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Entomopathogenic fungi, often acknowledged primarily for their insecticidal properties, fulfill diverse roles within ecosystems. These roles encompass endophytism, antagonism against plant diseases, promotion of the growth of plants, and inhabitation of the rhizosphere, occurring both naturally and upon artificial inoculation, as substantiated by a growing body of contemporary research. Numerous studies have highlighted the beneficial aspects of endophytic colonization. This review aims to systematically organize information concerning the direct (nutrient acquisition and production of phytohormones) and indirect (resistance induction, antibiotic and secondary metabolite production, siderophore production, and mitigation of abiotic and biotic stresses) implications of endophytic colonization. Furthermore, a thorough discussion of these mechanisms is provided. Several challenges, including isolation complexities, classification of novel strains, and the impact of terrestrial location, vegetation type, and anthropogenic reluctance to use fungal entomopathogens, have been recognized as hurdles. However, recent advancements in biotechnology within microbial research hold promising solutions to many of these challenges. Ultimately, the current constraints delineate potential future avenues for leveraging endophytic fungal entomopathogens as dual microbial control agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown patch caused by the basidiomycete fungus Rhizoctonia solani is an economically important disease of cool-season turfgrasses. In order to manage the disease, different types of fungicides have been applied, but the negative impact of fungicides on the environment continues to rise. In this study, the beneficial bacteria Bacillus velezensis GH1-13 was characterized as a potential biocontrol agent to manage brown patch disease. The strain GH1-13 strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of turf pathogens including different anastomosis groups of R. solani causing brown patch and large patch. R. solani AG2-2(IIIB) hyphae were morphologically changed, and fungal cell death resulted from exposure to the strain GH1-13. In addition, the compatibility of fungicides with the bacterial strain, and the combined application of fungicide azoxystrobin and the strain in brown patch control on creeping bentgrass indicated that the strain could serve as a biocontrol agent. To develop strainspecific detection method, two unique genes from chromosome and plasmid of GH1-13 were found using pan-genome analysis of 364 Bacillus strains. The unique gene from chromosome was successfully detected using both SYBR Green and TaqMan qPCR methods in bacterial DNA or soil DNA samples. This study suggests that application of GH1-13 offers an environmentally friendly approach via reducing fungicide application rates. Furthermore, the developed pipeline of strain-specific detection method could be a useful tool for detecting and studying the dynamics of specific biocontrol agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct oxidation by an ultraviolet (UV) and ozone process and oxinitridation (plasma nitridation after oxidation) GaAs surfaces were used to form nanometer-scale gate insulating layers for depletion-type recessed gate GaAs-MISFETS. The oxinitrided gate device (GaAs-MISFET) exhibited smaller leakage current than the simple oxide gate device.

A new species belonging to the genus Alternaria was isolated from the necrotic leaf spots of Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis in Yuseong district, Daejeon, Korea. It is an occasional isolate, not an etiological agent, which is morphologically similar to A. broccoli-italicae, but differs in conidial size and conidiophore shape. Phylogenetic analysis using the sequence datasets of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd), and plasma membrane ATPase genes showed that it is distantly related to A. broccoli-italicae and closely related to Alternaria species in the section Pseudoalternaria, which belonged to a clade basal to the section Infectoriae. Morphologically, the species is unique because it produces solitary conidia or conidial chains (two units), unlike the four members in the section Pseudoalternaria that produce conidia as short branched chains. It exhibits weak pathogenicity in the host plant. This report includes the description and illustration of A. brassicifolii as a new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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During fungal diversity surveys of the order Eurotiales in Korea, two fungal strains, EML-DC33-1 and EML-NCP50, were isolated from samples of rat dung and fig tree leaf collected at a garden located in Gwangju in 2014. To complete the National Species List of Korea, it is a prerequisite to verify whether many questionable species, which were previously recorded but not confirmed, indeed present in Korea. Herein, the isolates were confirmed as undescribed species, Paecilomyces variotii and Talaromyces amestolkiae based on the combination of morphological and phylogenetic analyses of multigenes including the rDNA internal transcribed spacer, (β-tubulin, and RNA polymerase II subunit 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]