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This study tested the hypothesis that overwhelming store-operated Ca2+ entry is a novel mechanism contributing to high glucose- and angiotensin II-induced podocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial injury.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of co-occurring traits that elevate risk for development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias. As seen in obese humans, young adult male obese Zucker rats (M-OZRs) develop dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hypertension with predictable onsets and time courses. By 12-16 weeks of age, M-OZRs also develop diminished baroreflex-mediated activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and short-term control of arterial pressure by baroreflexes compared to male lean OZRs (M-LZRs). At this age, hypertensive M-OZRs have normal fasting blood glucose that is chronically and substantially elevated with access to food compared to male lean Zucker rats (M-LZRs). We have shown that selective correction of this hyperglycemia with antidiabetic agents restores baroreflex-mediated activation of the NTS and baroreflexes in these hypertensive M-OZRs. In contrast, 16-week-old hypertensive female obese Zucker rats (F-OZRs) maintain normal fed glucose, baroreflex-mediated activation of the NTS, and baroreflexes compared to female lean Zucker rats (F-LZRs). However, by 27 weeks of age, F-OZRs develop impaired baroreflex bradycardia in the absence of fed hyperglycemia or diminished baroreflex-mediated activation of the NTS. We recently showed that young adult M-OZRs (17-19 weeks) have tau hyper-phosphorylation (S396 and S199, and S202) isolated to the NTS within the medulla coinciding with hypertension, diminished activation of the NTS and impaired baroreflexes. By 27-30 weeks of age, tau hyper-phosphorylation at S396 also emerges in the hippocampus of M-OZRs, coinciding with development of significantly impaired spatial learning abilities in the Morris water maze (MWM). Based on these findings, we hypothesized that tau hyper-phosphorylation at S396 would be absent in the medulla of 16-week-old F-OZRs with later development in the forebrain. Contrary to our hypothesis, 16-week-old F-OZRs had elevated tau protein expression (S396) in the medulla (p=0.025, n=7) and hippocampus (p=0.009, n=7) compared to F-LZRs. At this early age, F-OZRs also showed significantly increased escape latency and path length in the acquisition phase of MWM compared to F-LZRs (n=12/group, P Support: NIH R01HL132568-S1 to Dr. Ann Schreihofer. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

In the present study, a comprehensive investigation has been carried out on the meticulously designed surfactant-free glycerol-activated sol–gel derived mesoporous γ-alumina powder, specifically with the aim to establish the excellent prospect of the structure–property relationship towards efficiently modifying and conceptually emphasizing the correlative outlook of the application perspective. Herein, the systematic engineering of the selective synthetic parameters such as peptizing acid type and its associated solvent create great strategic influence towards methodically tuning and judiciously constructing the prime controlling facet of the overall process, which successively maintains the distinctive individuality of the sol–gel derived mesoporous gamma-alumina structure. Interestingly, the initiation of discrepancy, which was recorded at the chemical nature site of the molecular bond structure of two distinctive boehmite sols, conspicuously maintains their individuality even while experiencing the sequential advancement of the dehydroxylation process, the consequential rearrangement of the hydroxyl group, alongside the concurrent progressive diffusion of Al3+ ion amongst the available co-ordination sites as a function of increasing temperature. Eventually, while dictating the individual identity of the evolved gamma-alumina's structure, the study aimed at acquiring identical distinctive characteristics even at their corresponding atomic scale, bulk structure, and surface textural features in terms of revealing the Rietveld, NMR (27Al and 1H), pyridine-FTIR, TEM, and XPS spectral analysis with the exploration of comparatively higher crystallinity, greater AlO4/AlO6 ratio, lower Lewis and Bronsted acid sites, lesser amount of hydroxyl groups, and lower extent of agglomeration tendency in inorganic acid peptized gamma-alumina as compared to organic acid peptized gamma-alumina, which thereafter showed concrete interconnectivity by concluding with the proper demonstration of the surface area, pore morphology, and band gap study. Finally, the study presented a detailed mechanistic view with the aim to further exemplify the real-time prospect of the structure–property relationship of the two differently synthesized gamma-alumina samples in terms of categorizing the application potential, particularly in identical dye adsorption and photocatalyst fields, and consecutively building a robust scientific and technological perspective of the structure–property-performance inter-connective linkage beyond the existing limiting factor.

The present investigation mainly addresses the rational design of a MgAl-binary-oxide-coated MWCNT nano-hybrid architecture and the study of its reinforcement potential.

Objective of the system is to measure the effect of sound wave/music sample(s) on human brain while concentrating on study and reading some texts. The idea is to discover some interesting measure from the recorded image-base, by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)/Computer Tomography(CT) scan, through correspondence with the metadata of music sample i.e. music spectrum analyzed through Digital Signal Processing and further to relate them transitively with the physical feedback given by the person who is under testing. In the model formulation of the problem, first the parameters/performance indicators in Music Information Retrieval (MIR) are identified causing maximum impact while reading any content attentively. The concentration level is tried to be identified through MRI/CT Scan through follow up testing. The reading content can either be texts or images since music is already in the background. If reading content includes videos/music then there will be clash of interest because of the presence of background music. The data has to be collected from each and every training music sample and measured correspondence through images of brain developing a tabular form including the information of each parameters and correspondence through MRI/CTS images. The parametric identification is done using Digital Signal Processing toolbox in MATLAB and the MRI/CTS images are to be corresponded through Digital Image Processing. This dynamical system initially employs generate and test mechanism with variant music sample and measure impact on small population of human being producing a sound warehouse. Trends are then analyzed and discovered from this data warehouse by means of Data Mining techniques by constructing the association rule. This is first step towards construction of rule base. Once the rule base is built, the knowledge base is constituted and hence Production System is developed. This correspondence, when established with a reasonable degree of aspiration from the sound warehouse, it is applied to examine how much accurately the association rule is working for various test cases. The System is trained with extended music database so as to correspond the song type and attention level which may yield different result for different human being. Parametric identification of stylometry plays an important role. In the solution process, the system is tested with the similar song type and the texts/contents on different human being. The evaluation/assessment of reading content of various human beings with background music and without background music are put under a comparative study. The limitation of the system is the feedback of the human being regarding their own perceived attention level is taken into consideration in pursuit of perfection. However, resolution can be made with the results obtained through comparative study. The major motivation behind this work is the earlier work to develop cognitive system that can treat patient of non –surgical category (both psychological and non-psychological) using Music Therapy treatment convention. The successful application of it may well open the scope of utilizing music as an effective tool in various human needs viz. relaxation, temperament restoration, therapeutic needs and concentration building of children with learning, emotive and developmental difficulties.

Obese Zucker rats (OZRs) develop hypertension and hyperinsulinemia by 3 mo of age. Male OZRs also have diminished baroreflex-mediated activation of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and bradycardia, which are improved by correcting their hyperglycemia. Conversely, 3-mo-old female OZRs and lean Zucker rats (LZRs) have equivalent baroreflex-mediated bradycardia that is impaired in 6-mo-old OZRs. We hypothesized that 3-mo-old female OZRs maintain NTS activation and baroreflexes coincident with glycemic control. We also hypothesized that 6-mo-old female OZRs develop impaired baroreflexes with hyperglycemia and diminished NTS activation. In 12- to 16-wk-old females, sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial pressure (AP) were higher in OZRs than LZRs. However, baroreflex-mediated inhibition of SNA and bradycardia were equivalent in female OZRs and LZRs. Unlike deficits in male OZRs, female OZRs and LZRs had no differences in phenylephrine-induced c-Fos expression in NTS or decreases in SNA and AP evoked by glutamate into NTS. Compared with hyperglycemia in male OZRs (217.9 ± 34.4 mg/dL), female OZRs had normal fed blood glucose levels (108.2 ± 1.6 mg/dL in LZRs and 113.6 ± 3.5 mg/dL in OZRs) with emerging glucose intolerance. Conscious 24- to 27-wk-old female OZRs had impaired baroreflex-mediated bradycardia, but fed blood glucose was modestly elevated (124.2 ± 5.2 mg/dL) and phenylephrine-induced c-Fos expression in NTS was comparable to LZRs. These data suggest that better glycemic control in 3-mo-old female OZRs prevents diminished NTS activation and baroreflexes, supporting the notion that hyperglycemia impairs these responses in male OZRs. However, 6-mo-old female OZRs had impaired baroreflex efficacy without diminished NTS activation or pronounced hyperglycemia, suggesting baroreflex deficits develop by different mechanisms in female and male OZRs.

The figure of the 'kīrtimukha' or ‘glory- face’ is an artistic motif that appears on early Indian art and architecture, initially as a sacred symbol and then more commonly as a decorative element. In Assam, the motif of 'kīrtimukha' is seen crowning the stele of the stray icons of the early medieval period. The motif also appeared in the structural components of the ancient and early medieval temples of Assam. The Kapili-Jamuna valley, situated in the districts of Nagaon, Marigaon and Hojai in central Assam houses innumerable rich archaeological remains, especially temple ruins and sculptures, both stone and terracotta. Many such architectural components are adorned by the 'kīrtimukha' figures, usually carved in low relief. It is proposed to discuss the iconographic features of the 'kīrtimukha' motif in the art of the Kapili-Jamuna valley of Assam and also examine whether the iconographic depictions of the 'kīrtimukha' as prescribed in canonical texts, such as the 'Śilpaśāstras' are reflected in the art of the valley. Pan Asian linkages of the 'kīrtimukha' motif will also be examined.

This paper elucidates Intelligent System for stress relief through music in a complex structure of wirelessly driven Fuzzy Goal Programming (FGP) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) based performance optimized wirelessly charged electric car. It further presents under uncertainty, how the GA can be used in the process of solving a fuzzy goal programming (FGP) formulation of a wirelessly charged Solar powered Electric Car with an inbuilt state of the art entertainment system incorporating Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Natural Language Understanding (NLU) technologies. The extension idea behind incorporation of Music System for stress relief is driven. In an effort through Artificial Intelligence guided System to make use of music in extension to relaxation, recreation for the therapeutic cause of individual to make them get rid of stress and tension, the present work is an attempt to develop a production system to extend further the pattern identification of regional music in this part of the globe from the erstwhile published work on measurement of recorded effect of sound wave on human brain inquest of improved attentiveness and concentration [1]. Initially, the model of the Car with all its components is presented. It is followed by a brief description of the entertainment system and it’s features. In the model formulation of the problem, the various types of goals are fuzzily described. Then, a pre-emptive priority based FGP model is developed with optimal usability. In the optimization model solution process, GA is employed in the formulated performance model of the car on the basis of the assigned priorities. In the decision process, both the GA and Fuzzy are employed so as to optimize the charging capacity with overall performance taking into consideration the issue of self-discharge. The design and constructional framework of this optimized Electric Car model is pictorially represented.

This investigation entails our continued research on calcium aluminate coated graphite for application in alumina-carbon monolithic refractories. Surface treatment of graphite flakes by a scalable sol-gel route has been utilized to develop stable bonds between ceramic phases with the functionalized graphite sheets. This study has been primarily conducted to differentiate between the coating evolution pattern at green and calcined conditions. In this regard, C-H-N analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld analysis, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and zeta potential studies of three kinds of graphites had been compared and critically estimated. These results were supplemented with thermogravimetry (TG), pore size distribution, oxidation resistance and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of selected samples. A schematic outline of the work has also been proposed. An appreciable improvement of bulk density, apparent porosity and crushing strength of the respective castable has been correlated with the compatibility of the coating to the reactive matrix constituents of the refractory in wide temperature region (110-1500 degrees C).

Values are ultimately personal; the implicit message is that there is no right or wrong value. Schools have a moral ethos embodied in rules, rewards and punishments, dress codes, honour codes, relationships, styles of teaching, extracurricular activities, art, and in the expression of respect. Schools convey to children what is expected of them, what is normal, what is right and wrong. It is often claimed that values are caught rather than taught; through their ethos, schools socialise children into patterns of moral behavior. The present study analyses the practice of moral education as described in the Gita with reference to concept of the Self and pedagogy and how the understanding of the Self and pedagogy can help the teachers in improving their character and pedagogical practices in imparting the real form of education to the children for both present and future.

Higher-resolution frontal Z-projections showing the changes in the expression of Tailless and Fas2 in the third instar larval brain;The variation in the expression of Tailless and Fas2 in the transheterozygote larval brains of the polycomb protein interacting partners of Rpd3;Morphology, size, and shape of same-aged synchronized embryos of Rpd3 heteroallelic mutants;The widths, lengths, and volume of the Rpd3 mutant embryos of Drosophila melanogaster;Alteration in the cuticular structure of the larva and changes in pattern, distribution, and shape of the denticles

The current study is an initiative taken to recognize the speech by observing the muscle associated with speech (Locks et al. in Motriz, Rio Claro 21(1):15–22, 2015, [1]). It will realize unvoiced communication; guarantee the participation of inarticulate people in society. Electromyography (EMG) sensor is used to track and recognize various intramuscular signals for accurate and precise recognition of the subjects. In this aspect, letter ‘A’ and digit ‘1’ are performed in sign language by volunteers and the EMG signals are collected for four muscles, i.e. Lumbrical muscles, Hypothenar muscles, Thenar muscles and Flexor carpi muscles of palm and hands. The nonlinear study of these signals proved to be an efficient method of sign recognition.

Peace for a common man indicates the existing condition in his/her surroundings. Everyone expects peace to come from the external sources to the extent that can fulfil one’s satisfactory level. Man is not separate from his society. So, if s/he has expectations of a peaceful environment there are duties/skills which he himself or herself should develop and follow. It can be started from one to many and vice-versa and in harmony. For this there is a need of self-regulation in everyday life which can foreshadow peace in gradual steps. This is possible only when one understands his/her Self. Peace is each one’s responsibility in every simple manner one can. We should not depend on the Government or any authority or organization to grant peace. This attitude has to be changed because Government is of the people, by the people and for the people. One of the biggest reasons of conflict, violence and unrest is that we try to think for ourselves first, our own needs and desires too. There are ways to peace if we all are willing. First of all, the goal and then our efforts with mutual trust and respect can make everyday life better. To know about other people, their way of life is necessary for a better communication and to maintain healthy relationships. Even the stranger in a remote place, though harmful, is our responsibility, to prevent him/her from disturbing peace and to know the root cause of his/her inner conflict or state of mind. It is the self-regulation strategies which everyone should follow and practise in his/her immediate environment such as home, neighbourhood, institution and workplace. This can start from the local to the global level. This paper is a humble attempt to reflect on our everyday life, how we lead it, our thinking, feeling and doing that not only affects ourselves but also the surroundings and society. Health factor both physiological and mental has a role to play in inner peace and the peace to be built all around us. Several other causes as obstacles to inner peace, how to deal with them and self-regulation in various ways are included in this paper. Also to be aware of the basic life skills which will help to maintain our inner peace and our peaceful co-existence with the living and non-living around.

One particular application of gesture-based systems is to implement a speaking aid for the dumb. For this to happen, it requires modelling of a dactylological artificial hand by incorporating study of the hand movement for the dumb people. In this aspect the Finger and Wrist position with Degrees Of Freedom (D.O.F) is calculated, the prototype model representation of the dactylological artificial hand is done .The different positions of the motors in the hand is shown for letters and numbers, the motor movement database for generating any signal is attached. The driving Algorithm and the process flow graph for the stepper motor controlled artificial hand is implemented .This attempt would provide flexibility in communication with the dumb people who are not capable to communicate with the physical world verbally. Moreover, an attempt is taken on furnishing the hardware implementation of producing an ideal Dactylological Artificial hand which tends to be a pre-innovative work in the varied field of artificial intelligence

Curcumin and curcumin containing polyherbal preparations have demonstrated anti-microbial and anti- viral properties in pre-clinical studies. Till date no therapeutic intervention has been proved to be effective and safe in clearing established cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The present study evaluated the efficacy of Basant polyherbal vaginal cream (containing extracts of curcumin, reetha, amla and aloe vera) and of curcumin vaginal capsules to eliminate HPV infection from cervix. Women were screened by Pap smear and HPV DNA test by PCR. HPV positive women without high grade cervical neoplasias (N=287) were randomized to four intervention arms to be treated with vaginal Basant cream, vaginal placebo cream, curcumin vaginal capsules and placebo vaginal capsules respectively. All subjects were instructed to use one application of the assigned formulation daily for 30 consecutive days except during menstruation and recalled within seven days of the last application for repeat HPV test, cytology and colposcopy. HPV clearance rate in Basant arm (87.7%) was significantly higher than the combined placebo arms (73.3%). Curcumin caused higher rate of clearance (81.3%) than placebo though the difference was not statistically significant. Vaginal irritation and itching, mostly mild to moderate, was significantly higher after Basant application. No serious adverse events were noted.

The efficiency and reliability of wireless network mainly depends upon the delivery power of its links. So it is important to measure which link is more reliable and can deliver data effectively over a long period of time. We study the quality of a link based on the available estimators mainly the Packet Reception Rate (PRR), the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the CC2420 radio in a purely software based environment. Each one of them has some shortcomings. The result also is not very obvious as different estimators show different links to be better than others. This leads us to design a new LQ metric which would not only come up with better result but also reflect the sudden changes of the quality of the links.

Benzodiazepine withdrawal-anxiety is associated with enhanced α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated glutamatergic transmission in rat hippocampal CA1 synapses due to enhanced synaptic insertion and phosphorylation of GluA1 homomers. Interestingly, attenuation of withdrawal-anxiety is associated with a reduction in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated currents and subunit expression, secondary to AMPA receptor potentiation. Therefore, in this study ultrastructural evidence for possible reductions in NMDAR GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B subunits was sought at CA1 stratum radiatum synapses in proximal dendrites using postembedding immunogold labeling of tissues from rats withdrawn for 2 days from 1-week daily oral administration of the benzodiazepine, flurazepam (FZP). GluN1-immunogold density and the percentage of immunopositive synapses were significantly decreased in tissues from FZP-withdrawn rats. Similar decreases were observed for GluN2B subunits; however, the relative lateral distribution of GluN2B-immunolabeling within the postsynaptic density did not change after BZ withdrawal. In contrast to the GluN2B subunit, the percentage of synapses labeled with the GluN2A subunit antibody and the density of immunogold labeling for this subunit was unchanged. The spatial localization of immunogold particles associated with each NMDAR subunit was consistent with a predominantly postsynaptic localization. The data therefore provide direct evidence for reduced synaptic GluN1/GluN2B receptors and preservation of GluN1/GluN2A receptors in the CA1 stratum radiatum region during BZ withdrawal. Based on collective findings in this benzodiazepine withdrawal-anxiety model, we propose a functional model illustrating the changes in glutamate receptor populations at excitatory synapses during benzodiazepine withdrawal.

Prolonged benzodiazepine treatment leads to tolerance and increases the risk of dependence. Flurazepam (FZP) withdrawal is associated with increased anxiety correlated with increased alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic function and AMPAR binding in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Enhanced AMPAR synaptic strength is also associated with a shift toward inward rectification of synaptic currents and increased expression of GluR1, but not GluR2, subunits, suggesting augmented membrane incorporation of GluR1-containing, GluR2-lacking AMPARs. To test this hypothesis, the postsynaptic incorporation of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits in CA1 neurons after FZP withdrawal was examined by postembedding immunogold quantitative electron microscopy. The percentage of GluR1 positively labeled stratum radiatum (SR) synapses was significantly increased in FZP-withdrawn rats (88.2% +/- 2.2%) compared with controls (74.4% +/- 1.9%). In addition, GluR1 immunogold density was significantly increased by 30% in SR synapses in CA1 neurons from FZP-withdrawn rats compared with control rats (FZP: 14.1 +/- 0.3 gold particles/mum; CON: 10.8 +/- 0.4 gold particles/mum). In contrast, GluR2 immunogold density was not significantly different between groups. Taken together with recent functional data from our laboratory, the current study suggests that the enhanced glutamatergic strength at CA1 neuron synapses during benzodiazepine withdrawal is mediated by increased incorporation of GluR1-containing AMPARs. Mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity in this model of drug dependence are therefore fundamentally similar to those that operate during activity-dependent plasticity.

The circadian clock of an organism is intricately entwined between a multitude of intercellular and intracellular networks consolidating the physiological activities into a refined rhythmic pattern. The key to these rhythms lie in their exceptional competence in either self-sustaining or in resetting themselves to the most suitable stimuli, neglecting the irrelevant ones. Apart from the prevalent notion about the dominant role of transcription and translation in the clock regulation, recent findings have unfurled the importance of post-transcription and post-translation in modulating the same. This review aims at evolving a new player in clock control via the incredible phenomena of RNA interference (RNAi), which is executed mainly through the microRNAs and the long non-coding RNAs. It enlightens us with replete evidences that effectively establish the cryptic yet enigmatic role of different core components of RNA interference and their machinery in the modulation of all the unexplored facets for the sustenance and constancy of the biological rhythm.

Halophytes are plants which naturally survive in saline environment. They account for approximately 1% of the total flora of the world. They include both dicots and monocots and are distributed mainly in arid, semi-arid inlands and saline wet lands along the tropical and sub-tropical coasts. Salinity tolerance in halophytes depends on a set of ecological and physiological characteristics that allow them to grow and flourish in high saline conditions. The ability of halophytes to tolerate high salt is determined by the effective coordination between various physiological processes, metabolic pathways and protein or gene networks responsible for delivering salinity tolerance. The salinity responsive proteins belong to diverse functional classes such as photosynthesis, redox homeostasis, stress/defence, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, protein metabolism, signal transduction and membrane transport. The important metabolites which are involved in salt tolerance of halophytes are proline and proline analogue (4-hydroxy-N-methyl proline), glycine betaine, pinitol, myo-inositol, mannitol, sorbitol, O-methylmucoinositol and polyamines. In halophytes, the synthesis of specific proteins and osmotically active metabolites control ion and water flux and support scavenging of oxygen radicals under salt stress condition. The present review summarizes the salt tolerance mechanisms of halophytes by elucidating the recent studies that have focused on proteomic, metabolomic and ionomic aspects of various halophytes in response to salinity. By integrating the information from halophytes and its comparison with glycophytes could give an overview of salt tolerance mechanisms in halophytes, thus laying down the pavement for development of salt tolerant crop plants through genetic modification and effective breeding strategies.

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is critical for embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Uncontrolled apoptosis leads to different human disorders including immunodeficiency, autoimmune disorder and cancer. Several small molecules that control apoptosis have been identified. Here, we have shown the functional role of triazole derivative (DCPTN-PT) that acts as a potent HDAC inhibitor and mis-express proto onco microRNA (miRNA) bantam. To further understanding the mechanism of action of the molecule in apoptotic pathway, a series of experiments were also performed in Drosophila, a well known model organism in which the nature of human apoptosis is very analogous. DCPTN-PT mis processes bantam microRNA and alters its down regulatory target hid function and cleavage of Caspase-3 which in turn influence components of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in Drosophila. However regulatory microRNAs in other pro-apoptotic genes are not altered. Simultaneously, treatment of same molecule also affects the mitochondrial regulatory pathway in human tumour cell lines suggesting its conservative nature between fly and human. It is reasonable to propose that triazole derivative (DCPTN-PT) controls bantam oncomiRNA and increases hid induced apoptosis and is also able to influence mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

Members of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) are highly conserved proteins of about 70 kDa and play important roles in protein folding. Levels of these proteins increase when cells are under stress. Environmental temperature influences both the basal and induced levels of HSPs. However, studies on HSPs in fishes from a tropical country such as India are lacking. In the present study, Indian major carp (IMC) Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) acclimatized at 25 +/- 2 degrees C had high levels of HSP70, viz., 1.2-1.3 ng microgram(-1) total protein in kidney and gill and 4.2-5.3 ng microgram(-1) total protein in liver and brain tissues, indicating the presence of biochemically significant levels of stress. However, maintenance of acclimatized fish at 17 degrees C for up to 48 h did not lead to a significant decrease in stress protein levels. A heat shock at 37 degrees C for up to 48 h resulted in only two to threefold increase in HSP70 levels in these organs. Although the increase in HSP70 levels was apparent from the first hour of heat stress in all these tissues, the increase was significant from the second hour in the brain, the sixth hour in liver and kidney and the 20th hour in the gills.

Modulation of type A GABA receptors (GABAA) by L-type Ca++ channel blockers was investigated. The dihydropyridines nifedipine and nitrendipine, and the phenylalkylamine verapamil inhibited recombinant rat alpha1beta2gamma2 receptors recorded from human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells; nifedipine at low concentrations also elicited modest stimulatory effects on GABA-gated current. The IC50 for GABA current inhibition was lowest for nitrendipine (17.3 +/- 1.3 microM), so subsequent studies were focused on further exploring its mechanism and possible site of action. When co-applied with GABA, nitrendipine had minimal effects on initial current amplitude, but significantly enhanced current decay rate. Nitrendipine-mediated inhibition was subunit-selective, as its IC50 was 10-fold lower in alpha1beta2 receptors. Nitrendipine's effect in recombinant human alpha1beta2gamma2 receptors was similar (IC50=23.0 +/- 1.3 microM) to that observed in rat receptors of the same configuration, indicating the site of action is conserved in the two species. The inhibitory effects were dependent on channel gating, were independent of transmembrane voltage, and were also observed in GABAA receptors recorded from hypothalamic brain slices. The pharmacologic mechanism of inhibition by nitrendipine was non-competitive, indicating it does not act at the GABA binding site. Nitrendipine block was retained in the presence of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil, indicating it does not interact at the benzodiazepine site. The actions of nitrendipine were not affected by a mutation (beta2T246F) that confers resistance to the channel blocker picrotoxin, and they were not altered in the presence of the picrotoxin site antagonist alpha-isopropyl-alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone, demonstrating nitrendipine does not act at the picrotoxin site of the GABAA receptor. Possible interaction of nitrendipine with the Zn++ site was also eliminated, as mutation of beta2 H267 to A, which confers resistance to Zn++, had no effect on nitrendipine-mediated inhibition. Our data suggest some of the central effects of dihydropyridines may be due to actions at GABAA receptors. Moreover, the effects may be mediated through interaction with a novel modulatory site on the GABAA receptor.

This research presents the development issue with proper information of several current improvements on gloves base sing language interpreter. Through this paper a specific comparative approach is implemented towards the sensor selection for gloves based sign language technology. Paper mainly contributes the implementation technique of accelerometer, flex sensor and gyroscopic action towards better efficacy of gloves. Parametric study is added for several sensors with critical comparative approach in consideration of proposed gloves prototype model. Socially, this research study is carrying it's important for betterment of deaf-mute people.

Cessation of one-week oral administration of the benzodiazepine flurazepam (FZP) to rats results in withdrawal anxiety after 1 day of withdrawal. FZP withdrawal is correlated with synaptic incorporation of homomeric GluA1-containingα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) in the proximal stratum radiatum of CA1 neurons. After 2 days of withdrawal,Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) phosphorylates GluA1 subunits atSer831, increasing channel conductance. Secondary to AMPAR potentiation, GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), known binding partners of CaMKII, are selectively removed from the postsynaptic density (PSD). While activation of synaptic CaMKII is known to involve translocation to the PSD, CaMKII bound to NMDARs may be removed from the PSD. To distinguish these possibilities, the current studies used postembedding immunogold electron microscopy to investigate alterations in CaMKII signaling at CA1 stratum radiatum synapses after 2 days of FZP withdrawal. These studies revealed decreased total, but not autophosphorylated (Thr286) CaMKIIαexpression in CA1 PSDs. The removal of CaMKII-GluN2B complexes from the PSD during drug withdrawal may serve as a homeostatic mechanism to limit AMPAR-mediated CA1 neuron hyperexcitability and benzodiazepine withdrawal anxiety.

Long-term BZ (benzodiazepine) anxiolytic therapy increases the risk of physical dependence manifested as withdrawal anxiety. BZ-induced potentiation of GABA(A)R (gamma-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor) function by 1-week oral administration of FZP (flurazepam) bi-directionally modulates excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA1 neurons during drug withdrawal. Previous electrophysiological studies on acutely isolated and intact CA1 neurons, as well as immunofluorescence and post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy studies, suggest increased synaptic insertion of GluR (glutamate receptor) 2-lacking AMPARs (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors) in 2-day FZP-withdrawn rats. Preliminary studies indicated a similar increase in GluR1, then phospho-Ser(831)-GluR1, as well as CaMKIIalpha (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha), but not phospho-Thr(286)-CaMKII levels at the same time point. In our studies, whole-cell recordings in hippocampal slices revealed that AMPAR mEPSC [miniature EPSC (excitatory postsynaptic current)] amplitude was increased in 1-day FZP-withdrawn rats followed by an increase in estimated single-channel conductance in 2-day-FZP-withdrawn rats. Enhanced conductance was no longer observed in slices pre-incubated for 2 h in the CaMKII inhibitor KN-93, but not the inactive analogue KN-92. To evaluate whether CaMKII-mediated AMPA potentiation could occlude LTP (long-term potentiation), LTP was induced by TBS (theta burst stimulation) and recorded using whole-cell and extracellular techniques. LTP was induced in both groups, but only maintained for

Previously, we reported that the GABA A receptor antagonist picrotoxin also antagonizes serotonin (5-HT) 3 receptors and that its effects are subunit-dependent. Here, we sought to identify amino acids involved in picrotoxin inhibition of 5-HT 3 receptors. Mutation of serine to alanine at the transmembrane domain 2 (TM2) 2′ position did not affect picrotoxin (PTX) sensitivity in murine 5-HT 3A receptors. However, mutation of the 6′ TM2 threonine to phenylalanine dramatically reduced PTX sensitivity. Mutation of 6′ asparagine to threonine in the 5-HT 3B subunit enhanced PTX sensitivity in heteromeric 5-HT 3A/3B receptors. Introduction of serine (native to the human 3B subunit) at the 6′ position also increased PTX sensitivity, suggesting a species-specific effect. Mutation of the 7′ leucine to threonine in 5-HT 3A receptors increased PTX sensitivity roughly 10-fold, comparable with that observed in GABA A receptors, and also conferred distinct gating kinetics. The equivalent mutation in the 3B subunit (i.e., 7′ valine to threonine) had no impact on PTX sensitivity in 5-HT 3A/3B receptors. Interestingly, [ 3 H]ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate ([ 3 H]EBOB), a high-affinity ligand to the convulsant site in GABA A receptors, did not exhibit specific binding in 5-HT 3A receptors. The structurally related compound, tert -butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS), which potently inhibits GABA A receptors, did not inhibit 5-HT 3 currents. Our results indicate that the TM2 6′ residue is a common determinant of PTX inhibition of both 5-HT 3 and GABA A receptors and demonstrate a role of the 7′ residue in PTX inhibition. However, lack of effects of EBOB and TBPS in 5-HT 3A receptors suggests that the functional domains in the two receptors are not equivalent and underscores the complexity of PTX modulation of LGICs.

There are currently no known agents that display selectivity between homomeric 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3A (5-HT3A) and heteromeric 5-HT3A/3B receptors. In the present study, we show that the CNS convulsant picrotoxin selectively interacts with 5-HT3A receptors. In whole-cell patch clamp recordings, the inhibitory effect of PTX was reduced 100-fold in heteromeric mouse 5-HT3A/3B receptors, compared to homomeric 5-HT3A receptors. Picrotoxin should prove to be a useful probe for determining the presence of homomeric vs. heteromeric 5-HT3 receptors in both native tissue and recombinant receptor preparations.