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Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of mortality and antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in weaned dairy heifers. Limited information is available regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in respiratory bacteria in this population. This study determined AMR gene presence in 326 respiratory isolates (Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somni) from weaned dairy heifers using whole genome sequencing. Concordance between AMR genotype and phenotype was determined. Twenty-six AMR genes for 8 broad classes of AMD were identified. The most prevalent, medically important AMD classes used in calf rearing, to which these genes predict AMR among study isolates were tetracycline (95%), aminoglycoside (94%), sulfonamide (94%), beta-lactam (77%), phenicol (50%), and macrolide (44%). The co-occurrence of AMR genes within an isolate was common; the largest cluster of gene co-occurrence encodes AMR to phenicol, macrolide, elfamycin, β-lactam (cephalosporin, penam cephamycin), aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide class AMD. Concordance between genotype and phenotype varied (Matthews Correlation Coefficient ranged from -0.57 to 1) by bacterial species, gene, and AMD tested, and was particularly poor for fluoroquinolones (no AMR genes detected) and ceftiofur (no phenotypic AMR classified while AMR genes present). These findings suggest a high genetic potential for AMR in weaned dairy heifers; preventing BRD and decreasing AMD reliance may be important in this population.

Pasteurella spp. can cause fatal zoonotic infections in humans. We performed a multicenter study to investigate the prevalence and clinical features of Pasteurella infections in South Korea during 2018‒2022. We also conducted a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of the global burden of Pasteurella bacteremia. The study included 283 cases found an increasing trend in Pasteurella infections. Blood cultures were positive in 8/35 (22.9%) cases sampled, for overall bacteremia-associated rate of 2.8% (8/283). Aging was a significant risk factor for bacteremia (odds ratio 1.05 [95% CI 1.01–1.10]), according to multivariate analyses. For the meta-analysis, we included a total of 2,012 cases from 10 studies. The pooled prevalence of bacteremia was 12.4% (95% CI 7.3%–18.6%) and of mortality 8.4% (95% CI 2.7%–16.5%). Our findings reflect the need for greater understanding of the increase in Pasteurella infections and the global burden of Pasteurella bacteremia to determine appropriate case management.

Abstract Background Big cat bites are highly lethal due to the enormous bite force of these animals. This article reviews the morphology of these types of injuries and key points of management through a survival case at a Japanese safari park. Case presentation We report the case of a 26-year-old female keeper who was attacked by a tiger. She was quickly transported to our university hospital by ambulance helicopter. The keeper was severely bitten on the head and face and had wounds all over her body. Craniofacial repair was performed by emergency surgery. She suffered mild facial nerve paralysis and trismus because of being bitten by the tiger and is currently recovering. Conclusions A multidisciplinary approach of the severe tiger bites successfully treated a young woman cosmetically and mentally. Animal farms and zoos that keep tigers should take strict measures to avoid direct confrontation with tigers.

Background: Big cat bites are highly lethal due to the enormous bite force of these animals. This article reviews the morphology of these types of injuries and key points of management through a survival case at a Japanese safari park. Case presentation: We report the case of a 26-year-old female keeper who was attacked by a tiger. She was quickly transported to our university hospital by ambulance helicopter. The keeper was severely bitten on the head and face and had wounds all over her body. Craniofacial repair was performed by emergency surgery. She suffered mild facial nerve paralysis and trismus because of being bitten by the tiger and is currently recovering. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach of the severe tiger bites successfully treated a young woman cosmetically and mentally. Animal farms and zoos that keep tigers should take strict measures to avoid direct confrontation with tigers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory disease is a significant barrier for bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) conservation, and a need remains for management options in both captive and free-ranging populations. We treated Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection in six bighorn lambs and five bighorn yearlings at two captive research facilities with twice daily oral doxycycline for 8 wk or longer. Doses of 5 mg/kg twice daily mixed in formula for lambs and 10 mg/kg twice daily mixed in moistened pellets for older lambs and yearlings were tolerated well with minimal side effects. All animals in this case report remain Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae free over 2 yr later. Further evaluation is warranted to confirm efficacy of this therapeutic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of mortality and antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in weaned dairy heifers. Limited information is available regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in respiratory bacteria in this population. This study determined AMR gene presence in 326 respiratory isolates (Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somni) from weaned dairy heifers using whole genome sequencing. Concordance between AMR genotype and phenotype was determined. Twenty-six AMR genes for 8 broad classes of AMD were identified. The most prevalent, medically important AMD classes used in calf rearing, to which these genes predict AMR among study isolates were tetracycline (95%), aminoglycoside (94%), sulfonamide (94%), beta-lactam (77%), phenicol (50%), and macrolide (44%). The co-occurrence of AMR genes within an isolate was common; the largest cluster of gene co-occurrence encodes AMR to phenicol, macrolide, elfamycin, β-lactam (cephalosporin, penam cephamycin), aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide class AMD. Concordance between genotype and phenotype varied (Matthew’s Correlation Coefficient ranged from −0.57 to 1) by bacterial species, gene, and AMD tested, and was particularly poor for fluoroquinolones (no AMR genes detected) and ceftiofur (no phenotypic AMR classified while AMR genes present). These findings suggest a high genetic potential for AMR in weaned dairy heifers; preventing BRD and decreasing AMD reliance may be important in this population.

Mergibacter septicus (M. septicus), previously known as Bisgaard Taxon 40, is a recently described species within the Pasteurellaceae family. In this study, we present a M. septicus strain isolated from a common tern (Sterna hirundo) chick that died just after fledging from the Banter See in Wilhelmshaven, Germany. The recovered M. septicus strain underwent microbiological phenotypic characterization, followed by whole genome sequencing on Illumina and Nanopore platforms. Phenotypically, M. septicus 19Y0039 demonstrated resistance to colistin, cephalexin, clindamycin, oxacillin, and penicillin G. The genome analysis revealed a circular 1.8 Mbp chromosome without any extrachromosomal elements, containing 1690 coding DNA sequences. The majority of these coding genes were associated with translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, followed by RNA processing and modification, and transcription. Genetic analyses revealed that the German M. septicus strain 19Y0039 is related to the American strain M. septicus A25201T. Through BLAST alignment, twelve putative virulence genes previously identified in the M. septicus type strain A25201T were also found in the German strain. Additionally, 84 putative virulence genes distributed across nine categories, including immune modulation, effector delivery system, nutrition/metabolic factors, regulation, stress survival, adherence, biofilm, exotoxin, and motility, were also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and rapid diagnosis of disease agents is the most important step in terms of control practices. Chromogenic media are culture media that allow the formation of colonies in colors specific to target microorganisms. Because they are target-specific, they do not require validation of results but provide ease of use and time savings. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a chromogenic medium (Pasteurella BDR kit) in the detection of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica agents in the Pasteurelleceae family, which cause respiratory disease in cattle. In this study, nasal swab samples taken from calves showing symptoms of respiratory disease were cultured in chromogenic and standard media. Suspicious growing colonies were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction for P. multocida and M. haemolytica. While 31 (36.9%) samples formed colonies with the chromogenic medium in the color specific to the target bacteria, 28 (33.3%) samples were positively determined for the target bacteria using the standard cultural method. The results of 26 samples were positive by both cultural diagnosis methods. When the results were compared with the traditional cultural diagnosis, agreement was found to be 92.86%. All colored colonies grown on the chromogenic medium were also tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It was determined that the chromogenic medium detected P. multocida at a rate of 92.86% (n = 26) and M. haemolytica at a rate of 100% (n = 2) by forming colonies with a family-specific color. As a result, it was concluded that the use of chromogenic media is beneficial in the practical, rapid, and high-accuracy diagnosis of target agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The present study examined and confirmed the presence of Photobacterium bacteria in aquaculture units in Greece, where the sector plays a crucial role in the national economy. The majority of these bacteria are characterized by high pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance, indicating the need for appropriate management strategies and systematic surveillance.. Bacteria belonging to the species Photobacterium damselae are pathogens of cultured marine fish, causing diseases of high importance, such as Pasteurellosis. Thus, they are considered a major threat to the aquaculture sector. Despite the great importance of fish mariculture for the Greek economy, the distribution and abundance of these bacteria are not well documented in aquaculture units in Greece. Keeping this in mind, the scope of the present study was to investigate the presence, antibiotic profile, and virulence of Photobacterium bacteria originating from a representative sample of mariculture units throughout Greece. Samples were collected from diseased fish belonging to three different cultured fish species, namely Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Pagrus pagrus, from both the Aegean and the Ionian Sea. Tissue samples were cultured in agar media, and bacteria were molecularly identified using both bacterial universal and species-specific primer pairs for Photobacterium spp. Additionally, the identified strains were characterized for the presence of virulence genes as well as antibiotic profiles. According to the results, the aforementioned bacteria are distributed in the Greek aquaculture units and are characterized by high pathogenicity based on the abundance of virulence genes. Furthermore, the majority of the detected strains exhibit some level of antibiotic resistance. In summary, our results indicate the need for systematic surveillance and study of their antibiotic profiles in Greek aquaculture since these bacteria constitute a major threat to the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Pasteurella multocida is a well-known gram-negative facultative anaerobe well known for its ability to cause soft tissue infections following animal bite or scratch. Here we present a case with mycotic aneurysm of the superficial femoral artery due to P. multocida infection. Case presentation A 62 year old male patient presented with worsening right leg pain and swelling. On examination, he was found to have profound swelling and erythema of the right medial thigh and tenderness to palpation. Computerized tomography showed findings suggestive of right femoral pseudoaneurysm with a large right medial thigh hematoma. Blood cultures grew P. multocida. Patient underwent emergent open resection of the mycotic aneurysm and vascular bypass surgery. Intraoperatively, the site was noted to be grossly infected with multiple pockets of pus which were drained and pus cultures grew P. multocida. The diagnosis of P. multocida bacteremia with right femoral mycotic aneurysm and thigh abscess was made. Patient received 6 weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone and recovered. Conclusion Our case is the first report on infection of peripheral vessel with Pasteurella and highlights the importance of prompt surgical intervention and effective antibiotic treatment

Omadacycline was tested against 125 isolates recovered from infected cat and dog bites in humans. Its activity was similar to that of other compounds in the tetracycline class, and it was active against strains exhibiting tetracycline resistance. Against anaerobic isolates, resistance to tetracyclines was more prominent and omadacycline was the most active of the group. All isolates had omadacycline MICs of

Pasteurella multocida is a gram-negative, non-motile, oxidase positive, catalase positive, indole positive, urease negative, non-spore-forming coccobacillus. Animal bites, scratching, and licking are the most critical risk factors for Pasteurella infections, but it may also occur without any contact. Data about the prevalence of these infections in Turkey is limited because most cases apply to primary healthcare institutions where bacterial culture cannot be performed, and infections are treated empirically. This report aims to analyze a soft-tissue infection caused by P. multocida following an animal bite and is reported for the first time from Konya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasteurella spp. are non-motile, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacilli that are commonly found in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract of some animals and are known to be the cause of infections. Usually, infections by Pasteurella spp. in humans is more common in the context of an animal bite leading to a skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). Infective endocarditis (IE) is rarely caused by Pasteurella spp.; however, it can pose diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas due to its rarity. The aim of the present study was to systematically review all cases of IE by Pasteurella spp. in the literature. A systematic review was performed of PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library (through 20 December 2021) for studies providing data on epidemiology and clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as data on treatment and outcomes of IE by Pasteurella spp. A total of 28 studies containing data for 28 patients were included. Prosthetic valve was present in 21.4% of patients. The aorta was the most commonly involved intracardiac site. Fever, sepsis, septic shock and heart failure were the most common clinical presentations. Cephalosporins, aminopenicillins and penicillin were the antimicrobials used most commonly. Overall mortality was 17.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasteurella spp. have been identified predominantly in the oral microbiota of domestic cats. However, Pasteurella spp. was significantly more prevalent in cats with inflammatory oral disease; and consequently, it was considered as part of the etiology in this disease. In addition, in animals, Pasteurella spp. have become increasingly resistant to a large number of antimicrobials. Natural products, especially essential oils, could contribute to minimizing this issue. This study determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of six essential oils against Pasteurella spp. isolates from the oral cavity of domestic cats. Our results showed that essential oils with better antimicrobial effectiveness against most of the Pasteurella isolates were lemongrass, tea tree and clove, with inhibition values between 50 to 800 µg mL-1. All essential oils showed bacteriostatic activity against the species of Pasteurella isolated from the domestic cats. These results suggested that lemongrass, tea tree and clove oils have potential to be used in products for oral hygiene and treatment of oral infections in domestic cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasteurella multocida ( P. multocida ) plays an important role in bovine respiratory diseases. Here we describe the complete genome of a multiresistant P. multocida . The strain was isolated from the lung of a diseased, 4-month old, male Fleckvieh calf with a clinical history of bronchopneumonia in Upper Austria., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background and Aim: Due to the diversified lifestyle and fancy ecology associated with Chitra deer (Axis axis), deer farming has become popular in Bangladesh. Diseases may be the common constrain of successful deer farming. This study aims to investigate the pathological, bacteriological, and nucleic acid based technologies to identify specific causes of morbidity and mortality of captive deer. Materials and Methods: Two deer farms and a park deer (designated as farm A, B, and C) entailing 87, 54, and 20 deer, respectively, showed illness and death constitute the study materials. A total of 42 deer died during this investigation. Following death, routine post-mortem examination, histopathology, impression smear staining, isolation, and identification of bacteria were carried out. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR were carried out to safeguard the etiology. Results: Clinically, farm A and B showed the acute phase of illness and park deer showed chronic illness. Case fatality rates were 90%, 92%, and 100% in farms A, B, and C deer, respectively. Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified from the visceral organs of farm A deer. Farm B deer was infected with Clostridium perfringens type A. Park deer was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hydatid cyst. Conclusion: The infectivity in farm A deer was due to stress as induced by punishing weather. The infectivity in farm B deer was due to feeding a higher volume of protein in the diet. The park C deer may optate infection from companion man and animals living around. The diseases of captive deer identified mainly were zoonotic. It needs extensive veterinary services and specialized technologies to identify these diseases, monitor the infectivity and eliminate the public health important diseases at early onset.

Pasteurella species are infrequent but potentially severe causes of bloodstream infection (BSI). The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of Pasteurella species BSI in a large Australian population. Retrospective, laboratory-based surveillance was conducted in Queensland, Australia (population ≈ 5 million) during 2000–2019, and clinical and outcome information was established by linkage to state hospital admissions and vital statistics databases. During more than 86 million person-years of surveillance, 272 incident Pasteurella species BSI occurred for an overall age- and sex-standardized annual incidence of 3.3 per million residents. The incidence of Pasteurella species BSI was highest in recent years and older individuals were at greatest risk. The median (interquartile range) Charlson Comorbidity Index was 2 (0–4) with scores of zero, 1, 2, and 3 + observed in 81 (30%), 37 (14%), 44 (16%), and 110 (40%) of cases. The 30-day all-cause case fatality was 9% (24/272) and patients who died had more comorbidities and were less likely to have community-associated disease. Although Pasteurella species are infrequent causes of BSI, older individuals and those with comorbidities are at highest risk. The burden of this disease may be expected to increase with an aging and more comorbid population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal bite wounds affect more than 5 million Americans annually, resulting in 300,000 emergency department visits, 10,000 hospitalizations, and an untold number of physician office visits. Various forms of topical therapy are empirically self-employed by many patients prior to seeking medical attention. Pexiganan, a 22-amino-acid synthetic cationic analogue of the peptide magainin II, acts by selectively damaging bacterial cell membranes. We determined the MICs for pexiganan and other antimicrobial agents often used for treatment of bite wounds. Most isolates were from U.S. patients, and ∼10% were from European and Canadian patients. The comparator antimicrobials studied were penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, clindamycin, doxycycline, moxifloxacin, ceftriaxone, linezolid, and metronidazole. The MIC90s of pexiganan were 32 μg/ml (against Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida), 16 μg/ml (P. multocida subsp. septica, Pasteurella canis, and Pasteurella dagmatis), 8 μg/ml (Pasteurella stomatis), 8 μg/ml (Eikenella corrodens), 2 μg/ml (Neisseria weaveri, Neisseria zoodegmatis, and Moraxella canis-Moraxella lacunata group), 16 μg/ml (Bergeyella zoohelcum), 64 μg/ml (Bacteroides pyogenes), 4 μg/ml (Fusobacterium russii), 32 μg/ml (Fusobacterium canifelinum), and 64 μg/ml (Prevotella heparinolytica). The concentration of pexiganan in the cream used was 8,000 μg/ml, more than 60 to 100 times the highest MIC obtained. Pexiganan exhibited a broad range of antimicrobial activity, showing potential for treating animal bite infections. A clinical trial seems warranted.

Today, the most appropriate way of long-term storage of most microorganism strains in collections is their lyophilization. The rate and quality of the recovery of biological properties in lyophilized bacterial cultures depend on the quality of culture media used for this purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of culture media for the recovery of lyophilized pathogenic bacteria. The strains of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus from the collection of the Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine were used in the study. In order to restore lyophilized bacterial cultures, several variants of culture media were used: meat-peptone broth (Pharmactive, Ukraine) with the addition of 5% equine serum and 0.5% glucose; meat-peptone broth (Pharmactive, Ukraine) with the addition of 5% bovine serum and 0.5% glucose; meat-peptone broth (Pharmactive, Ukraine) with the addition of 5% bovine serum and 0.5% glucose; brain-heart infusion broth (HiMedia, India) and tryptone soya broth (HiMedia, India). Faibich protective medium was used as a cryoprotectant. It was found that in the process of sublimation and cryopreservation of cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus, the loss of viable microbial cells was 99.91-99.98%. The concentration of viable microbial cells in lyophilized cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida,Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus was recorded in the range of 1.4 × 104-1.7 × 106 CFU/cm3. During a single passage on different culture media, obtained biomass of the studied cultures was in the initial titer x × 109. The highest productivity in recovered cultures was obtained using brain-heart infusion broth manufactured by HiMedia, India (concentration of live microbial cells in experimental cultures was recorded in the range of 5.7-6.4 × 109 CFU/cm3)

Depressed skull fractures from dog bites are common pediatric head injuries which are contaminated with native skin and canine oral flora. Outcomes can potentially be catastrophic. Thus, these injuries require proper initial management to prevent future complications. We present an 18-month-old female who was bitten by a Great Dane dog and resulted in a small left temporal depressed skull fracture with an underlying brain contusion. This was initially treated conservatively with antibiotics and bedside irrigation. Five weeks later, she developed a large multiloculated abscess with mass effect, which required surgical aspiration and wound debridement. After long-term antibiotics, she made a full neurologic recovery. Our case illustrates the importance of washing out a seemingly inconsequential depressed skull fracture from a dog bite to avoid development of a cerebral abscess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pasteurella multocida is a well-known gram-negative facultative anaerobe well known for its ability to cause soft tissue infections following animal bite or scratch. Here we present a case with mycotic aneurysm of the superficial femoral artery due to P. multocida infection.Case Presentation: A 62 year old male patient presented with worsening right leg pain and swelling. On examination, he was found to have profound swelling and erythema of the right medial thigh and tenderness to palpation. Computerized tomography showed findings suggestive of right femoral pseudoaneurysm with a large right medial thigh hematoma. Blood cultures grew P. multocida. Patient underwent emergent open resection of the mycotic aneurysm and vascular bypass surgery. Intraoperatively, the site was noted to be grossly infected with multiple pockets of pus which were drained and pus cultures grew P. multocida. The diagnosis of P. multocida bacteremia with right femoral mycotic aneurysm and thigh abscess was made. Patient received 6 weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone and recovered.Conclusion: Our case is the first report on infection of peripheral vessel with Pasteurella and highlights the importance of prompt surgical intervention and effective antibiotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Knowledge of potentially pathogenic bacteria presents in the oral cavity of dogs and cats may be helpful in determining appropriate treatment for infected bite wounds. About 120.000 people are exposed to dog and cat bites every year in Algeria, but little is known about the dog and cat oral flora causing bite wound complications. The purpose of this study was to identify potential zoonotic bacteria from oral cavity of dogs and cats and to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics to contribute to the treatment of bite wound infection. Materials and Methods: Oral swabs from 100 stray dogs and 100 stray cats were collected and cultured in several media: Chocolate agar, MacConkey agar, and Mannitol Salt Agar. Bacterial isolates were identified using several commercial kits of the analytical profile index and tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion method. Results: Overall, 185/200 (92.5%) dogs and cats carried zoonotic bacteria in their mouths, of which 55.13% (102/185) had at least two bacterial pathogens. 374 pathogenic strains belonging to 15 genera were isolated: Eleven were Gram-negative (Proteus, Pasteurella, Escherichia, Moraxella, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Neisseria Haemophilus) and four were Gram-positive (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Corynebacterium, Bacillus). Fifty-one strains of Pasteurella were isolated from 44 carriers of Pasteurella (21 Pasteurella multocida, 21 Pasteurella pneumotropica, and 9 Pasteurella spp.). Pasteurella strains were tested for antibiotic resistance. Resistance to at least one drug was observed in 8 (15.68%) of Pasteurella isolates and two strains (3.92%) were found to be multidrug-resistant (to two or more drugs). Erythromycin, penicillin, and ampicillin were the antimicrobials to which the isolates showed greater resistance (7.84%, 5.88%, and 3.92%, respectively). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first in Algeria to detect potential human pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity of dogs and cats. It reveals that these animals have multiple zoonotic bacteria in their mouths including Pasteurella species, which may be multidrug-resistant.

Historically, the use of antibiotics was not well regulated in veterinary medicine. The emergence of antibiotic resistance (ABR) in pathogenic bacteria in human and veterinary medicine has driven the need for greater antibiotic stewardship. The preservation of certain antibiotic classes for use exclusively in humans, especially in cases of multidrug resistance, has highlighted the need for veterinarians to reduce its use and redefine dosage regimens of antibiotics to ensure efficacy and guard against the development of ABR pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the lowest concentration of an antibiotic drug that will prevent the growth of a bacterium, is recognised as a method to assist in antibiotic dosage determination. Minimum inhibitory concentrations sometimes fail to deal with first-step mutants in bacterial populations; therefore dosing regimens based solely on MIC can lead to the development of ABR. The mutant prevention concentration (MPC) is the minimum inhibitory antibiotic concentration of the most resistant first-step mutant. Mutant prevention concentration determination as a complementary and sometimes preferable alternative to MIC determination for veterinarians when managing bacterial pathogens. The results of this study focused on livestock pathogens and antibiotics used to treat them, which had a MIC value of 0.25 µg/mL for enrofloxacin against all 27 isolates of Salmonella typhimurium. The MPC values were 0.50 µg/mL, with the exception of five isolates that had MPC values of 4.00 µg/mL. The MPC test yielded 65.52% (18 isolates) Salmonella isolates with florfenicol MICs in the sensitive range, while 11 isolates were in the resistant range. Seventeen isolates (58.62%) of Pasteurella multocida had MIC values in the susceptible range and 41.38% (12 isolates) had an intermediate MIC value. Mutant prevention concentration determinations as done in this study is effective for the antibiotic treatment of bacterial infections and minimising the development of resistance. The MPC method can be used to better control to prevent the development of antibiotic drug resistance used in animals.

Pasteurella spp. can cause fatal zoonotic infections in humans. We performed a multicenter study to investigate the prevalence and clinical features of Pasteurella infections in South Korea during 2018‒2022. We also conducted a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of the global burden of Pasteurella bacteremia. The study included 283 cases found an increasing trend in Pasteurella infections. Blood cultures were positive in 8/35 (22.9%) cases sampled, for overall bacteremia-associated rate of 2.8% (8/283). Aging was a significant risk factor for bacteremia (odds ratio 1.05 [95% CI 1.01-1.10]), according to multivariate analyses. For the meta-analysis, we included a total of 2,012 cases from 10 studies. The pooled prevalence of bacteremia was 12.4% (95% CI 7.3%-18.6%) and of mortality 8.4% (95% CI 2.7%-16.5%). Our findings reflect the need for greater understanding of the increase in Pasteurella infections and the global burden of Pasteurella bacteremia to determine appropriate case management.

We present a bleeding, infected (mycotic) pseudoaneurysm from the organism Pasteurella multocida. The patient presented septic from an infected total hip arthroplasty and was treated with surgical debridement, component retention, and antibiotics. She re-presented with hip pain and a marked hemoglobin decrease. Vascular studies revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the external iliac artery and large hematoma secondary to contiguous spread of her hip infection. The pseudoaneurysm was treated with an endovascular stent before further debridement surgery to avoid exsanguinating hemorrhage with surgical release of her tamponade. This case demonstrates the utmost importance of recognizing and treating vascular pathology in a patient with an infected prosthetic hip, large hematoma, and decreased hemoglobin.

ABSTRACT: Pasteurella spp. have been identified predominantly in the oral microbiota of domestic cats. However, Pasteurella spp. was significantly more prevalent in cats with inflammatory oral disease; and consequently, it was considered as part of the etiology in this disease. In addition, in animals, Pasteurella spp. have become increasingly resistant to a large number of antimicrobials. Natural products, especially essential oils, could contribute to minimizing this issue. This study determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of six essential oils against Pasteurella spp. isolates from the oral cavity of domestic cats. Our results showed that essential oils with better antimicrobial effectiveness against most of the Pasteurella isolates were lemongrass, tea tree and clove, with inhibition values between 50 to 800 µg mL-1. All essential oils showed bacteriostatic activity against the species of Pasteurella isolated from the domestic cats. These results suggested that lemongrass, tea tree and clove oils have potential to be used in products for oral hygiene and treatment of oral infections in domestic cats.

Bacteria belonging to the species Photobacterium damselae are pathogens of cultured marine fish, causing diseases of high importance, such as Pasteurellosis. Thus, they are considered a major threat to the aquaculture sector. Despite the great importance of fish mariculture for the Greek economy, the distribution and abundance of these bacteria are not well documented in aquaculture units in Greece. Keeping this in mind, the scope of the present study was to investigate the presence, antibiotic profile, and virulence of Photobacterium bacteria originating from a representative sample of mariculture units throughout Greece. Samples were collected from diseased fish belonging to three different cultured fish species, namely Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Pagrus pagrus, from both the Aegean and the Ionian Sea. Tissue samples were cultured in agar media, and bacteria were molecularly identified using both bacterial universal and species-specific primer pairs for Photobacterium spp. Additionally, the identified strains were characterized for the presence of virulence genes as well as antibiotic profiles. According to the results, the aforementioned bacteria are distributed in the Greek aquaculture units and are characterized by high pathogenicity based on the abundance of virulence genes. Furthermore, the majority of the detected strains exhibit some level of antibiotic resistance. In summary, our results indicate the need for systematic surveillance and study of their antibiotic profiles in Greek aquaculture since these bacteria constitute a major threat to the sector.

Background and Aim: Due to the diversified lifestyle and fancy ecology associated with Chitra deer (Axis axis), deer farming has become popular in Bangladesh. Diseases may be the common constrain of successful deer farming. This study aims to investigate the pathological, bacteriological, and nucleic acid based technologies to identify specific causes of morbidity and mortality of captive deer. Materials and Methods: Two deer farms and a park deer (designated as farm A, B, and C) entailing 87, 54, and 20 deer, respectively, showed illness and death constitute the study materials. A total of 42 deer died during this investigation. Following death, routine post-mortem examination, histopathology, impression smear staining, isolation, and identification of bacteria were carried out. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR were carried out to safeguard the etiology. Results: Clinically, farm A and B showed the acute phase of illness and park deer showed chronic illness. Case fatality rates were 90%, 92%, and 100% in farms A, B, and C deer, respectively. Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified from the visceral organs of farm A deer. Farm B deer was infected with Clostridium perfringens type A. Park deer was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hydatid cyst. Conclusion: The infectivity in farm A deer was due to stress as induced by punishing weather. The infectivity in farm B deer was due to feeding a higher volume of protein in the diet. The park C deer may optate infection from companion man and animals living around. The diseases of captive deer identified mainly were zoonotic. It needs extensive veterinary services and specialized technologies to identify these diseases, monitor the infectivity and eliminate the public health important diseases at early onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasteurella spp. are non-motile, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacilli that are commonly found in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract of some animals and are known to be the cause of infections. Usually, infections by Pasteurella spp. in humans is more common in the context of an animal bite leading to a skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). Infective endocarditis (IE) is rarely caused by Pasteurella spp.; however, it can pose diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas due to its rarity. The aim of the present study was to systematically review all cases of IE by Pasteurella spp. in the literature. A systematic review was performed of PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library (through 20 December 2021) for studies providing data on epidemiology and clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as data on treatment and outcomes of IE by Pasteurella spp. A total of 28 studies containing data for 28 patients were included. Prosthetic valve was present in 21.4% of patients. The aorta was the most commonly involved intracardiac site. Fever, sepsis, septic shock and heart failure were the most common clinical presentations. Cephalosporins, aminopenicillins and penicillin were the antimicrobials used most commonly. Overall mortality was 17.9%.

Many cases of cat and dog bites are associated with Pasteurella spp. infections. Antimicrobial therapy usually entails a β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combination such as amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Drug resistance in human Pasteurella spp. infections has rarely been reported in literature. In this report, we introduce the first documented case of a human Pasteurella spp. infection with resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. The potential emergence of drug-resistant Pasteurella spp may alter our therapeutic approach to animal bites in the future. This case highlights the need for further epidemiologic studies on Pasteurella spp antibiotic susceptibility patterns in both humans and cats.

Today, the most appropriate way of long-term storage of most microorganism strains in collections is their lyophilization. Lyophilized bacterial cultures biological properties recovery rate and quality depends on the quality of culture media used for this purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of culture media for the recovery of lyophilized pathogenic bacteria. This study used strains of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus from the collection of Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. In order to restore lyophilized bacterial cultures, several variants of nutrient media were used: Meat-Peptone Broth (MPB) culture media (Pharmactive, Ukraine) were used with the addition of 5% horse serum and 0.5% glucose; Meat-Peptone Broth (MPB) (Pharmactive, Ukraine) with the addition of 5% bovine serum and 0.5% glucose; Meat-Peptone Broth (MPB) (Pharmactive, Ukraine) with the addition of 5% serum of cattle and 0.5% of glucose; Brain-hearth infusion broth (BHIB) (HiMedia, India) and Tryptone soya broth (TSB) (HiMedia, India). It was found that in the process of sublimation and cryopreservation of cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus, the loss of viable microbial cells was 99.91-99.987%. The concentration of viable microbial cells in lyophilized cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus was recorded in the range of 1.4 x 1041.7 x 106 CFU / cm3. During a single passage on different culture media obtained biomass of the studied cultures was in the initial titer x x 109. The highest productivity in reconstituted cultures was obtained using BHIB manufactured by HiMedia, India (concentration of live microbial cells in experimental cultures was recorded in the range of 5.7-6.4 x 109 CFU / cm3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is the most common cancer type around the world. Although major advances in cancer therapy, lung cancer has been the largest proportion of all cancer-related deaths. The respiratory tract contains many types of bacteria and a distinct lung microbiome in lung cancer patients was described in many studies. The specific roles of these lung microorganisms in lung cancer progression remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of inhalation of bronchoalveolar fluid (BAL) in the lung cancer cell growth. The microbiome-based immune and carcinogenesis was examined in tumor-bearing mouse model. We found that inhalation of BAL collected from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients altered the lung microbiota and inhibited tumor cell growth. The inhibitory effect was due to the infiltration of CD3 and CD8+ T cells and decrease of M2 macrophages in lungs. The microbial communities of NSCLC BAL inhalation group were dominated by Pasteurella, whereas the microbial communities of non-cancer control and PBS inhalation group were dominated by Delftia. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) indicated that the genera Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, and Chryseobacterium were increased in NSCLC BAL inhalation group, while genera Delftia, Ezakiella, Blautia, Cloacibacterium, and Microvirga et al. were increased in PBS and Non-cancer group. We demonstrated a significant positive correlation between Pasteurella and cytotoxic CD8+ TIL and a negative correlation with M2 macrophages. Coriobacteriaceae was positively correlated with M2 macrophages and negatively correlated with CD8+ cells. The abundance of Pasteurella was negatively correlated with tumor cell growth. Our findings provide a promising strategy that can be used as a therapeutic vaccine for lung cancer patients.

Il s´agit d´un patient de 70 ans, sans antécédents particuliers, admis pour des douleurs avec impotence fonctionnelle totale de sa cheville gauche. Le patient rapporte la notion de morsure de rat au niveau de sa cheville survenue 4 semaines avant le début de la symptomatologie. L´examen physique a retrouvé un une ouverture punctiforme au niveau de la face postérieure de la cheville avec issu d´un liquide purulent à l´expression digitale (A).

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex syndrome associated with high mortality in young calves and causes severe economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. The current study investigated the prevalence and molecular characterization of common bacterial pathogens associated with respiratory symptoms in young calves from Sadat City, one of the largest industrial cities in Menoufiya Governorate, Egypt. In between December 2020 and March 2021, 200 mixed-breed young calves of 6–12 months were examined clinically. Of them, sixty (30%) calves showed signs of respiratory manifestations, such as coughing, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharges, fever, and abnormal lung sound. Deep nasal (Nasopharyngeal) swabs were collected from the affected calves for bacteriological investigation. Phenotypic characterization and identification revealed Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Pasteurella multocida, and Staphylococcus aureus in 8.33%, 5%, 5%, and 5% of the tested samples, respectively. The PCR technique using species-specific primer sets successfully amplified the target bacterial DNA in all culture-positive samples, confirming the identity of the isolated bacterial species. Partial gene sequencing of 16S rRNA gene of M. bovigenitalium, P. multocida, and S. aureus, and mb-mp 81 gene of M. bovis revealed high nucleotide similarity and genetic relationship with respective bacterial species reported from Egypt and around the world, suggesting transmission of these bacterial species between animal host species and localities. Our study highlights the four important bacterial strains associated with respiratory disorders in calves and suggests the possible spread of these bacterial pathogens across animal species and different geographic locations. Further studies using WGS and a large number of isolates are required to investigate the realistic lineage of Egyptian isolates and globally.

The misclassification of the species Pasteurella caecimuris Lagkouvardos et al . 2016 along with the heterotypic synonymy between P. caecimuris and Rodentibacter heylii Adhikary et al . 2017 has long been recognized. However, no formal assignment of P. caecimuris to its correct taxonomic position has been made accordingly and therefore the nomenclatural consequences have not been implemented. In the present study, the author first re-evaluates the taxonomic relationships of P. caecimuris using genome-based approaches, confirming the need of reclassification to the genus Rodentibacter and presenting evidence of the synonymy between R. heylii and P. caecimuris . Next, the author proposes a new name Rodentibacter caecimuris comb. nov. and, based on the priority of their specific epithets, treats Rodentibacter heylii as a later heterotypic synonym of Rodentibacter caecimuris .

Lung cancer is the most common cancer type around the world. Although major advances in cancer therapy, lung cancer has been the largest proportion of all cancer-related deaths. The respiratory tract contains many types of bacteria and a distinct lung microbiome in lung cancer patients was described in many studies. The specific roles of these lung microorganisms in lung cancer progression remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of inhalation of bronchoalveolar fluid (BAL) in the lung cancer cell growth. The microbiome-based immune and carcinogenesis was examined in tumor-bearing mouse model. We found that inhalation of BAL collected from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients altered the lung microbiota and inhibited tumor cell growth. The inhibitory effect was due to the infiltration of CD3 and CD8+ T cells and decrease of M2 macrophages in lungs. The microbial communities of NSCLC BAL inhalation group were dominated by Pasteurella , whereas the microbial communities of non-cancer control and PBS inhalation group were dominated by Delftia. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) indicated that the genera Pasteurella , Pseudomonas , and Chryseobacterium were increased in NSCLC BAL inhalation group, while genera Delftia , Ezakiella , Blautia , Cloacibacterium , and Microvirga et al. were increased in PBS and Non-cancer group. We demonstrated a significant positive correlation between Pasteurella and cytotoxic CD8+ TIL and a negative correlation with M2 macrophages. Coriobacteriaceae was positively correlated with M2 macrophages and negatively correlated with CD8+ cells. The abundance of Pasteurella was negatively correlated with tumor cell growth. Our findings provide a promising strategy that can be used as a therapeutic vaccine for lung cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasteurellosis is a dreaded infectious disease of domestic and wild bovids caused by gram negative pasteurella microorganisms, particularly Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. It is endemic among Indian buffaloes. However, breed vulnerability on the incidence of the disease in buffaloes have not been reported except a case report on Murrah buffaloes in an organized farm in West Bengal (India). The case fatality rate has been reported to be very high (75%). This paper elucidates the autopsy results, containing the macropathological, histopathological and microbial scenario of a pasteurella infected 4 years old female Surti buffalo carcass, presented for postmortem examination (PME) to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat in March, 2019. The clinical history of the case portrayed high fever, anorexia, profuse salivation, throat swelling, recumbence, and protruded tongue before death. Macropathological findings revealed accumulation of edematous gelatinous fluid in throat region with consolidated, reddened and thickened interlobular septa. Heart was severely congested with focal ecchymoses on epicardium and endocardium. Myocarditis with necrosis and bacterial emboli indicated septicemia in the deceased animal. Liver was pale and friable with multifocal necrotic areas. Fibrinous inflammation was noted on peritoneum and serosal surface of intestines. Histopathological examination revealed fibrinous suppurative bronchopneumonia with inflammatory cells inside the alveoli and interalveolar septa of the lungs. Bacterial colonies surrounded by inflammatory cells were noticed at various places along with the thickened interlobular septa of the lungs. In a few areas, severe hemorrhages and congestions were also noticed. Histological section of heart revealed multiple necrotic foci with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Impression smears from heart, lungs, liver and spleen were subjected to Giemsa's stain, which revealed numerous typical bipolar organisms suggestive of Pasteurella spp. Microscopic examination of the cultured bacterial colonies on blood agar, biochemically confirmed that the organisms belonged to Pasteurella spp. Based on clinical signs, macropathological, histopathological and microbiological examinations, the case was confirmed to be Pasteurellosis, which is an unique report in Surti buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This field trial aimed to assess the effect of a multivalent clostridial and Pasteurella vaccine (Heptavac P Plus, MSD Animal Health, 2015), administered to lambs at two different time points, on lamb mortality (primary outcome), morbidity and growth rates (secondary outcomes) as compared to unvaccinated lambs. Background: This veterinary practice-based study was motivated by a knowledge gap identified during flock health planning activities and engagement between veterinarians and commercial sheep producers in a regional knowledge exchange programme in South West England. Common queries to the veterinary practice from sheep producers during summer to autumn 2012 included the value and timing of vaccinations to prevent disease associated with pasteurellosis. Discussions between veterinarians and consultants working in preventive sheep flock health planning stimulated a scientific literature search, which highlighted the lack of published data on field vaccine testing of Pasteurella components under British sheep commercial farming systems, and a lack of strong evidence in order to inform practical questions regarding the optimal timing of vaccinations aimed at preventing lamb mortalities in the pre-, peri- and post-weaning periods. Evidentiary value: A field vaccine trial was conducted on six commercial sheep flocks in South West England. From April 2013, across the six farms a total of 900 twin-born lambs (Ovis aries) were systematically randomly allocated into 1. unvaccinated, 2. early- (6 to 8-week-old) or 3. late- (18 to 20-week-old) vaccination groups. The study provides evidence to support recommendations for sheep producers regarding risks for clostridial disease in fully unvaccinated sheep flocks, supports the benefits of preventive ewe vaccination, and indicates that pre-weaning vaccination of lambs may be beneficial for reducing peri- and post-weaning losses on some flocks. The study highlights the challenges of identifying the reasons for mortality in grazing lambs, and provides new evidence to support the need for early intervention and treatment of ocular lesions in young lambs, in order to reduce their negative impact on lamb performance. Methods. During the 6-month trial, lambs were assessed for ocular lesions, orf lesions, clinical respiratory disease, lameness, diarrhoea, and ear tag losses. Monthly liveweights (kg) and mortalities were recorded. Lambs were removed from the study when they reached producer-defined finishing objectives, ≥46 kg liveweight or when they died. Results: Overall, low levels of mortality and disease outcomes were observed in both control and vaccinated lambs. A mortality rate of 33 deaths per 1000 lambs at-risk, 0.8% lameness (95% CI 0.6–1.1), 1.7% diarrhoea (95% CI 1.4–2.2), 3% ocular disease (including ocular discharge and/or entropion) (95% CI 2.2–3.2), and 2.6% orf lesions (95% CI 2.2–3.1) were recorded over the trial period. A higher proportion of mortalities occurred in unvaccinated or partially vaccinated lambs (n=23; 76.7%), as compared to trial lambs that had received a primary vaccine course (n=7; 13.3%). A small proportion of mortalities (n=3; 10.0%) occurred in lambs whose vaccination status could not be confirmed No clinical signs of respiratory disease were recorded during veterinary or producer assessments of control or vaccinated trial lambs. Mixed-effects models found significant between-farm and time differences in liveweights (p

Abstract Objectives A cross-sectional study was employed with the aim to explore the serological status of goats; we evaluated the presence of serum antibodies of the circulating serotypes of the genus Pasteurella. A total of 124 serum samples were collected from randomly selected goats and subsequently serotyped using indirect haemagglutination test. Results In the current study, the overall prevalence of pasteurellosis in goats was 31.4%. Additionally, a total of eight serotypes of Pasteurella were serotyped. It is evident that 25% out of 124 sampled animals were found infected by four or more circulating serotypes and 6.4% animals were also found positive for all serotypes. Accordingly, the prevalence of Pasteurella multocida serotype A were 16.9%, Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A1 26.6%, M. haemolytica serotype A2 18.5%, M. haemolytica serotype A7 16.1%, Bibersteinia trehalosi serotype T3 20.9%, B. trehalosi serotype T4 21.7%, B. trehalosi serotype T10 27.4%, and B. trehalosi serotype T15 was 25.8%. Therefore, although there has been vaccination campaign with monovalent vaccine P. multocida type A, the diseases still exerts negative impacts through death of goats to smallholder farmers. Therefore, to control the disease the government should provide multivalent vaccine of the above serotypes.

AAvian Mannheimia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida were investigated in different poultry farms at Beni-Suef governorate. Bacteriological examination of 160 samples which were taken from organs of freshly dead and diseased chickens revealed isolation of 50 (31.25%) isolates of Pasteurella.Spp., 16 (10%) isolates were Mannheimia hemolytica and 34(21.25%) isolates were Pasteurella multocida. Experimental infection was carried out on four weeks old Balady chickens which were inoculated with isolates of Mannheimia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida separately, mortality rate in both reached to 80%. Samples were taken from dead chickens and examined bacteriolgically and histopathologicaly and Pasteurella. Spp. were reisolated from experimentally infected chickens. Antibiogram study with 10 types of chemotherapeutic agents revealed that both microorganisms were sensitive to ceftiofor, gentamycin and lincomycin + spectinomycin. The gross and microscopic pathologic lesions were variable in type and severity in field and experimentally infected cases. There was general hyperemia which most evident in veins of the abdominal viscera. Petecheal haemorrhages were frequently found and widely distributed. Livers of the most acutely affected birds were swollen and had multiple small focal areas of coagulative necrosis and heterophilic infiltration. Heterophilic infiltration also occurs in lungs and certain other parenchymotous organs.

• Pasteurella bacteraemia is rare but has a poor prognosis. • Pasteurella bacteraemia was frequently associated with impairment of host defences. • Comorbidities were independently associated with death. Pasteurella bacteraemia is rare, but has been associated with a high mortality rate. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of comorbidities on patients with Pasteurella bacteraemia. All cases of Pasteurella bacteraemia in adults treated in our centre between January 2008 and December 2017 were included retrospectively and compared with cases identified in a systematic review of the literature via MEDLINE covering the years 1951–2017. The epidemiological, bacteriological, and clinical data were collected, as well as the instances of death after 30 days. Twenty cases of Pasteurella bacteraemia identified in our centre and 99 cases from the literature review were included. A major comorbidity was found in 80/119 (67.2%) patients. The death rate at 30 days was 31.1%. The most common comorbidities were cirrhosis, immunosuppressive therapy, and malignant diseases. Age was not associated with mortality. On multivariate analysis, the only factor associated with mortality was a major comorbidity (odds ratio 2.78, 95% confidence interval 1.01–7.70; p = 0.04). This study confirms the high mortality rate and highlights the importance of the host background, independent of age, in Pasteurella bacteraemia. Clinicians should be aware of the comorbidities in cases of Pasteurella infection, due to the poor prognosis of bacteraemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]