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SummaryCryopreservation of germplasm provides a promising method to preserve fish genetic material, which is of great importance in preservation of species diversity, aquaculture, and management of fish models used in biomedical research. In the present study, cryopreservation of Rhinelepis aspera embryos, a Brazilian endangered species, was studied for the first time using a short-term cooling protocol. Embryos at blastoporous closing stage were selected, placed in 6-ml glass vials and stored at −8°C for 6 h in 10 different cryoprotectant solutions: S1 (17.1% sucrose + 9% methanol); S2 (17.1% sucrose + 9% DMSO); S3 (8.5% sucrose + 8.5% glucose + 9% methanol); S4 (8.5% sucrose + 8.5% glucose + 9% DMSO); S5 (17.1% sucrose + 9% ethylene glycol); S6 (8.5% sucrose + 8.5% glucose + 9% ethylene glycol); S7 (17.1% sucrose + 4.5% methanol + 4.5% DMSO); S8 (17.1% sucrose + 4.5% methanol + 4.5% ethylene glycol); S9 (17.1% sucrose + 4.5% DMSO + 4.5% ethylene glycol); and S10 (100% water). Embryo viability was assessed by hatching rate, counting live larvae and number of failed eggs under a stereomicroscope. The results showed that only the cryoprotectant solutions that contained methanol associated to sucrose (S1, S7 and S8) provided partial protection of Rhinelepis aspera embryos from cold damage (over 50% hatching rate in S1), while the use of DMSO and ethylene glycol, isolated or in combination, resulted in no hatching rate. Further studies are needed in order to extend the storage time and to improve the hatching rate for the species.

This study was carried out to morphologically characterize and classify the stages of gonad development in different Nile tilapia strains (Oreochromis niloticus). Eighty-four and ninety-two ovaries from Bouaké and Chitralada strains, respectively, were evaluated at different ovarian developmental phases: initial (104 days of culture), intermediate (152 days of culture), and the final (279 days of culture). The ovaries were microscopically evaluated and submitted to histological processing and hematoxylin-eosin staining to determine their characteristics and be classified. No morphological differences in ovaries between strains were observed during the initial phase (stage A - immature). During the intermediate growing phase, higher gonad development was observed for Chitralada strain (stage B - maturation) in comparison with Bouaké strain (stage A - immature). During the final growing phase, no differences between strains were observed for morphological characteristics (stage C - mature). Despite the similarities in reproductive behavior of the Bouaké and Chitralada females at the end of the final growing phase (gain weight phase), differences for macroscopic and microscopic aspects and oocytes during the initial and intermediate growing phases of the strains were observed.

Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar a influência de níveis de fitase sobre o desempenho da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) no período de reversão de sexo. Foram utilizadas 1000 larvas de tilápia do Nilo com peso inicial 0,02 ± 0,002g, alimentadas com rações contendo 0; 500; 1000; 2000 e 4000 unidades de fitase (UF)/kg, durante 31 dias. A ração referência continha 3143 kcal de energia digestível/kg, 30% de proteína bruta e 0,85 e 0,35% de fósforo (P) total e disponível, respectivamente. Não foram observados efeitos (P>0,05) dos valores de inclusão de fitase sobre o ganho de peso e taxa de sobrevivência. O aumento nos níveis de fitase nas rações elevou linearmente (PThis work was carried out to examine the influence of dietary levels of phytase on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) performance during the sex reversion period. Were used 1,000 fries of Nile tilápia with initial weight 0.02 ± 0.002g, fed with diets containing 0; 500; 1000; 2000 and 4000 phytase units (PU)/kg of diet 31 days. The reference diet provided 3,143 kcal of digestible energy/kg, 30% of crude protein and 0,85 and 0,35% of total and disponible phosphorus (P), respectively. No effects (P>0.05) were observed of phytase inclusion on weight gain and survival rate. Dietary phytase levels increase linearly (P

Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar a substituição do milho pela silagem de sorgo como fonte de energia para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus L. (Cichlidae). Foram formuladas 3 dietas práticas isocalóricas (3000kcal de energia digestível) e isoprotéica (28% de proteína bruta). O farelo de milho foi substituído pela silagem de sorgo de baixo (0,44%) (SSBT) e alto (1,14%) (SSAT) teor de tanino. Os peixes (55,09 ± 0,94g) foram distribuídos em tanques de fibro-cimento (1000L) e alimentados com dietas experimentais até à saciedade 3 vezes ao dia, durante 67 dias. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas sobre a conversão alimentar, eficiência protéica, índice hepato-somático, gordura visceral e taxa de sobrevivência. O ganho de peso dos peixes alimentados com SSBT foi significativamente maior que os alimentados com dietas contendo milho e SSAT. Os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo SSBT consumiram mais ração do que os peixes alimentados com a dieta com SSAT. Os resultados indicaram que a inclusão de 44% de silagem de sorgo nas dietas podem suportar normal crescimento nos juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, com potencial para substituir o milho.This work was carried out to evaluate the replacement of corn by sorghum silage as an energy source for juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. (Cichlidae). Three isocaloric (3000kcal of digestible energy) and isoproteic (28% of crude protein) practical diets were formulated. Corn meal was totally substituted by low (0.44%) (LTSS) and high (1.14%) (HTSS) tannin contents silage sorghum. Fish (55.09 ± 0.94g) were reared in fiberglass tanks (1000L) and hand-fed with experimental diets until reach they satiation, three times a day during 67 days. Feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index, visceral fat and survival ratio of fish fed with the diets were not significantly different. Weight gain of fish fed with LTSS diet was significantly higher than those fed with corn and HTSS diets. Fish fed with LTSS diet had significantly higher feed intake than fish fed with corn and HTSS diets. Results indicate that a 44% inclusion of silage sorghum in the diet can support normal growth of the juvenile Nile tilapia with the potential for substituting corn.

Este experimento foi realizado para determinar as exigências nutricionais de metionina + cistina total e digestível para alevinos revertidos de tilápia do Nilo (Perciformes, Cichlidae). Durante 40 dias, alevinos com 1,31 ± 0,06 g cada, foram alimentados com rações com 0,89; 0,94; 0,99; 1,09; 1,19 e 1,29% de metionina + cistina total, correspondente a 0,83; 0,88; 0,93; 1,03; 1,13 e 1,23% de metionina + cistina digestível. As rações foram suplementadas com níveis crescentes de DL-metionina, resultando em rações com taxas 50,61; 0,54; 56,7; 62,80; 68,90 e 75% de metionina + cistina/lisina (conceito de proteína ideal), baseado em valores de aminoácidos digestíveis. Os níveis crescentes de metionina + cistina reduziram linearmente a taxa de sobrevivência. As rações com níveis de 1,10% e 1,00% de metionina + cistina total e digestível, respectivamente, apresentaram os melhores resultados sobre o desempenho de alevinos de tilápias, correspondente a rações com 60,11 e 60,98% de metionina + cistina total e digestível/lisina total e digestível, respectivamente.The nutritional requirements of total and digestible methionine for reversed fingerlings of the Nile tilapia (Perciformes, Cichlidae) were determined. During a 40-day period fingerlings, weighing 1.31 ± 0.06g each, were fed on diets with 0.89; 0.94; 0.99; 1,09; 1.19 and 1.29% of total methionine + cystine, corresponding to 0.83; 0.88; 0.93; 1.03; 1.13 and 1.23% of digestible methionine + cystine. Since diets were supplemented with increasing levels of DL-methionine, diets reached 50.61; 0.54; 56.7; 62.80; 68.90 e 75% of methionine + cystine/lysine ratio (ideal protein concept), based on digestible amino acids values. Increasing methionine + cystine levels linearly diminished survival rate. Diets with 1.10% and 1.00% levels of total and digestible sulfur amino acid respectively had the best performance results for Nile tilapia fingerlings. This corresponds to 60.11 and 60.98% of total and digestible methionine + cystine/total and digestible lysine respectively.

SummaryAlthough the sperm cryopreservation of freshwater and marine teleosts has been feasible for years, the cryopreservation of some fish embryos still remains elusive. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to analyze the embryo morphology after freezing and thawing 40 embryos of Piaractus mesopotamicus immersed into methanol and ethylene glycol, both at 7, 10 and 13% plus 0.1 M sucrose for 10 min. Soon after thawing, three embryos were treated with historesin, stained with hematoxylin–eosin and analyzed under an optical microscope. From every treatment, one palette containing embryos was thawed and incubated, but none of the eggs hatched. Samples containing two embryos were immersed into 10% methanol or 10% ethylene glycol both in association with sucrose, and embryos immersed into only water or sucrose solution were frozen, processed and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In both cases, the control group was immersed into only water. Although the embryos had the chorion, vitello, yolk syncytial layer and blastoderm, all of them were found altered under the optical microscope and by SEM. The chorion was irregular and injured; there was no individuality in the yolk granules; the yolk syncytial layer had an irregular shape, thickness and size; the blastoderm showed injuries in the nucleus shape and sometimes was absent; the blastoderm was located in atypical areas and absent in some embryos. In conclusion, no treatment was effective in preserving the embryos, and none of the embryos avoided injury from intracellular ice formation. These morphological injuries during the freezing process made the P. mesopotamicus embryos unfeasible for hatching.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of two strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in mixed raising systems. A total of 3600 fish-larvae species was used, 1800 belonging to Bouaké lineage, and 1800 to Chitralada. The experiment was carried out in three phases; Phase I in an incubator in 18 boxes, in which two treatments (Bouaké and Chitralada) were tested by using nine repetitions; Phases II and III were performed in 18 cement tanks with the same treatments. In phase I, regarding the final weight and gain of weight, Chitralada strain showed the highest final weight values. In phase II, Chitralada showed the highest final weight value when compared with Bouaké, and, considering the gain of weight, Bouaké obtained the best result. In phase III, Chitralada showed better final weight results (104 days of raising), final weight, final length and gain of length/cm (152 days of raising); but, after 279 days of the cultivation, Bouaké showed a higher weight and length gain. These findings showed that Chitralada strain presented the best performance.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de duas linhagens de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em sistemas de cultivo misto. Foram utilizados 3600 alevinos de tilápia, 1800 da linhagem Bouaké e 1800 da Chitralada. O experimento foi conduzido em três fases, a Fase I realizada em estufa em 18 caixas, nas quais foram testados dois tratamentos (Bouaké e Chitralada) e nove repetições; e a Fase II e III realizadas em 18 tanques de alvenaria, com os mesmos tratamentos. Na fase I, a linhagem Chitralada apresentou os maiores valores para peso final e ganho em peso. Na fase II, a Chitralada apresentou o maior valor para peso final em relação à Bouaké, já para o ganho em peso a Bouaké obteve o melhor resultado. Na fase III, a Chitralada apresentou os melhores resultados para peso final (104 dias de cultivo); peso final, comprimento final e ganho em comprimento (152 dias de cultivo) e aos 279 dias de cultivo, o ganho em peso e em comprimento foram maiores para a Bouaké. Estes resultados demonstraram que a linhagem de melhor desempenho foi a Chitralada.

Este estudo foi realizado para determinar a exigência de metionina + cistina para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (2,61 ± 0,14g). Foi utilizado o modelo em blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, três repetições e cinco peixes por unidade experimental. Foi utilizada ração basal contendo 28% de proteína bruta e 3173kcal ED kg-1 de ração, suplementada com DL-metionina, resultando em rações com 0,87; 0,95; 1,03; 1,11; 1,19 e 1,27% de metionina + cistina. As rações foram fornecidas à vontade durante 41 dias. Não foram observados efeitos (P>0,05) dos níveis de metionina + cistina sobre a taxa de sobrevivência e índice hepato-somático. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P0.05) of methionine + cystine levels on survival rate and hepatosomatic index were observed. A quadratic effect (P

O presente estudo foi realizado para determinar a exigência de lisina pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Setenta e dois peixes revertidos sexualmente e com peso vivo médio inicial de 117,9 ± 0,67g foram alimentados por 50 dias com quatro rações (25% proteína bruta e 3090kcal de energia digestível kg-1) contendo diferentes teores de inclusão de L-Lisina HCl: 0,1; 0,3; 0,5 e 0,7%, correspondente a rações com 1,13; 1,27; 1,42 e 1,57% de lisina, respectivamente. Os peixes foram distribuídos em 12 tanques com volume de 1000L cada, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos, três repetições e seis peixes por unidade experimental. Não foram observadas diferenças na temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica e transparência da água nos diferentes tratamentos. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) dos teores de inclusão de lisina sobre a taxa de sobrevivência, conversão alimentar, gordura visceral, índice hepato-somático e rendimento de carcaça. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P0.05) of lysine inclusion were observed on survival rate, feed conversion, visceral fat, hepatosomatic index and carcass yield. There was no sign of quadratic effect (P

Este estudo foi realizado para determinar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da energia bruta e proteína bruta da silagem de sorgo de baixo tanino (SSBT) e da silagem de sorgo de alto tanino (SSAT) para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). A ração referência foi misturada aos ingredientes-teste na proporção de 60:40. Os peixes (53,26 ± 12,94g) foram alimentados até a saciedade aparente e as fezes foram coletadas após sedimentação. A fibra em detergente neutro foi utilizada como indicador endógeno. Os CDA da energia bruta e proteína bruta da SSBT e SSAT variaram entre 70,17 e 68,37% e 84,94 e 82,40%, respectivamente. Os valores de energia digestível foram de 3049,81 e 2954,74kcal kg-1 para SSBT e SSAT, respectivamente. A SSBT apresentou valores significa-tivamente (P

This work was carried out to examine the influence of dietary levels of phytase on Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) performance during the sex reversion period. Were used 1,000 fries of Nile tilapia with initial weight 0.02 ± 0.002g, fed with diets containing 0; 500; 1000; 2000 and 4000 phytase units (PU)/kg of diet 31 days. The reference diet provided 3,143 kcal of digestible energy/kg, 30% of crude protein and 0,85 and 0,35% of total and disponible phosphorus (P), respectively. No effects (P>0.05) were observed of phytase inclusion on weight gain and survival rate. Dietary phytase levels increase linearly (P

This work was carried out to evaluate the replacement of corn by sorghum silage as an energy source for juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. (Cichlidae). Three isocaloric (3000kcal of digestible energy) and isoproteic (28% of crude protein) practical diets were formulated. Corn meal was totally substituted by low (0.44%) (LTSS) and high (1.14%) (HTSS) tannin contents silage sorghum. Fish (55.09 ± 0.94g) were reared in fiberglass tanks (1000L) and hand-fed with experimental diets until reach they satiation, three times a day during 67 days. Feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index, visceral fat and survival ratio of fish fed with the diets were not significantly different. Weight gain of fish fed with LTSS diet was significantly higher than those fed with corn and HTSS diets. Fish fed with LTSS diet had significantly higher feed intake than fish fed with corn and HTSS diets. Results indicate that a 44% inclusion of silage sorghum in the diet can support normal growth of the juvenile Nile tilapia with the potential for substituting corn.

Nutritional requirements of total and digestible methionine + cystine for reversed fingerlings of the Nile tilapia Oreochromins niloticus (L.) based on the ideal protein concept. The nutritional requirements of total and digestible methionine for reversed fingerlings of the Nile tilapia (Perciformes, Cichlidae) were determined. During a 40-day period fingerlings, weighing 1.31 ± 0.06g each, were fed on diets with 0.89; 0.94; 0.99; 1,09; 1.19 and 1.29% of total methionine + cystine, corresponding to 0.83; 0.88; 0.93; 1.03; 1.13 and 1.23% of digestible methionine + cystine. Since diets were supplemented with increasing levels of DL-methionine, diets reached 50.61; 0.54; 56.7; 62.80; 68.90 e 75% of methionine + cystine/lysine ratio (ideal protein concept), based on digestible amino acids values. Increasing methionine + cystine levels linearly diminished survival rate. Diets with 1.10% and 1.00% levels of total and digestible sulfur amino acid respectively had the best performance results for Nile tilapia fingerlings. This corresponds to 60.11 and 60.98% of total and digestible methionine + cystine/total and digestible lysine respectively.