can be preserved for a longer period, compared to room temperature (RT) or refrigeration (REF) storage; however, during post-storage ripening (PSR), these quality variables approach those of refrigeration or room temperature in a brief time. The objective of this research was to evaluate quality variables in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. "Hass" during storage in MAP at 8 °C and PSR at 21 °C and contrast them to those obtained during storage at RT or REF. Fruits at physiological maturity and MAP bags were used. A completely randomized design was used; factors were type of storage (RT 21 °C, REF 8 °C, and MAP 8 °C), storage time (0, 8, 16, 24, and 32 d), and PSR time at 21 °C (0, 2, 4, and 6 d). Quality variables were firmness (penetration force), total colour difference (AE) in exocarp and mesocarp (colorimeter), pH (potentiometry), and total soluble solids (TSS, refractometry). Avocados stored in MAP retained firmness, which was higher compared to REF and RT during the storage period. Firmness retention for avocados at RT, REF, and MAP, at day 16, was 5.7, 32.6, and 87.2 %, and at day 32, it was 0 (no reading), 9.5, and 78.2 %, respectively. Total colour difference in exocarp and mesocarp, pH, and TSS ranged from 3.8 to 25.6, 3.2 to 20.3, 6.7 to 7.1, and 5.3 to 7.7 °Brix, respectively. During the storage period, fruits stored at MAP showed a firmness, AE of exocarp and mesocarp similar to those of fresh fruit. Type of storage showed no effect on pH and TSS, during the storage period. Modified atmosphere at 8 °C allows to extend the shelf life of "Hass" avocado for a period twice as long as that at room temperature, based on the changes in firmness and colour are reduced, properties that are important quality benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grafting induces precocity and maintains clonal integrity in fruit tree crops. However, the complex rootstock × scion interaction often precludes understanding how the tree phenotype is shaped, limiting the potential to select optimum rootstocks. Therefore, it is necessary to assess (1) how seedling progenies inherit trait variation from elite ‘plus trees’, and (2) whether such family superiority may be transferred after grafting to the clonal scion. To bridge this gap, we quantified additive genetic parameters (i.e., narrow sense heritability—h2, and genetic-estimated breeding values—GEBVs) across landraces, “criollo”, “plus trees” of the super-food fruit tree crop avocado (Persea americana Mill.), and their open-pollinated (OP) half-sib seedling families. Specifically, we used a genomic best linear unbiased prediction (G-BLUP) model to merge phenotypic characterization of 17 morpho-agronomic traits with genetic screening of 13 highly polymorphic SSR markers in a diverse panel of 104 avocado “criollo” “plus trees.” Estimated additive genetic parameters were validated at a 5-year-old common garden trial (i.e., provenance test), in which 22 OP half-sib seedlings from 82 elite “plus trees” served as rootstocks for the cv. Hass clone. Heritability (h2) scores in the “criollo” “plus trees” ranged from 0.28 to 0.51. The highest h2 values were observed for ribbed petiole and adaxial veins with 0.47 (CI 95%0.2–0.8) and 0.51 (CI 0.2–0.8), respectively. The h2 scores for the agronomic traits ranged from 0.34 (CI 0.2–0.6) to 0.39 (CI 0.2–0.6) for seed weight, fruit weight, and total volume, respectively. When inspecting yield variation across 5-year-old grafted avocado cv. Hass trees with elite OP half-sib seedling rootstocks, the traits total number of fruits and fruits’ weight, respectively, exhibited h2 scores of 0.36 (± 0.23) and 0.11 (± 0.09). Our results indicate that elite “criollo” “plus trees” may serve as promissory donors of seedling rootstocks for avocado cv. Hass orchards due to the inheritance of their outstanding trait values. This reinforces the feasibility to leverage natural variation from “plus trees” via OP half-sib seedling rootstock families. By jointly estimating half-sib family effects and rootstock-mediated heritability, this study promises boosting seedling rootstock breeding programs, while better discerning the consequences of grafting in fruit tree crops.

Background: recently there has been concern for the monitoring of ambrosial complexes in Mexico that consist of a symbiotic relationship between a beetle and fungi, where the female invades a wide variety of species making galleries in the bark and wood, in which beetles reproduce and grow the fungi to feed the colony, these fungi can be a phytopathogen that can cause serious damage in the infected trees. The proximity of Raffaelea lauricola now present in Texas and the presence of Fusarium euwallacea in the north of Mexico; fungi that have caused great losses in the United States, put in risk the avocado production zones in Mexico. Consequently, the report of new fungi related to ambrosial complexes is of great importance. Objective: to carry out pathogenicity tests of fungi related to ambrosial complexes in avocado ‘Hass’. Methodology: Isolates of Raffaelea brunnea, Ceratocystiopsis sp. (pre-identified) and Fusarium sp., from avocado trees parasitized with ambrosial beetles from the state of Michoacán and an unidentified fungus from Chiapas (Mexico) were used. Artificial inoculations with the fungi were carried out by wounds in mature stem and shoots of the growth of the year (young) of ‘Hass’ plants, and the symptoms and the progress of the damage within the stem were evaluated. Three of the isolates underwent a molecular identification analysis with the complete region of the ITS internal transcript space. Results: the fungus Ceratocystiopsis sp. was identified as Ophiostoma sp. and Fusarium sp. such as Fusarium solani, both isolated from Michoacán. While the Chiapas fungus was identified belonging to the genus Fusarium. After inoculation, R. brunnea and Fusarium sp. stood out in pathogenicity, with greater advancement within the stem and damage that in some cases reached the pith tissue, showing leaf wilting and reddish-brown staining inside the stem. These two fungi showed differential damage progression behavior according to the type of maturity of the tissue, where Fusarium sp. advanced more in the young tissue and R. brunnea in the mature one. Implications: it is proposed to consider that the study was only carried out in ‘Hass’, thus this may be an important factor, since probably if the fungi were inoculated in more varieties, differences in behavior of the advance in damage of these could be found. Conclusions: all the fungi showed to be pathogenic with variation in severity. In terms of Raffaelea brunnea, a peculiar behavior was found in the severity of internal and external damage, in which external symptoms may or may not occur, strictly in ‘Hass’ avocado plants 30 days after inoculation.

The choice of rootstock has a significant impact, not only on fruit growth and development, but also on avocado fruit quality and postharvest performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare attributes related to the postharvest quality of Hass avocados from “Mexicola” and “Duke 7” rootstocks grown under similar conditions. This study included two harvests: early (23–26% dry matter) and middle (>26–30% dry matter) per season for the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons and two storage conditions (regular air (RA) at 5 °C and controlled atmosphere (CA) at 4 kPa O2 and 6 kPa CO2 at 5 °C) for 55 days. The results showed significant differences in firmness, color and vascular and flesh browning between storage conditions; in addition to these last three attributes, the rootstock played an important role. The fatty acid profile did not reveal significant differences between fruit from both rootstocks. Finally, the polar metabolite profiles revealed differences only for the storage condition, not associated to the rootstock, which could affect the postharvest performance of Hass avocado fruit. This study is one of the few available showing the interaction of rootstock/Hass cultivar on fruit quality and postharvest performance.

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a subtropical tree, particularly sensitive to either an excess or a lack of water. Understanding this balance is crucial to determine the optimum water supply and enhance crop productivity. The rising shortage of water resources in semiarid producing regions and the need for irrigation optimization call for sustainable water savings. A 3-year monitoring study with avocado cv. “Hass” tested sustained-deficit irrigation strategies supplying 33, 50 or 75% of the estimated crop water demand. They were compared with a control strategy supplying 100% of the estimated crop water demand. The leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, tree growth, yield and several fruit quality parameters were evaluated. The yield, tree growth and fruit size were significantly and proportionally lessened by deficit irrigation treatments. Over the study, the average yields amounted to 31.6, 38.3 and 43.8 kg tree−1 in the 33, 50 and 75% treatments respectively, which were significantly less than the yield of 47.5 kg tree−1 measured in the control. The 33% and 75% sustained-deficit irrigation treatments increased the omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids as well as the unsaturated fatty acids (oleic); however, the 33% deficit irrigation treatment significantly reduced the yield, size and fruit weight. We consider, therefore, that approximately 25% of the irrigation water can be saved without adversely affecting the avocado tree performance in short and medium terms and we recommend implementing the 75% sustained-deficit irrigation strategy. Here we show for the first time the key role of redesigning irrigation strategies in Mediterranean areas, focusing on the benefits of sustained-deficit irrigation, which can save water, encourage water use efficiency and enhance fruit quality. In order to save water, it is critical and necessary to implement such novel water shortage strategies, at the affordable cost of reducing fruit yield while enhancing its quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to encapsulate Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) oil through complex coacervation using a gelatin:sodium alginate (NaAlg) mixture and assess the physicochemical properties of the resulting encapsulates. Turbidity, z-potential, and efficiency analyses indicated that the optimal conditions for oil encapsulation were a pH value of 4.0 and a gelatin:NaAlg solids ratio of 3:1. Coacervates formed with lower concentrations of solids exhibited superior morphologies compared to those obtained with higher concentrations. Encapsulation yield ranged from 34.7 to 86.8%, and the encapsulation efficiency ranged between 57.4 and 92.2%. Furthermore, the samples demonstrated low water activity (ranging from 0.01 to 0.36) and moisture content (2.18–9.25%), showcasing the high microbiological stability of the powder. Overall, the encapsulates displayed low hygroscopicity (<15%), suggesting enhanced technological stability for the product over time. Additionally, they exhibited good thermal stability, with degradation initiation temperatures surpassing 190 °C. This study highlights the technological potential of complex coacervation as a method to encapsulate Hass avocado oil. This approach offers a promising and viable alternative to use this material in various industrial applications. • Hass avocado oil microcapsules were successfully obtained by complex coacervation. • Low concentrations of Gelatin/NaAlg were more efficient for coacervate formation. • High encapsulation efficiencies were associated with greater oil protection. • The coacervates displayed high thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomical and physiological structure of the ‘Colín V-33’ avocado stem and leaf is described from samples from plants obtained from seed in order to identify genotypes and early selection parameters in a rootstock improvement program for avocado. Eighty-nine plants of 12 months of age were used, where a total of 25 anatomical variables of the stem, leaf, and physiological of leaf were evaluated. A cluster analysis was conducted that generated a hierarchical dendrogram that suggested six groups of plants. Furthermore, from the 25 variables, eight were selected as discriminant when performing a canonical discriminant analysis, the variables that most discriminated for the first canonical component were: stem diameter and density of xylem vessels, for the second: thickness of the stem epidermis, temperature of the stem leaf and stomata length, while for the third: thickness of the cambium, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. The genotypes showed a great variation between the groups, the characteristics of these indicated that the genotypes of Group 4 showed some that could be related to small or dwarf plants (smaller stem diameter, high density of xylem vessels, a higher rate of transpiration and stomatal conductance). In contrast to the genotypes of Group 3 which presented opposite characteristics in the previous variables, being able to associate with vigorous plants. The anatomical traits of the stem showed to be highly related to the behavior of the avocado plants. Associating genotypes with physiological and anatomical variables in leaf and stem can have great value for the selection of rootstocks at an early stage of development.

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This research aimed at performing the molecular characterization of commercial Papelillo avocado (Persea americana cv Lorena) cultivars from the municipality of Marsella (Risaralda, Colombia), as well as the physicochemical analysis and antioxidant activity assessment of the pulp and seed. An evaluation of 50 individuals among commercial varieties and possible patterns was performed using 17 microsatellite markers. Proximate analysis of the pulp was performed, and the fatty acid profile of oils, the antioxidant activity by the DPPH and FRAP methods, and the total phenolic content were evaluated. From the cluster analysis, Dice index, and Principal Coordinates Analysis, it became evident that all the individuals showed a tendency to group by populations. In addition, the pulp revealed high fiber contents (4.96–20.64%) and moisture (80.75–82.96%); however, it showed low oil content (5.97–6.56%). The fatty acid found in the highest proportion in seed oil is linoleic acid and that in pulp oil is oleic acid. The antioxidant activity by the DPPH method for seed oil (87.87 to 91.04%) presented a greater inhibition concerning to the pulp oil (20.34% and 24.43%), this same trend was observed by the FRAP method. Concerning the content of total phenols, the seed oil (31.94–76.30 mg GAE g-1) has a higher value than the pulp (30.18–54.30 mg GAE g-1). The set of samples was characterized as a significant source of genetic variability; thanks to the excellent alternatives they provide as rootstocks for commercial varieties such as the ‘Lorena’ cultivars. The chemical classification carried out in this study is of great importance, due to the lack of information about the oil of the ‘Papelillo’ avocado cultivated in different regions of Colombia.

Context: The synthetic insecticides used to control Diptera are harmful to the environment and humans. Extracts and compounds from plants are a more sustainable source for the development of bio-insecticides. Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of a hydroalcoholic extract of Persea americana Mill seeds as an alternative control of the species Musca domestica. Methods: The extracts were obtained by two methods, the Shaker (S) and the Soxhlet extraction (SE) method, using 94% ethanol as the solvent. Also, the qualitative chemical composition was determined by phytochemical screening. The effect of the two extracts on the post-embryonic development of the fly as well as the adulticidal effect was evaluated. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of metabolites such as alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, flavonoids, sugars and amino acids. The influence on the post-embryonic development of M. domestica was demonstrated, especially on the viability of larvae and neolarvae to adults; however, the effect on the weight and duration of each period was low. The adulticidal effects of the extracts were determined by the lethal concentration 50(LC50) of 2.910 mg/100 mL and 3.944 mg/100 mL for the S and SE extracts, respectively. Conclusions: Both extracts showed their insecticidal effects against Musca domestica, but the extract elaborated by S method showed greater influence diminishing viability and better adulticidal effect.

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It was evaluated the possibility to produce two seedlings per avocado seed, through the separation of cotyledons. Two seed lots from two different ungrafted trees were evaluated. From the first tree were obtained 60 seeds, and 50 from the second. Half the seeds of each lot had their cotyledons separated and then whole seeds and half-seeds were sown in river sand. At 90 days after sowing, percentage of germinated seeds, shoot height, main root length, fresh and dry mass of shoots, roots and cotyledons were evaluated. From the first lot of seeds, there was 100% germination, both for the whole seeds and for the half-seeds. For all traits evaluated, higher mean values were observed for seedlings formed from whole seeds. In the second lot of seeds, 88% of germination was observed for whole seeds and 82% of germination for half-seeds. In this second lot, there were no significant differences between the seedlings formed from whole seeds and half-seeds for any of the characteristics evaluated, except for fresh and dry mass of cotyledons. Thus, it is possible to produce two seedlings or rootstocks with a single avocado seed, although this may slightly delay the development of the seedlings [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postharvest technologies, such as the application of coatings, could contribute to the extension of the shelf life of avocado fruit. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the effects of coating, based on agro-industrial co-products (citrus pectin, broken rice grain flour, and cellulosic rice skin nanofiber), sorbitol and potassium sorbate, on the quality of avocado (cultivar 'Quintal') stored under refrigeration. The coating contributed to a longer conservation of the green color of avocado, both peel and pulp, and significantly reducing the respiration rate of the coated fruit, which was 35% lower than that of the control fruit. The coated fruit was firmer and, possibly, the addition of cellulosic nanofiber contributed to the maintenance of this firmness. Regarding the bioactive compounds, there was no difference (p > 0.05) among the coated and control fruit. During refrigerated storage, total phenolic compounds content increased (p < 0.05) from 311.44 ± 25.89 to 800.25 ± 160.74 mg kg−1 gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in the control fruit, and from 242.86 ± 52.33 to 584.75 ± 125.57 mg kg−1 GAE in the coated fruit. It was concluded that the shelf life of avocado (cultivar 'Quintal') could be extended and ripening delayed by a minimum of 8 days, by applying a coating formulated with rice flour, pectin, sorbitol, potassium sorbate, and cellulosic rice skin nanofiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avocado oil is prized for its high nutritional value due to the substantial amounts of triglycerides (TGs) and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) present. While avocado oil is traditionally extracted from mature fruit flesh, alternative sources such as avocado seed oil have recently increased in popularity. Unfortunately, sufficient evidence is not available to support the claimed health benefit and safe use of such oils. To address potential quality issues and identify possible adulteration, authenticated avocado oils extracted from the fruit peel, pulp and seed by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), as well as commercial avocado pulp and seed oils sold in US market were analyzed for TGs and FAs in the present study. Characterization and quantification of TGs were conducted using UHPLC/ESI-MS. Thirteen TGs containing saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in avocado oils were unambiguously identified. Compared to traditional analytical methods, which are based only on the relative areas of chromatographic peaks neglecting the differences in the relative response of individual TG, our method improved the quantification of TGs by using the reference standards whenever possible or the reference standards with the same equivalent carbon number (ECN). To verify the precision and accuracy of the UHPLC/ESI-MS method, the hydrolysis and transesterification products of avocado oil were analyzed for fatty acid methyl esters using a GC/MS method. The concentrations of individual FA were calculated, and the results agreed with the UHPLC/ESI-MS method. Although chemical profiles of avocado oils from pulp and peel are very similar, a significant difference was observed for the seed oil. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on TG and FA compositional data allowed correct identification of individual avocado oil and detection of possible adulteration.

Highlights • Unless closely interplanted, few avocado flowers were cross pollinated with complimentary cultivars. • Avocado flowers were primarily self pollinated by pollen transfer within flowers. • Pollen was mostly transferred among and within flowers by wind. • Bees played an insignificant role in avocado pollen transfer even in warm temperatures. • Cultivars adapted to tropical and subtropical environments displayed the same mechanisms of behavior and pollination. • Temperatures warm enough to allow normal floral anthesis behavior was too cool to allow pollen transport to the egg apparatus prior to abscission. Abstract The dynamics of pollen transfer from complimentary pollinizing avocado cultivars and pollen deposition onto and within flowers of 'Hass' avocado trees growing in southern California was examined. Experiments were conducted during the flowering seasons of 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2006. Three commercial 'Hass' (an A-type avocado) orchards interplanted with complimentary, B-type cultivars were chosen in locations representing cool, humid or warm, dry "Mediterranean" conditions. Replicate cages were constructed of 40% saran shade cloth, which prevented penetration of bees and other flying insects larger than 2 mm to the 'Hass' flowers but permitted passage of drifting pollen. They were sown to form the rectangular cage roof, walls and floor and supported by a pipe framework. Four cages were installed over the canopies of 'Hass' tree branches at the humid coastal site and at the inland, dry sites during February or early March of each year. Enclosure was accomplished during floral bud development but before the beginning of floral openings. At all locations, each caged and open-pollinated partner was staged next to each other with at least two non-observed buffer trees between the pair. The conclusions of the work were that self-pollination within Stage 2 flowers was the dominant mode of pollination at all the humid, coastal and the dry, inland test sites. Moreover, it was determined that pollen transfer between cultivars was mediated by wind, and bees had a negligible role in pollen transfer despite high forage activity. Temperatures that were marginally warm enough to allow normal floral opening and closing behavior were still insufficient to allow pollen tube growth to the ovule before abscission of the flowers. These results provide the basis for understanding why growers utilizing solid block avocado plantings in some areas achieve good yields without bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a tropical and subtropical fruit that is native to Mexico and Central America; avocado is gaining increasing worldwide acceptance and has received extensive marketing and a wide distribution due to its relevant nutritional benefits for human health. Mexico harvests more than 30% of avocados worldwide, representing the main producer and exporter of avocado, which has become a crop of high interest and has great economic impact on Mexico. Scope and approach In this paper, we describe relevant information on the production, composition and application of avocado, with an emphasis on its by-products, focusing on the proper use of waste and the possibility of monetizing waste for nutritional and environmental purposes. The entire avocado is rich in biocompounds (pulp, seed and peel) and has many health benefits, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities, as well as dermatological uses and others. In this paper, we demonstrate the current panorama of production, exportation and uses of avocado in Mexico. Key findings and conclusions Several food grade ingredients can be obtained from avocado wastes, particularly premium-grade fats or extracts with a high functional power. Studies should continue to identify the profiles and phytochemicals available to the business sector, which can also be implemented to valorize the nutritional and functional potential of avocado seeds and peels. Highlights • Avocado has worldwide acceptance, extensive marketing and relevant nutritional benefits. • Avocado by-products are viable sources of bioactive compounds with high functional power. • Avocado by-products are source of premium-grade fats or bioactive phytochemical extracts. • Avocado by-products have nutritional and functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia has become an important producer of 'Hass' avocado in the last three years; however, a minimum dry matter content has not been established as a maturity index for harvest. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between oil percentage and dry matter content in order to establish a minimum harvest index for 'Hass' avocado fruits grown in Colombia. Samples were collected for maturity determinations over three years of 'Hass' avocado fruit cultivation from fifteen different orchards in the department of Antioquia in order to determine the dry matter and oil percentage of fruits throughout the season. A simple linear relationship between oil content and dry matter was thus established. The equations for all of the studied orchards presented a good correlation coefficient, ranging between 0.70 on the Cartucho orchard in the municipality of Retiro and 0.99 on the Gacamayas and Paraiso orchards in the municipality of Entrerrios and Retiro. Using the minimal oil standard of 11.2% as a reference, the orchards that were found to have a high dry matter percentage at harvest were Cartucho in Retiro (26%), followed by Piedras Blancas and Santa Cruz in the municipality of Venecia (25%); while the 'Hass' avocado fruit from the Cebadero orchard in Retiro, Coconi in the municipality of La Ceja and Guacamayas in Entrerrios reached this oil standard at 22% dry matter, which could be a commercial advantage. Based on these oil content results, a minimal dry matter index of 23.5% was proposed as a harvest maturity indicator for 'Hass' avocado grown in Colombia. This harvesting index will need to be refined over time and with the addition of samples from more regions and climatic data profiles.

Since ancient times the people of Indonesia have known, and using nutritious plant as one of the efforts in the prevention of health problems. Plants belonging to the family Lauraceae is one of a group of plants commonly used by communities as traditional medicine, one of which is Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Especially in the seeds, which contain secondary metabolites, namely polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, quinone, monoterpenoid and seskuiterpenoid and saponins. This study aims to identify the secondary metabolites contained in the seeds of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) And determine the toxicity of extracts and pure compounds using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Avocado seed solvent extracted using ethyl acetate and the extract obtained was tested group and toxicity testing. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds contain phytochemicals based on test results of secondary metabolites, the flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids. Avocado seed solvent extracted using ethyl acetate and the extract obtained was tested group and toxicity testing. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds contain phytochemicals based on test results of secondary metabolites, the flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids.

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Development of anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. is one of the major issues within the avocado supply chain. Exposure to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate (MeSA) vapours at 10 and 100 µmol l −1 was investigated as an alternative solution to commercial fungicide – prochloraz® that is currently being used by the industry. The incidence of anthracnose disease was found to be significantly reduced in ‘Hass’ avocado fruit treated with MeJA or MeSA vapours, especially at 100 μmol l −1 . The mechanism involved enhanced activity of defence related enzymes, i.e. chitinase, β -1,3-glucanase and PAL, and higher content of epicatechin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of private quality certifications in agrifood supply chains often requires specific investments by producers which can be safeguarded by choosing specific contractual arrangements. Based on a survey data from avocado producers in Mexico, this paper aims to analyze the impact of transaction costs and relationship characteristics of the joint choice of contractual arrangements and quality certifications. Using a bivariate probit model, it shows that a producer’s decision to adopt private quality certifications is directly linked to high levels of asset specificity and price. In order to ensure the high level of specificity under the presence of low levels of price uncertainty, producers have relied on relational governance supported by the expectation of continuity in their bilateral relationships with buyers.

Sabe-se que a composição química do abacate varia em função das variações fenológicas nas diferentes regiões, dessa forma é de grande relevância a pesquisa acerca desse tema para a expansão do cultivo do abacateiro. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar a composição fitoquímica de frutos da variedade de abacateiro cultivado em Três Corações, Minas Gerais. De acordo com os resultados concluiu-se que estão presentes na variedade do abacateiro ‘Hass’ açucares redutores, proteínas e aminoácidos, sesquiterpenlactonas e lactonas, esteróides, derivados de cumarina, saponinas espumídicas e alcalóides. Pela presença destes compostos deduz-se que o fruto apresenta propriedades nutricionais indicadas para o consumo humano.