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Fungal growth on construction materials in tropical climates can degrade aesthetics and manifestations on modern and historical sick buildings, affecting the health of their inhabitants. This study synthesized ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced antifungal properties using a precipitation method. Different concentrations (25%, 50%, and 100%) of Eichhornia crassipes aqueous extract were used with Zn(NO3)2·6H2O as the precursor to evaluate their spectroscopic, morphological, textural, and antifungal properties. X-ray diffraction confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO with crystallite sizes up to 20 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy identified absorption bands at 426, 503, and 567 cm−1 for ZnO-100, ZnO-50, and ZnO-25, respectively. Nitrogen physisorption indicated a type II isotherm with macropores and a fractal dimension coefficient near 2 across all concentrations. Polydispersity index analysis showed that ZnO-50 had a higher PDI, indicating a broader size distribution, while ZnO-25 and ZnO-100 exhibited lower PDI values, reflecting uniform and monodisperse particle sizes. FESEM observations revealed semi-spherical ZnO morphologies prone to agglomeration, particularly in ZnO-25. Antifungal tests highlighted ZnO-25 as the most effective, especially against Phoma sp. with an MFC/MIC ratio of 78 µg/mL. Poisoned plate assays demonstrated over 50% inhibition at 312 µg/mL for all tested fungi, outperforming commercial antifungals. The results indicate that ZnO NPs synthesized using E. crassipes extract effectively inhibit fungal growth on construction materials. This procedure offers a practical approach to improving the durability of building aesthetics and may contribute to reducing the health risks associated with exposure to fungal compounds.

Electronic waste recycling is a strategy that contributes to implement a circular economy model which include reuse, component and raw material recovery and minimum final deposition. Given the importance of reincorporating the components of electronic devices into the productive chain and a correct recovery for some hazardous metals such as lead contained in such residues. This study is focused on the effect of maximum available content (MAC) of metal, sulfuric acid initial concentration, agitation velocity, and oxidising agent on the recovery of copper, lead and iron from electronic waste through acid leaching. A solid-state characterization before and after treatment and electrochemical analysis was carried out to analyse MCA effects and surface chemistry. It was found that sub-millimetric particles show a better available extraction percentage in case of copper and iron, being opposite for lead. Presence of hydrogen peroxide enhance the extraction efficiency, however, this cause iron and lead precipitation, therefore it is inefficient for metals recovery as well as for reagent consumption. The presence of calcium salts reacts producing gypsum, which reduces the extraction yield of copper at particle size below 250 μm.

Background: Compounds derived from hydrocarbons are essential for industry and our daily life; however, accidents such as spills or leaks occur regularly, causing severe environmental impact. Therefore, bacteria isolated from an oil well were characterized to assess their potential in the degradation of hydrocarbons under individual and consortium treatments. Soil samples, from a well contaminated with hydrocarbons in Tabasco, Mexico, were collected. The biosurfactant, emulsifying capacity, hemolytic activity, ionic charge, and biofilm formation were analyzed. Results: Most of the isolated strains belong to the genus Pseudomonas according to 16S rDNA sequencing. In general, emulsification percentages greater than 60% in the different substrates evaluated were observed. In addition, these strains can form biofilms, and those selected to integrate the microbial consortia present anionic surfactants. Three strains were selected to evaluate the degradation potential of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons from the same site where the bacteria were isolated in a microcosm. The microbial consortia degraded the contaminated soil more efficiently than the strains were evaluated alone, mainly the three bacteria consortia, with percentages greater than 80%. Conclusions: This study shows that, despite belonging to the same species, bacterial strains’ metabolic capacity for the expression of surfactant compounds, emulsifiers, and the formation of biofilms are different. Furthermore, the more structured a community is, the greater the biodegradation process that occurs when bacteria act individually on the substrate. Therefore, this study demonstrates that strains of the same species integrated microbial consortia improve the bioremediation processes of hydrocarbons in contaminated soils.How to cite: Lázaro-Mass S, Gómez-Cornelio S, Castillo-Vidal M, et al. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons from contaminated soils by microbial consortia: A laboratory microcosm study. Electron J Biotechnol 2022;61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.10.002.

Fly ashes from the fluidized bed boiler were used to obtain zeolites by the alkaline fusion process, followed by a hydrothermal procedure. The melting was carried out with 98 % granulated NaOH, mixed with ashes in mass ratios 1.2/1, 1.4/1 and 1.6/1 and using three melting temperatures, 450 °C, 550 °C and 650 °C. For the crystallization of the zeolites, the hydrothermal procedure at 90 °C was used. The crystalline phases of the zeolitic materials were quantified by XRD analysis. The morphology of the crystals was identified by SEM. The FTIR spectra revealed that the transformation of sodalite mineral to zeolite A and zeolite X increased with the NaOH/CVT ratio and the temperature.

Cities occupy a relatively small percentage of the Earth’s surface. However, they influence the entire biosphere, affect biodiversity and environmental conditions, which end up affecting human health and well-being. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the level of contamination by heavy metals in urban environments, as well as the possible ecological and human health risks. In this study, the urban dust of six Mexican cities was analyzed and it was found that all studied cities were contaminated, except for Mérida, when soil world background value was used as reference. In contrast, Mérida and Morelia were the most contaminated when a local background was used (decile 1). The concentrations in the cities for the metals Cu, Pb and Zn, decreased in the order CDMX > San Luis Potosí > Toluca > Morelia-Ensenada > Mérida. In the particular case of Cu and Pb, SLP accompanied CDMX as the most polluted city. For Mn and Fe concentrations, the order was CDMX > Toluca > Ensenada > SLP > Morelia-Mérida. No potential ecological risk was found due to contamination by Cu, Pb, and Zn, in the urban dust of the studied cities. However, the higher metal contribution to the potential ecological risk in all the cities was from Pb; and it represented a moderate ecological risk of more than 25% on CDMX, SLP, and Toluca sites. Pb can also be a potential risk for children’s health. In addition, chronic exposure to Fe and Mn could trigger many ailments. In the future, it is important to identify the main sources of Pb in cities and seek mitigation strategies to reduce the possible adverse effects that this metal may be causing.

In this work, a pH-responsive drug-carrier based on chitosan-silica nanospheres was developed as a carrier for Albendazole (ABZ), a poorly water-soluble anthelmintic drug. Spherical silica nanoparticles were obtained by Stöber method and further etched to obtain mesoporous particles with sizes ranging from 350 to 400 nm. The specific BET area of nanoparticles increased from 15 m2/g to 150 m2/g for etched silica, which also exhibited a uniform pore size distribution. X-ray powder diffraction showed the presence of amorphous phase of silica and a low-intensity peak attributed to ABZ for the drug-loaded nanoparticles. A uniform layer of chitosan was obtained ranging from 10 to 15 nm in thickness due to the small concentration of chitosan used (0.45 mg of chitosan/mg of SiO2). The in vitro evaluation of hybrid nanoparticles was performed using four cervical cancer cell lines CaSki, HeLa, SiHa and C33A, showing a significant reduction in cell proliferation (>85%) after 72 h. Therefore, we confirmed the encapsulation and bioavailability of the drug, which was released in a controlled way, and the presence of chitosan delayed the release, which could be of interest for the development of prolonged release drug delivery systems.

Ruminant animals contribute significantly to methane emissions in tropical regions. Nonetheless, there are few facilities available in those regions of the world for in vivo measurement of methane production in cattle. The aim of the present work was to describe the design, construction and operation of respiration chambers for in vivo measurement of methane production in cattle in Mexico. Locally available materials were used in the construction. Walls, roof and doors were constructed of thermic panels with two windows of acrylic at the front so the animal can be observed at all times. Chambers have an air volume of 9.97 m3. Air is drawn from the chamber at a rate of 500 L/min by the effect of mass action flow generators. Methane was measured in air samples with an infrared analyzer. Chambers operate under a slight negative pressure of around -500 Pa. Air temperature inside the chambers is kept at 23 °C with an air conditioner, while relative humidity is maintained at 55 % with a dehumidifier. Functioning of the chambers was evaluated in Bos indicus, Nelore cattle fed Taiwan grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and a concentrate (18 % crude protein), and measurements were made during runs of 23 h duration. Methane production was on average 173.2 L per day, while the emission factor was 17.48 L methane per kilogram o dry matter consumed. It concludes that this respiration facility is capable of measuring methane production accurately in cattle fed tropical rations.

E n Ensenada, Baja California, los barcos y vehículos emiten partículas con metales pesados. Las partículas se transportan con el viento y se depositan en el suelo, donde se mezclan con él dando lugar a los polvos urbanos. Los metales pesados pueden afectar la salud de la población, por lo que se requiere un diagnóstico rápido para encontrar soluciones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las zonas con mayor contaminación en la ciudad. Se tomaron 86 muestras de polvo urbano sobre diferentes sustratos (suelo, cemento y asfalto). Los metales se analizaron mediante f luorescencia de rayos X. Las diferencias entre los sustratos se identificaron mediante un análisis de varianza. Por otra parte, se hizo un análisis para conocer la distribución espacial de los metales pesados, utilizando la interpolación con kriging ordinario. El asfalto contiene las mayores concentraciones de Cr, Ni, Pb y Zn; el cemento contiene mayores concentracions de Cu y V; y el suelo es el que más Rb contiene. El mapa que integra las clases de mayor concentración de metales indica que la zona suroeste, donde se localiza el puerto y pasa la carretera transpeninsular, es la más contaminada.

This study synthesized and characterized composites of graphene oxide and TiO2 (GO–TiO2). GO–TiO2 thin films were deposited using the doctor blade technique. Subsequently, the thin films were sensitized with a natural dye extracted from a Colombian source (Bactris guineensis). Thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and diffuse reflectance measurements were used for physico-chemical characterization. All the samples were polycrystalline in nature, and the diffraction signals corresponded to the TiO2 anatase crystalline phase. Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified the synthesis of composite thin films, and the SEM analysis confirmed the TiO2 films morphological modification after the process of GO incorporation and sensitization. XPS results suggested a possibility of appearance of titanium (III) through the formation of oxygen vacancies (Ov). Furthermore, the optical results indicated that the presence of the natural sensitizer and GO improved the optical properties of TiO2 in the visible range. Finally, the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was studied under visible irradiation in aqueous solution, and pseudo-first-order model was used to obtain kinetic information about photocatalytic degradation. These results indicated that the presence of GO has an important synergistic effect in conjunction with the natural sensitizer, reaching a photocatalytic yield of 33%.

The funerary rites of particular members of the pre-Hispanic Mayan society included the pigmentation of the corpse with a red color. In order to understand this ritual, it is first necessary to identify the constituents of the pigment mixture and then, based on its properties, analyze the possible form and moment of application. In the present approach, 1H-NMR analysis was carried to detect organic components in the funerary pigments of Xcambó, a small Maya settlement in the Yucatan Peninsula. The comparison of the spectra belonging to the pigment found in the bone remains of seven individuals, and those from natural materials, led to the identification of beeswax and an abietane resin as constituents of the pigment, thus conferring it agglutinant and aromatic properties, respectively. The 1H-NMR analysis also allowed to rule out the presence of copal, a resin found in the pigment cover from paramount chiefs from the Mayan society. Additionally, a protocol for the extraction of the organic fraction from the bone segment without visible signs of analysis was developed, thus broadening the techniques available to investigate these valuable samples.

The design of proxy techniques is an innovative tool to monitor the potentially toxic elements of pollution in road dust. This study evaluated the use of road dust color as a proxy methodology to identify samples contaminated with presumably contaminating elements. FRX determined the concentrations of Fe, Ti, Rb, Sr, Y, Cu, Zn, and Pb in eighty-five road dust samples. The appliance of the RGB system and the Munsell color cards identified five color groups of road dust samples. The discriminant analysis validated these groups by colorimetric indices and presumably contaminating elements. The “very dark gray” color of road dust contains the highest concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Y. The redness and saturation rates showed high correlations with presumably contaminating elements in “dark gray” and “very dark gray” color samples. The color of road dust, as a proxy technique, allows identifying samples contaminated with presumably contaminating elements.

Antecedentes. Las redes son escenarios de concertación y articulación, de afectos, de amores y desamores entre los actores que hacen parte de ellas. Los actores están mediados por intereses acordes con sus contextos y vivencias. Objetivo. Presentar los aprendizajes vividos durante el proceso de liderazgo de la Red de Rehabilitación Basada en Comunidad (RBC) de las Américas a partir de los postulados de José Bernardo Toro. Desarrollo del tema. Se identifican tres momentos de la experiencia vivida: primer momento, armando la red; segundo momento, viviendo la red y tercer momento, recuperando aprendizajes. El artículo incluye un panorama general de la estructuración de las redes de RBC en el mundo y una descripción de las redes que se consolidan alrededor de discapacidad en las Américas, ello con el propósito de reflexionar sobre el trabajo en red y en equipo. Conclusiones. Los aprendizajes vividos, durante los tres últimos años, se relacionan con aprender a no agredir al congénere, a comunicarse, a interactuar, a decidir en grupo y a valorar el saber social. Finalmente, damos algunas recomendaciones sobre el camino a seguir.

La contaminación por elementos potencialmente tóxicos (EPT) no se evalúa periódicamente, ya que los análisis químicos son de costo elevado. Las cenizas y humos de combustión otorgan color obscuro al suelo y afectan la salud de la población. El color podría funcionar como indicador proxy. En este trabajo se diseñó una metodología para probar el uso del color del polvo urbano como indicador de contaminación por EPT y se identificó el color más contaminado. Se analizaron 86 muestras de polvo de Ensenada, Baja California. El color de las muestras se midió y los índices de color (IC) se calcularon con el sistema RGB. El Níquel (Ni), Cobre (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Plomo (Pb), Rubidio (Rb), Vanadio (V), Estroncio (Sr) e Itrio (Y) se analizaron por fluorescencia de rayos X. Las muestras se agruparon por color con las tablas Munsell; los agrupamientos se validaron con un análisis discriminante utilizando los IC. Las regresiones múltiples indicaron que existe relación entre los IC y los EPT. Las medianas de los elementos analizados en las muestras agrupadas por color fueron diferentes (Kruskal-Wallis, P < 0.05). El polvo gris contiene mayores concentraciones de Pb, Cu, Zn y Ni. Los índices de color del polvo urbano pueden considerarse una metodología proxy debido al bajo costo, rapidez y confiabilidad.

The assembly of fungal communities on stone materials is mainly influenced by the differential bioreceptivity of such materials and environmental conditions. However, little is known about the role of fungal interactions in the colonization and establishment of fungal species. We analyzed the effects of intra- and interspecific interactions between 11 species of fungi in oligotrophic and copiotrophic media and on limestone coupons. In a previous study, these species were the most frequently isolated in the epilithic biofilms of limestone walls exposed to a subtropical climate. In the culture media, we found a greater frequency of intra- and interspecific inhibitory effects in the oligotrophic medium than in the copiotrophic medium. On the limestone coupons, all fungi were able to establish; however, the colonization success rate varied significantly. Cladosporium cladosporioides had a less extensive colonization in isolation (control) than in dual interactions (coexistence) with other species. Phoma eupyrena exhibited the highest colonization success rate and competitive dominance among all tested species. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses revealed that Pestalotiopsis maculans and Paraconiothyrium sp. produced calcium oxalate crystals during their growth on coupon surfaces, both in isolation and in dual interactions. Our results demonstrate that interactions between abundant fungal species influence the fungal colonization on substrates, the biomineralization and the fungal community assemblage growing in limestone biofilms.

Comment To: Ocampo-Rios, et al., Geofisica Internacional, 56(1), 2017. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2018.57.1.1812

This work reports the synthesis of N-doped porous carbon (NPC) with a high surface area from Sargassum spp. as a low-cost alternative for electrocatalyst production for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Sargassum spp. was activated with potassium hydroxide at different temperatures (700, 750, and 800 °C) and then doped with pyridine (N700, N750, and N800). As a result of the activation process, the 800 °C sample showed a high surface area (2765 m2 g−1) and good onset potential (0.870 V) and current density (4.87 mA cm−2). The ORR performance of the electrocatalysts in terms of their current density was N800 > N750 > N700 > 750 > 800 > 700, while the onset potential decreased in the following order: N800 > 800 > 750 > 700 > N700 > N750. The fuel cell performance of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) prepared with electrocatalyst synthesized at 750 °C and doped with pyridine was 12.72 mW cm−2, which was close to that from Pt/C MEA on both the anode and cathode (14.42 mW cm−2). These results indicate that NPCs are an alternative to the problem of Sargassum spp. accumulation in the Caribbean due to their high efficiency as electrocatalysts for ORR.

En el presente trabajo, investigamos la correlación entre algunos parámetros magnéticos y el nivel de contaminación por metales pesados en suelos urbanos de la ciudad de Morelia, en el occidente de México. El estudio magnético fue llevado a cabo en 98 muestras urbanas provenientes de diferentes tipos de uso de suelo. La mayoría de las muestras contienen minerales ferrimagnéticos como responsables de la magnetización, pertenecientes probablemente a las soluciones sólidas de las titanomagnetitas/ titanomaghemitas. Esto es inferido a partir de las mediciones de susceptibilidad en función de la temperatura y de los experimentos de magnetización remanente isotérmica (MRI). Estas mediciones indican además, que la mayoría de las muestras se saturan casi completamente antes de los 300 mT. Adicionalmente, los valores S-200 (S-200 = IRM-200/SIRM, donde IRM-200= magnetización a campo inverso de 200 mT después de la saturación magnética) se encuentran entre 0.7 y 1.0, característicos de minerales de baja coercitividad magnética. Las curvas promedio de magnetización remanente isotérmica de saturación (SIRM) pueden ser usadas como un indicador del nivel de contaminación, ya que estas curvas muestran diferentes valores de saturación de acuerdo al nivel de contaminación por metales pesados: Cu, Ni, Cr y Sr. Estas asociaciones de (titano)magnetitas con metales pesados fueron observadas bajo el Microscopio Electrónico de Barrido, revelando algunos agregados complejos en lugar de las esférulas detectadas comúnmente. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7169(13)71467-3

Hybrid bionanocomposites based on cellulose matrix, with silica nanoparticles as reinforcers, were prepared by one-pot synthesis of cellulose surface modified by solvent exchange method to keep the biopolymer net void for hosting inorganic nanoparticles. Neither expensive inorganic-particle precursors nor crosslinker agents or catalysts were used for effective dispersion of reinforcer concentration up to 50 wt %. Scanning electron microscopy of the nanocomposites shows homogeneous dispersion of reinforcers in the surface modified cellulose matrix. The FTIR spectra demonstrated the cellulose features even at 50 weight percent content of silica nanoparticles. Such a high content of silica provides high thermal stability to composites, as seen by TGA-DSC. The fungi decay resistance to Trametes versicolor was measured by standard test showing good resistance even with no addition of antifungal agents. This one-pot synthesis of biobased hybrid materials represents an excellent way for industrial production of high performance materials, with a high content of inorganic nanoparticles, for a wide variety of applications.

Prediction of concrete structure behavior is complicated by diverse factors, including interaction between elements and concrete compounds, chlorides diffusion through concrete, and compounds formed by corrosion of steel reinforcement. These factors were evaluated in concrete test cylinders exposed to a tropical marine environment since 1993 (during 126 months). Electrochemical, chlorides profile, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrophotometry analyses were done and results compared. This suite of analytical methods accurately characterized reinforced concrete condition and generated data useful in developing prediction models of corrosion in concrete structures.

Zn7/3Sb2/3O4 is a secondary phase in ZnO-based varistors. Acceptor impurities, such as Li+, increase the resistivity. This effect is produced by a modification of the grain boundary barriers. The role of the cationic distribution in the mentioned events is worth clarifying. The Li0.5Zn5/3Sb2.5/3O4 room-temperature structure was determined by means of a neutron diffraction and synchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation. The title compound was prepared by conventional ceramic process. The elemental composition of the investigated sample was verified by means of electron microscopy—energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The neutron experiment was performed at the high-intensity neutron diffractometer with position-sensitive detector at the D1B beamline of the Laue-Langevin Institute, Grenoble. The high resolution synchrotron measurement was carried out at MCX beamline of Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste. Rietveld analysis was performed with the FullProf program. Li0.5Zn5/3Sb2.5/3O4 belongs to the spinel family, space group F d 3 ¯ m (227). The measured lattice parameter is a = 8.5567(1) Å. The Li+1 and Zn+2 ions are randomly distributed among the tetrahedral and octahedral sites as opposed to Sb+5 ions which have preference for octahedral sites. Fractional coordinate of oxygen, u = 0.2596(1), indicates a slight deformation of the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The data given in this paper provide structural support for further studies on measurements and microscopic explanations of the interesting properties of this family of compounds.

BACKGROUND: Phenol and its derivatives are considered toxic compounds, even at low concentrations. Their accumulation in water effluents has become a serious problem that could be resolved by using zinc oxide (ZnO)‐based photocatalysts. RESULTS: ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized through the precipitation method, using zinc nitrate and sodium carbonate as reagents. The as‐synthesized powder was calcined for 4 h at 500 °C (2° C min−1). X‐Ray diffraction analysis confirmed a hexagonal crystalline phase (wurtzite) with an average crystallite size of 38 nm. The Kubelka‐Munk method was used to determine a band gap of 3.27 eV through UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum and a Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) specific area of 12 m2 g−1 was obtained from N2 adsorption analysis. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO was evaluated under visible light (300 W) lamp, with 1 mg mL−1 of photocatalyst and using phenol solutions at different concentrations of 5, 10, 25, and 50 ppm; the obtained degradation percentages were 98%, 97%, 94%, and 71%, respectively. Three cycles were performed with the ZnO used in the reactions with phenol at 5 and 50 ppm, decreasing the degraded percentages to 87% and 65%, respectively. The generation of hydroxyl radicals was estimated for the ZnO and ZnO samples after three cycles by means of fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. It was observed that the first‐used ZnO material generated a significant amount of hydroxyl radicals. CONCLUSION: When compared to ZnO after three cycles of reaction, the amount of generated hydroxyl radicals decreased. It was observed that the higher the amount of phenol, the lower the generation of hydroxyl radicals after reuse; this was probably due to the presence of some adsorbed by‐products of the photocatalytic reaction on the surface of ZnO, as the FTIR spectrum of the post‐reaction sample showed. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]