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Stem and progenitor cells of hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages reside in the bone marrow under low oxygen (OUsing cell-based assays and transcriptome and proteome data, the authors compared MSC cultures simultaneously grown under a conventional 19.95% OIn 5% OBased on the potential benefits for the growth and metabolism of MSCs, the authors propose the use of 5% O

Objective The objective was to evaluate outcomes of mammographic architectural distortion (AD) with and without MRI and US correlates. Methods A retrospective review of unexplained mammographic AD with subsequent MRI from January 1, 2007 to September 30, 2017 was performed using a reader-based study design. Mammographic, MRI, and US features and outcomes were documented. Truth was based on biopsy results or minimum two-year imaging follow-up. Measures of diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Results Fifty-six cases of AD were included: 29 (51.8%) detected on 2D mammogram and 27 (48.2%) detected on digital breast tomosynthesis. Of 35.7% (20/56) with MRI correlate, 40.0% (8/20) were enhancing masses, 55.0% (11/20) were non-mass enhancement (NME), and 5.0% (1/20) were nonenhancing AD. Of eight enhancing masses, 75.0% (6/8) were invasive cancers, and 25.0% (2/8) were high-risk lesions. Of 11 NME, 18.2% (2/11) were ductal carcinoma in situ, 36.4% (4/11) were high-risk lesions, and 45.4% (5/11) were benign. Of 64.3% (36/56) without MRI correlate, 94.4% (34/36) were benign by pathology or follow-up, one (2.8%, 1/36) was a 4-mm focus of invasive cancer with US correlate, and one (1/36, 2.8%) was a high-risk lesion. Of cases without MRI and US correlates, one (3.0%, 1/33) was a high-risk lesion and 97.0% (32/33) were benign. The negative predictive value of mammographic AD without MRI correlate was 97.2% (35/36) and without both MRI and US correlates was 100.0% (33/33). Conclusion Mammographic AD without MRI or US correlate was not cancer in our small cohort and follow-up could be considered, reducing interventions.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) and breast tissue density, menstrual status, endocrine therapy, and risk factors for breast cancer and also to evaluate interreader agreement on classification of BPE on CEM. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Five subspecialty-trained breast radiologists independently and blindly graded tissue density (with fatty tissue and scattered fibroglandular tissue classified as nondense tissue and with heterogeneously dense and extremely dense classified as dense tissue) and BPE (with minimal or mild BPE categorized as low BPE and moderate or marked BPE categorized as high BPE) on CEM examinations performed from 2014 to 2018. Electronic medical charts were reviewed for information on menstrual status, endocrine therapy, history of breast surgery, and other risk factors for breast cancer. Comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman rank correlation. Interreader agreement was estimated using the Fleiss kappa test. RESULTS. A total of 202 patients (mean [± SD] age, 54 ± 10 years; range, 25-84 years) underwent CEM. Tissue density was categorized as fatty in two patients (1%), scattered fibroglandular in 67 patients (33%), heterogeneously dense in 117 patients (58%), and extremely dense in 16 patients (8%). Among the 202 patients, BPE was minimal in 77 (38%), mild in 80 (40%), moderate in 31 (15%), and marked in 14 (7%). Dense breasts, younger age, premenopausal status, no history of endocrine therapy, and no history of breast cancer were significantly associated with high BPE. Among premenopausal patients, no association was found between BPE and time from last menstrual period to CEM. Overall interreader agreement on BPE was moderate (κ = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.40-0.42). Interreader agreement on tissue density was substantial (κ = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.66-0.69). CONCLUSION. Women with dense breasts, premenopausal status, and younger age are more likely to have greater BPE. Targeting CEM to the last menstrual period is not indicated.

To perform a pilot evaluation of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) for screening to determine whether it can improve accuracy and reader confidence in diagnosis.This institutional review board-approved reader study was comprised of 64 de-identified CEM cases acquired from December 1, 2014, to June 7, 2016, including 48 negative, 5 biopsy-proven benign, and 11 biopsy-proven malignancies. Negative cases were followed for at least 2 years without evidence of cancer. Ten breast imagers of varying experience first rated the low-energy (LE) mammogram and then the CEM examination using BI-RADS categories and a 5-point Likert scale for confidence in diagnosis.There were 635 out a total possible 640 complete reader interpretations included in this analysis. The remaining five incomplete interpretations were excluded. Median sensitivity and specificity improved with the addition of CEM (sensitivity: 0.86 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.74-0.95] versus 1 [95% CI: 0.83-1.00], specificity: 0.85 [95% CI: 0.64-0.94] versus 0.88 [95% CI: 0.80-0.92]). Individual receiver operating characteristic curves showed significant improvement with CEM (mean area under the curve increase = 0.056 [95% CI: 0.015-0.097], P = .002). The addition of CEM significantly improved average confidence in 5 of 10 readers when compared with LE (P.0001) and improved pooled confidence across all tissue density categories, except the almost entirely fatty category. There was a trend toward improved confidence with increasing tissue density with CEM. Degree of background parenchymal enhancement did not affect readers' level of improvement in confidence when interpreting CEM.CEM improved reader performance and confidence compared with viewing only LE, suggesting a role for CEM in breast cancer screening for which larger trials are warranted.

Cancer is a potentially fatal and chronic disease that is diagnosed with negative emotions such as anger. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on improving the experience of anger and self-compassion in cancer patients. This was a semi-experimental study with a control group. The statistical population of this study was cancer patients referred to health centers in Tehran in 1977. Samples were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in mindfulness. The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) and Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI) were used for data collection. Results of the statistical analysis of anger scores (P< 0.01) and self-compassion (P< 0.001) in the experimental group showed that their condition was better than the control group. Mindfulness can be used to reduce mental health problems and thus to achieve better therapeutic outcomes.

This study was performed to systematically asses the risk of secondary malignancies in patients with ovarian cancer. We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to September 2019 to find target studies. In this study, the overall SIR has been calculated with fixed/random-effects models. Sixteen cohort studies including 122715 ovarian cancer patients with 4458 secondary malignancies have been included in this meta-analysis. Combined SIRs showed an increased risk of secondary malignancies prevalence (SIR: 1.81, 95%CI 1.58-2.03). The most prevalence diagnosed malignancies were as follows: breast cancer (1.34, 95%CI 1.5-1.18), intestine (2.36, 95%CI 1.11-3.61), colorectal (1.73, 95%CI 1.44-2.02), pancreatic (1.42, 95%CI 1.13-1.71), cervical cancer (11.57, 95%CI 6.94-16.21), renal (1.43, 95%CI 1.11-1.74), bladder (2.13, 95%CI 1.77-2.50), leukemia (3.33, 95%CI 2.23-4.43), connective tissue (2.61, 95%CI 1.56-3.66), and thyroid (1.59, 95%CI 1.13-2.04). In regards to the results, various malignancies have a greater prevalence in patients with ovarian cancer in comparison to the general public. Corpus cancer, leukemia cancer, endometrium cancer, connective tissue malignancy, and bladder cancer are among the high risks in these patients and need to be considered for them. Hence, the survival rate of the patients can be increased through prevention and early diagnosis.

IMPORTANCEProstate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer among males globally, however, the survival rate is favorable in most patients. In a small number of patients, who suffer from advanced or invasive cancer, various side effects such as secondary malignancies or treatment-related secondary malignancies (SMs) may be seen.OBJECTIVETo systematically asses the risk of secondary malignancies in patients with prostate cancer.DATA SOURCESWe have searched for longitudinal studies through databases of Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed for all available data up to September 2019.STUDY SELECTIONStudies with longitudinal design on prostate cancer patients that declared the results in SIR or those that the SIR could be calculated were eligible.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESISThe heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test. According to the results and in case of I2 ≥ 50%, the random effect model was used to combine the results. To identify the cause of heterogeneity in the studies, the analysis of sub-groups was performed based on the site of secondary malignancy, the treatment procedure, and duration of follow-up. Data were analyzed using STATA version 11.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESOverall SIR and based on treatment of prostate cancer and duration of follow-up.RESULTSTwenty-six studies involving more than 2223,704 patients with PC and more than 86034 cases of SMs were entered into this study. The meta-analysis showed that the risk of cancer after PC was 1.03 (95% CI 0.90 - 1.15) and the SIRs of some cancers such as the bladder 1.52 (1.06 - 1.99) and melanoma 1.32 (0.78 - 1.87) were higher than expected. While, malignancies such as rectum 0.92 (0.85 - 1.00), lung 0.85 (0.74 - 0.96) and liver 0.76 (0.54 - 0.98) showed lower incidence in compare to general population.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThe overall risk of SMs in patients with prostate cancer is not significantly different from general population, and even in patients undergoing prostatectomy or brachytherapy, the risk is lower. But the incidence of some cancers such as melanoma, bladder, and urinary tract appears to be higher than the public in all types of treatment approaches.Key PointsQuestioIs the risk of secondary malignancy in patients with prostate cancer higher than the general population?FindingsThis systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 unique trials including 2223,704 patients, showed that the SIRs of some cancers such as the bladder and melanoma were higher than expected.MeaningThese findings suggest that the overall risk of some cancer such as bladder and melanoma in patients with prostate cancer were higher than the general population.

IntroductionRecently, a new strain of coronaviruses, which originated from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China has been identified. According to the high prevalence of new coronavirus, further investigation on the clinical and paraclinical features of this disease seems essential. Hence, we carried out this systematic review and meta-analysis to figure out the unknown features.MethodsThis study was performed using databases of Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed. We considered English cross-sectional and case-series papers which reported clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics of patients with COVID-19. We used STATA v.11 and random effect model for data analysis.ResultsIn the present meta-analysis, 32 papers including 49504 COVID-19 patients were studied. The most common clinical symptoms were fever (84%), cough (65%) and fatigue (42%), respectively. The most common radiological and paraclinical features were bilateral pneumonia (61%), ground-glass opacity (50%), thrombocytopenia (36%) and lymphocytopenia (34%). The study also showed that the frequency of comorbidities and early symptoms was higher in critically severe patients. Moreover, we found the overall mortality rate of three percent.ConclusionAccording to that there are many cases without Computed Tomography Scan findings or clear clinical symptoms, it is recommended to use other confirming methods such RNA sequencing in order to identification of suspicious undiagnosed patients. Moreover, while there is no access to clinical and paraclinical facilities in in public places such as airports and border crossings, it is recommended to consider factors such as fever, cough, sputum and fatigue.

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based composite or hybrid materials have been broadly used for various biomedical applications such as microactuators, sensors, capacitors, and flexible electronic textiles because of their appealing physical and electrical properties and energy-storage functions. However, to enable application-based specific functionalities (e.g., sensing, responding, and deformation) it is essential that smart stimulus-responsive elements be incorporated into the CNT-based materials. A pioneering approach in integrating stimulus-responsive molecules or linkers is to utilize multistranded DNA structures, such as i-motif DNA with a four-folded structure, which shows reversible conformational changes upon pH alteration. Herein, a pH-responsive CNT-based hybrid material is developed by conjugating i-motif DNA as a pH-responsive nanosized cross-linker. To fabricate microfibers, we spun the i-motif DNA nanolinker-conjugated CNT-based hybrid material in a proton-rich coagulation bath. The attained hybrid ...

This review focuses on the pathways that regulate lysosome biogenesis and that are implicated in numerous degenerative storage diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders and late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Lysosomal proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and trafficked to the endolysosomal system through the secretory route. Several receptors have been characterized that execute post-Golgi trafficking of lysosomal proteins. Some of them recognize their cargo proteins based on specific amino acid signatures, others based on a particular glycan modification that is exclusively found on lysosomal proteins. Nearly all receptors serving lysosome biogenesis are under the transcriptional control of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of the lysosomal system. TFEB coordinates the expression of lysosomal hydrolases, lysosomal membrane proteins, and autophagy proteins in response to pathways sensing lysosomal stress and the nutritional conditions of the cell among other stimuli. TFEB is primed for activation in lysosomal storage disorders but surprisingly its function is impaired in some late-onset neurodegenerative storage diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, because of specific detrimental interactions that limit TFEB expression or activation. Thus, disrupted TFEB function presumably plays a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Multiple studies in animal models of degenerative storage diseases have shown that exogenous expression of TFEB and pharmacological activation of endogenous TFEB attenuate disease phenotypes. These results highlight TFEB-mediated enhancement of lysosomal biogenesis and function as a candidate strategy to counteract the progression of these diseases. This article is part of the Special Issue "Lysosomal Storage Disorders".

One of the fundamental properties of the cell is the capability to digest and remodel its own components according to metabolic and developmental needs. This is accomplished via the autophagy-lysosome system, a pathway of critical importance in the brain, where it contributes to neuronal plasticity and must protect nonreplaceable neurons from the potentially harmful accumulation of cellular waste. The study of lysosomal biogenesis and function in the context of common and rare neurodegenerative diseases has revealed that a dysfunctional autophagy-lysosome system is the shared nexus where multiple, interconnected pathogenic events take place. The characterization of pathways and mechanisms regulating the lysosomal system and autophagic clearance offers unprecedented opportunities for the development of polyvalent therapeutic strategies based on the enhancement of the autophagy-lysosome pathway to maintain cellular homeostasis and achieve neuroprotection.

We describe a method for the design and optimization of multiport pixel antennas for application in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. A rectangular grid of pixels with connections between them is used as a design surface for multiport antenna design. Genetic algorithm optimization is used to find the optimal configuration of connections between pixels and multiple input port locations under the constraints of high isolation between all ports and good impedance matching for all ports over the desired frequency band and/or beam direction. The method utilizes a scalar single-objective function that takes account of return loss, isolation between ports, and antenna gain, and makes use of the internal multiport method. Examples of MIMO antenna optimization for a 2-port MIMO dual-band antenna operating at 2.4 and 5 GHz without pattern optimization and an example for a 2-port MIMO single-band antenna operating at 5 GHz with pattern optimization (forming orthogonal endfire main beams) are provided.

A novel design for an endfire beam-steerable planar printed pixel antenna is described. A key performance highlight of the antenna is its ability to beam steer through 300° in the azimuth plane without using any phase shifters. The design consists of a printed half-wavelength driven element and balun with a rectangular grid of parasitic pixels, switches, lumped elements, and dc bias lines on the same layer as the driven element. The pixels can be connected/disconnected together by means of switches, resulting in reconfigurability of the endfire beam direction. Simulation and experimental results are provided for a design operating at 2.5 GHz when p-i-n diode-based switches are used and its bandwidth is approximately 200 MHz (8%). The measured gain for different configurations at 2.5 GHz is 7.5 ± 2 dBi when the endfire beam is steered through a steerable range of over 300° in the azimuth plane. In addition, the effects of the switches on efficiency are also provided. Due to the potential performance of the proposed antenna, it can be considered as a possible candidate for biomedical applications, wearable systems, wireless powered communications, and future wireless communication applications.

Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) is a developing modality used for the workup and management of breast cancer. Although diagnostic imaging modalities such as mammography and US have historically been the mainstays of initial breast cancer workup, recent advances in breast MRI have allowed better disease evaluation. However, MRI is not always readily available, can be time consuming, and is contraindicated in certain patients. CEM is an alternative to US and MRI, and it can be used to obtain contrast material-enhanced information and standard mammograms simultaneously. A CEM examination is shorter than that of MRI, and the modalities have similar rates of sensitivity to detect lesions. CEM also costs less than MRI. The authors evaluate clinical uses of CEM and discuss the literature supporting these indications.©RSNA, 2019.

A novel compact dual-band multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna design for IEEE 802.11 applications is proposed. The antenna operates at 4.9–5.725 GHz with four ports and at 2.4–2.5 GHz with two ports and utilizes a dual-band dual-port MIMO antenna to cover the 2.4/5-GHz bands alongside two single-band antennas to cover the 5-GHz band. This allows simultaneous operation at both WLAN frequencies while having only four ports in total. Isolation between ports is better than 12 dB and is achieved with no reconfigurable elements. The overall antenna size is compact, occupying $46\,\times 20\,\times 1.6\:\mathrm{\,\text{mm}^{3}}$ , and is printed on an FR-4 printed circuit board. The proposed antenna is investigated by simulation and measurement, and results include radiation patterns, efficiency, ${S}$ -parameters, signal correlations, and branch power ratios between ports. These show that in typical wireless environments, envelope cross correlations of less than 0.3 between the ports are obtained.

A design for a beam-steerable planar parasitic pixel patch antenna without using phase shifters is presented. The design consists of a planar patch driven element with a rectangular grid of parasitic pixels adjacent to and surrounding the planar patch. The adjacent surrounding pixels can be connected together appropriately by means of switches or hardwires, resulting in a reconfigurable pattern suitable for beam steering. A feature of the design is its thin planar structure. The antenna has been prototyped and demonstrated with an aperture-fed planar patch design operating at 5.7 GHz with 2-mm thickness, providing a bandwidth of 200 MHz (4%). It has peak gains of $\sim 9.5$ dBi throughout a steerable range of over ±40° in both the azimuth and elevation planes without using phase shifters. A $2\times 1$ linear array without the need for phase shifters, offering a gain over the steerable range of 12.5 dBi, is also proposed.

A novel compact four-port reconfigurable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna design for IEEE 802.11 applications is proposed. In one configuration, the antenna provides four ports operating from 4.9 to 5.725 GHz with isolation between antennas greater than 14 dB. In the second configuration, it provides a two-port antenna operating at 2.4–2.5 GHz together with another two-port antenna operating at 4.9–5.725 GHz all with isolations greater than 18 dB. The structure consists of four-slot antennas, and two of the slots are made reconfigurable by including MEMS switches in the slots. The overall antenna size is compact and occupies $46\times20\times1.6\;{\rm mm}^{3}$ and is printed on FR-4 printed-circuit-board. The proposed antenna is investigated by simulation and measurement, and results include radiation patterns, S-parameters, and signal correlations and branch power ratio (BPR) between ports. These show that in typical wireless environments’ envelope, cross correlations of less than 0.2 between the ports are obtained. The effect of the RF MEMS switches on the antenna performance is also addressed.

Objective: This study was performed to systematically assess the risk of secondary malignancies in patients with ovarian cancer. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to September 2019. In this study, the overall standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated applying fixed/random-effects models. Sixteen cohort studies, including 122715 ovarian cancer patients with 4458 secondary malignancies were included. Results: Combined SIRs showed an increased risk of secondary malignancies prevalence (SIR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.58-2.03). The most common malignancies were cervical cancer 11.57 (6.94- 16.21), endometrium 6.31 (4.18-8.44), leukemia 3.33 (2.23-4.43), connective tissue 2.61 (1.56-3.66), bladder 2.13 (1.77-2.50), renal 1.43 (1.11-1.74), intestine 2.36 (1.11-3.61), colorectal 1.73 (1.44-2.02), pancreatic 1.42 (1.13-1.71), breast 1.34 (1.5-1.18), and thyroid 1.59 (1.13- 2.04) cancers. Conclusion: Some malignancies were found to be highly prevalent in patients with ovarian cancer compared to the general population, including endometrial cancer, leukemia, connective tissue malignancy, and bladder cancer. Therefore, efforts for early detection, which could lead to improved survival should be taken in these patients.

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 14338 (2017); Published: 6 February 2017; Updated: 13 June 2017 This Article contains errors in Figs 2 and 3, for which we apologize. In Fig. 2c, the four images were inadvertently duplicated from the images in Fig. 2b. In Fig. 3g, the image at the upper right corner, corresponding to the condition UT_ Cln3Δex7-8 was inadvertently duplicated from the image in the lower right corner of Fig.

Organelle biogenesis requires proper transport of proteins from their site of synthesis to their target subcellular compartment1–3. Lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and traffic through the Golgi complex before being transferred to the endolysosomal system4–6, but how they are transferred from the ER to the Golgi is unknown. Here, we show that ER-to-Golgi transfer of lysosomal enzymes requires CLN8, an ER-associated membrane protein whose loss of function leads to the lysosomal storage disorder, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 8 (a type of Batten disease)7. ER-to-Golgi trafficking of CLN8 requires interaction with the COPII and COPI machineries via specific export and retrieval signals localized in the cytosolic carboxy terminus of CLN8. CLN8 deficiency leads to depletion of soluble enzymes in the lysosome, thus impairing lysosome biogenesis. Binding to lysosomal enzymes requires the second luminal loop of CLN8 and is abolished by some disease-causing mutations within this region. Our data establish an unanticipated example of an ER receptor serving the biogenesis of an organelle and indicate that impaired transport of lysosomal enzymes underlies Batten disease caused by mutations in CLN8. di Ronza et al. identify CLN8 as a cargo receptor for lysosomal enzymes required for their endoplasmic-reticulum-to-Golgi transport, linking Batten disease caused by CLN8 mutations to defects in organelle biogenesis.

In this paper a planar yagi antenna with beam-steering capability for high gain application is presented. A key performance highlight of the antenna is its ability to beam steer through 120° in the azimuth plane without using any phase shifters. The beam steering technique is demonstrated by using an antenna structure consisting of a printed half-wavelength driven element, a ground plane as a reflector, three directors and finally a rectangular grid of parasitic pixels placed directly in front of the directors and in the same layer. The adjacent pixels can be connected/disconnected by means of switching resulting in reconfigurability in beam-direction. The proposed antenna is capable to steer the end-fire beam radiation from −60° to +60°, in xy-plane (θ=90°). The bandwidth of the proposed antenna is approximately 200 MHz (8.2%) around the center frequency of 2.45 GHz with measured peak gains of 7.8–9.8 dBi. The designed antenna has been fabricated and measured to validate the results obtained by the theoretical analyses, genetic optimizations and simulations. Both simulation and experimental results has been provided.

2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved excipient used to improve the stability and bioavailability of drugs. Despite its wide use as a drug delivery vehicle and the recent approval of a clinical trial to evaluate its potential for the treatment of a cholesterol storage disorder, the cellular pathways involved in the adaptive response that is activated upon exposure to HPβCD are still poorly defined. Here, we show that cell treatment with HPβCD results in the activation of the transcription factor EB, a master regulator of lysosomal function and autophagy, and in enhancement of the cellular autophagic clearance capacity. HPβCD administration promotes transcription factor EB-mediated clearance of proteolipid aggregates that accumulate due to inefficient activity of the lysosome-autophagy system in cells derived from a patient with a lysosomal storage disorder. Interestingly, HPβCD-mediated activation of autophagy was found not to be associated with activation of apoptotic pathways. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the cellular response to HPβCD treatment, which will inform the development of safe HPβCD-based therapeutic modalities and may enable engineering HPβCD as a platform technology to reduce the accumulation of lysosomal storage material.

In this letter, a compact reconfigurable asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed monopole antenna with size of 14 $\, \times \,$ 16 mm $^{2}$ that has a complementary reconfigurable performance with capability to operate in the ultrawideband (UWB) frequency from 3.2 to 11 GHz with two stopbands of 3.3–4.2 and 5–6 GHz and triple WLAN frequency bands of 2.4–2.9, 3.6–4.4, and 5–6 GHz is presented. The UWB antenna uses a simple rectangle patch with folded shape slit and stub as rejecting elements, and the mobile antenna uses an arc-shaped stub and inverted L-shaped stub as resonating elements. The performance agility and reconfigurable ability is achieved via a circular rotational motion of the patch. A simple clock stepper motor at the rear of the antenna is used to control the rotational part of the patch and activate the resonating elements. During the simulation, the driving motor effect has been considered. A good agreement is found between the simulated and the measured antenna properties. To the authors' awareness, a feature that the antenna is capable to cover two complementary bands is unique to this letter.

We describe a novel two-port MIMO antenna that is intended for use in wireless capsule endoscope systems. The purpose of the MIMO antenna is to enable increases in data transmission rates, compared to existing single antenna systems, to support the transmission of high resolution images from the capsule. The proposed MIMO antenna consists of a small magnetic loop antenna with horizontal polarization and a conformal meandered dipole antenna with vertically polarization and can be constructed within a capsule endoscope system. By using polarization diversity, the antennas maintain good isolation even within the limited available space in the capsule. Simulation and experimental results are provided.

This paper describes a compact ultra-wideband CPW and microstrip line printed monopole antenna with multi band-rejection characteristics. The small antenna fed by CPW and microstrip line has small volume of 44 mm × 12 mm × 0.8 mm. By adding broken ∩-shaped slot on the tapered radiating patch, the antenna provides band-rejection characteristics. The center frequency of three notched bands centered on 2.4, 3.8, and 5.5 GHz can be adjusted by modifying the length and width of the inserted slot. Good agreement is achieved between the simulated and measured results. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna ranges from 2.2 to 11.3 GHz for VSWR ≤ 2, excluding the rejection bands. The omni-directional radiation patterns of the fabricated antenna are presented, which show that the designed antennas are good candidate for various UWB applications. The measured gain variation is less than 3 dB over the operating frequency band.

Large bioengineered organs such as the heart and kidney need immediate perfusion by the host vascular network to avoid ischemia, support implant survival, and prevent implant failure. Vascularization of new bioengineered tissues can be stimulated by porous scaffold design and vascular growth factors. However, comprehensive vascularization of thick tissues in vitro remains a formidable challenge. We developed a simple and reproducible vascularization method that integrates a transparent biodegradable multiluminal scaffold for guided endothelial migration stimulated by intraluminal controlled release of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Two- and three-dimensional in vitro vasculogenesis induced by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)/fibroblast co-cultures formed discontinuous vessel-like structures. In sharp contrast, hydrogel microchannels with luminal collagen matrix, enticed the angiogenic growth from postnatal and adult aortic explants into the agarose microchannels, forming continuous vascular tubes identified by CD31 expression, in which the number of cells can be controlled by intraluminal VEGF concentration. This study suggests that multiluminal scaffolds can be used to promote angiogenesis from mature blood vessels and form vascular networks within thick bioengineered scaffolds. This method might offer a viable alternative in the prevascularization of bio-artificial organs.

In this article, we describe two novel types of coplanar wave-guide (CPW) fed monopole and an asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS) fed half monopole UWB antennas to cover the ultra-wideband frequency operation. The proposed antennas consist of a hexagonal shaped patch with small volume ( 18.4 × 21.5 × 1 mm 3 ) and ( 11.4 × 21.5 × 1 mm 3 ), respectively. The band-rejection operation achieve at the WLAN (5.15–5.85 GHz) band by adding defected ground structure (DGS) or slit in the ground plane. The antennas are fabricated on FR4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1 mm which are fed by a 50 Ω line. The antennas are investigated numerically and experimentally for their impedance matching properties, frequency notched characteristics, and radiation performances. The measured frequency response shows an impedance bandwidth of 13 GHz or 130% over 3–16 GHz for VSWR 2 .

A simple dual-band dual-linear-polarization printed slot antenna is introduced in this paper. The main features of the antenna, besides a dual-band operation, is independent polarization in each band and small dimensions. The proposed slot antenna structure consists of an electromagnetically coupled fed main slot in the semicircular shape. The planar antenna has been designed to provide capabilities for implementation of a polarization/pattern/bandwidth diversity scheme in WiMAX and WLAN bands. The 10 dB return loss impedance bandwidths for the lower (WiMAX) and higher (WLAN) bands are 9% and 15.5%, respectively. This prototype has been fabricated and characterized. Measurements on a prototype of the proposed slot antenna confirm good performance in terms of impedance matching and polarization.

A planar parasitic pixel patch antenna with beamsteering capability for high gain applications is presented. The beam steering technique is provided by using an antenna structure consisting of an aperture coupled driven patch antenna with a rectangular grid of parasitic pixels surrounding the planar patch. The surrounding pixels can be connected/disconnected resulting in reconfigurability in beamdirection. The proposed antenna is able to steer the broadside beam to 30°, 0°, −30° in yz-plane (φ=90) and xz-plane (φ=0). With this design there is no need to use any phase shifters. The bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 400 MHz (7.2%) around the center frequency of 5.5 GHz with measured peak gains of 7.75–8 dBi. The proposed antenna has been fabricated using a printed circuit board and has been measured to validate the results obtained by the theoretical analyses, genetic optimizations and simulations.

In this paper, a compact printed dual-band dual-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating in the 2.4-GHz (2.4–2.5 GHz) band of the IEEE802.11b/g standard and in the 5-GHz (4.9–5.1 GHz, 5.15–5.35 GHz, 5.47–5.725 GHz)band of the IEEE 802.11a with dual band decoupling elements is presented. Each dual-band antenna consists of a one quarter wavelength monopole slot and one half wavelength slot fed by microstip line. To reduce the mutual coupling and achieve high isolation between the two nearby dual-band antennas, we proposetwo narrow λ/4 slits on the ground plane. The simple decoupling slits not only reduce the coupling between antennas, but also improve the impedance bandwidth. Furthermore, the antenna has a compact structure and occupies a small area of 10×46 mm2 and it is printed ona FR-4 printed-circuit-board. The proposed antennas are investigated by simulation and measurement.

In this study, a probe fed E-shape fractal patch antenna (EFPA) for heptads' band LTE/WWAN (GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS/LTE2300/2500) operation is proposed. Various iterations of this fractal antenna are compared, and an optimized design is presented. Exploitation of E-shape fractal notion in antenna design makes the patch antenna flexible in terms of generating resonances and bandwidth as an iteration order of the fractal is increased. Several properties of the antenna such as impedance bandwidth, radiation patterns, radiation efficiency, electric current distributions on the patch, and gain have been demonstrated numerically and empirically in detail. Experimental results have authorized the design procedure and confirm the gratification of the requirements for multistandard mobile terminal applications.

Intraductal papillomas (IPs) are commonly seen breast lesions with variable clinical presentation. For a palpable lesion and/or evidence of cellular atypia and/or pathologic nipple discharge, excision is warranted to rule out adjacent carcinoma, while for asymptomatic IPs lacking atypia current data for excision vs. observation are controversial. We reviewed outcomes of IPs diagnosed at our institution. With IRB approval, we reviewed consecutive patients with IPs seen on core biopsy (CBx) between 2005 and 2013. All patients had an excision, with subspecialty breast pathology review of CBx and excisions. The rate of upgrade to cancer on excision was recorded. Differences between atypia and no-atypia groups were determined by two-tailed t test and Fisher’s exact test. We identified 97 patients (age range 31–83 years) with IPs on CBx. Among 52 atypical IPs, DCIS was seen in 11 (upgrade 21 %). In 45 IPs without atypia, 3 cancers were seen (upgrade 6. %): 2 had palpable lesions and were found to have DCIS, and 1 invasive cancer was found in a non-palpable mammographically detected BIRADS 4C lesion, whose Cbx result was discordant. If the 2 palpable lesions are excluded, the upgrade rate for IPs without atypia is 2.2 %. This series shows a low upgrade rate for IP without atypia seen on CBx in the absence of a palpable mass and radiographic/pathologic discordance, suggesting that a surgical biopsy may not be necessary. Further prospective studies to better estimate the upgrade rate for IPs without atypia may be helpful.

The tish rat is a neurological mutant exhibiting bilateral cortical heterotopia similar to those found in certain epileptic patients. Previous work has shown that thalamocortical fibers originating in the ventroposteromedial nucleus, which in normal animals segregate as ‘barrel’ representations for individual whiskers, terminate in both normotopic and heterotopic areas of the tish cortex (Schottler et al., 1998). Thalamocortical innervation terminates as barrels in layer IV and diffusely in layer VI of the normotopic area. Discrete patches of terminals are also observed in the underlying heterotopic area suggesting that representations of individual vibrissa may be present in the heterotopic somatosensory areas. The present study examines this issue by investigating the organization of the vibrissal somatosensory system in the tish cortex. Staining for cytochrome oxidase or Nissl substance reveals a normal complement of vibrissal barrels in the normotopic area of the tish cortex. Dense patches of cytochrome oxidase staining are also found in the underlying lateral portions of the heterotopic area (i.e. the same area that is innervated by the ventroposteromedial nucleus). Injections of retrograde tracers into vibrissal areas of either the normotopic or heterotopic area produce topographically organized labeling of neurons restricted to one or a small number of barreloids within the ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. Physical stimulation of a single whisker (D3 or E3) elicits enhanced uptake of [ 14 C]2-deoxyglucose in restricted zones of both the normotopic and heterotopic areas, demonstrating that single whisker stimulation can increase functional activity in both normotopic and heterotopic neurons. These findings indicate that the barrels are intact in the normotopic area and are most consistent with the hypothesis that at least some of the individual vibrissae are ‘dually’ represented in normotopic and heterotopic positions in the primary somatosensory areas of the tish cortex.

2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved excipient used to improve the stability and bioavailability of drugs. Despite its wide use as a drug delivery vehicle and the recent approval of a clinical trial to evaluate its potential for the treatment of a cholesterol storage disorder, the cellular pathways involved in the adaptive response that is activated upon exposure to HPβCD are still poorly defined. Here, we show that cell treatment with HPβCD results in the activation of the transcription factor EB, a master regulator of lysosomal function and autophagy, and in enhancement of the cellular autophagic clearance capacity. HPβCD administration promotes transcription factor EB-mediated clearance of proteolipid aggregates that accumulate due to inefficient activity of the lysosome-autophagy system in cells derived from a patient with a lysosomal storage disorder. Interestingly, HPβCD-mediated activation of autophagy was found not to be associated with activation of apoptotic pathways. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the cellular response to HPβCD treatment, which will inform the development of safe HPβCD-based therapeutic modalities and may enable engineering HPβCD as a platform technology to reduce the accumulation of lysosomal storage material.

Wound complication rates after mastectomy are associated with several factors, but little information is available correlating biopsy technique with the development of postmastectomy wound complications. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is an accurate method to establish a diagnosis, but it is unknown whether this approach has an impact on complications after mastectomy.Charts of 283 patients undergoing 289 mastectomies were reviewed to investigate any association between biopsy technique and postmastectomy complications.The diagnosis of breast cancer was made by FNA biopsy in 50%, open biopsy in 49.7%, and core needle biopsy in 0.3%. The overall wound infection rate was 5.3% (14 of 266), but only 1.6% when FNA biopsy was used compared with 6.9% with open biopsy (p = 0.06). Among 43 patients undergoing breast reconstruction concomitantly with mastectomy, the infection rate was 7.1% (0% after FNA, 12% after open biopsy). Neither the development of a postoperative seroma (9.8%) nor skin flap necrosis (5.6%) was influenced by the biopsy technique used.These data suggest that wound infections after mastectomy may be reduced when the diagnosis of breast cancer is established by FNA biopsy.

In this paper, a compact reconfigurable ACS fed monopole antenna with size of 6.3×12 mm2 that has a capability to operate in the ultrawideband (UWB) frequency band with reconfigurable one or two notched band (the rejected bands cover the frequency bands ranging from 3.5 to 4 GHz and 5.15 to 5.825 GHz) is presented. The antenna consist of a simple rectangle patch with folded shape stub and slit as band rejecting elements. The band reject reconfigurable ability is achieved via two RF p-i-n diode switches that positioned in the rejecting elements. The proposed technique offers the solution to the problem encountered in existing reconfigurable antennas which serve only one frequency band at a time. A good agreement is found between the simulated and the measured antenna radiation properties. To the authors' knowledge, a feature of very small size of antenna with good performance is unique to this paper.