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Purpose Child-to-parent violence (CPV) is an important type of family violence that has been relatively understudied. This study examined the main psychometric properties of the revised Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire (CPAQ-R), which examines both violent behaviors against parents and reasons for these behaviors. The aims included identifying the dimensions of CPV and examining the magnitude of CPV during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A sample of 1,244 adolescents (aged from 12 to 17) from several schools in the Basque Country completed the CPAQ-R. Several confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, including exploratory, confirmatory, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and bifactor analyses. Results The data supported a bifactor ESEM model in which a general factor of violence against parents explained aggressions against both mothers and fathers. In addition, three reasons for the violence emerged: instrumental, reactive, and defensive reasons. Rates of CPV during the COVID-19 pandemic were high, with 16.5% of adolescents reporting reiterative aggressions against their parents. There were no differences between aggressions against mothers and fathers. Conclusions The CPAQ-R is an adequate questionnaire for assessing CPV in adolescents. The confinement and restrictions placed on families during the COVID-19 pandemic may explain the high prevalence of CPV and shed light on possible differences related to the sex of the parents., Author(s): Esther Calvete [sup.1] , Aitor Jiménez-Granado [sup.1] , Izaskun Orue [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00ne6sr39, grid.14724.34, 0000 0001 0941 7046, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of [...]

Purpose The function (i.e., the motivation) of child-to-parent violence (CPV) is an important consideration for intervention but under researched, primarily due to a lack of appropriate measurement tools. The current study aimed to develop and validate a caregiver-report measure of the function of CPV (the Child-to-Parent Violence Functions Scale [CPV-F]). Methods One-hundred-and-twenty-one caregivers (94% female) ranging from 27 to 68 years of age (M = 45.36, SD = 8.35) completed an online survey reporting on experiences of CPV from a young person, who were mostly male (63%) and aged between 5 and 24 years (M = 12.71, SD = 4.77). Results The current study shows that the motivation for CPV varies across three related but distinct functions: Reactive (i.e., in response to perceived or actual threat, transgression, or intrusion), Affective (i.e., driven by internal frustration, fear, or emotional conflict), and Proactive (i.e., instrumental, callous, and planned). The CPV-F demonstrated predictive and concurrent validity, as well as adequate reliability across subscales. Conclusions Future research should consider the function of CPV, as it may impact the relevance of risk factors. Moving forward, the CPV-F could be used for comprehensive investigative profiling, with a focus on parent and dyadic factors, to resolve heterogeneity in the field. Such factors are crucial to intervention yet under explored. As a caregiver-report measure, the CPV-F is well-positioned to aid in these investigations., Author(s): Travis Harries [sup.1] [sup.2] , Ashlee Curtis [sup.1] [sup.2] , David Skvarc [sup.1] [sup.2] , Arlene Walker [sup.1] [sup.2] , Richelle Mayshak [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02czsnj07, grid.1021.2, [...]

Purpose Domestic violence (DV) is a problem of global significance and remains a gendered issue that disproportionately affects women and children. Prevalence studies on women's experiences of DV suggest that around 50% of victims identify as mothers. The effects of DV on mothers and children are well documented, raising implications for their protection. Civil protection orders are a legal tool used to reduce and prevent experiences of DV. Research on protection order effectiveness is mixed with research suggesting that the ongoing relationship between a respondent and aggrieved parent around child contact presents ongoing opportunities for re-victimization. This study contributes to the scant literature on the implications of protection orders on parental responsibilities. Method The study draws on surveys with duty lawyers and focus groups with police officers. A thematic analysis was used to examine perceptions and experiences of 'no contact' protection orders and respondent parent non-compliance where mutual children are involved. Results Findings suggest that ambiguous 'no contact' conditions and a lack of clarity around their implications for child contact play a key role in respondent parent non-compliance, ranging from uninformed non-compliance to the strategic use of children as a form of coercive control in non-compliance. Conclusion Findings raise implications for specialist legal advice and support for parents affected by DV to sit alongside protection order court proceedings. Findings highlight the need for greater system accountability to ensure court-issued protection orders take a family-centred approach that align with parental responsibilities and ensure child and adult victims' safety and wellbeing., Author(s): Rose-Marie Stambe [sup.1] [sup.2] , Silke Meyer [sup.1] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02bfwt286, grid.1002.3, 0000 0004 1936 7857, Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Monash University Clayton Campus, [...]

Purpose Based on our research, the purpose of this paper is to examine the production of knowledge about children's exposure to parental stalking after their parents have separated. The paper addresses the following questions: (1) What dimensions of knowledge has the multimethod qualitative approach produced in our research? and (2) What methodological choices are conducive to conducting ethically sound research on parental stalking? The aim is to contribute to the methodological and ethical discussions in social science research on children exposed to stalking as a specific form of domestic violence and abuse. Method We utilized a multimethod qualitative approach in studying children's exposure to parental stalking. The approach produced five dimensions of knowledge: (1) practice wisdom, (2) experiential knowledge, (3) contextual and situational knowledge, (4) socio-structural knowledge, and (5) norm-related knowledge, which all were important in studying children's exposure to parental stalking. Results In conducting an ethically sound study, the central methodological choices were as follows: employing child-centered practice, respecting intergenerational dialogue, forming trusting relationships with professionals, and valuing different types of knowledge and realities by using a multivoice approach. Conclusions A multimethod qualitative approach enables rich dialogue through which knowledge of parental stalking can be constructed. We argue that the approach makes it possible to bring children's marginalized voices into the academic and professional discussions on parental stalking and thereby to advance the realization of the rights of children who are subjected to a parent's stalking behavior., Author(s): Anna Nikupeteri [sup.1] , Merja Laitinen [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.37430.33, 0000 0001 0744 995X, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lapland, , P.O. Box 122, FI-96101, Rovaniemi, Finland [...]

Although the research interest in parenting behaviors of Chinese parents has increased during the past two decades, there remains a lack of an adequate and comprehensive Chinese assessment tool for these parenting behaviors in early childhood. Drawn from two samples of Chinese mothers with young children (i.e., 1- to 4-year-olds), this research addressed this gap by examining the factor structure, reliability, and validity of a Chinese version of the Comprehensive Early Childhood Parenting Questionnaire (CECPAQ-CV). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that a 5-factor model, consisting of 13 micro-dimensions of parenting behaviors, best fitted the data for Sample 1 (N.sub.1 = 2179) compared with 1-factor, 2-factor, and 4-factor models. This 5-factor model was further validated with the data for Sample 2 (N.sub.2 = 160). Reliability was good. The criterion validity of the CECPAQ-CV was supported by expected relations with maternal parenting stress and child externalizing and internalizing behaviors. The convergent and discriminant validity of the CECPAQ-CV was established with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale. The results indicate that the CECPAC-CV holds promise as a reliable and valid tool to measure important dimensions of early parenting in China., Author(s): Shuyang Dong [sup.1] [sup.2] , Judith Semon Dubas [sup.2] , Maja Dekovic [sup.3] , Zhengyan Wang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.253663.7, 0000 0004 0368 505X, Beijing Key Lab of [...]

Child-to-parent violence is a serious social problem that has prompted numerous studies in various countries in the last decade. However, in some countries, such as Chile, there is a lack of research in this field. The objective of the present study was to adapt a specific instrument for assessing child-to-parent violence for use with Chilean adolescents and analyse its psychometric properties, as well as the prevalence of and reasons for such aggressions. A sample of 905 Chilean adolescents (M.sub.age = 15.05; SD = 1.48) were assessed using the version for adolescents of the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q). The results obtained support the four-factor structure of the original version (psychological violence, physical violence, financial violence, and control/domain violence), yielding adequate psychometric properties. High prevalence rates were observed, although no differences were found between boys and girls in terms of type of child-to-parent violence. While physical violence was directed to a greater extent against the father, control/domain violence was directed to a greater extent against the mother. Instrumental-type reasons were more frequent than reactive-type reasons. Statistically significant differences were observed with respect to the gender of the aggressor, with reactive-type reasons being more frequent among girls than among boys. It may be concluded that this instrument is valid for the assessment of child-to-parent violence in Chile and that the high prevalence rates of this phenomenon justify the need to continue studying this type of violence in greater depth., Author(s): Patricia Jiménez-García [sup.1] , Beatriz Pérez [sup.2] , Lourdes Contreras [sup.1] , M. Carmen Cano-Lozano [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.21507.31, 0000 0001 2096 9837, Department of Psychology, University of [...]

Parental incarceration in the United States has drastically increased since the 1980s. As there is much stigma around incarceration and the majority of incarcerated individuals are parents, it is important to identify the effects of this form of parent-child separation. I argue that parental incarceration is in many cases a secretive form of separation, and this is mostly due to protective efforts of gatekeepers and the stigma associated with the incarceration. I also argue that children of incarcerated parents seek information and sometimes reconnect with their parent using online platforms such as Google. Utilizing qualitative in-depth interviews from children of incarcerated parents (N = 31), I identify the possible negative effects of secrecy on children of incarcerated parents, and discuss cases in which children grow up and use 'Google' to reclaim truth., Author(s): Marcus Shaw [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.253558.c, 0000 0001 2309 3092, Department of Criminology, California State University Fresno, , 5241 N Maple Ave, 93740, Fresno, CA, USA Introduction > [...]

This study evaluates whether parental provision of transportation for physical activity is associated with child/adolescent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, while also evaluating community-level poverty. Self- and parental-reported surveys were administered with parents/caregivers and children in the Healthy Communities Study (N = 5138). Associations between individual-level demographics, community-level poverty, parental provision of transportation for physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were examined in multi-level models. Even when accounting for community-level poverty, which was significantly associated with lower moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, parental provision of transportation for physical activity was positively associated with greater moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. This study provides evidence for the importance of considering multiple systems of influence (e.g., community and individual factors) and considering how gaps in physical activity transportation for youth can be addressed in future health policies., Author(s): Allison M. Sweeney [sup.1] , Dawn K. Wilson [sup.2] , Russell Pate [sup.3] , M. Lee Van Horn [sup.4] , Kerry McIver [sup.3] , Marsha Dowda [sup.3] Author Affiliations: [...]

We conducted a pilot study of the initial development of a self-report measure assessing how adolescents react when parents respond in a helpful manner to their sad emotional experiences. Participants were late adolescents (ages 18-20) attending a large, racially diverse urban university (N = 86; 75% women; 46% racial/ethnic minority). A broad range of relationship-oriented literatures (e.g., early childhood and marital) were considered in creating items for the Adolescent Reactions to Parents (ARP) scale. A 3 factor solution (Accepting, Avoidant, and Attacking) appeared to provide the most parsimonious fit to the data. Adequate levels of reliability were observed for each of the three ARP subscales. Zero-order correlations among subscales of the ARP were moderate in strength. Findings indicated that participants who reported more avoidant and attacking reactions also reported more adjustment difficulties including emotion regulation difficulties and symptoms of depression. Results suggest that the ARP scale has the potential to be a valuable tool for advancing knowledge related to the socialization of emotions. Keywords Emotion socialization * Adolescence * Reciprocal influence * Reactions * Sadness DOI 10.1007/s10826-009-9343-1

There has been little research into parenting in stepfamilies. In this study, 66 New Zealand stepfamily parents completed an online questionnaire that examined four areas of parenting that have emerged as important for stepfamily functioning in international research. These included parent and stepparent preparation for parenting roles; the discipline of children in the early stages; the maintenance of childcare activities by parents; and, conflict between parents and children. As with overseas research, the majority did not discuss the management of children prior to repartnering. One in four parents attempted to share discipline with stepparents during the first year, a practice that has previously been found to be problematic. On the other hand, parents reported maintaining most childcare activities, and stepparents assisted with less intimate activities, such as housework and transport. Discipline, the stepparent role, and children's loss of status were common areas of disagreement between parents and children., Researchers have concluded that children in stepfamilies are at increased risk of negative outcomes compared to children in first-marriage families (Amato, 2006; Bray, 1999; Coleman, Ganong & Fine, 2000; Hetherington [...]

Purpose: Providing support to an aging parent may pose challenges to adult children but also provide an opportunity to 'give back' to loved ones. The current study investigated changes in emotional and instrumental support and quality across a period of 4 years. Additionally, associations between intergenerational support and well-being in adult children over time were investigated. Design and Methods: Data from the first and second waves of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study (N = 6,062) were analyzed to investigate the relative importance of relationship quality and support exchange and to test the potential buffering role of relationship quality for effects of the changing balance of support on well-being. Results: It was found that provision of instrumental and emotional support to parents increased during a period of 4 years. At the same time, instrumental support children received from parents decreased, whereas emotional support from parents increased. Intergenerational support exchange between children and parents was not associated with well-being in children, whereas the quality of the intergenerational relationship strongly predicted their well-being. Implications: Decreasing relationship quality seems a greater threat to the well-being of caregiving children than increased support and care tasks. Family counseling and public awareness to address this decline in intergenerational relationship quality may be important for well-being of families. Key Words: Adult child-parent relationships, Emotional and instrumental care, Affective characteristics, Life satisfaction, Longitudinal design

This study describes changes over a 36-month period in the lives of children of probationers who were subjects of reports of maltreatment. Data on a nationally representative sample of reported victims of maltreatment were used to examine probationer-parents' contact with the criminal justice system, and concurrent changes in their children's households, risk exposure, and emotional and behavioral problems. Results show that 36 months after coming in contact with the child welfare system, about 40% of probationer's children no longer lived with their probationer-parents. During the same period, children's exposure to risk (i.e., parental substance abuse, mental illness, and domestic violence) dropped markedly; however, there was an upward trend in the prevalence of child emotional and behavioral problems. These problems ultimately declined among very young children, but persisted among elementary school age children. Further prospective studies are needed to better understand the confluence of factors affecting the outcomes of probationers' children. Keywords Probation * Children of incarcerated parents * National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being * Child welfare

A perspective that links early childhood experiences with restricted life outcomes is presented and the effects of parental rejection, abuse and neglect are described. It is felt that residential staff and foster carers should give sensitive support which will help children and young people in care to cope with parental rejection, abuse and neglect faced by them.

Purpose: There is a dearth of research on older adoptive parents caring for minor children, despite a growing number of such adoptions finalized each year. This study offers a large-scale investigation of adoptive families headed by older parents. We describe these families and explore how preadoptive kinship between the adoptive parent and the child impacts adoption outcomes. Design and Methods: We analyze data from kin (n = 98) and nonkin (n = 310) adoptive families headed by adults aged 60 years and older. Results: We find that older kin adoptive families are smaller, report lower income, and include adoptive mothers with less formal education. Children in these families had less severe needs for special care at the time of placement. Although kin and nonkin older parents offer similar assessments of their parent-child relationships, kin adopters indicate a greater willingness to adopt the same child again and yet report less positive current family functioning. Multivariate regression analyses reveal that preadoptive kinship predicts more negative parental assessment of the adoption's impact on the family and less positive family functioning net of other parent, family, and child characteristics. Externalizing behavior by the child (e.g., delinquency or aggression) is the strongest predictor of deleterious outcomes for both groups. Implications: Kin adoption by older adults creates new families under strain but does not reduce parental commitment to the child. We conclude that older adults serve as effective adoptive parents but would benefit from preadoption and postadoption services to assist them in preparing for and positively addressing the challenging behaviors exhibited by adopted children. Key Words: Grander families, Intergenerational households, Older parents

Over three consecutive years, 2,559 Chinese adolescents (mean age=12.65 years at Wave 1) responded to instruments' assessing their perceived parental behavioral control (parental knowledge, expectation, monitoring, discipline, and demandingness) and parent-child relational qualities (satisfaction with parental control, child's readiness to communicate with the parents, and perceived mutual trust between parents and their children). Amongst the various indicators of behavioral control, monitoring was the strongest predictor of parental knowledge. Although parental monitoring and child's readiness' to communicate with parents were significant predictors of parental knowledge, parental monitoring was a stronger predictor. Results further showed that behavioral control and parent-child relational quality composite scores were concurrently and longitudinally related to parental knowledge. The present study clarifies the family predictors of parental knowledge in Chinese families, but the findings are not entirely consistent with the Western research findings.

This study focuses on adolescents' overnight contact with their nonresident parents. Sixty young people ages 12 to 19 and their resident parents were interviewed as part of a nationally representative study in Australia. The likelihood of overnight stays was lower when there was conflict and lack of trust between the parents. Adolescents who stayed overnight with their nonresident parents reported greater closeness and better quality relationships with their nonresident parents than did those who had daytime-only contact, an association that remained significant after taking account of the overall frequency of contact and the level of conflict between the parents (as reported by the resident parent and the child). The findings suggest that overnight stays may both reflect and change the nature of the relationship between children and their nonresident parents, with no apparent downside in this regard for the relationship between children and their resident parents. Keywords: parental separation; overnight stays; nonresident parent; parent-child relationships; adolescents

Although the relationship between parenting and outcomes for children and adolescents has been examined, differences between maternal and paternal parenting styles have received less attention, particularly in the case of late adolescents. As a result, this article examines the relationship between late adolescents' perceptions of their mothers' and fathers' parenting styles and their own emotional adjustment. Findings of this study suggest that mothers and fathers use different parenting styles for their sons and daughters. It also suggests that different combinations of maternal and paternal parenting (e.g., a permissive father parenting with an authoritarian mother) are related to late adolescents' emotional adjustment, with late adolescents who have at least one authoritative parent showing better adjustment than those who do not have such a parent. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of examining dyadic parent-adolescent relationships, and it suggests that having one authoritative parent may be a protective factor for late adolescents. Keywords: parenting; mothers: fathers; late adolescents

This study concentrates on the postdivorce adjustment of parents and children in families with shared parenting time arrangements. Thirty divorcing parents with children aged 12 to 59 months old were interviewed using a semistructured telephone interview regarding their early experiences in the divorce process. Findings showed that work-family balance issues were related to postdivorce parental adjustment for mothers. Interparental hostility was related to child alienation and paternal overnight stays. Length of rime since physical separation was related to number of overnight stays. These results shed light on the early experiences of families with young children going through the divorce process. KEYWORDS. Divorce, postdivorce adjustment, parent--child relationships

Byline: Marina Epstein (1), L. Monique Ward (2) Keywords: Sexual socialization; Adolescents; Parental communication; Peer communication; Media influence Abstract: Although parents are often thought to be the primary communicators of sexual information, studies have found that many adolescent boys report receiving little or no parental communication about sex. Instead, boys report learning about sex mostly from their peers and the media. However, little is known about the content of these communications, from any source. Using a sample of 286 male undergraduates, this study employed a mixed-method approach to examine the amount and content of sex-related communication boys received from their parents, peers, and the media. Results indicated that adolescent boys report receiving less sexual communication from their parents than from peers and the media. In terms of content, parental messages focused on abstinence and contraception while peer and media messages were significantly more sex-positive. Analyses of ethnic group variation showed that African American adolescents reported receiving the most parental communication and Asian American boys reported the least, with further variability in the content of the messages. Findings also document considerable diversity of message content, both within and across source, highlighting the utility of comparative and multi-method approaches. Author Affiliation: (1) Combined Program in Education and Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street Room 2221, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1043, USA (2) Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Room 2028, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1109, USA Article History: Registration Date: 16/03/2007 Received Date: 21/12/2006 Accepted Date: 16/03/2007 Online Date: 11/04/2007 Article note: Marina Epstein is a doctoral candidate in the Combined Program in Education and Psychology at the University of Michigan. Her interests include adolescent gender and sexual socialization, sexual decision-making, and masculinity. L. Monique Ward is an associate professor in Developmental Psychology at the University of Michigan. Her research focuses on gender and sexual socialization, and the contributions of parents, peers, and the media to these processes.

Hispanic adolescents have been shown to have high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV, and substance abuse has been linked to risky sexual behaviors. The literature indicates that good parent-adolescent communication about sexual risk and safe sexual behaviors may help protect youth, yet little is known about this type of communication in Hispanic families. This article reports data on adolescent and parent factors associated with communication about moral and birth control talk between 108 Hispanic substance abusing adolescents and their parents. Results indicate that Hispanic parents who had older adolescents, reported more involvement, were less concerned of possible negative reactions from their child, and felt more knowledgeable and confident regarding sex and birth control also reported greater frequency of birth control talk. Hispanic parents with a daughter, who reported more involvement, or whose child reported more communication were more likely to report greater frequency of talking about moral issues.

The effect of divorce on the relationship between young adults' relationships with parents and siblings was examined. The data were drawn from an earlier study in which a sample of 207 young adults from divorced and intact families had completed demographic questionnaires as well as measures of parent-child and sibling relationships. Positive correlations were found between the father-child and male sibling relationship and between the mother-child and female sibling relationship in the divorced sample. None of the correlations between parentchild and sibling relationships attained significance in the intact sample. The present findings suggest that divorce affects adult sibling relationships along gender lines with the adult sibling relationship congruent with the parent-child relationship of the same gender. The results are discussed in terms of post-divorce living arrangements, as well as the polarization of relationships with parents that occurs as a consequence of divorce. doi: 10.1300/JO87v48n03_02 KEYWORDS. Adult children, divorce, parent-child relationships, sibling relationships

Preadolescent children's aggressive behaviors are related to maladjustment in their later adult lives. A major factor influencing the continuity of aggressive behaviors is the family environment. This paper presents a family dynamic oriented group work that integrates concepts of co-parenting and bidirectionality. The goal of the group was to enhance aggressive children's social competence by promoting positive interactions within the family. The six-week group covered topics such as identifying parenting styles, supporting parental alliances, fostering mutuality among parents and their children, making demands on children, and responding to children's needs and negative emotions. Several themes emerged in the group process. These themes included parents (1) having insufficient time to be with their children or a busy lifestyle, (2) having little confidence in parenting, and (3) losing patience/getting angry. Prepost single group tests showed that aggressive children's social competence was improved four weeks after the group ended. doi: 10.1300/J009v31n01_06 KEYWORDS. Bidirectionality, co-parenting, family dynamics, childhood aggression, group work

There is increased interest by parents in communicating with their children about political violence. However, limited attention in the scholarly literature has focused on parent-child communication about war and terrorism. In response, the purpose of this study is to assess, within their respective ecological contexts, American and Northern Irish children's (n = 97) reported communication with their parents about war. The results provide support for the presence of developmental differences, with age being a stronger predictor than gender and country in the frequency and content of parent--child discussions about war. Children ages 7 to 11 are more likely than younger children to report talking to their parents about war, and they address more topics than do the younger children in their reports of what their parents said about war. The contents of the children's reported conversations with their parents are discussed, as are implications for parents, parenting educators, and researchers. Keywords: children; communication; war; terrorism; parent--child

The present study examines the contribution of parental, contextual, and child characteristics to parenting behavior during toddlerhood in 111 two-parent families with a 17-month-old son (M = 16.9 months, SD = 0.57). Parenting was conceptualized in terms of five dimensions: support, structure, positive discipline, psychological control, and physical punishment. In general, results indicate that the effects of parental, contextual, and child characteristics on parenting dimensions do not differ for mothers and fathers. The only uncovered difference concerns the effect of children's inhibitory control, which was significant for maternal but not for paternal support. For both mothers and fathers, support, structure, and the use of psychological control are mainly influenced by parental characteristics, whereas the use of positive discipline and physical punishment are best predicted by contextual characteristics. Overall, the contribution of child characteristics to parenting dimensions was moderate. Keywords: maternal behavior; paternal behavior; parental characteristics; contextual characteristics; child characteristics

The role fathers play in families affected by perinatal substance use largely has been unexamined. It is difficult to reconcile this peripheral role assigned to the fathers of substance-exposed infants as the importance of fathers in the lives of children and of partners in the lives of substance-using women has become better appreciated. In this article, case presentations of families in which both parents were substance users illustrate the complexities and diverse trajectories of relationships between perinatal substance users and their children's fathers. An examination of families' lives can be used to better understand the challenges they face, stimulate further discussion about how partners of perinatal substance users can be conceptualized as fathers, and consider the impact they have in the lives of their children and their children's mothers. Discussion of case studies can yield increased knowledge about the role of fathers in the lives of families affected by perinatal substance abuse. This will lead to better-informed treatment interventions, research, and public policy. Keywords: perinatal substance use, partners, fathers of substance-exposed infants

Few studies have addressed the experiences or perceptions of adult children of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) parents. In this study, 46 adult children of LGB parents were interviewed, and their perceptions of how growing up with LGB parents influenced them as adults were examined. Qualitative analysis revealed that adults felt that they were more tolerant and open minded and had more flexible ideas about gender and sexuality as a function of growing up with LGB parents. Participants often felt protective of their parents and the gay community, and some went to great efforts to defend them to peers, family members, and society. Some participants struggled with issues of trust in adulthood, which they related to the experience of their parents' unexpected coming out, as well as to experiences of teasing and bullying. The importance of understanding these findings in the context of societal heterosexism is discussed. Keywords: children, gender, lesbian, gay, parents

This study tested associations between problems in parent-youth relationships and problems with alcohol use among college students (N = 1592) using structural equation modeling. Hypotheses were that relationships between both substance-specific parenting factors (parental drinking) and non-substance-specific parenting factors (parental intrusive control and lack of support) and college student drinking behaviors would be mediated by the developmental tasks of managing difficult emotions and establishing a mature psychosocial identity. Sex, ethnicity and age were entered as control variables in the analyses and were tested for moderating effects. Results showed that the unconstrained model for males and females differed significantly from a model in which the two groups were constrained to be similar. Among young women, emotion regulation and psychosocial maturity were partial mediators of the effects of parent problems on alcohol use problems. Among young men, parent problems were indirectly related to alcohol use problems through emotion regulation. Implications for alcohol use prevention activities on college campuses are discussed. Keywords College students * Alcohol use * Psychosocial maturity * Emotion * Parent psychological control * Parent support * Parent drinking

The current study examined the mediating role of stress in the linkages between attachment to parents and adjustment to attending higher learning institutions in another country. Self-reports from 114 Malaysian late adolescents studying in Singapore supported the primacy of stress for adjustment; more pertinent, stress mediated all the attachment-adjustment linkages that met the conditions for mediation testing, although this mediating role of stress applied mostly to the late adolescent girls and was also dependent on parent gender., Late adolescence is often marked by the entry into and attendance at postsecondary institutions of higher learning, such as colleges and polytechnical institutes. For many late adolescents in countries with [...]

Objectives. This study investigated individual-level conditions and prefecture-level contextual factors that enable and/or restrict intergenerational coresidence arrangements between older parents and adult children. Methods. We implemented multinomial logistic regression within a hierarchical approach to compare traditional and nontraditional styles of intergenerational coresidence arrangements. Individual data (N - 3,565) came from the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging. We supplemented these with information on socioeconomic and welfare characteristics of Japanese prefectures. Results. Whereas the traditional pattern of coresidence was primarily a value-driven arrangement, nontraditional coresidence was both a value-driven and a need-driven arrangement for older parents with limited physical abilities. Relatively strong economic conditions at the prefecture level were enabling factors for coresidence, whereas the greater per capita utilization of local welfare resources had both enabling and inhibiting effects on coresidence arrangements. Discussion. The differences between the two types of coresidence are consistent with a shift of intergenerational living arrangements in Japan from a preventive arrangement to a contingent arrangement for older parents in need. We suggest that intergenerational family traditions contain a great amount of plasticity to accommodate societal modernization by adapting to the changing cultural and socioeconomic contexts of the society.

Objective: To present prevalence rates of child psychological aggression and physical violence from a population survey conducted in 2004 and to compare the rates with the rates obtained in the 1999 edition of the survey. Methods: The survey used a randomly generated telephone number methodology. Interviews were conducted using a computer-assisted telephone interview system with a representative sample of 3,148 mothers living in Quebec province, Canada. Responses relating to psychological aggression, minor and severe physical violence were collected using the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales. Results: Eighty percent of the mothers reported the use of psychological aggression towards a child by an adult living in the household, 43% reported at least one episode of minor violence, and 6% reported at least one episode of severe physical violence. When compared to the 1999 surveys, mothers reported 5% less minor physical violence in 2004, a result that is counterbalanced by a similar significant increase in the report of repeated psychological violence towards children in a year. Results also reveal a significant decrease in attitudes favoring the use of violence for discipline purpose between 2004 and 1999. Conclusions: The trends observed in violence towards children over the 5-year period may partly be attributed to a change in mother's attitudes concerning methods of disciplining children. Findings support the need to promote alternative methods of firm discipline that do not involve violence. Keywords: Population survey; Trends; Parental attitudes; Corporal punishment; Psychological aggression

The paper focuses on intergenerational support relations between grandparents and their grandchildren in Germany, and how they have changed from 1996 to 2002. The paper begins with a brief review of the literature on functional aspects of the grandparent-grandchild relationship, after which the research hypotheses about intergenerational support in the relationship are elaborated. Following a description of the data source, the German Ageing Survey, and its samples and measures, the evidence on the patterns of grandparents' provision and receipt of intergenerational support to and from their grandchildren are presented and compared with parent-child support patterns. The analysis also considers variations by age groups and birth cohorts and changes over time. The main empirical finding is that there was a greater likelihood of financial transfers to grandchildren in 2002 than six years earlier. Nevertheless, the grandparents' relationships with their grandchildren remained imbalanced or asymmetrical, at the older generation's expense. It was found that financial and instrumental support patterns between grandparents and grandchildren were best explained using an 'intergenerational stake' hypothesis rather than one of 'intergenerational solidarity'; the latter is more consistent with parent-child support patterns. KEY WORDS--grandparents, intergenerational relations, intergenerational solidarity, intergenerational stake, informal support, Germany.

The authenticity of information interpreted from family court enquiries of children involved in a divorce case between their parents is discussed. It is revealed that whether the views expressed are those of the children themselves or are influenced by others needs to be examined.

Survey results on sociological issues such as impact of day care on children, violence in society, and parenting and adult narcissism are discussed.

This article describes the results of two focus groups of immigrant parents who recently experienced child protective investigations in New York City. The purpose of this study was: 1) to [...]

Within the framework of cognitive theories that define crisis as a challenge to self-development, this study explored the positive long-term outcomes of coping with parental divorce in young adults. Data were collected from sell-reports of 158 Israeli young adults whose parents divorced when they were adolescents. Together with painful feelings, almost half the participants repolled 'more positive than negative outcomes' and less than a quarter thought that the divorce had 'more negative than positive outcomes.' The various positive outcomes were found to form three constructs reflecting maturity and growth: empowerment, empathy, and relationship-savvy. Coping styles used by the participants proved strongly connected to long-term outcomes. Reciprocal support was the main coping style used by the young adults and their significant others, and was connected to positive long-term outcomes. Based oil multiple regression analyses, the study proposes a sequential model that charts a developmental sequence that enhances long-term positive outcomes. These and other results are discussed within the framework of posttraumatic growth perspective. doi:10.1300/J002v42n02_02 KEYWORDS. Parental divorce, positive outcomes, posttraumatic growth, young adults

This study employs the data of the 2003 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey to study the timing of leaving the parental home and the links between home leaving and other life course events (entry into labour force, family formation, and first birth) for three groups of home-leavers: early, on-time, and late. Results of the study suggest that the majority of the home-leavers are late home-leavers in Turkey. This pattern of parental home leaving observed in Turkey resembles the pattern which can found today in Mediterranean and Southern European countries. The median age at home leaving is found to be 24.4 years. In terms of gender differentials, the study implies that the timing of leaving the parental home for males (27.2 years) markedly differs from the timing of leaving the parental home for females (21.6 years). Results also imply the sequence of life-course events for males in Turkey: entry into labour force, marriage, the birth of first child, and home leaving. On the other hand, timing of home leaving for females was found to be in line with the timing of family formation. However, the home leaving experiencing by females does not mean a real home leaving in the context of Turkey; it is just a shifting from their own parental home to their husbands' parental home. doi: 10.1300/J002v42n01_03 KEYWORDS. Leaving home, life course events, Turkey

Behavioral skills training was used to teach 3 parents to implement discrete-trial teaching with their children with developmental disabilities. Parents learned to implement discrete-trial training, their skills generalized to novel programs, and the children's correct responding increased, suggesting that behavioral skills training is an effective and efficient method of teaching discrete-trial teaching to parents. DESCRIPTORS: parent training, discrete-trial teaching, autism, behavioral skills training, imitation, developmental disabilities

One hundred planned lesbian-parent families (i.e., two-mother families in which the child was born to the lesbian relationship) were compared with 100 heterosexual-parent families on child adjustment, parental characteristics, and child rearing. Questionnaires, observations, and a diary of activities were used to collect the data. The results show that especially lesbian social mothers (i.e., nonbiological mothers) differ from heterosexual fathers on parental characteristics (e.g., more parental justification and more satisfaction with the partner as coparent) and child rearing (e.g., more parental concern and less power assertion). Child adjustment is not associated with family type (lesbian-parent families vs. heterosexual-parent families), but is predicted by power assertion, parental concern, and satisfaction with the partner as coparent. Keywords: lesbian families, child rearing, child adjustment, mothers and fathers

The purposes of the present study were to develop a Parenting Scale of Inconsistency and to evaluate its initial reliability and validity. The 12 items assess the inconsistency among parents' moods, behaviors, and attitudes toward children. In the primary study, 517 participants completed three measures: the new Parenting Scale of Inconsistency, the Parental Bonding Instrument, and the Depression Scale of the General Health Questionnaire. The Parenting Scale of Inconsistency had good test-retest reliability of .85 and internal consistency of .88 (Cronbach coefficient [alpha]). Construct validity was good as Inconsistency scores were significantly correlated with the Care and Overprotection scores of the Parental Bonding Instrument and with the Depression scores. Moreover, Inconsistency scores' relation with a dimension of parenting style distinct from Care and Overprotection suggested that the Parenting Scale of Inconsistency had factorial validity. This scale seems a potential measure for examining the relationships between inconsistent parenting and the mental health of children.

A dynamic equilibrium model for analyzing child maltreatment and the influence of parent-child relations on these scenarios is presented.

The care support pattern of the middle-aged sandwich generation of Hong Kong towards their elderly parents and the perception of care responsibility from the receiver's and the giver's perspective is studied. The results present consistency between values towards elderly care and actual care behaviors from the parents' perspective in those sons are expected and are acting as the major caregivers.

Recently, scholars have described the emotional consequences of transnational motherhood on families. Research, however, has neglected to address the lives of migrant fathers and how they compare to those of migrant mothers. This article fills the gap by analyzing the experiences of Mexican transnational mothers and fathers residing in New Jersey. Ethnographic data and interviews show that parents behave in similar ways when internationally separated from children. However, their migration patterns and emotional responses to separation differ. I show that these differences are tied to Mexican gender ideology in which women's maternal roles are sacralized, whereas fathers 'roles are tied to financial provision. Although the contemporary Mexican transnational family structure challenges gender norms, the analysis of how parents understand their family roles when separated from their children proves gender ideals to be highly durable in the transnational context. Keywords: family; transnational; immigration; mothering; fathering; Mexico

Due to conceptualizations of autonomy as detachment and independence, research on the parenting-autonomy relationship in adolescence has yielded inconsistent results. In the present study, self-determination is proposed as an alternative way of tapping into the construct of autonomy. An integrated model of the relationships between perceived parenting and teaching styles, self-determination in 3 life-domains (school, social competence, and job-seeking behaviors), and specific adolescent outcomes, was investigated and confirmed. In 2 samples of mid-adolescents (N = 328 and N = 285), autonomy-supportive parenting was significantly related to self-determination in all life-domains. Autonomy-supportive teaching added significantly to the prediction of self-determination in the domains of school and job-seeking behaviors. Self-determination, in turn, was positively and specifically associated with measures of adjustment in the specific life-domains under investigation. Finally, in both studies, indications were found that self-determination acts as an intervening variable in the relation between the perceived interpersonal environment and adolescent adjustment. KEY WORDS: parenting style; teaching style; autonomy; self-determination; adjustment.

The impact of a behavioral parent-training group methodology on problem behaviors is examined along with the goals for a single mother and two young boys. Results indicate that the procedures are valuable for enhancing goal achievement and reducing the frequency of problem behaviors for the single parent and the young boy participants of this case study.

A randomized experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of Even Start, a federally supported family literacy program providing early childhood education, adult education, parenting education, and joint parent-child literacy activities to children and parents from low-literate families. The evaluation of 18 Even Start projects followed 463 families for 2 years and found no statistically significant or educationally important impacts on Even Start families when they were compared with control families on child literacy outcomes, parent literacy outcomes, or parent-child interactions. The study concludes that Even Start projects were able to properly implement family literacy programs, and the observed lack of effectiveness is attributed to a combination of 2 factors: (a) a lack of full participation on the part of families and (b) instructional services that may be ineffective because of the curriculum content or the instructional approach. Keywords: evaluation, family literacy, Even Start, interventions, randomized experiments