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AbstractThe project aimed to revolutionize home security by developing innovative, user-friendly, and highly secure smart security devices requiring minimal installation and robust data protection. Through meticulous research and critical design phases, the project successfully achieved its objectives, surpassing initial goals and setting new standards for home security.Objectives & Research Findings:The project aimed to address the critical needs of homeowners, tenants/renters, and property managers by focusing on damage-free installation, easy setup, remote monitoring, and encrypted data transmission. Analysis of burglary statistics emphasized the vulnerability of inadequate door-locking mechanisms, while exploration of sensor technologies identified viable options for detecting door status. Patent analysis provided insights into prior art and innovation trends, guiding design decisions and strategies for intellectual property protection.Critical Design Phase & Achievements:Detailed engineering analysis, testing protocols, risk assessment, and compliance considerations were conducted. Hardware components were carefully selected and tested for optimal performance, and housing units were designed for durability and practical installation. Non-invasive sensors facilitated risk-free installation, while battery-powered sensors ensured portability and longevity. Invasive sensor options were developed for permanent home installation, and user-friendly mobile/web applications provided real-time property security status with secure and encrypted data transmission.Future Recommendations & Conclusion:Future recommendations include extending battery life, enhancing data protection measures, implementing a notification system within the application, and ensuring compatibility with other smart home systems. The project demonstrates how innovative security solutions can evolve alongside technology to meet user needs effectively, setting new benchmarks for convenience, flexibility, and data protection in home security systems. Lessons learned will guide future improvements, ensuring continued innovation and user satisfaction.

This paper develops a Schumpeterian growth model with considering consumption and leisure externalities. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of patent protection policy on growth and inequality, as well as the interaction between policy effect and externalities. According to the log form utility function specification, this means that the elasticity of intertemporal substitution is unity. The following are the key findings of this paper. Patent protection policy encourages innovation and increases employment in the R&D industry, which enhances economic growth while increasing income inequality. In regard to externalities, an increase in the degree of consumption (leisure) externalities results in a higher (lower) growth rate and more (smaller) income inequality. When consumption (leisure) externality is greater intensity, the growth effect of patent protection policy becomes stronger (weaker), while its influence on expanding income inequality lessens (enhances). Finally, both the Pareto optimal patent protection policy and the optimal patent policy under the maximization of social welfare positively correlate with consumption externalities, but negatively correlate with leisure externalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a dual‐differential model of the number of patent applications issued by A‐share enterprises from 2014 to 2019, this article analyzes impact of Venture Capital (VC) guided by government on company's innovation and their internal mechanisms. The results show that the number of patent applications increases after enterprises are invested directly or indirectly by the government guiding fund, indicating that this kind of VC has a positive guidance on enterprise innovation. However, after further studying by subdividing patent types, it is found that enterprises pay less attention to invention patents, which hold higher technical requirements, and focus on "quantity" rather than "quality" in patent applications. This result also reflects that the investment of VC guided by government promotes the overall enterprise innovation, but the positive effect on the innovation quality is not significant. Our article not only affirms the positive influence of VC guided by government on enterprise innovation, but also puts forward some suggestions on the management of government guiding fund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Key points The original manufacturer of azelastine‒fluticasone (AZ‒FL) prevented generic availability until 2020 via patent enforcement. Following generic availability of AZ‒FL, Medicare utilization increased and spending decreased. Retail prices for generic AZ‒FL remain high due to markup by manufacturers and pharmacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of public health is indispensable to talk about. It is essential to discuss new inventions, new and improved treatments, and their efficiencies with different combinations, but one thing that is important to remember is whether these inventions are available for those in need. Availability concerns are linked with affordability, as the affordability of a drug determines its consumption; furthermore, affordability can lead to overconsumption. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement provides flexibility to control the misuse of patent monopolies. The object of this research is twofold: one is to investigate whether and how Pakistan incorporates TRIPS flexibilities in its national patent legislation, and the second is to find out the reason for unaffordable cancer treatment in Pakistan. This research highlights that the use of TRIPS flexibilities in Pakistan will help the state authorities to provide better health facilities to the public generally as well as particularly in cancer cases, as cancer treatment in Pakistan is unaffordable. The methodology applied for this research is primarily comparative and bears the qualitative aspect of the issue. This research concludes that Pakistan's legal system fails to incorporate effective legal provisions related to TRIPS flexibilities, and it also highlights that the ever-greening of patents results in the high prices of cancer medicines in Pakistan. This research further recommended that there is a dire need to incorporate and use TRIPS flexibilities in the country to control the high prices of cancer treatment and cancer mortality rate in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of nanostructures based on peptides has attracted wide attention, especially the design of new nanomaterials with higher levels of multifunctional ability is gradually needed. Patent layout allows to identification of related technologies and trends. To reveal the development of global polypeptide nanotechnology in the field of medical application, this paper uses the text mining technology based on patent semantic content to extract the contained knowledge from the patent data set from 1978 to 2023 retrieved from incoPat database and combines the knowledge network with the theme evolution. The hot topics were obtained, and the main technical topics of improving the function of nanomaterials modified by polypeptide were analyzed: the nanointelligent delivery system modified by polypeptide improved the response to stimuli, the transfection rate of gene therapy was improved, the targeting and cell penetration of tumor therapy were improved, the diagnostic sensitivity and biocompatibility were improved, and the detection time of sensors was improved. The research shows that most nanotechnology based on polypeptide is used in medicine to optimize the effect of chemotherapy for tumor treatment. The development of gene therapy is developing rapidly, and technologies such as diagnosis and sensors are emerging, which seems to be very promising. They may hide great potential and represent the field of opportunity research. Most importantly, the technologies related to polypeptide-modified nanostructures are still rapidly developing, and this trend is expected to continue in the next few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ gelling systems represent a burgeoning paradigm in ocular drug administration, addressing intrinsic challenges posed by extant ocular formulations, such as compromised bioavailability and constraints in traversing the corneal barrier. This systematic review endeavours to comprehensively examine the contemporary landscape of research in this domain, focusing on the nuanced capabilities of in situ gelling systems to optimize drug delivery and enhance therapeutic outcomes, without much technological complexity. Employing a meticulous search strategy across diverse databases for publications and patents spanning the years 2015 to 2023 a total of 26 research papers and 14 patents meeting stringent inclusion criteria were identified. Synthesizing the collective insights derived from these investigations, it becomes evident that in situ gelling systems confer an ability to protract the residence time of formulations or active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) within the ocular milieu. This sustained presence engenders extended drug release kinetics, thereby fostering improved patient compliance and mitigating the proclivity for side effects attendant to frequent dosing. These salutary effects extend to diminished systemic drug absorption, augmented ocular bioavailability, and the prospect of reduced dosing frequencies, thereby amplifying patient adherence to therapeutic regimens. Intriguingly, the protective attributes of in situ gelling systems extend to the establishment of an ocular surface barrier, thereby abating the susceptibility to infections and inflammatory responses. In summation, this review underscores the auspicious potential of in situ gelling systems as a transformative approach to advancing ocular drug delivery, warranting sustained research endeavours and developmental initiatives for the betterment of global patient outcomes. [Display omitted] • In situ gels for ocular delivery offer simple alternative to conventional low performing drops • Various polymer and polymer combinations are used for in situ gelling, each with distinct mechanism and advantages. • Gelling upon application enhances drug retention and improves ocular bioavailability. • In situ gel-forming systems represent advanced ocular drug delivery, with enhanced therapeutic outcomes for eye disorders. • This review covers recent research and patents, focusing on ophthalmic applications of in situ gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cambodia has experienced exponential economic growth in recent years and is expected to graduate from least developed country (LDC) status within the next decade. Membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) will require Cambodia to grant product and process patents for pharmaceuticals upon LDC graduation. This study aims to measure the impact of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on the price of HIV and hepatitis C medicine in Cambodia once it graduates from LDC status and is obliged to make patents available for pharmaceutical products and processes. Using scenarios based on likely outcomes of accession to the TRIPS Agreement, it measures the impact on the price of the HIV treatment program and compares that impact with the hepatitis C treatment program. Graduation from LDC status would be expected to result in a modest increase in the cost of the antiretroviral (ARV) treatment program and very large increases in the cost of the direct acting antivirals (DAA) treatment program. If annual treatment budgets remain constant, patent protection could see 1,515 fewer people living with HIV able to access ARV treatment and 2,577 fewer people able to access DAA treatment (a drop in treatment coverage of 93%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data exclusivity and patents are important to the pharmaceutical industry, and both these regimes coexist in the pharmaceutical landscape. Both data exclusivity and patents provide market exclusivity through monopoly periods. Because data exclusivity and patents can protect the same pharmaceutical, beginning at different times in the pharmaceutical lifecycle and having different durations, these terms may not coincide, and each can extend the effective market exclusivity period of the other. For example, when data exclusivity persists beyond patent expiry for a pharmaceutical, subsequent entrant access to the market is restricted and the period during which originators can charge high prices is extended. This article seeks to eliminate the situation where patent monopolies have expired, but data exclusivity remains in force by proposing a method to ensure that data exclusivity and patent terms expire simultaneously. Further, the proposal maintains the protection to innovators afforded by both data exclusivity and patents, recognising that these regimes protect different things in pharmaceutical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of acquisitions of Indonesian domestic patents is still low, while Article 130 letter d of Law Number 13 of 2016 concerning Patents regulates the abolition of patents due to the patent holder not fulfilling the obligation to pay the annual fee. This provision causes the loss of registered patent rights that have been hard to obtain, while the legal protection is still long, and there is still potential for commercialization value. It is feared that this will become one of the obstacles in the effort to increase the acquisition of domestic patents which in the end will also hamper Indonesia's economic growth. This article seeks to formulate the problems and strategies in maintaining the existence of domestically registered patents to be able to provide adequate protection for the exclusive rights of inventors while at the same time being able to support national economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to be a powerful tool in the research and development ecosystem. AI computers are invented to assist human invention and also created to invent. Where an AI is created to invent, through self‐learning, they can interact with set of data presumably created by humans and as a result, a new patentable invention(s) can emerge. However, where the AI inventors and the resulting inventions sit within the inventorship legal framework, and the theory of legal personhood continues to raise legal and policy questions that challenge some underlying or presumed settled intellectual property law assumptions. One of the contentions has been the implications of the AI machine's autonomous inventions on the legislative and judicially established threshold for patent inventorship and the jurisprudential theory of legal personhood. The judicial decisions in the United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (UK), and Australia in the Device for the Autonomous Bootstrapping of Unified Sentience (DABUS) patent applications have given judicial certainty on whether AI machine inventors qualify as inventors. However, they also reawakened the debate about the need to sustain patent incentives for AI innovations. This article draws from the inventorship threshold in the UK and US following the court decisions in the DABUS cases. The judicial decisions of courts and the administrative judgements of national Intellectual Property Offices (IPOs) relating to inventorship as well as the theory of legal personhood, reveal that an AI machine invention can be patent eligible. However, the machine does not satisfy the inventorship criteria and consequently is incapable of being named an inventor. On the other hand, the inventorship requirement of contemporaneous conception and reduction to practice meant that an AI owner/programmer may not satisfy the requirement of inventorship, even though he/she programmed the inventing machine. These decisions and judgements favour an implied situation where autonomous AI inventions could be without named inventors and owners. Consequently, those inventions will automatically form part of prior arts thereby rendering myriads of future human and AI inventions obvious or already existing in the public domain. In contributing to the discourse, this article advances the argument that to optimise the patent system, national IPOs and the courts can rely on 'simultaneous conception and reduction to practice' to recognise the programmer/owner or other relevant stakeholders in AI innovation as the inventor of AI autonomous inventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted inequities concerning global vaccine distribution, as well as issues surrounding patents and intellectual property rights for these vaccines. This paper addresses the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) regarding vaccines. Adhered to by all state members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the agreement sets minimum regulatory standards for governments on intellectual property, including vaccines. Our contribution is a new analysis of TRIPS Art. 31 Bis concerning flexibilities in its terms of use on global vaccine distribution. We consider existing solutions for fairer vaccine distribution, such as governments enforcing a compulsory vaccine licence, and governmental/individual charitable efforts. We then focus on issues with know-how distribution and access to knowledge in the TRIPS context. We conclude that the enhanced provisions of TRIPS are ill-suited to global pandemics. To ensure fairer global vaccine distribution, we argue that patent pools and further TRIPS amendments are needed to endow less and least-developed countries with the ability to implement government-use compulsory licenses and to negotiate compensation terms later under judicial review. Further, to enable countries lacking the technical manufacturing capabilities to produce vaccines under license, TRIPS needs to be amended to permit technology and know-how transfer (Holder, 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammation is defined by an activated microglial state linked to all neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a motor neuron disease that affects the brain and spinal cord). P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) are ATP-activated ion-gated channels present on microglial surfaces. Prolonged ATP release under pathological settings results in sustained P2X7R activation, which leads to inflammasome development and cytokine release. P2X7R and its enabling roles have recently been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, making it a potential research subject. This research provides an overview of current patents for chemicals, biologics, and medicinal applications. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO, Espacenet), and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) databases were searched for patents using the keywords "P2X7R and Neuroinflammation." During the study period from 2015 to 2021, 103 patents were examined. The countries that protected these innovations were the United States, PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty states), Europe, Canada, Australia, and India. Janssen Pharmaceutica NV had the most applications, followed by Acetelion Pharmaceuticals LTD., Renovis Inc., Kelly Michael G, Kincaid Jhon, Merck Patent GMBH, H Lundbeck A/S, and many more. The P2X7R is a possible diagnostic and therapeutic target for cancer, pain disorders, and inflammation. For P2X7 R, several compounds have been discovered and are presently the subject of clinical trial investigations. This study featured patents for P2X7R antagonists, which help treat conditions including neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patents are legal delinquents. A growing body of empirical evidence demonstrates that patents repeatedly fail to fulfill the responsibilities they have been assigned in fostering innovation. But I argue here that in their moments of misbehavior, we can catch a glimpse of the social roles patents play when no one is watching. Drawing on insights from the sociology of markets, I argue that patents are surreptitiously performing functions familiar from the grocery store, the vegetable stand, or the barber shop. I suggest that patents are calculative, not in the mathematical sense, but in the sociological sense of structuring and facilitating market relations. This approach to discovering the social roles of patents opens the door to a new examination of patent purposes, and to understanding some otherwise inexplicable characteristics of patent law.

Context: The process of assessing patents is complex, and there is a gap in the literature on patent assessment at the time of filing. Aims: To assess patent complexity and the human effort involved in research, we test the effectiveness of the Index of Internal Effort (IIE) framework using pharmaceutical patents developed within the Brazilian public sector as a proof of concept. Methods: Internal data were collected from innovation projects that included the filing of patents as a project outcome. The Spearman correlation test was applied to determine which internal patent variables could be used as metrics in IIE. Then, IIE was used to measure the complexity of the patents and the individual effort of inventors. Results were then compared with other metrics identified in the literature. Results: The IIE showed a positive and significant correlation with resources invested at the design stage, as well as commercial and social outcomes of the patents. Conclusions: The results indicate that the generic IIE framework is a new form of metrification that can be applied to pharmaceutical patents that have not been previously discussed in the literature.

In this paper, I consider the construction of patents as social practices. The goal is to observe patents in action, that is, to catch patents in the act of becoming patents. This method of “following the action” is well established in the sociology of science. Similar consideration of the artifices by which a new patent is staged reveals parallels to the known staging of technical papers, including the recruitment of rhetorical allies, se¬mantic fortification against subsequent challenges, and trials of cognitive strength. In each situation, assertions become stabilized facts only if subsequent recipients are in¬duced to accept them as such. However, the patent is formed in a process that largely sidesteps the mechanisms of peer review and material experimentation, substituting in¬stead legal and procedural affordances to facilitate closure. Thus, following the action from which the stabilized patent is fabricated reveals the patent as a uniquely legal, rather than technical, social object.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine whether prolonged exposure to a moderate/large patent ductus arteriosus left-to-right shunt (PDA) increases the risk of late (beyond 36 weeks) pulmonary hypertension (BPD-PH) and pulmonary vascular disease (BPD-PVD) during the neonatal hospitalization in preterm infants (

Artificial intelligence (AI), in the form of machine learning systems, is becoming widely deployed across many industries to facilitate the production of new technical or expressive works. Among other applications, these technologies promise rapid product design and creation, often exceeding the capacity of human creators. Commentators and policy makers have responded to these developments with a flood of literature analyzing the ways in which AI systems might challenge our existing regimes of intellectual property. But such discussions have thus far focused on entirely the wrong questions, misunderstanding the nature of the changes that AI brings to creative development. Intellectual property is generally styled as a solution to the “appropriability” or “public goods” problem in creative and innovative production: offering a legally enhanced incentive to invest in goods that are expensive to produce, but cheap to appropriate. But cost savings from AI systems will largely occur at a different point in the production process. AI systems promise (or threaten) to lower the cost of initial development of creative goods, potentially displacing human creators. Although machine learning systems are realistically unlikely ever to provide a complete substitute for human creative inputs, their incorporation into creative production will in effect automate the generative phases of the creative development process, substantially lowering the cost of the initial stage of production. Like other cost-saving industrial automation, this can be expected to displace human labor and redefine human roles in production. The history of past automated labor displacements teaches us something of what will occur as creativity is automated. In this light, I begin to reframe the discussion of intellectual property and artificial intelligence, showing the impact machine learning will have on human creativity and innovation, and the implications these changes for intellectual property doctrine and policy. In particular, I show that cheap substitutes for human creativity will drive a shift toward forms of intellectual property that certify authenticity rather than those that incentivize production and distribution. Armed with this understanding, we can begin to address the question of how to foster human engagement in an age of synthetic creativity.

The article is dedicated to current issues of legal protection of unregistered industrial designs. It has been established that an unregistered industrial design is a type of industrial design that has its own legal regime, containing features inherent only to an unregistered industrial design. It has been proven that an unregistered industrial design as an industrial design must meet the conditions for granting legal protection, which are established by law. It was established that bringing an unregistered industrial design to the public should take place precisely on the territory of Ukraine. It is substantiated that the disclosure that took place on the Internet cannot always be interpreted as disclosure on the territory of Ukraine. It is established that the owner of an unregistered industrial design has an exclusive right to its use. It is justified that the owner of a registered industrial design has broader rights to prohibit unauthorized use of the industrial design than the owner of an unregistered industrial design, since the owner of a registered industrial design can prohibit both the copying of his industrial design and the use of a similar product if «its appearance causes informed user has the same overall impression as the protected industrial design.» It is well-founded that the owner of an unregistered industrial design has narrowed opportunities to protect the rights to the industrial design, as he can only prohibit direct copying of the product and even then with restrictions. It has been proven that when protecting rights to an unregistered industrial design, it is necessary to prove the existence of rights to such an unregistered industrial design. It has been proven that an unregistered industrial design is an important object of industrial property, it is a type of industrial design, intellectual property rights to which arise from the moment it is brought to public notice on the territory of Ukraine and which are valid for three years (shortened term of legal protection), it does not require registration and entry into the State Register of Industrial Designs of Ukraine, the rights to it are not certified by the Certificate, its owner has narrowed rights to its use and protection of rights to it, compared to the powers of the owner of a registered industrial design. It is substantiated that the legal regulation regarding the unregistered industrial design needs to be clarified in terms of the exercise of exclusive property rights of intellectual property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study is devoted to analyzing peculiarities of inventive activity development in Russia in the conditions of sanctions restrictions and a new technological mode formation. The place of Russia in the world patent market has been determined, inventive activity regional potential analyzed. In terms of the absolute number of patent applications Russia is among the top ten world leaders, but its share in the world patent market is insignificant. Sanctions restrictions led to the reduction of applications for inventions by foreign applicants and weakening of the domestic intellectual property market dependence on foreign intellectual capital. A significant regional differentiation of inventive activity has been noted, and five leading regions identified. It is revealed that inventive and innovation activity are connected by a positive statistically significant relationship. The regions typologization by the inventive and innovation activity level has been obtained, which will make it possible to compare the inventive and innovation potential of regions and identify those in which they coincide or, conversely, do not correspond to each other. Consideration of the relationship among the indicators can be used to make decisions in the field of intellectual property, which can contribute to the intellectual security of Russia and serve as a basis for technological independence.

The patents regime in healthcare sector and its tussle with right to public health is a long controversial saga. The crux of matter which is debated focuses upon providing patent rights that reduces the accessibility of cost-effective healthcare services, particularly in developing country. The counter point to this has remained that providing patent allows nurturing of research and development in the health- care sector, which promotes the healthcare industry to take initiatives to tackle various health related problems and provide better treatment. According to the rival opinions presented in the aforesaid, the centre of the issue is health, therefore it is necessary to discuss the corresponding rights of citizens and duties of the government to make healthcare industry favourable.

Objective To explore the medication rules of patented Chinese medicine compounds for oral administration in treating alopecia areata (AA), and provide reference for the treatment of AA with Chinese medicine and the development of new drugs. Methods The data of patented Chinese medicine compounds for treating AA were searched from the website of China Patent Publication Announcement of the State Intellectual Property Office. Microsoft Excel 2016 software was used to establish a database, and frequency, nature, taste, and meridian tropism statistics were performed. Apriori association rule modeling analysis was conducted. Cytoscape 3.9.1 software was used to construct the core complex network of Chinese medicines. IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 software was used for systematic cluster analysis of drugs in the core network. Results A total of 134 oral administration compound formulas meeting the requirements were screened, involving 307 Chinese herbs. Among them, the highfrequency Chinese herbs in oral administration compound formulas included Angelica Sinensis(76 times), Radix Rehmanniae Recens (73 times), Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata(48 times), and Ligusticum chuanxiong (47 times). The main effects of drugs were tonification deficiency and blood circulation, and the main nature was warmness. The main tastes were sweet and bitter, and the main meridians were liver, lung, and kidney meridians. The high confidence association rules in compound formulas mainly combined Angelica Sinensis with Radix Rehmanniae Recens, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata, etc. Eight new prescriptions were obtained through cluster analysis. Conclusion The national patented Chinese medicine compound oral administration for treating AA mainly focuses on tonifying liver and kidney, supplementing Qi and nourishing blood, combined with promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, clearing heat, cooling blood, and expelling wind herbs.

[Purpose/Significance] Accurately measuring the influence of technical topics is crucial for decision-makers to understand the developmental trends in the technology sector. It is also an important link in identifying emerging, cutting-edge, and disruptive technical topics. Traditional methods of measuring technical topic influence are significantly affected by the latency of patent data approval and citations, lack a forward-looking perspective on the potential influence of technical topics, and suffer from insufficient semantic richness in the extraction of technical topics. This paper presents a method for measuring technical topic influence based on PhraseLDA-SNA and machine learning. It aims to mitigate the impact of delays in patent data approval and citation, while improving the interpretability and accuracy of the results in assessing technical topic influence. [Method/Process] In this study the explicit and implicit determinants of technical topic influence were first analyzed, based on which an index system for measuring technical topic influence was constructed. Then, the PhraseLDA model was used to extract semantically rich technical topics from a large corpus of pre-processed patent texts and to compute the topic-patent association probabilities. PhraseLDA-SNA enhances the semantic richness of technical topic extraction and deepens the analysis of topic content. Machine learning methods leverage their robust data processing and analysis capabilities to predict the high citation potential of patents related to the topics. This research integrates PhraseLDA-SNA and machine learning methods to accurately measure the significance and advanced nature of technical topics in promoting field development, thereby achieving an accurate measurement of the influence of technical topics. Finally, an empirical study was conducted in the field of cellulose biodegradation to compare the high-impact technical topics identified by the proposed method with those identified by the traditional method. Several experts with high academic influence and extensive experience in cellulose biodegradation research were invited to evaluate the high-impact technical topics identified in this study, thus validating the effectiveness of the proposed method. [Results/Conclusions] Compared with the traditional method, the technical topic influence measurement approach based on PhraseLDA-SNA and machine learning reveals more in-depth content. Moreover, this method also analyzes the importance and leading nature of technical topics, which shows superiority in quantitative analysis. Comparing the distribution of high-impact technical topic-related patents identified by the two methods across different years, the topics identified by the proposed method had a higher association ratio in the most recent data, indicating a significant reduction in the impact of patent data approval and citation delays.

Objective：To design an assisted lip retraction breathing exercise tool and observe its application in home-based pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Method：A total of 116 COPD patients treated at our hospital from January 2020 to January 2021 were selected as study subjects and divided into the control group (n=58) and the observation group (n=58) using a random number table method. The control group was given conventional inhalation medication and lip retraction breathing training instruction, and the observation group was given an assisted lip retraction breathing exercise tool to assist lip retraction training on the basis of the control group. The pulmonary function, arterial blood gas, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), modified British medical research council (mMRC), body mass index, obstruction, dyspnea, exercise capacity index (BODE index) and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after discharge from the hospital.Result：After 3 and 6 months of exercise, the pulmonary function(FVC, FEV1) of the observation group were better than those of the control group(t=2.196, 2.613, 3.022, 4.200 P<0.05), and arterial blood gas(PaCO2, PaO2) were better than the control group (t=5.223, 11.536, 2.086, 2.223 P<0.05), 6MWD was higher than the control group (t=10.725, 11.620 P<0.05), mMRC was lower than the control group (t=10.110, 22.567 P< 0.05), BODE index grade 1 (17.24%, 34.48%) and grade 2 rates (37.93%, 48.28%) were higher than the control group (10.34%, 6.90%, 25.86%, 27.59%), and grade 3 (25.86%, 17.24%) and grade 4 rates (18.97%, 0) were lower than the control group (31.03%, 34.48%, 32.76%, 31.03%)(Z=﹣2.060, 35.273 P< 0.05), the satisfaction rate of patients in the observation group was 91.38% (53/58) at 1 month of exercise, 96.55%(56/58)at 3 months, and 100%(58/58)at 6 months. Conclusion：The assisted lip retraction breathing exercise tool can improve the home-based pulmonary rehabilitation, enhance exercise endurance, reduce the severity of dyspnea, and improve patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opening the foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae is necessary for accessing the vertebral vessels. There are no specialist tools for cutting the anterior lamina of the transverse processes, and alternatives lead to questionable results. A novel tool, the transversoclasiotome, is described and tested. The literature and patent databases were systematically reviewed. A blueprint of the transversoclasiotome was created, and the prototype was tested through autopsy on ten fresh-frozen cadavers within our Body Donation Program. The transversoclasiotome consists of two delicate branches mounted as a scissor, one a cutting jaw and the other a knocker with a rounded tip, both angled 30° to the principal axis. The jaws shut, facing each other in parallel. The cutting jaw corresponds to a slit on the knocker profile without protruding beyond it even when entirely closed. It acts by cutting and wedging. The testing autopsies demonstrated its suitability for its purpose, with an adequate response to the pressure exerted on the bone lamina. The section cut cleanly, without sliding off while closing on the bone. The vertebral vessels were not injured either during instrument insertion or cutting. Their morphological features are described. The transversoclasiotome has been proven appropriate for sectioning the anterior lamina of transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. It meets the needs of clinical anatomy in teaching and training clinicians or surgeons, forensic clinical anatomy during medico-legal investigation, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One fundamental issue at the forefront of the COVID-19 pandemic is the relationship between access to vaccines and intellectual property rights. The purpose of what follows is to advocate for a cosmopolitan interpretation of John Rawls and his Theory of Justice and apply it to the debate on vaccine patent protections. Using the Philippines and other developing countries as the context of analysis, this paper has one main claim—that the vaccine patent waiver is right in the interest of justice, and patent protections must be waived to achieve justice in the distribution of vaccines. The approach here analyzes Rawls’ theories on the nature of justice and equitable distribution and addresses their limitations to establish a framework and justify its use in the vaccine patent debate. Using the Cosmopolitan Principles of Justice (CPJ), a modified version of Rawls’ original framework that can be applied to global justice—lifting patent protections is just because patent protections that block access to health are unjust. CPJ then entails a revision of institutions so as to not perpetuate injustice and to be aligned with social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study offers a comprehensive framework for evaluating the moderating effects of size and age on the relationship between family ownership and innovation. The research hypotheses are tested on a large sample of Italian firms observed over the 2010–2017 period using a zero-inflated nonlinear count model. To refine the understanding of firm heterogeneity, we employ a three-way interaction approach. Results show that the patenting gap between FFs and non-FFs is sensitive to size and age. Compared to non-FFs, FFs underperform when they are small and young, or large and mature, with no substantial differences seen in other types of firms. By referring to the Socioemotional Wealth theory, we find that the founder effect, which differs over a firm's life, is behind a good deal of these findings. Plain English Summary: This study explore how and why firm size and age moderate the relationship between family ownership and innovation. Departing from an assessment of the individual roles of firm size (as a proxy of availability of resources) and age (as a proxy of experience and generational stage), the findings indicate that there is a hybrid typology of FFs which is most conducive to innovate. It results from specific combinations of size and age. In particular, for young firms, the gap between family and non-family firms decreases as size increases. The beneficial aspects of family leadership related to the founder's learning process may balance the more complex competencies associated with larger firms. For subsequent generations of owners, increasing size can become a critical factor. As the resources and number of both family and nonfamily employees tend to grow as firm size increases, negative attributes of family firms in terms of family opportunism could dominate. These findings cast doubt on the perceived negative influence of family ownership and shed additional light on the distinctive traits of family firms by extending the understanding of how specific attributes enable family firms to benefit from innovative activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]