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267 results on '"Persönlichkeitsmerkmal"'

1. Einfluss von Big-Five-Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen auf die Nutzung sozialer Medien

Author: Kothambikar, Ashwini and Kothambikar, Ashwini
Published: 2022
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2. Die missverstandene Empfindsamkeit: Vom Umgang mit hochsensiblen Menschen.

Author: Stargard, Romina
Subjects: *PERSONALITY, *PERSONAL beauty, *SELF-control, *SENSORY stimulation, *SENSORY defensiveness, *WOUNDS & injuries, *BODY image
Abstract: High sensitivity is not a disease, but a personality trait. Never - theless, those affected often have the impression that something is wrong with them. For a long time, many people do not know about their pronounced sensitivity and wonder why they are quickly exhausted or lack concentration in everyday life. The reason for this is a different stimulus processing in the brain than usual, which quickly leads to overstimulation. Therefore, highly sensitive people often withdraw or sometimes appear shy to those around them. But behind the high sensitivity there is an enormous resource that is also an enrichment for society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2023
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3. Economic hardship and intimate partner violence: An analysis of perpetrators in Germany

Abstract: Objective: Based on the family stress model, we examine whether respondents are more likely to perpetrate physical IPV when experiencing economic hardship and pressure. Background: Research has demonstrated an association of intimate partner violence (IPV) and economic factors. However, as the bulk of studies is limited to the female victim’s perspective, the picture remains incomplete; factors driving gender-specific effects and perpetration rates have thus far been overlooked. Method: Using data from a large sample of individuals from the German Family Panel pairfam, which covers the period between 2009 and 2019, we employ pooled logistic regression models (n=6,661 individuals with 21,321 observations). Given the rich data source, we are able to control for a number of possible confounding effects. To correct for sample selection, we use calibrated design weights. Results: Our analyses show that IPV perpetration is associated with poverty and economic pressure among women, but not men. When accounting for confounding factors such as the Big 5 personality traits and childhood experiences, these associations become insignificant. For men, unemployment is linked to IPV perpetration, but only when personality traits and childhood experiences are not accounted for. Conclusion: Results imply that the association between adverse economic conditions and IPV perpetration is mainly due to unobserved heterogeneity. Thus, physical IPV perpetration is not primarily caused by the distress of financial strain, but rather by underlying factors such as personality traits and adverse childhood experiences, which are associated with both socioeconomic status, economic pressure, and aggressive behavior in intimate relationships., Fragestellung: Auf Basis des Family-Stress-Modells untersuchen wir, ob Personen in einer Partnerschaft eher physische Gewalt ausüben, wenn sie in wirtschaftlich schwierigen Situationen leben. Hintergrund: Dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen Gewalt in der Partnerschaft und wirtschaftlichen Faktoren besteht, wurde in der Literatur häufig gezeigt. Da jedoch der Großteil der Studien auf die Perspektive der (meist weiblichen) Opfer beschränkt ist, bestehen weiterhin Wissenslücken, insbesondere zu möglichen geschlechtsspezifischen Einflussfaktoren auf die Täterschaft. Methode: Wir nutzen Daten des Beziehungs- und Familienpanels pairfam und untersuchen eine große Stichprobe aus den Jahren 2009 bis 2019 von in Deutschland lebenden Personen (n=6.661 Individuen mit insgesamt 21.321 Beobachtungen). Für die Analyse werden gepoolte multivariable logistische Regressionsmodelle unter Kontrolle einer Vielzahl potenziell konfundierender Variablen geschätzt. Selektion wird mit Hilfe von Kalibrierungs- und Designgewichten korrigiert. Ergebnisse: Unsere Analysen zeigen, dass die Ausübung physischer Gewalt in Partnerschaften mit Armut und ökonomischem Druck zusammenhängt. Dies gilt allerdings nur für Täterinnen, nicht aber für Täter. Sobald konfundierende Faktoren wie die Persönlichkeit (gemessen mit den Big 5) und Kindheitserfahrungen in den Modellen berücksichtigt werden, verlieren diese Zusammenhänge ihre statistische Signifikanz. Bei Männern finden wir eine Korrelation zwischen Arbeitslosigkeit und Partnerschaftsgewalt, doch auch dies nur wenn Persönlichkeit und Kindheitserfahrungen nicht im Modell kontrolliert werden. Schlussfolgerung: Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen wirtschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten und Täterschaft durch unbeobachtete Heterogenität begründet ist. Physische Gewalt in Partnerschaften wird damit nicht primär durch den Stress hervorgerufen, der durch wirtschaftliche Schwierigkeiten entsteht, sondern eher durch Faktoren wie Persönlichkeit oder ne
Published: 2023

4. Beyond Competencies: Associations between Personality and School Grades Are Largely Independent of Subject-Specific and General Cognitive Competencies

Abstract: The Big Five personality traits are established predictors of school grades. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations are not yet well understood. Effects of personality on grades might arise because behavioral tendencies facilitate learning and increase subject-specific competencies. Alternatively, personality effects on grades might be independent of cognitive competencies and reflect otherwise valued behaviors or teachers' grading practices. In the current study, we drew on large-scale data of 7th and 9th graders in Germany to explore the extent to which personality predicted grades even after accounting for competencies. Controlling for competencies and other key covariates, we cross-sectionally and longitudinally examined personality-grade associations across different school subjects, grade levels, and school types. Results indicate that the predictive power of personality is largely independent of subject-specific and general cognitive competencies. The largest effects emerged for conscientiousness. For openness, associations with grades partly overlapped with competencies, suggesting that openness may operate by fostering competencies. Overall, our results suggest that the associations between personality and grades unfold mostly independently of course mastery. This finding underlines the socioemotional value of personality in the classroom and encourages a more fine-grained view of the interplay between personality, competencies, classroom behavior, and grades.
Published: 2023

5. Revisiting the hierarchical structure of the 24 VIA character strengths: Three global dimensions may suffice to capture their essence

Abstract: The Values in Action (VIA) framework maps 24 character strengths onto six more abstract virtues through a theoretical classification. However, compared to other individual difference constructs, there is little consensus about the factor-analytic structure of the VIA trait space. Applying Horn's parallel analysis, Goldberg’s Bass-ackwards approach, and cross-country congruency analysis, we scrutinize the factor-analytic solutions-hierarchy of the 24 VIA strengths with the aim to identify one or more useful global levels of abstraction (akin to the Big Five, HEXACO/Big Six, or personality metatraits). We assessed the 24 character strengths with the psychometrically refined IPIP-VIA-R inventory in two large and heterogeneous samples from Germany and the UK (total N ≈ 2,000). Results suggested that three global dimensions suffice to capture the essence of character strengths: Level III recovered more than 50% of the total variation of the 24 character strengths in well-interpretable, global/general, cross-culturally replicable dimensions. We provisionally labeled them positivity, dependability, and mastery. Their superordinate Level-II-dimensions were reminiscent of the "Big Two" personality metatraits Dynamism and Social Self-Regulation. Our results advance the understanding of the VIA character trait space and may serve as a basis for developing scales to assess these global dimensions.
Published: 2023

6. To Score or Not to Score? A Simulation Study on the Performance of Test Scores, Plausible Values, and SEM, in Regression With Socio-Emotional Skill or Personality Scales as Predictors

Abstract: This article addresses a fundamental question in the study of socio-emotional skills, personality traits, and related constructs: "To score or not to score?" When researchers use test scores or scale scores (i.e., fallible point estimates of a skill or trait) as predictors in multiple regression, measurement error in these scores tends to attenuate regression coefficients for the skill and inflate those of the covariates. Unlike for cognitive assessments, it is not fully established how severe this bias can be in socio-emotional skill assessments, that is, how well test scores recover the true regression coefficients - compared with methods designed to account for measurement error: structural equation modeling (SEM) and plausible values (PV). The different types of scores considered in this study are standardized mean scores (SMS), regression factor scores (RFS), empirical Bayes modal (EBM) score, weighted maximum likelihood estimates (WLE), and expected a posteriori (EAP) estimates. We present a simulation study in which we compared these approaches under conditions typical of socio-emotional skill and personality assessments. We examined the performance of five types of test scores, PV, and SEM with regard to two outcomes: (1) percent bias in regression coefficient of the skill in predicting an outcome; and (2) percent bias in the regression coefficient of a covariate. We varied the number of items, factor loadings/item discriminations, sample size, and relative strength of the relationship of the skill with the outcome. Results revealed that whereas different types of test scores were highly correlated with each other, the ensuing bias in regression coefficients varied considerably. The magnitude of bias was highest for WLE with short scales of low reliability. Bias when using SMS or WLE test scores was sometimes large enough to lead to erroneous research conclusions with potentially adverse implications for policy and practice (up to 55% for the regression coef
Published: 2023

7. Reconsidering the Link Between Self-Reported Personality Traits and Political Preferences

Abstract: Research on personality and political preferences generally assumes unidirectional causal influence of the former on the latter. However, there are reasons to believe that citizens might adopt what they perceive as politically congruent psychological attributes, or at least be motivated to view themselves as having these attributes. We test this hypothesis in a series of studies. Results of preregistered panel analyses in three countries suggest reciprocal causal influences between self-reported personality traits and political preferences. In two two-wave survey experiments, a subtle political prime at the beginning of a survey resulted in self-reported personality traits that were more aligned with political preferences gauged in a previous assessment. We discuss how concurrent assessment within the context of a political survey might overestimate the causal influence of personality traits on political preferences and how political polarization might be exacerbated by political opponents adopting different personality characteristics or self-perceptions thereof.
Published: 2023

8. Big Five personality and religiosity:Bidirectional cross-lagged effects and their moderation by culture

Author: Theresa M. Entringer, Jochen E. Gebauer, and Hannes Kroeger
Subjects: Social Psychology, religiousness, Federal Republic of Germany, Sociology & anthropology, Kultur, Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Big Five, ddc:150, Psychology, ALLBUS, Religionssoziologie, Religiosität, Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften ALLBUS - Kumulation 1980-2018 (ZA5274 v1.0.0), personality change, religiosity, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, culture, Psychologie, Soziologie, Anthropologie, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, Personality Psychology, Sociology of Religion, ddc:301, personality development
Abstract: Objective: Personality has long been assumed to be a cause of religiosity, not a consequence. Yet, recent research suggests that religiosity may well cause personality change. Consequently, longitudinal research is required that examines the bi-directionality between personality and religiosity. The required research must also attend to cultural religiosity—a critical moderator in previous cross-sectional research. Method: We conducted four-wave, cross-lagged panel models assessing the bi-directional effects between religiosity (measured as religious attendance) and the Big Five personality traits over 12 years in 14 samples (Ntotal = 44,485). Each sample used population-representative data from a different German federal state—states that vary widely in religiosity. Results: The findings were the following: (1) Agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness were associated with changes in religiosity, with the latter two effects being culture-contingent. (2) Religiosity was associated with changes in agreeableness and openness, with the latter effect being culture-contingent. (3) The cross-lagged effects of personality on religiosity were overall stronger than the reverse effects. Conclusions: The directionality between the Big Five and religiosity seems to go both ways and culture matters for those effects. We discuss the power of religiosity to alter personality and the role of culture for this effect and for personality change more generally.
Published: 2023

9. Representations of Otherness: How Literature Reflects Implications of Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence on Humaneness and Societies

Abstract: Fictional narratives concerning science and technology, and specifically science fictionnarratives, are centred upon questions of difference, alterity and Otherness. Thoughnot representing classical science fiction texts, the analyzed novels display a key roleattributed to technological advancement and thus incorporate and discuss that centralquestion of Otherness in external and internal representation. Firstly, Ian McEwan's novel Machines Like Me (2019) and Kazuo Ishiguro's novel Klara and the Sun (2021) superficially deal with human-machine interaction, but also more subtly mirrorhumaneness in contrast to a perfectionist Machine Otherness that, in turn, questionshuman morality. Secondly, Juli Zeh's novel Leere Herzen (Empty Hearts) (2017) and Julia von Lucadou's novel Die Hochhausspringerin (The High Rise Diver) (2018) subconsciously display the more disruptive influences of Artificial Intelligence onsocieties. The conception of Otherness is thus not rooted in the opposition between machines and human beings, but in a steady process of self-alienation., Fiktionale Narrative über Technik, speziell auch klassische Science-Fiction Literatur, beschäftigen sich mit Fragen zu Unterschiedlichkeit, Alterität und Anderssein. Obschon die analysierten Romane keine klassischen Science-Fiction Romane sind, illustrieren sie die zentrale Rolle, die dem technischen Fortschritt dabei zugeschrieben wird. Dadurch werden Fragen zu Anderssein in interner und externer Repräsentation gestellt. Zum einen handelt es sich um Narrative wie die Romane Machines Like Me (2019) von Ian McEwan und Klara and the Sun (2021) von Kazuo Ishiguro, die an der Oberfläche Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionen als Topos behandeln. Jedoch erzählen diese in subtiler Weise, wie Menschlichkeit in Kontrast zu "Machine Otherness" gesetzt wird und damit menschliche Moralvorstellungen in Frage gestellt werden. Zum anderen zeigen die deutschen Romane Leere Herzen (2017) von Juli Zeh und Die Hochhausspringerin (2018) von Julia von Lucadou, wie und zu welchem Ausmaß Künstliche Intelligenz unsere Gesellschaft disruptiv beeinflusst. Das Konzept des Andersseins ist dabei nicht in der Opposition zwischen Maschinen und Menschen verwurzelt, sondern in einem konstanten Prozess der Selbstentfremdung.
Published: 2022

10. Mapping the drivers of negative campaigning: Insights from a candidate survey

Abstract: Which candidates are more likely to go negative, and under which conditions? We analyze self-reported survey data from candidates having run in the 2017 German federal election for the main parties. More specifically, we test a comprehensive set of factors supposed to drive the use of (a) negative campaigning in general, (b) policy attacks, and (c) character attacks. Our results show that for all three versions of negative campaigning the political profile of candidates is most important, followed by personality traits, perceived campaign dynamics, social profile, and available campaign resources. Within these categories, five factors are important across the board: members of the governing parties are less likely to attack, ‘extreme ideology’ of the candidate fuels the use of attack politics, candidates who believe that the media can persuade voters attack more often, disagreeable candidates tend to go negative, and male candidates are more likely to attack than females.
Published: 2022

11. The Action-Generating Mechanisms of Rule-Breaking: Overcoming Methodological Challenges in Empirical Tests of Situational Action Theory and the Code of the Street

Abstract: Rule-breaking is an actor's reaction to the behavioral setting to which they are exposed. Understanding this interplay between a person and their behavioral setting is significant for developing crime prevention measures and understanding crime as a social phenomenon. The action-generating mechanism explains rule-breaking via the interplay between actors' criminal propensity and behavioral settings' criminogeneity. It addresses what would have happened if a person’s criminal propensity and a setting's criminogeneity had been different. Previous tests of the action-generating mechanism on observational data failed to control for actors' exposure to different kinds of behavioral settings and, thus, also for selection. The selection mechanism precedes the action-generating mechanism and challenges previous findings while people are systematically exposed to different behavioral settings and also levels of criminogeneity. I control for selection and thus provide a more rigorous test by using fixed-effect estimation models and strategically using the school setting of the Friendship and Violence in Adolescent data. The research approach is applied to hypotheses derived from Anderson's Code of the Street (study 1) and Wikström’s Situational Action Theory (study 2 and study 3). All-in-all, the results indicate that exposure matters net of the selection of kinds-of-people into kinds-of settings., Regelverstöße sind die Reaktion von Akteuren auf den Kontext, in dem sie sich befinden. Das Verständnis dieser Wechselwirkung zwischen Person und Kontext ist bedeutend für die Kriminalitätsprävention und die Erklärung von Kriminalität als sozialem Phänomen. Der handlungsgenerierende Mechanismus erklärt Regelverstöße durch die Interaktion der kriminellen Neigung der Akteure und der Kriminalität ihres unmittelbaren Umfelds. Diese Art der Erklärung fokussiert auf die Frage, was passiert wäre, wenn die kriminelle Neigung einer Person oder die Kriminogenität eines Kontexts unterschiedlich ausgeprägt gewesen wäre. Bisherige Studien zu diesen Handlungsmechanismen auf der Grundlage von Beobachtungsdaten haben die Exposition der Akteure gegenüber verschiedenen Kontexten und damit die Selektion von Personen in Kontexte nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt. Der Selektionsmechanismus geht dem handlungsgenerierenden Mechanismus voraus, und seine Berücksichtigung lässt frühere Befunde infrage stellen, da Akteure systematisch unterschiedlichen Kontexten und - in signifikanter Weise - unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen von Kriminogenität ausgesetzt sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit testet Handlungsmechanismen mit engerem Bezug zu ihren Annahmen, indem sie Fixed-Effekts Modelle einsetzt und den Schulbezug der Daten des Projekts Freundschaft und Gewalt im Jugendalter strategisch nutzt. Der Forschungsansatz wird auf Hypothesen, die aus Andersons Code of the Street (Studie 1) und Wikströms Situational Action Theory (Studie 2 und Studie 3) abgeleitet wurden, angewandt. Alles in allem deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die Exposition für die Erklärung von Regelverstößen bedeutend ist, auch wenn für die Selektion von Akteuren in Kontexte kontrolliert wird.
Published: 2022

12. Umgang mit Hochsensibilität im Unterricht. Hochsensible Kinder erkennen und unterstützen.

Abstract: Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit befasst sich mit dem Thema Hochsensibilität im schulischen Kontext. Bei der Hochsensibilität handelt es sich um ein Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, welches ungefähr jedes fünfte Kind besitzt. Hochsensible Kinder erleben die Welt viel intensiver und differenzierter, weshalb ein Schultag für sie sehr anstrengend sein kann. Werden ihre Fähigkeiten und Besonderheiten nicht richtig erkannt, können sich ihre Potenziale häufig ein Leben lang nicht optimal entfalten. Aus diesem Grund möchte diese Arbeit eine Sensibilisierung für das Thema schaffen und der Frage nachgehen, wie Lehrpersonen Kinder mit Hochsensibilität in ihrer Klasse wahrnehmen, unterstützen und gezielt fördern können. Für die Beantwortung dieser Fragestellung folgt zuerst eine theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Themengebiet, in der die Merkmale der Hochsensibilität mit ihren Vor- und Nachteilen sowie der Umgang mit hochsensiblen Kindern thematisiert wird. Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit folgen vier Interviews mit Personen, welche selbst hochsensibel sind oder bereits mit hochsensiblen Kindern gearbeitet haben. Durch den Vergleich der Theorie mit den Erkenntnissen aus der Praxis konnte herausgefunden werden, dass sich die Hochsensibilität bei jedem Kind unterschiedlich äussert und dadurch individuell angepasste Umgangsformen braucht. Die Merkmale der Hochsensibilität können jedoch in vier Kategorien geteilt werden, welche Lehrpersonen mögliche Probleme, Potenziale und Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten in Bezug auf die Hochsensibilität aufzeigen. Diese vier Kategorien werden in der Arbeit weiter ausgeführt.
Published: 2022

13. Professionalisierung von Grundschullehrkräften

Author: Mammes, Ingelore and Rotter, Carolin
Subjects: Professionalisierung, Lehrer, Lehrberuf, Lehramt, Lehramtsstudiengang, Lehrerausbildung, Primarbereich, Grundschule, Grundschulpädagogik, Pädagogisches Handeln, Professionalität, Kompetenz, Profession, Inklusion, Akademisierung, %22">Disziplin , Anforderung, Anerkennung, Berufswahl, Lehrerpersönlichkeit, Motivation, Schulform, Geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschied, Lehrerin, Frau, Geschlechterstereotyp, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, Volksschule, Schulgeschichte, Historische Bildungsforschung, %22">Geschichte , Hochschullehre, Hochschuldidaktik, Deutschunterricht, Mathematikunterricht, Sachunterricht, Erziehungswissenschaft, Fachdidaktik, Sportunterricht, Grundschulalter, Vorbereitungsdienst, Schulpraktikum, Fortbildung, Kompetenzentwicklung, Wirksamkeit, Lehrerbildung, Digitalisierung, Selbstwirksamkeit, Schulleiter, Lehrermangel, Lehrerbedarf, Schülerzahl, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland, Österreich, Professionalization, Teacher, Apprenticeship trade, Teaching profession, Teaching post, Preservice Teacher Education, Teacher education, Teacher training, Primary education, Primary level, Elementary School, Primary school, Primary school lower level, Primary school education, Primary school pedagogics, Professionalism, Professionality, Competency, Inclusion, Academization, Career Choice, Occupational choice, Type of school, Gender-specific difference, Female teacher, Women Teachers, Woman, Women, Gender bias, Individual characteristics, Learner Characteristics, Personality characteristic, General compulsory school, History of schools, History, Higher education lecturing, University lecturing, University teaching, University didactics, German language teaching, Teaching of German, Mathematics lessons, Teaching of mathematics, Instruction in natural science subjects, Primary school science and social studies, Sciences of education, Specialized didactics, Subject didactics, Education in sports, Physical education, Physical training, Second phase of teacher training, Practical training in school, Practice period at school, Further education, Further training, Skill development, Teachers' training, Digitalization, Self efficacy, Headteacher, Headteachers, School head teacher, Teacher shortage, Demand for teachers, Number of pupils, North Rhine-Westphalia, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany, Austria, bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education, bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNA Philosophy & theory of education, bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools
Abstract: On the one hand, expectations of primary school teachers are high. On the other hand, a specific pedagogical professionalism of primary school teachers is doubted again and again. In fact, a compilation of requirements and competences that apply specifically to primary school teachers does not yet exist. While in the discourse on professional theory, challenges for and demands on the professionalism of secondary school teachers seem to be discussed and empirically developed, in the discourse on primary school pedagogy, methodological-didactic questions as well as structural framework conditions come into view, without grasping the consequences for the actions of primary school teachers and framing them in terms of professional theory. The aim of this volume is therefore to link the two discourses more closely and to look at the professionalisation of primary school teachers from different perspectives., Einerseits sind die Erwartungen an Grundschullehrkräfte hoch. Andererseits wird immer wieder eine spezifische pädagogische Professionalität von Grundschullehrkräften bezweifelt. Tatsächlich existiert eine Zusammenstellung von Anforderungen und Kompetenzen, die speziell für Grundschullehrkräfte gelten, bislang nicht. Während im professionstheoretischen Diskurs vorrangig Herausforderungen für und Anforderungen an die Professionalität von Lehrkräften der Sekundarstufe diskutiert und empirisch erschlossen zu werden scheinen, geraten im grundschulpädagogischen Diskurs methodisch- didaktische Fragen sowie strukturelle Rahmenbedingungen in den Blick, ohne dabei die Konsequenzen für das Handeln von Grundschullehrkräften zu fassen und professionstheoretisch zu rahmen. Ziel dieses Bandes ist es daher, die beiden Diskurse stärker miteinander zu verbinden und die Professionalisierung von Grundschullehrkräften aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven in den Blick zu nehmen.
Published: 2022
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14. Revisiting the hierarchical structure of the 24 VIA character strengths: Three global dimensions may suffice to capture their essence

Author: Clemens M. Lechner, Matthias Bluemke, and Melanie V. Partsch
Subjects: 050103 clinical psychology, Social Psychology, Structure (category theory), 050109 social psychology, Global dimension, Personality structure, ddc:150, Psychology, Messung, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, VIA, character strengths, higher-order factors, metatraits, personality structure, Social sciences, sociology, anthropology, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie, 05 social sciences, Individual difference, Epistemology, Methods and Techniques of Data Collection and Data Analysis, Statistical Methods, Computer Methods, Character (mathematics), Psychologie, Action (philosophy), Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, ddc:300, Personality Psychology, measurement
Abstract: Peterson and Seligman's (2004) values-in-action (VIA) framework maps 24 character strengths onto six more abstract virtues through a theoretical classification. However, compared to other individual difference constructs, there is little consensus about the factor-analytic structure of the VIA trait space. Applying Horn’s parallel analysis, Goldberg’s Bass-ackwards approach, and cross-country congruency analysis, we scrutinize the factor-analytic solutions-hierarchy of the 24 VIA strengths with the aim to identify one or more useful global levels of abstraction (akin to the Big Five, HEXACO/Big Six, or personality metatraits). We assessed the 24 character strengths with the psychometrically refined IPIP-VIA-R inventory in two large and heterogeneous samples from Germany and UK (total N ≈ 2,000). Results suggested that three global dimensions suffice to capture the essence of character strengths: Level III recovered more than 50% of the total variation of the 24 character strengths in well-interpretable, global/general, cross-culturally replicable dimensions. We provisionally labeled them positivity, dependability, and mastery. Their superordinate Level-II-dimensions were reminiscent of the “Big Two” personality metatraits Dynamism and Social Self-Regulation. Our results advance the understanding of the VIA character trait space and may serve as a basis for developing scales to assess these global dimensions.
Published: 2021

15. Beyond Competencies: Associations between Personality and School Grades Are Largely Independent of Subject-Specific and General Cognitive Competencies

Author: Roemer, Lena, Lechner, Clemens, and Rammstedt, Beatrice
Subjects: school success, competence, school grade, Zensuren, academic achievement, ddc:150, Psychologie, Big Five, German National Education Panel Study (NEPS), Starting Cohort 3, wave 1-6, 2010-2015, Persönlichkeit, Schulleistung, personality, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, cognitive ability, personality traits, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, Psychology, Personality Psychology, Schulerfolg, kognitive Fähigkeit, Kompetenz
Abstract: The Big Five personality traits are established predictors of school grades. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations are not yet well understood. Effects of personality on grades might arise because behavioral tendencies facilitate learning and increase subject-specific competencies. Alternatively, personality effects on grades might be independent of cognitive competencies and reflect otherwise valued behaviors or teachers' grading practices. In the current study, we drew on large-scale data of 7th and 9th graders in Germany to explore the extent to which personality predicted grades even after accounting for competencies. Controlling for competencies and other key covariates, we cross-sectionally and longitudinally examined personality-grade associations across different school subjects, grade levels, and school types. Results indicate that the predictive power of personality is largely independent of subject-specific and general cognitive competencies. The largest effects emerged for conscientiousness. For openness, associations with grades partly overlapped with competencies, suggesting that openness may operate by fostering competencies. Overall, our results suggest that the associations between personality and grades unfold mostly independently of course mastery. This finding underlines the socioemotional value of personality in the classroom and encourages a more fine-grained view of the interplay between personality, competencies, classroom behavior, and grades.
Published: 2022

16. Wer entscheidet sich für das Grundschullehramt? Personale Eingangsmerkmale von Grundschullehrkräften

Author: Foerster, Frank
Subjects: Lehrerausbildung, Voraussetzung, Teacher education, Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen, Occupational choice, Primary school lower level, Schulpädagogik, Interesse, 370 Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen, Elementary School, Berufswahl, Personality psychology, Education, Apprenticeship trade, ddc:370, Teaching profession, Personality characteristic, Learner Characteristics, Primary education, Primarbereich, Grundschule, Lehrer, Primary school, Career Choice, Teacher, Lehramt, Pädagogische Psychologie, Student teachers, Empirical study, Lehrerpersönlichkeit, Teacher training, Lehrberuf, Individual characteristics, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, Herkunft, Teaching post, 370 Education, Primary level, Prerequisites
Abstract: Der Autor geht der Frage nach, wer sich für das Grundschullehramt entscheidet. Hierzu werden Konzeptionalisierungen und empirische Befunde zu personalen Merkmalen von (angehenden) Lehrkräften vorgestellt. Im Fokus stehen dabei allgemeine Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und Interessen, leistungsbezogene Voraussetzungen und Herkunftsmerkmale. Diese stellen nicht das Resultat eines Professionalisierungsprozesses dar, sondern liegen bereits zu Beginn des Lehramtsstudiums vor und können den Kompetenzerwerb im Rahmen der Lehrkräfteausbildung indirekt beeinflussen. (DIPF/Orig.)
Published: 2022
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17. Frauen im Grundschullehrer*innenberuf

Author: Steins, Gisela
Subjects: Kindesentwicklung, Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen, Primary school lower level, Schulpädagogik, 370 Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen, Elementary School, Profession, Education, Apprenticeship trade, ddc:370, Woman, Teaching profession, Personality characteristic, Women, Frau, Learner Characteristics, Primary education, Primarbereich, Grundschule, Child development, Primary school, Women Teachers, Gender bias, Lehramt, Bedarf, Pupil, Pupils, Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung in der Erziehungswissenschaft, Geschlechterstereotyp, Lehrerpersönlichkeit, Female teacher, Psychologie, Lehrerin, Lehrberuf, Individual characteristics, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, Schüler, Teaching post, 370 Education, Primary level, Grundschulpädagogik
Abstract: Die Autorin fokussiert Frauen im Grundschullehrer*innenberuf. Dabei beleuchtet sie die Thematik vom Kinde aus und legt zunächst auf Basis theoretischer Fundierung Bedarfe der Lernenden in dieser Altersgruppe fest. Dabei profitieren Kinder in ihrem unterrichtlichen Erleben von Wärme und Interaktionsgestaltung, die auch besonders wichtig sind für die Entwicklung von Selbstvertrauen und eigenen Konzepten. Auch gesellschaftliche Ziele wie die Ausbildung eines demokratischen „Rückrats“ profitieren von diesen Eigenschaften. Gleichzeitig sind aber auch Wärme und Kompetenz mit Geschlechterstereotypen verwoben, so wird Wärme eher weiblich konnotiert und Kompetenz männlich. Eine Auflösung solcher Stereotype ist daher dringend erforderlich. (DIPF/Orig.)
Published: 2022

18. The Internal-External Locus of Control Short Scale-4 (IE-4): A comprehensive validation of the English-language adaptation

Author: Désirée Nießen, Isabelle Schmidt, Katharina Groskurth, Beatrice Rammstedt, and Clemens M. Lechner
Subjects: Selbstwertgefühl, psychometrics, measurement instrument, validity, Psychometrics, scale construction, satisfaction with life, Fragebogen, Impulsivity, German people, Quantitative trait loci, Language, Germany, Surveys and Questionnaires, Skalenkonstruktion, Emotionalität, locus of control, survey, Social sciences, sociology, anthropology, Internal-External Control, Reliabilität, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, emotionality, self-esteem, Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie, reliability, questionnaire, Reproducibility of Results, Befragung, Selbstwirksamkeit, Lebenszufriedenheit, Validität, Objektivität, Methods and Techniques of Data Collection and Data Analysis, Statistical Methods, Computer Methods, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, ddc:300, Messinstrument, objectivity, Psychometrie, self-efficacy
Abstract: The Internal-External Locus of Control Short Scale-4 (IE-4) measures two dimensions of the personality trait locus of control with two items each. IE-4 was originally developed and validated in German and later translated into English. In the present study, we assessed the psychometric properties (i.e., objectivity, reliability, validity) of the English-language IE-4, compared these psychometric properties with those of the German-language source version, and tested measurement invariance across both language versions. Using heterogeneous quota samples from the UK and Germany, we find that the English-language adaptation has satisfactory reliability and plausible correlations with 11 external variables (e.g., general self-efficacy, self-esteem, impulsive behavior, Emotional Stability), which are comparable with those of the German-language source version. Moreover, metric measurement invariance of the scale holds when comparing the UK and Germany, implying the comparability of correlations based on the latent factors across the two nations. As an ultra-short scale (completion time < 30 s), IE-4 lends itself particularly to the assessment of locus of control in survey contexts in which assessment time or questionnaire space are limited. It can be applied in a variety of research disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, or economics. - The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available in the GESIS SowiDataNet/ datorium repository, https://doi.org/10.7802/2095.
Published: 2022

19. Introversion als ausgeprägtes Persönlichkeitsmerkmal und die Herausforderungen im Bachelor-Studium der Sozialen Arbeit

Author: Peratoner, Runa
Subjects: Introversion, Herausforderungen, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal
Abstract: In dieser Arbeit wird der Frage nachgegangen: «Wie können Studierende der Sozialen Arbeit mit dem ausgeprägten Persönlichkeitsmerkmal Introversion beim Aufbau ihrer Professionalität spezifisch gefördert werden?». Für die Beantwortung werden die beiden Pole der Extraversion mit ihren Unterschieden und die fünf Persönlichkeitsmerkmale bearbeitet. Es wird auf das Verständnis von Professionalität in der Sozialen Arbeit und auf das Studium an der Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz eingegangen. Anhand der Spannungsfelder werden die Herausforderungen für introvertierte Studierende ausgearbeitet und mit den Theorie-Praxis-Figuren eine mögliche Bearbeitung anhand von Praxisbeispielen aufgezeigt. Mit dem Werte- und Entwick-lungsquadrat findet die Ausarbeitung der Entwicklungsrichtung und der anschliessenden Förderungsmöglichkeiten statt. Diese wird im Schlussteil zusammengefasst und führt zur Beantwortung der Frage. Die Würdigung, die angepasste Förderung, das Anerkennen der Persönlichkeitsausprägung Introversion und das Vorleben durch die praxisanleitende Fachperson können zur gezielten Förderung beitragen. Ausserdem die Implementierung des Werte- und Entwicklungsquadrat in die Kompetenzerwerbsplanung und das Wissen über die Persönlichkeitsmerkmale in die (CAS-) Ausbildung.
Published: 2022
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20. A validation of the Japanese adaptation of the Big Five Inventory-2

Author: Shinya, Yoshino, Tadahiro, Shimotsukasa, Atsushi, Oshio, Yasuhiro, Hashimoto, Yuki, Ueno, Takahiro, Mieda, Ifu, Migiwa, Tatsuya, Sato, Shizuka, Kawamoto, Christopher J, Soto, and Oliver P, John
Subjects: personality research, Big Five personality, personality measurement, personality structure, BFI, non-WEIRD, ZIS 247, personality psychology, Persönlichkeitsforschung, ddc:150, Psychologie, Persönlichkeit, Japan, personality, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, facet, Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, General Psychology
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to adapt a Japanese version of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2-J) to examine its factor structure, reliability, validity, and measurement invariance. The BFI-2-J assesses five domains and 15 facets of the Big Five personality traits. We analyzed two datasets: 487 Japanese undergraduates and 500 Japanese adults. The results of the principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the domain-facet structure of the BFI-2-J was similar to that of other language versions. The reliability of the BFI-2-J is sufficient. The correlation coefficients between the BFI-2-J and the other Big Five and self-esteem measures supported convergent and discriminant validity. Moreover, we confirmed measurement invariance across age and sex groups in domain-level and facet-level models. The results suggest that the BFI-2-J is a good instrument for measuring the Big Five personality traits and their facets in Japan. The BFI-2-J is expected to be useful in Japanese personality research and international comparative research.
Published: 2022

21. Systemische Führung und Wohlbefinden: Beeinflusst ein Systemischer Führungsstil die physische und psychische Gesundheit der Geführten? Eine quantitative Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Big Five Persönlichkeitseigenschaften

Author: Lazar, Monika and FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management, iwp Institut für Wirtschaftspsychologie
Subjects: ddc:650, Gesundheit, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, Systemtheorie, Führungsstil
Abstract: Führung ist weder richtig noch falsch, sie ist wirksam oder unwirksam - so einer der Grundgedanken Systemischer Führung. Die Art der Führung stellt im Allgemeinen einen wichtigen Faktor für die Gesundheit der Geführten dar. Die Persönlichkeit der Geführten wiederum determiniert sowohl die Wahrnehmung des Führungsverhaltens als auch die Gesundheit der Geführten. Der Systemische Führungsstil - bisweilen nur unzureichend untersucht - birgt in der heutigen VUCA-Welt viele Vorteile, um die täglichen Herausforderungen von Führungskräften bewältigen zu können und ist daher Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Basierend auf dem systemtheoretischen Ansatz und der Theorie des Wohlbefindens, wurde die Annahme zugrunde gelegt, dass sich Systemische Führung positiv auf die physische und psychische Gesundheit der Geführten auswirkt und die Persönlichkeit der Geführten diesen Zusammenhang moderiert. Gemessen wurden die Variablen mit dem Systemic Leadership Inventory von Göllner, Sülzenbrück, Externbrink und Sutter (2019), der Flourishing Scale (FS-D) von Esch, Jose, Gimpel, Von Scheidt und Michalsen (2013), einer Skala für Psychosomatische Beschwerden im nichtklinischen Kontext (Mohr & Müller, 2004) und dem NEO-Fünf-Faktoren-Inventar (NEO-FFI-30) von Körner et al. (2008). In einem korrelativen Querschnittsdesign wurden N = 189 Mitarbeitende einer Non-Profit Organisation (NPO) des Sozial- und Gesundheitswesens befragt. Der Empfehlung von Podsakoff, MacKenzie und Podsakoff (2012) folgend, wurden die Daten zu zwei Messzeitpunkten erhoben, um das Risiko einer Common Method Verzerrung zu minimieren. Die Analyse bestätigt einen signifikant positiven Zusammenhang zwischen Systemischer Führung und der physischen Gesundheit der Geführten (r = .30, p < .01). Einen moderierenden Interaktionseffekt zeigt ausschließlich die Dimension Offenheit für Erfahrungen (Ø = .19, p < .05). Ein Zusammenhang zwischen Systemischer Führung und der psychischen Gesundheit der Geführten bestätigte sich nicht. Insgesamt deuten die Daten darauf hin, dass der Führungsstil einen Einfluss auf die Gesundheit der Mitarbeitenden hat, woraus sich gleichwohl der praktische Nutzen ableiten lässt. Diesem Nutzen wird in einer Schulungskonzeptskizze der Systemischen Führung Rechnung getragen. Die weiterführenden Analysen verdeutlichen jedoch auch den Einfluss der Persönlichkeit in diesem Kontext. Unter Berücksichtigung der spezifischen Charakteristika einer NPO, werden die Ergebnisse diskutiert, interpretiert und Forschungsdesiderate aufgezeigt.
Published: 2022

22. High sensitivity as Socialworker - resources and challenges in the consulting context

Author: Kriesel, Viktoria
Subjects: High sensitivity, Coping- Strategies, Hochsensibilität, Consulting, Herausforderungen, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, Ressourcen, Coping-Strategien, Challenges, Beratung, Personality trait, Resources
Abstract: Hochsensibilität ist ein, bisher wenig erforschtes Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, welches 15 bis 20 Prozent der Menschen aufweisen. Hochsensible finden sich in allen Berufsfeldern wieder, es ist jedoch nachgewiesen, dass besonders viele Hochsensible Menschen im sozialen Bereich, so auch in der Sozialen Arbeit und der Beratung tätig sind. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es zu beantworten welche Ressourcen Hochsensible Sozialarbeiter*innen im Beratungskontext nutzen können und welchen Herausforderungen sie begegnen. Um die Forschungsfrage zu beantworten, wurden Informationen aus literarischen Quellen über Hochsensibilität und Beratung herangezogen und in Bezug zueinander gesetzt. Die Vor- und Nachteile von Hochsensibilität entstehen vor allem durch die differenzierte Reizverarbeitung, die hochsensible Personen aufweisen. Herausforderungen resultieren meist aus Reizüberflutungen, während Ressourcen häufig die bewusste und positive Nutzung dieser differenzierten Wahrnehmung voraussetzen. High sensitivity is a personality trait that is found in about 15 to 20 percent of people. Highly sensitive people work in all professional fields, but it has been proven that a particularly large number of them can be found in the social field, including social work and counselling. The title of this thesis is „High sensitivity as Socialworker – resources and challenges in the consulting context“ and its aim is to answer which resources highly sensitive social workers can use in the counselling context and which challenges they face. In order to answer the research question, information from literary sources on high sensitivity and counselling was used. The advantages and disadvantages of high sensitivity arise primarily from the differentiated stimulus processing that highly sensitive people exhibit. Challenges usually result from stimulus overload, while resources and coping strategies often require the conscious and positive use of this differentiated perception.
Published: 2022

23. Big five personality factors in relation to coping with contact restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a small sample study

Author: Martin Weiß, Johannes Rodrigues, and Johannes Hewig
Subjects: contagious disease, Maßnahme, General Social Sciences, Federal Republic of Germany, Big Five, coping, COVID-19, positive affect, negative affect, Epidemie, social relations, measure, crisis management (psych.), soziale Beziehungen, Krisenbewältigung, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, epidemic, Psychologie, ddc:150, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Corona, Covid-19, Corona-Virus, ZIS 242, ZIS 54, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, Psychology, Personality Psychology, Infektionskrankheit
Abstract: To slow down the spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus, countries worldwide severely restricted public and social life. In addition to the physical threat posed by the viral disease (COVID-19), the pandemic also has implications for psychological well-being. Using a small sample (N = 51), we examined how Big Five personality traits relate to coping with contact restrictions during three consecutive weeks in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. We showed that extraversion was associated with suffering from severe contact restrictions and with benefiting from their relaxation. Individuals with high neuroticism did not show a change in their relatively poor coping with the restrictions over time, whereas conscientious individuals seemed to experience no discomfort and even positive feelings during the period of contact restrictions. Our results support the assumption that neuroticism is a vulnerability factor in relation to psychological wellbeing but also show an influence of contact restrictions on extraverted individuals.
Published: 2022

24. The Action-Generating Mechanisms of Rule-Breaking: Overcoming Methodological Challenges in Empirical Tests of Situational Action Theory and the Code of the Street

Author: Ernst, André and GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften
Subjects: action theory, Code of the Street, Situational Action Theory, School cheating, Exposure, Action-generating mechanism, Social Psychology, self-control, Gewaltbereitschaft, school, 10706 Social Psychology, Handlungstheorie, Adoleszenz, Federal Republic of Germany, social relations, 10214 Criminal Sociology, Sociology of Law, Sociology & anthropology, Criminal Sociology, Sociology of Law, Sozialisation, soziale Beziehungen, ddc:150, Kriminalität, Psychology, propensity to violence, sozialer Status, Schule, Jugendlicher, socialization, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, social status, Psychologie, Soziologie, Anthropologie, abweichendes Verhalten, adolescent, Kriminalsoziologie, Rechtssoziologie, Kriminologie, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, criminality, adolescence, Selbstkontrolle, deviant behavior, ddc:301, Sozialpsychologie
Abstract: Rule-breaking is an actor's reaction to the behavioral setting to which they are exposed. Understanding this interplay between a person and their behavioral setting is significant for developing crime prevention measures and understanding crime as a social phenomenon. The action-generating mechanism explains rule-breaking via the interplay between actors' criminal propensity and behavioral settings' criminogeneity. It addresses what would have happened if a person’s criminal propensity and a setting's criminogeneity had been different. Previous tests of the action-generating mechanism on observational data failed to control for actors' exposure to different kinds of behavioral settings and, thus, also for selection. The selection mechanism precedes the action-generating mechanism and challenges previous findings while people are systematically exposed to different behavioral settings and also levels of criminogeneity. I control for selection and thus provide a more rigorous test by using fixed-effect estimation models and strategically using the school setting of the Friendship and Violence in Adolescent data. The research approach is applied to hypotheses derived from Anderson's Code of the Street (study 1) and Wikström’s Situational Action Theory (study 2 and study 3). All-in-all, the results indicate that exposure matters net of the selection of kinds-of-people into kinds-of settings., Regelverstöße sind die Reaktion von Akteuren auf den Kontext, in dem sie sich befinden. Das Verständnis dieser Wechselwirkung zwischen Person und Kontext ist bedeutend für die Kriminalitätsprävention und die Erklärung von Kriminalität als sozialem Phänomen. Der handlungsgenerierende Mechanismus erklärt Regelverstöße durch die Interaktion der kriminellen Neigung der Akteure und der Kriminalität ihres unmittelbaren Umfelds. Diese Art der Erklärung fokussiert auf die Frage, was passiert wäre, wenn die kriminelle Neigung einer Person oder die Kriminogenität eines Kontexts unterschiedlich ausgeprägt gewesen wäre. Bisherige Studien zu diesen Handlungsmechanismen auf der Grundlage von Beobachtungsdaten haben die Exposition der Akteure gegenüber verschiedenen Kontexten und damit die Selektion von Personen in Kontexte nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt. Der Selektionsmechanismus geht dem handlungsgenerierenden Mechanismus voraus, und seine Berücksichtigung lässt frühere Befunde infrage stellen, da Akteure systematisch unterschiedlichen Kontexten und - in signifikanter Weise - unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen von Kriminogenität ausgesetzt sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit testet Handlungsmechanismen mit engerem Bezug zu ihren Annahmen, indem sie Fixed-Effekts Modelle einsetzt und den Schulbezug der Daten des Projekts Freundschaft und Gewalt im Jugendalter strategisch nutzt. Der Forschungsansatz wird auf Hypothesen, die aus Andersons Code of the Street (Studie 1) und Wikströms Situational Action Theory (Studie 2 und Studie 3) abgeleitet wurden, angewandt. Alles in allem deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die Exposition für die Erklärung von Regelverstößen bedeutend ist, auch wenn für die Selektion von Akteuren in Kontexte kontrolliert wird., GESIS-Schriftenreihe
Published: 2022

25. Minor and inconsistent differences in Big Five personality traits between vegetarians and vegans

Author: Markus Müssig, Tamara M. Pfeiler, and Boris Egloff
Subjects: Ernährung, Vegans, Diet, Vegan, Multidisciplinary, Vegetarismus, Diet, Vegetarian, socioeconomic factors, Federal Republic of Germany, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, sozioökonomische Faktoren, nutrition, ddc:150, Psychologie, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, vegetarianism, 150 Psychologie, Veganismus, ZSI 54, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, Psychology, Personality Psychology, Humans, 150 Psychology, Personality, Vegetarians
Abstract: Most research examining individuals who follow different diets has combined vegetarians and vegans into a single group. To investigate whether this consolidation is justified, we analyzed possible differences between vegetarians and vegans for the Big Five personality traits in two studies. In our pre-study, we used data from a German convenience sample of 400 vegetarians and 749 vegans and found that vegans reported slightly higher scores in Openness compared to vegetarians (d = 0.22). In the preregistered main study, we used data provided by 1203 vegetarians and 128 vegans from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study; we found that vegetarians reported slightly higher scores in Neuroticism compared to vegans (d = 0.18) but did not differ in Openness. We found no differences in Conscientiousness, Extraversion, or Agreeableness in either study. Controlling for the socio-demographic variables of age, gender, and socio-economic status did not alter the pattern of results. Overall, these results suggest that there are no or only small differences in Openness or Neuroticism between vegetarians and vegans. Further studies utilizing very large, representative samples are needed to better understand the relationship between personality and diet groups.
Published: 2022
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26. Professionalisierung von Grundschullehrkräften. Kontext, Bedingungen und Herausforderungen

Author: Mammes, Ingelore [Hrsg.] <GND:123216508> and Rotter, Carolin [Hrsg.] <GND:129893307>
Subjects: Lehrerausbildung, Disziplin, Professionalization, History, Erziehungswissenschaft, Anerkennung, Fachdidaktik, 370 Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen, Elementary School, Berufswahl, Apprenticeship trade, Germany, Teaching of German, Frau, Kompetenzentwicklung, Teacher shortage, North Rhine-Westphalia, Lehrer, Higher education lecturing, Professionalisierung, Primary school, Inclusion, Further education, Practical training in school, Career Choice, Sportunterricht, Schülerzahl, Digitalization, Deutschunterricht, Lehrerpersönlichkeit, Female teacher, Sciences of education, Primary level, Skill development, Grundschulpädagogik, Kompetenz, Lehramtsstudiengang, Digitalisierung, Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen, Occupational choice, Grundschulalter, Mathematics lessons, Lehrermangel, Specialized didactics, Education, ddc:370, Lehrerbildung, Women, Anforderung, Deutschland, Gender-specific difference, Women Teachers, Schulform, Lehrerbedarf, Pädagogisches Handeln, Further training, Preservice Teacher Education, Selbstwirksamkeit, Headteacher, School head teacher, Geschlechterstereotyp, Teacher training, Individual characteristics, Teaching post, Inklusion, Headteachers, Nordrhein-Westfalen, %22">Disziplin , Akademisierung, Primary school lower level, Schulpädagogik, Profession, %22">Geschichte , Schulleiter, Fortbildung, Instruction in natural science subjects, Type of school, History of schools, Geschichte, Teaching profession, Academization, Personality characteristic, Second phase of teacher training, Österreich, Primary education, Historische Bildungsforschung, Sachunterricht, Competency, Subject didactics, Primary school science and social studies, Hochschuldidaktik, Practice period at school, General compulsory school, Schulpraktikum, Self efficacy, Vorbereitungsdienst, Number of pupils, Lehrerin, Lehrberuf, Austria, Wirksamkeit, Education in sports, 370 Education, Demand for teachers, Mathematikunterricht, Schulgeschichte, Teacher education, Teachers' training, German language teaching, Geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschied, Professionalität, University didactics, University teaching, Woman, Physical education, Learner Characteristics, Hochschulforschung und Hochschuldidaktik, Primary school education, Primarbereich, Grundschule, Professionality, North-Rhine Westphalia, Motivation, Volksschule, Teacher, Gender bias, Lehramt, Primary school pedagogics, Professionalism, Physical training, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, Hochschullehre, University lecturing, Teaching of mathematics
Abstract: Einerseits sind die Erwartungen an Grundschullehrkräfte hoch. Andererseits wird immer wieder eine spezifische pädagogische Professionalität von Grundschullehrkräften bezweifelt. Tatsächlich existiert eine Zusammenstellung von Anforderungen und Kompetenzen, die speziell für Grundschullehrkräfte gelten, bislang nicht. Während im professionstheoretischen Diskurs vorrangig Herausforderungen für und Anforderungen an die Professionalität von Lehrkräften der Sekundarstufe diskutiert und empirisch erschlossen zu werden scheinen, geraten im grundschulpädagogischen Diskurs methodisch-didaktische Fragen sowie strukturelle Rahmenbedingungen in den Blick, ohne dabei die Konsequenzen für das Handeln von Grundschullehrkräften zu fassen und professionstheoretisch zu rahmen. Ziel dieses Bandes ist es daher, die beiden Diskurse stärker miteinander zu verbinden und die Professionalisierung von Grundschullehrkräften aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven in den Blick zu nehmen. (DIPF/Orig.)
Published: 2022
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27. Factorial validity and measurement invariance across gender groups of the German version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index

Author: Dennis Grevenstein
Subjects: measurement instrument, validity, 050103 clinical psychology, scale construction, Psychometrics, media_common.quotation_subject, Empathie, Personal distress, 050109 social psychology, Empathy, Latent variable, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, factorial validity, measurement invariance, Structural equation modeling, Skalenkonstruktion, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Measurement invariance, lcsh:Social sciences (General), empathy, Social sciences, sociology, anthropology, Factorial validity, Empathic concern, media_common, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie, 05 social sciences, Validität, Methods and Techniques of Data Collection and Data Analysis, Statistical Methods, Computer Methods, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, ddc:300, Messinstrument, lcsh:H1-99, Psychology, Clinical psychology
Abstract: The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is the most widely used measure of empathy, but its factorial validity has been questioned. The present research investigates the factorial validity of the German adaptation of the IRI, the “Saarbrücker Persönlichkeitsfragebogen SPF-IRI”. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) were used to test the theoretically predicted four-factor model. Across two subsamples ESEM outperformed CFA. Substantial cross-loadings were evident in ESEM. Measurement invariance (MI) across gender groups was tested using ESEM in the combined sample. Strict MI (invariant factor loadings, intercepts, residuals) could be established, and variances and covariances were also equal. Differences for latent means were evident. Women scored higher on fantasy, empathic concern, and personal distress. No significant differences were found for perspective taking. Mean differences were due to real differences on latent variables and not a result of measurement bias. Results support the factorial validity of the German SPF-IRI. The heterogeneity of empathy and the unclear differentiation between cognitive and emotional aspects might be a source for the unclear differentiation of scales.
Published: 2020

28. Mapping political trust and involvement in the personality space-A meta-analysis and new evidence

Author: Laurits Bromme, Tobias Rothmund, and Flavio Azevedo
Subjects: Vertrauen, Social Psychology, Big Five, personality facets, ZIS 34, ZIS19, Personality Inventory, Politikwissenschaft, political attitude, politische Einstellung, Trust, Extraversion, Psychological, ddc:150, Psychology, Humans, Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture, Political science, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur, Neuroticism, politische Partizipation, Psychologie, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, ddc:320, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, Personality Psychology, confidence, political participation, Personality
Abstract: Objective: Relations between the Big Five personality dispositions and individual differences in political trust and involvement in politics have been investigated in many studies. We aimed to systematically integrate these findings and further explore the correlations at different hierarchical levels of the Big Five and political trust and involvement. Method: We conducted a meta-analysis of 43 publications (N1 = 207,360 participants) and estimated latent correlations at different hierarchical levels using two additional samples (N2 = 988 and N3 = 795). Results: The meta-analysis revealed substantial correlations between involvement and openness (+), extraversion (+), and neuroticism (−), but only small correlations between trust and the Big Five. We also found a substantial amount of inconsistency in findings across studies. Our additional analyses showed that (a) correlations with the Big Five were larger for higher-order factors of general political trust (as opposed to subdimensions such as trust in politicians) and general political involvement (as opposed to subdimensions such as political interest) and (b) correlational patterns within each Big Five domain differed across facets. Conclusion: Our analyses indicate that political involvement is more strongly linked to the Big Five than political trust. We discuss the theoretical and empirical relevance of hierarchical constructs.
Published: 2021

29. Big Five and HEXACO Personality Traits, Proenvironmental Attitudes, and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract: With climate change and its consequences believed to be among the most vital challenges for humanity and the Earth’s ecosystem, it is important to understand why individuals do or do not adopt proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors. Personality traits are well suited for this purpose. Because no recent work has systematically combined the accumulating evidence on this topic, we aimed to meta-analyze the associations of the Big Five and HEXACO personality domains with proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors. A meta-analysis of 38 sources (N = 44,993) implicated openness and honesty-humility as the strongest correlates of proenvironmental attitudes (r = .22 and .20) and behaviors (r = .21 and .25). Agreeableness, conscientiousness, and, to a lesser extent, extraversion were also associated with proenvironmental attitudes (r = .15, .12, and .09) and behaviors (r = .10, .11, and .10). Heterogeneity among effect sizes was partly explained by samples’ gender ratio, age, and country of origin and by the personality model. P-curve analyses, funnel plots, and Egger's tests indicated significant but sporadic and small publication bias. As a validity test, the meta-analytic associations collectively provided substantial predictive accuracy for proenvironmental attitudes (r = .44-.45) and behaviors (r = .28-.43) in independent holdout samples.
Published: 2021

30. Investigating selection bias of online surveys on coronavirus-related behavioral outcomes

Abstract: The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has stimulated numerous online surveys that are mainly based on online convenience samples or commercial online access panels where participants select themselves. The results are, nevertheless, often generalized to the general population. In our paper we investigate the potential bias that is introduced by respondents' self-selection. The analysis is based on survey data of the "GESIS Panel Special Survey on the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Germany", together with background information of the GESIS Panel. Our analyses show indication of a nonignorable amount of selection bias for measures of personality traits among online survey respondents. This provides some evidence that participating in an online survey and complying with measures that can minimize the risk of being infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus are confounded. Hence, generalizing these results to the general population bears the risk of over or underestimating the share of the population that complies with specific measures.
Published: 2021

31. Channels of participation: Political participant types and personality

Abstract: This article employs a person-centred approach to test the relationship between personality traits and empirically defined political participant types. We argue that it is more appropriate to focus on types of participants to test the relationship between personality and political participation than on individual modes or latent dimensions of political participation. Our reasoning is that the person-centred approach allows us to learn more about how and why citizens combine different modes of participation from a tool kit of available political activities to achieve a goal as a function of their personality. We rely on data collected by the German Longitudinal Election Study 2017 (GLES, ZA6801). On the basis of a set of survey questions enquiring on political activities that people take part in, Latent Class Analysis allows us to identify three political participant types (inactives, voting specialists, and complete activists). The 10-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-10) measures respondents’ personality traits. Our findings suggest that conscientious people are more likely to affiliate with the voting specialists and extroverts with the more active participant types in Germany.
Published: 2021

32. Männlich, mittelalt, gebildet - oder? Eine Charakterisierung deutschsprachiger Podcaster:innen

Abstract: Podcasts erfahren nicht nur auf Seite der Hörenden eine immer stärkere Verbreitung. Auch die Zahl podcastproduzierender Personen steigt und macht Podcasts zu einem der aktuell wichtigsten partizipativen Medien. Zur Charakterisierung der Gruppe der Podcaster:innen liegen allerdings bisher nur wenige, überwiegend demographische Daten vor. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll daher dazu beitragen, die deutschsprachigen Podcastproduzierenden in drei Analysebereichen zu beschreiben: im Hinblick auf demographische, podcastspezifische und Persönlichkeitsvariablen. Mittels eines Online-Fragebogens wurden Daten von 653 Podcaster:innen gesammelt. Die Arbeit bietet erste Einblicke in die Diversität der deutschsprachigen Podcastproduzierenden und legt ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Untersuchung von Geschlechterunterschieden.
Published: 2021

33. Understanding How Personality Affects the Acceptance of Technology: A Literature Review

Abstract: The aim of this literature review is to summarize the current state of research on the influence of the extended Big Five personality traits on the acceptance of technology and to uncover inconsistencies and gaps in knowledge. It focuses on the question of how the characteristics openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and willingness to take risks affect people's acceptance of new technologies. Within the framework of the literature review, a total of 378 topic-relevant results were analyzed and ultimately a sample of 22 studies selected to reflect the current state of research. Upon review, most of these studies provide significant results for each of the six personality traits. Furthermore, it was found that most researchers use the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to measure technology acceptance and that the samples consisted mainly of students. In view of the increasing use of intelligent technologies in almost all areas of life, it is particularly important to continuously investigate the factors influencing technology acceptance - and to do so in a representative way for all social classes.
Published: 2021

34. Modeling Facebook users' behavior towards the use of pages related to healthy diet and sport activities

Abstract: Purpose: In this article we aim to model social media users’ behavior in relation with the use of specified Facebook pages and groups, related to eHealth, specifically to healthy diet and sport activities. The study represents to the best of our knowledge the first region-focused on a specific geographical area research. Methods: The users’ personality is measured through the well-known Big Five model and the behavior is predicted with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Structural Equation Modeling is used in order to statistically control the associations among the diverse observed and latent variables. Results: The results suggest an extended theory of planned behavior in combination with personality traits, on eHealth field. Openness and Extraversion do not seem to have positive effect on Attitude. Users’ attitude can be affected positively from Agreeableness and Subjective Norms, guiding to finally positive affection of users’ actual behavior. Agreeableness cannot influence behavior, directly, nor through SN, since the hypothesis path A-SN is not verified, but it can through Attitude. Neuroticism was negatively correlated to PBC but this hypothesis was not, also, confirmed in the proposed model. Implications: While literature confirms all of our hypotheses, in our study only 8 in 12 are finally confirmed. The difference between the present model and literature findings can be located on the different cultural dimensions among the different studies. The present survey is focused on the Greek region with all the participants to be Greeks. This location-based limitation could be surpassed by conducting the same research on different geographical regions and then confront the outcomes.
Published: 2021

35. Does personality predict responses to the COVID-19 crisis? Evidence from a prospective large-scale study

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted people's daily routines and infused their lives with considerable insecurity and uncertainty. However, individuals' responses to the pandemic vary widely. The present study investigates the role of personality traits for key aspects of people's responses to the COVID-19 crisis. In a prospective design using a large-scale panel study (N = 2217) that represents the heterogeneity of the adult population in Germany, we examined whether Big Five domains and facets measured prior to the pandemic predicted individuals' responses to the pandemic in terms of: (a) perceptions of infection risks; (b) behavioral changes to prevent infection; (c) beliefs in the effectiveness of policy measures to combat the further spread of coronavirus; and (d) trust in relevant policymakers and institutions regarding the handling of coronavirus. Results revealed that personality explained only a small portion (between 0.6% and 3.8%) of the variance in the four outcomes. Nonetheless, several Big Five domains and facets had at least small-to-moderate, and theoretically plausible, associations with the outcomes. Overall, Agreeableness and its Trust facet showed the most robust associations with the four outcomes. Most trait-outcome associations were also robust to controlling for three possible confounders (sex, age, and risk-group membership).
Published: 2021

36. Modelling the incremental value of personality facets: the domains-incremental facets-acquiescence bifactor showmodel

Abstract: Personality can be described at different levels of abstraction. Whereas the Big Five domains are the dominant level of analysis, several researchers have called for more fine-grained approaches, such as facet-level analysis. Personality facets allow more comprehensive descriptions, more accurate predictions of outcomes, and a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying trait–outcome relationships. However, several methodological issues plague existing evidence on the added value of facet-level descriptions: Manifest facet scale scores differ with respect to their reliability, domain-level variance (variance that is due to the domain factor) and incremental facet-level variance (variance that is specific to a facet and not shared with the other facets). Moreover, manifest scale scores overlap substantially, which affects associations with criterion variables. We suggest a structural equation modelling approach that allows domain-level variance to be separated from incremental facet-level variance. We analysed data from a heterogeneous sample of adults in the USA (N = 1193) who completed the 60-item Big Five Inventory-2. The results illustrate how the variance of manifest personality items and scale scores can be decomposed into domain-level and incremental facet-level variance. The association with criterion variables (educational attainment, income, health, and life satisfaction) further demonstrates the incremental predictive power of personality facets.
Published: 2021

37. Who Sees Corruption? The Bases of Mass Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin America

Author: Matthew Cawvey, Damarys Canache, Matthew Hayes, and Jeffery J. Mondak
Subjects: Social psychology (sociology), Latin Americans, Social Psychology, Korruption, Sociology and Political Science, Corruption, Politikwissenschaft, bribery, subnational effects, Big Five, media_common.quotation_subject, corruption, lcsh:Political science, socioeconomic factors, perception, sozioökonomische Faktoren, Politics, ddc:150, Perception, Political corruption, Psychology, Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture, Wahrnehmung, Political science, media_common, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur, Test (assessment), Lateinamerika, Latin America, Psychologie, Political economy, ddc:320, Political Science and International Relations, Accountability, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, Sozialpsychologie, lcsh:J
Abstract: The capacity of citizens to see political corruption where it exists and to link such perceptions to evaluations of public officials constitutes an important test of political accountability. Although past research has established that perceived corruption influences political judgments, much less is known regarding the critical prefatory matter of who sees corruption. This article develops a multifaceted theoretical framework regarding the possible bases of perceived corruption. Experiential factors – personal experience and vicarious experience with bribery – mark the starting point for our account. We then incorporate psychological dispositions that may colour judgments about corruption and that may strengthen or weaken the links between experiences and perceptions. Expectations derived from this framework are tested in a series of multi-level models, with data from over 30,000 survey respondents from 17 nations and 84 regions in the Americas.
Published: 2019

38. Das Big Five Inventar 2

Author: Thomas Knopf, Matthias Bluemke, Christopher J. Soto, Daniel Danner, Clemens Lechner, Beatrice Rammstedt, Sabrina Berres, and Oliver P. John
Subjects: psychometrics, measurement instrument, Psychometrics, media_common.quotation_subject, Applied psychology, 050109 social psychology, 050105 experimental psychology, Big Five, Persönlichkeit, data quality, Personality, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Datengewinnung, Big Five personality traits, Social sciences, sociology, anthropology, Reliabilität, Reliability (statistics), media_common, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, validation, Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie, reliability, Datenqualität, 05 social sciences, data capture, Methods and Techniques of Data Collection and Data Analysis, Statistical Methods, Computer Methods, Clinical Psychology, Validierung, personality, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, ddc:300, Messinstrument, Psychometrie, Psychology
Abstract: Die deutsche Version des Big Five Inventars 2 (BFI-2) erfasst die 5 Persönlichkeitsdomänen Extraversion, Verträglichkeit, Gewissenhaftigkeit, Negative Emotionalität (Neurotizismus) und Offenheit sowie insgesamt 15 Persönlichkeitsfacetten mit 60 Items. Das Inventar wurde im Rahmen eines mehrstufigen Übersetzungsprozesses vom Englischen ins Deutsche übertragen. Anhand einer nach Alter, Geschlecht und Bildungsabschluss quotieren Bevölkerungsstichprobe (N = 1 224) wurden Reliabilität, Validität und Messinvarianz über Geschlechter und Altersgruppen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Studien deuten auf gute Reliabilitäten der Domänenwerte und ausreichende Reliabilitäten der Facettenwerte hin. Einzelitems und die Facettenwerte zeigen erwartungskonforme Ladungsmuster. Die Domänen- und Facettenwerte korrelieren erwartungsgemäß mit anderen Persönlichkeitsinventaren und sind mit Kriterien wie Bildungsabschluss, Einkommen, Gesundheit und Lebenszufriedenheit assoziiert. Strukturgleichungsmodelle belegen die residuale Invarianz über Geschlechter. Die durchschnittliche Bearbeitungszeit beträgt 8 Minuten. Normwerte für die deutsche Allgemeinbevölkerung werden berichtet. The German version of the 60-item Big Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2) captures the five personality domains Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Negative Emotionality (Neuroticism), and Open-Mindedness (Openness) and15 facets of personality. The inventory was translated from English into German in multiple steps. On the basis of a population survey (N = 1,224) quoted for age, sex, and education, we examined the reliability, validity, and measurement invariance for gender and age groups. The results suggested good reliability at the domain level and sufficient reliability at the facet level. Overall, items and facets showed the expected loadings on the five personality domains. Also, domain and facet scores correlated with other personality inventories and were associated with external criteria such as educational attainment, income, health, and life satisfaction. Structural equation modeling confirmed residual measurement invariance across gender. Completing the BFI-2 takes 8 min on average. Statistics for the general population in Germany are reported for future reference.
Published: 2019

39. The longitudinal links of personality traits, values, and well-being and self-esteem

Author: Fetvadjiev, Velichko H., He, Jia, and Department of Methodology and Statistics
Subjects: Male, Social psychology (sociology), Wert, Social Values, Sociology and Political Science, stability and predictive power, 050109 social psychology, Personal Satisfaction, PsycINFO, Einflussfaktor, Cognition, ddc:150, Persönlichkeit, Personality characteristic, Psychology, Measurement procedure, CORE, Longitudinal Studies, Big Five personality traits, Netherlands, media_common, Aged, 80 and over, 05 social sciences, Self-esteem, Longitudinal analysis, Contrast (statistics), Middle Aged, BIG-5, TESTS, Female, Longitudinal study, Social psychology, Sentence, Personality, Selbstwertgefühl, Adult, Adolescent, Social Psychology, affective and cognitive well-being, Human Development, media_common.quotation_subject, Well-being, MODELS, Self-concept, Wohlbefinden, VALIDATION, personality traits and values, Young Adult, Well being, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Learner Characteristics, Niederlande, Aged, self-esteem, STABILITY, Messverfahren, MOTIVATION, Self Concept, Längsschnittuntersuchung, Psychologie, PERSPECTIVES, Individual characteristics, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, Affekt, Kognition
Abstract: [Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported online in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology on Apr 4 2019 (see record 2019-18472-001). In the article, the stability model is referred to incorrectly as trait-state error model in the abstract, twice in the main body of the article, and in the Table 2 Note. Corrected versions of the fourth sentence in the abstract, the first sentence of the Analysis Outline section, and the first sentence of the Table 2 Note are provided in the erratum. The Kenny & Zautra (1995) reference has been deleted from the text and References list, and Steyer & Schmitt (1994) was added to the text and References list. All versions of this article have been corrected.] The existence of links between personality traits, values, and well-being and self-esteem is well established, but the nature and direction of these links have been less clearly understood. This study examines longitudinally the stability of traits and values, their mutual effects, and their effects on affective and cognitive well-being and self-esteem. We analyzed data from a nationally representative panel in The Netherlands, spanning 5 time points spread across 8 years (n = 5,159 to 7,021 per time point, total N = 11,890). We estimated latent state-trait models with autoregression and random-intercepts cross-lagged panel models to account for the trait-like, time-invariant stability of the constructs. Traits were more stable than values. The bidirectional effects tended to be significant, but could be distinguished by their relative size. Traits predicted values more strongly than they were predicted by values, and generally predicted well-being and self-esteem more strongly than values did. Traits predicted broad well-being (especially its affective aspects) more strongly than they were predicted by it; values, by contrast, were predicted by well-being (especially its cognitive aspects and self-esteem) more strongly than they predicted it. The findings highlight the central role of traits for personality functioning, while also supporting the mutual constitution of traits and other personality concepts. The results are discussed in the framework of different theoretical approaches to the composition of the broader personality system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Published: 2019

40. Model transformacijskega vodenja v organizacijski kulturi predšolske ustanove

Author: Vesnica Mlinarević, Ana Cvjetičanin, and Ružica Tokić Zec
Subjects: Pädagogik der frühen Kindheit, Executive, Management style, Croatia, Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen, media_common.quotation_subject, Organizational culture, Verhalten, Modell, Affect (psychology), Kindergarten, Transformation, Education, Questionnaire survey, ddc:370, Führungskraft, Perception, Personality characteristic, Fragebogenerhebung, Institution, Organisationskultur, Learner Characteristics, Bildungsorganisation, Bildungsplanung und Bildungsrecht, Big Five personality traits, Wahrnehmung, Private Trägerschaft, Managerial style, media_common, Bildungseinrichtung, Kroatien, Führungsstil, Educational institution, Tone (literature), Mitarbeiter, Co-worker, Nursery school, Attitude, Transformational leadership, Individual characteristics, %22">Einstellung , Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, organisational culture, preschool institution, preschool teachers, transformational leadership, Job satisfaction, Psychology, Quantitative research, Social psychology, Quantitative Forschung
Abstract: The culture of an organisation refers to the common and dominant values and norms, as well as the beliefs and perceptions of its employees. Organisational culture influences employee behaviour and attitudes. The culture of the institution predetermines the tone of the environment, which can affect employee satisfaction. The basic premise of this paper is established in the connection between the characteristics of the leader and the transformational model of leadership in the organisational culture of the preschool institution. This research aims to determine whether the assessments and self-assessments of leaders and preschool teachers differ in the frequency of using the transformational leadership style and to determine the relationship between the transformational leadership style and the leader’s personality traits. The research was conducted in a private Croatian preschool institution, which consists of 10 kindergartens. A total of 51 participants in 9 kindergartens participated in the research. The study used a quantitative research approach. The research results show that preschool teachers and leaders do not differ significantly in estimates of the frequency of application of the transformational leadership style and that there is a significant correlation between some characteristics of the leader and the transformational model of preschool leadership.
Published: 2021

41. Modeling Facebook users' behavior towards the use of pages related to healthy diet and sport activities

Author: Misirlis, Nikolaos, Elshof, Marjon, Vlachopoulou, Maro, Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (HAN), and University of Macedonia [Thessaloniki] (UoM)
Subjects: Ernährung, Facebook, Nutzung, L86, social media, utilization, HF5410-5417.5, ddc:070, Interactive, electronic Media, ddc:150, health behavior, motivation, Soziale Medien, Theory of Planned Behavior, Management. Industrial management, ddc:330, Psychology, Personality traits, C31, interaktive, elektronische Medien, News media, journalism, publishing, Sport, JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O3 - Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights/O.O3.O35 - Social Innovation, Marketing. Distribution of products, HD28-70, O35, Big Five Personality Model, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables/C.C3.C31 - Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models, nutrition, Psychologie, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Gesundheitsverhalten, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, [SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, Personality Psychology, JEL: L - Industrial Organization/L.L8 - Industry Studies: Services/L.L8.L86 - Information and Internet Services • Computer Software, Publizistische Medien, Journalismus,Verlagswesen, sports
Abstract: Purpose: In this article we aim to model social media users’ behavior in relation with the use of specified Facebook pages and groups, related to eHealth, specifically to healthy diet and sport activities. The study represents to the best of our knowledge the first region-focused on a specific geographical area research. Methods: The users’ personality is measured through the well-known Big Five model and the behavior is predicted with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Structural Equation Modeling is used in order to statistically control the associations among the diverse observed and latent variables. Results: The results suggest an extended theory of planned behavior in combination with personality traits, on eHealth field. Openness and Extraversion do not seem to have positive effect on Attitude. Users’ attitude can be affected positively from Agreeableness and Subjective Norms, guiding to finally positive affection of users’ actual behavior. Agreeableness cannot influence behavior, directly, nor through SN, since the hypothesis path A-SN is not verified, but it can through Attitude. Neuroticism was negatively correlated to PBC but this hypothesis was not, also, confirmed in the proposed model. Implications: While literature confirms all of our hypotheses, in our study only 8 in 12 are finally confirmed. The difference between the present model and literature findings can be located on the different cultural dimensions among the different studies. The present survey is focused on the Greek region with all the participants to be Greeks. This location-based limitation could be surpassed by conducting the same research on different geographical regions and then confront the outcomes., SUBMITTED: JULY. 2020, 1st REVISION SUBMITTED: DEC 2020, 2nd REVISION SUBMITTED: FEB 2021, ACCEPTED: MAR 2021, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 18 OCT 2021
Published: 2021

42. Modelling the incremental value of personality facets: the domains-incremental facets-acquiescence bifactor showmodel

Author: Clemens M. Lechner, Daniel Danner, Oliver P. John, and Christopher J. Soto
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, psychometrics, measurement instrument, Social Psychology, Psychometrics, PIAAC, Big Five, personality facets, Big Five Inventory 2, DIFAB, BFI-2, media_common.quotation_subject, 050109 social psychology, 050105 experimental psychology, Persönlichkeit, Personality, data quality, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Abstraction, Big Five personality traits, Datengewinnung, Level of analysis, Social sciences, sociology, anthropology, Reliabilität, media_common, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, validation, Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie, reliability, Acquiescence, Datenqualität, 05 social sciences, musculoskeletal system, data capture, Methods and Techniques of Data Collection and Data Analysis, Statistical Methods, Computer Methods, Validierung, personality, personality traits, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, ddc:300, Messinstrument, Psychology, Psychometrie, Value (mathematics), Cognitive psychology
Abstract: Personality can be described at different levels of abstraction. Whereas the Big Five domains are the dominant level of analysis, several researchers have called for more fine-grained approaches, such as facet-level analysis. Personality facets allow more comprehensive descriptions, more accurate predictions of outcomes, and a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying trait–outcome relationships. However, several methodological issues plague existing evidence on the added value of facet-level descriptions: Manifest facet scale scores differ with respect to their reliability, domain-level variance (variance that is due to the domain factor) and incremental facet-level variance (variance that is specific to a facet and not shared with the other facets). Moreover, manifest scale scores overlap substantially, which affects associations with criterion variables. We suggest a structural equation modelling approach that allows domain-level variance to be separated from incremental facet-level variance. We analysed data from a heterogeneous sample of adults in the USA (N = 1193) who completed the 60-item Big Five Inventory-2. The results illustrate how the variance of manifest personality items and scale scores can be decomposed into domain-level and incremental facet-level variance. The association with criterion variables (educational attainment, income, health, and life satisfaction) further demonstrates the incremental predictive power of personality facets.
Published: 2021

43. Mapping the drivers of negative campaigning: Insights from a candidate survey

Author: Alessandro Nai and Jürgen Maier
Subjects: Kampagne, Sociology and Political Science, campaign, Politikwissenschaft, 050801 communication & media studies, Federal Republic of Germany, Verhalten, German, 0508 media and communications, Political science, 050602 political science & public administration, Kandidatur, Wahlkampf, candidacy, Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture, politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur, business.industry, behavior, 05 social sciences, Public relations, language.human_language, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 0506 political science, election campaign, Context factors, Negative campaigning, Political Science and International Relations, ddc:320, language, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, Survey data collection, political agenda, Federal election, policy attacks, character attacks, candidate behavior, candidate survey, micro-level factors, context factors, Kandidatenstudie (GLES 2017) (ZA6814), business, politische Agenda
Abstract: Which candidates are more likely to go negative, and under which conditions? We analyze self-reported survey data from candidates having run in the 2017 German federal election for the main parties. More specifically, we test a comprehensive set of factors supposed to drive the use of (a) negative campaigning in general, (b) policy attacks, and (c) character attacks. Our results show that for all three versions of negative campaigning the political profile of candidates is most important, followed by personality traits, perceived campaign dynamics, social profile, and available campaign resources. Within these categories, five factors are important across the board: members of the governing parties are less likely to attack, ‘extreme ideology’ of the candidate fuels the use of attack politics, candidates who believe that the media can persuade voters attack more often, disagreeable candidates tend to go negative, and male candidates are more likely to attack than females.
Published: 2021

44. Understanding How Personality Affects the Acceptance of Technology: A Literature Review

Author: Seibert, Daniel, Godulla, Alexander, and Wolf, Cornelia
Subjects: Kommunikationsmedien, man-machine system, communication media, Technology Acceptance, TAM, UTAUT, Big Five, Personality Traits, Informationstechnologie, acceptance research, Sociology & anthropology, information technology, Soziologie, Anthropologie, Akzeptanzforschung, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, ddc:301, Sociology of Science, Sociology of Technology, Research on Science and Technology, Wissenschaftssoziologie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Technikforschung, Techniksoziologie, Mensch-Maschine-System
Abstract: The aim of this literature review is to summarize the current state of research on the influence of the extended Big Five personality traits on the acceptance of technology and to uncover inconsistencies and gaps in knowledge. It focuses on the question of how the characteristics openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and willingness to take risks affect people's acceptance of new technologies. Within the framework of the literature review, a total of 378 topic-relevant results were analyzed and ultimately a sample of 22 studies selected to reflect the current state of research. Upon review, most of these studies provide significant results for each of the six personality traits. Furthermore, it was found that most researchers use the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to measure technology acceptance and that the samples consisted mainly of students. In view of the increasing use of intelligent technologies in almost all areas of life, it is particularly important to continuously investigate the factors influencing technology acceptance - and to do so in a representative way for all social classes.
Published: 2021

45. Does personality predict responses to the COVID-19 crisis? Evidence from a prospective large-scale study

Author: Bernd Weiß, Beatrice Rammstedt, and Clemens M. Lechner
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Big Five, BFI-2-S, personality facets, coronavirus, COVID-19, GESIS Panel, Special Survey on the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Germany, ZA5667 (version 1.1.0), Social Psychology, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Scale (ratio), media_common.quotation_subject, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 050109 social psychology, Federal Republic of Germany, Epidemie, Verhalten, perception, medicine.disease_cause, 050105 experimental psychology, epidemic, Einstellung, ddc:150, Pandemic, medicine, Personality, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Wahrnehmung, media_common, Coronavirus, behavior, 05 social sciences, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Psychologie, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, attitude, Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, personality traits, Personality Psychology, Clinical psychology
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted people’s daily routines and infused their lives with considerable insecurity and uncertainty. However, individuals’ responses to the pandemic vary widely. The present study investigates the role of personality traits for key aspects of people’s responses to the COVID-19 crisis. In a prospective design using a large-scale panel study ( N = 2217) that represents the heterogeneity of the adult population in Germany, we examined whether Big Five domains and facets measured prior to the pandemic predicted individuals’ responses to the pandemic in terms of: (a) perceptions of infection risks; (b) behavioral changes to prevent infection; (c) beliefs in the effectiveness of policy measures to combat the further spread of coronavirus; and (d) trust in relevant policymakers and institutions regarding the handling of coronavirus. Results revealed that personality explained only a small portion (between 0.6% and 3.8%) of the variance in the four outcomes. Nonetheless, several Big Five domains and facets had at least small-to-moderate, and theoretically plausible, associations with the outcomes. Overall, Agreeableness and its Trust facet showed the most robust associations with the four outcomes. Most trait–outcome associations were also robust to controlling for three possible confounders (sex, age, and risk-group membership).
Published: 2021

46. Through the tunnel, to the light: Why sense of coherence covers and exceeds resilience, optimism, and self-compassion

Abstract: Sense of coherence (SOC), resilience, dispositional optimism, and self-compassion are highly related aspects of personality that promote health and well-being. We systematically compared these constructs and explored their criterion validity when predicting psychological distress. With the help of structural equation modeling, we examined SOC's factor structure and incremental validity over resilience (N1 = 208) as well as over optimism and self-compassion (N2 = 308) in two studies. Despite strong overlap (shared variance) SOC clearly outperformed its competitors. Neither resilience, nor optimism, nor self-compassion had significant incremental validity over SOC on a latent level. A two-factor model for SOC explained most variance in psychological distress. Results highlight the importance of salutogenic factors even in a neck-to-neck comparison with other potentially health-benefitting personality variables. Meaningfulness appears to contribute to SOC's uniqueness.
Published: 2020

47. Personality traits as determinants of political behavior: Ukrainian electoral and voting tendencies

Abstract: Now there is a sharp increase of interest in politics, especially among young people. Meanwhile, the psychological mechanisms of the person’s political behavior (its manifesting and regulating), as well as interaction of his cognitive, emotional, motivation and value factors with the political system remain insufficiently studied. The aim of this research is to study the influence of personality traits on political behavior in order to find out the connection between person’s individual-psychological characteristics and the degree of his participation in political life within the territory of Ukraine. The Five-Factor NEO-PI-R (NEO Personality Inventory-Revised) model was used for analyzing the respondents’ tendency to politically significant behavior. The survey was conducted in 2017 in Ukraine (n=1247, age: 15-50 years). A positive correlation of the political participation indicators with the personal indicator Conscientiousness and the negative correlation with the Agreeableness parameter were revealed. We have established that emotionally balanced respondents more often show a desire to run for office and rarely participate in voting. High results for Agreeableness and Neuroticism determine the low level of political ambitions. These findings constitute a new step forward in understanding how personality traits form responses in the people’s political engagement while demonstrating the Ukrainian political tendencies.
Published: 2020

48. Factorial validity and measurement invariance across gender groups of the German version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index

Abstract: The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is the most widely used measure of empathy, but its factorial validity has been questioned. The present research investigates the factorial validity of the German adaptation of the IRI, the "Saarbrücker Persönlichkeitsfragebogen SPF-IRI". Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) were used to test the theoretically predicted four-factor model. Across two subsamples ESEM outperformed CFA. Substantial cross-loadings were evident in ESEM. Measurement invariance (MI) across gender groups was tested using ESEM in the combined sample. Strict MI (invariant factor loadings, intercepts, residuals) could be established, and variances and covariances were also equal. Differences for latent means were evident. Women scored higher on fantasy, empathic concern, and personal distress. No significant differences were found for perspective taking. Mean differences were due to real differences on latent variables and not a result of measurement bias. Results support the factorial validity of the German SPF-IRI. The heterogeneity of empathy and the unclear differentiation between cognitive and emotional aspects might be a source for the unclear differentiation of scales.
Published: 2020

49. Who Sees Corruption? The Bases of Mass Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin America

Abstract: The capacity of citizens to see political corruption where it exists and to link such perceptions to evaluations of public officials constitutes an important test of political accountability. Although past research has established that perceived corruption influences political judgments, much less is known regarding the critical prefatory matter of who sees corruption. This article develops a multifaceted theoretical framework regarding the possible bases of perceived corruption. Experiential factors - personal experience and vicarious experience with bribery - mark the starting point for our account. We then incorporate psychological dispositions that may colour judgments about corruption and that may strengthen or weaken the links between experiences and perceptions. Expectations derived from this framework are tested in a series of multi-level models, with data from over 30,000 survey respondents from 17 nations and 84 regions in the Americas.
Published: 2020

50. Can the Big Five explain the criterion validity of Sense of Coherence for mental health, life satisfaction, and personal distress?

Abstract: Objective: Several studies have demonstrated a strong overlap in variance between the salutogenic construct Sense of Coherence (SOC) and the Big Five personality traits, yet the unique contributions of these overlapping constructs remain debated. Specifically, the statistical association between SOC and neuroticism has been taken as evidence for SOC representing a fundamental personality trait in disguise. The present research explored the incremental validity when predicting crucial psychological outcomes: mental health, satisfaction with life, and psychological distress. Method: Participants (N = 1842; 1574 female, 268 male, age 15–77 years), who completed an online survey, answered health-relevant questionnaires (SCL-K-9, SWLS, IRI-PD). Results: Multiple regression analysis showed that the Big Five can explain 40% of the observed variance in SOC. However, when using all variables as predictors of mental health, satisfaction with life, and personal distress, SOC showed substantial incremental validity over the Big Five traits. Conclusion: Despite overlapping variance, the importance of salutogenesis beyond the Five Factor Model can be demonstrated specifically for health outcomes. Differences in criterion validity and incremental validity of SOC imply that SOC cannot be equated with reversed neuroticism.
Published: 2020

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