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Phaeochromocytomas (PCC) and paragangliomas (PGL), cumulatively referred to as PPGLs, are neuroendocrine tumours arising from neural crest-derived cells in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Predicting future tumour behaviour and the likelihood of metastatic disease remains problematic as genotype-phenotype correlations are limited, the disease has variable penetrance and, to date, no reliable molecular, cellular or histological markers have emerged. Tumour metabolism quantification can be considered as a method to delineating tumour aggressiveness by utilising hyperpolarised 13 C-MR (HP-MR). The technique may provide an opportunity to non-invasively characterise disease behaviour. Here, we present the first instance of the analysis of PPGL metabolism via HP-MR in a single case., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by the British Institute of Radiology.)

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) multiecho balanced steady-state free precession (ME-bSSFP) has previously been demonstrated in preclinical hyperpolarized (HP) 13 C-MRI in vivo experiments, and it may be suitable for clinical metabolic imaging of prostate cancer (PCa)., Purpose: To validate a signal simulation framework for the use of sequence parameter optimization. To demonstrate the feasibility of ME-bSSFP for HP 13 C-MRI in patients. To evaluate the metabolism in PCa measured by ME-bSSFP., Study Type: Retrospective single-center cohort study., Phantoms/population: Phantoms containing aqueous solutions of [1- 13 C] lactate (2.3 M) and [ 13 C] urea (8 M). Eight patients (mean age 67 ± 6 years) with biopsy-confirmed Gleason 3 + 4 (n = 7) and 4 + 3 (n = 1) PCa. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCES: 1 H MRI at 3 T with T 2 -weighted turbo spin-echo sequence used for spatial localization and spoiled dual gradient-echo sequence used for B 0 -field measurement. ME-bSSFP sequence for 13 C MR spectroscopic imaging with retrospective multipoint IDEAL metabolite separation., Assessment: The primary endpoint was the analysis of pyruvate-to-lactate conversion in PCa and healthy prostate regions of interest (ROIs) using model-free area under the curve (AUC) ratios and a one-directional kinetic model (k P ). The secondary objectives were to investigate the correlation between simulated and experimental ME-bSSFP metabolite signals for HP 13 C-MRI parameter optimization., Statistical Tests: Pearson correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals and paired t-tests. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05., Results: Strong correlations between simulated and empirical ME-bSSFP signals were found (r > 0.96). Therefore, the simulation framework was used for sequence optimization. Whole prostate metabolic HP 13 C-MRI, observing the conversion of pyruvate into lactate, with a temporal resolution of 6 seconds was demonstrated using ME-bSSFP. Both assessed metrics resulted in significant differences between PCa (mean ± SD) (AUC = 0.33 ± 012, k P  = 0.038 ± 0.014) and healthy (AUC = 0.15 ± 0.10, k P  = 0.011 ± 0.007) ROIs., Data Conclusion: Metabolic HP 13 C-MRI in the prostate using ME-bSSFP allows for differentiation between aggressive PCa and healthy tissue., Evidence Level: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Objective: To develop a phantom system which can be integrated with an automated injection system, eliminating the experimental variability that arises with manual injection; for the purposes of pulse sequence testing and metric derivation in hyperpolarised 13 C-MR., Methods: The custom dynamic phantom was machined from Ultem and filled with a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and lactate dehydrogenase mixture dissolved in phosphate buffered saline. Hyperpolarised [1- 13 C]-pyruvate was then injected into the phantom ( n = 8) via an automated syringe pump and the conversion of pyruvate to lactate monitored through a 13 C imaging sequence., Results: The phantom showed low coefficient of variation for the lactate to pyruvate peak signal heights (11.6%) and dynamic area-under curve ratios (11.0%). The variance for the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme rate constant (kP) was also seen to be low at 15.6%., Conclusion: The dynamic phantom demonstrates high reproducibility for quantification of 13 C-hyperpolarised MR-derived metrics. Establishing such a phantom is needed to facilitate development of hyperpolarsed 13 C-MR pulse sequenced; and moreover, to enable multisite hyperpolarised 13 C-MR clinical trials where assessment of metric variability across sites is critical., Advances in Knowledge: The dynamic phantom developed during the course of this study will be a useful tool in testing new pulse sequences and standardisation in future hyperpolarised work.

Introduction: Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) is now widely used to risk stratify men with a suspicion of prostate cancer and identify suspicious regions for biopsy. However, the technique has modest specificity and a high false-positive rate, especially in men with mpMRI scored as indeterminate (3/5) or likely (4/5) to have clinically significant cancer (csPCa) (Gleason ≥3+4). Advanced MRI techniques have emerged which seek to improve this characterisation and could predict biopsy results non-invasively. Before these techniques are translated clinically, robust histological and clinical validation is required., Methods and Analysis: This study aims to clinically validate two advanced MRI techniques in a prospectively recruited cohort of men suspected of prostate cancer. Histological analysis of men undergoing biopsy or prostatectomy will be used for biological validation of biomarkers derived from Vascular and Extracellular Restricted Diffusion for Cytometry in Tumours and Luminal Water imaging. In particular, prostatectomy specimens will be processed using three-dimension printed patient-specific moulds to allow for accurate MRI and histology mapping. The index tests will be compared with the histological reference standard to derive false positive rate and true positive rate for men with mpMRI scores which are indeterminate (3/5) or likely (4/5) to have clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). Histopathological validation from both biopsy and prostatectomy samples will provide the best ground truth in validating promising MRI techniques which could predict biopsy results and help avoid unnecessary biopsies in men suspected of prostate cancer., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethical approval was granted by the London-Queen Square Research Ethics Committee (19/LO/1803) on 23 January 2020. Results from the study will be presented at conferences and submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication. Results will also be available on ClinicalTrials.gov., Trial Registration Number: NCT04792138., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The work of SP and DA is supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. Veeru Kasivisvanathan is an Academic Clinical Lecturer funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). CMM is supported by an NIHR Research Professorship, and has additional study funding from the Medical Research Council, Cancer Research UK, PCUK, Movember, and the European Association of Urology Research Board. FG is currently supported by PREdICT, an investigator-initiated study at the Vall d’Hebron Hospital campus (Barcelona, Spain), funded by AstraZeneca., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)

Diffusion MRI characteristics assessed by apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have been reported as helpful in classifying tumours based on diffusion characteristics. There is little reported on HNSCC lymph nodes classification by diffusion characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine whether pretreatment nodal microstructural diffusion MRI characteristics can classify diseased nodes of patients with HNSCC from normal nodes of healthy volunteers. Seventy-nine patients with histologically confirmed HNSCC prior to chemoradiotherapy, and eight healthy volunteers, underwent diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI at a 1.5-T MR scanner. Two radiologists contoured lymph nodes on DW (b = 300 s/m 2 ) images. ADC, distributed diffusion coefficient (DDC) and alpha (α) values were calculated by monoexponential and stretched exponential models. Histogram analysis metrics of drawn volume were compared between patients and volunteers using a Mann-Whitney test. The classification performance of each metric between the normal and diseased nodes was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficients determined interobserver reproducibility of each metric based on differently drawn ROIs by two radiologists. Sixty cancerous and 40 normal nodes were analysed. ADC histogram analysis revealed significant differences between patients and volunteers (p ≤0.0001 to 0.0046), presenting ADC distributions that were more skewed (1.49 for patients, 1.03 for volunteers; p = 0.0114) and 'peaked' (6.82 for patients, 4.20 for volunteers; p = 0.0021) in patients. Maximum ADC values exhibited the highest area under the curve ([AUC] 0.892). Significant differences were revealed between patients and volunteers for DDC and α value histogram metrics (p ≤0.0001 to 0.0044); the highest AUC were exhibited by maximum DDC (0.772) and the 25th percentile α value (0.761). Interobserver repeatability was excellent for mean ADC (ICC = 0.88) and the 25th percentile α value (ICC = 0.78), but poor for all other metrics. These results suggest that pretreatment microstructural diffusion MRI characteristics in lymph nodes, assessed by ADC and α value histogram analysis, can identify nodal disease., (© 2021 The Authors. NMR in Biomedicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of high diagnostic quality is a key determinant for either detection or exclusion of prostate cancer. Adequate high spatial resolution on T2-weighted imaging, good diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences of high signal-to-noise ratio are the prerequisite for a high-quality MRI study of the prostate. The Prostate Imaging Quality (PI-QUAL) score was created to assess the diagnostic quality of a scan against a set of objective criteria as per Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System recommendations, together with criteria obtained from the image. The PI-QUAL score is a 1-to-5 scale where a score of 1 indicates that all MR sequences (T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences) are below the minimum standard of diagnostic quality, a score of 3 means that the scan is of sufficient diagnostic quality, and a score of 5 implies that all three sequences are of optimal diagnostic quality. The purpose of this educational review is to provide a practical guide to assess the quality of prostate MRI using PI-QUAL and to familiarise the radiologist and all those involved in prostate MRI with this scoring system. A variety of images are also presented to demonstrate the difference between suboptimal and good prostate MR scans.

Objectives: National guidelines recommend prostate multiparametric (mp) MRI in men with suspected prostate cancer before biopsy. In this study, we explore prostate mpMRI protocols across 14 London hospitals and determine whether standardisation improves diagnostic quality., Methods: An MRI physicist facilitated mpMRI set-up across several regional hospitals, working together with experienced uroradiologists who judged diagnostic quality. Radiologists from the 14 hospitals participated in the assessment and optimisation of prostate mpMRI image quality, assessed according to both PiRADSv2 recommendations and on the ability to "rule in" and/or "rule out" prostate cancer. Image quality and sequence parameters of representative mpMRI scans were evaluated across 23 MR scanners. Optimisation visits were performed to improve image quality, and 2 radiologists scored the image quality pre- and post-optimisation., Results: 20/23 mpMRI protocols, consisting of 111 sequences, were optimised by modifying their sequence parameters. Pre-optimisation, only 15% of T2W images were non-diagnostic, whereas 40% of ADC maps, 50% of high b-value DWI and 41% of DCE-MRI were considered non-diagnostic. Post-optimisation, the scores were increased with 80% of ADC maps, 74% of high b-value DWI and 88% of DCE-MRI to be partially or fully diagnostic. T2W sequences were not optimised, due to their higher baseline quality scores., Conclusions: Targeted intervention at a regional level can improve the diagnostic quality of prostate mpMRI protocols, with implications for improving prostate cancer detection rates and targeted biopsies.

Hyperpolarised 13 C MRI (HP-MRI) is a novel imaging technique that allows real-time analysis of metabolic pathways in vivo . 1 The technology to conduct HP-MRI in humans has recently become available and is starting to be clinically applied. As knowledge of molecular biology advances, it is increasingly apparent that cancer cell metabolism is related to disease outcomes, with lactate attracting specific attention. 2 Recent reviews of breast cancer screening programs have raised concerns and increased public awareness of over treatment. The scientific community needs to shift focus from improving cancer detection alone to pursuing novel methods of distinguishing aggressive breast cancers from those which will remain indolent. HP-MRI offers the opportunity to identify aggressive tumour phenotypes and help monitor/predict therapeutic response. Here we report one of the first cases of breast cancer imaged using HP-MRI alongside correlative conventional imaging, including breast MRI.

Intratumoral genetic heterogeneity and the role of metabolic reprogramming in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been extensively documented. However, the distribution of these metabolic changes within the tissue has not been explored. We report on the first-in-human in vivo non-invasive metabolic interrogation of RCC using hyperpolarized carbon-13 ( 13 C) magnetic resonance imaging (HP-MRI) and describe the validation of in vivo lactate metabolic heterogeneity against multi-regional ex vivo mass spectrometry. HP-MRI provides an in vivo assessment of metabolism and provides a novel opportunity to safely and non-invasively assess cancer heterogeneity.

For body imaging, diffusion-weighted MRI may be used for tumour detection, staging, prognostic information, assessing response and follow-up. Disease detection and staging involve qualitative, subjective assessment of images, whereas for prognosis, progression or response, quantitative evaluation of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is required. Validation and qualification of ADC in multicentre trials involves examination of i) technical performance to determine biomarker bias and reproducibility and ii) biological performance to interrogate a specific aspect of biology or to forecast outcome. Unfortunately, the variety of acquisition and analysis methodologies employed at different centres make ADC values non-comparable between them. This invalidates implementation in multicentre trials and limits utility of ADC as a biomarker. This article reviews the factors contributing to ADC variability in terms of data acquisition and analysis. Hardware and software considerations are discussed when implementing standardised protocols across multi-vendor platforms together with methods for quality assurance and quality control. Processes of data collection, archiving, curation, analysis, central reading and handling incidental findings are considered in the conduct of multicentre trials. Data protection and good clinical practice are essential prerequisites. Developing international consensus of procedures is critical to successful validation if ADC is to become a useful biomarker in oncology., Key Points: • Standardised acquisition/analysis allows quantification of imaging biomarkers in multicentre trials. • Establishing "precision" of the measurement in the multicentre context is essential. • A repository with traceable data of known provenance promotes further research.

Purpose: To determine the test-retest repeatability of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) measurements across institutions and MRI vendors, plus investigate the effect of post-processing methodology on measurement precision., Methods: Thirty malignant lung lesions >2 cm in size (23 patients) were scanned on two occasions, using echo-planar-Diffusion-Weighted (DW)-MRI to derive whole-tumour ADC (b = 100, 500 and 800smm -2 ). Scanning was performed at 4 institutions (3 MRI vendors). Whole-tumour volumes-of-interest were copied from first visit onto second visit images and from one post-processing platform to an open-source platform, to assess ADC repeatability and cross-platform reproducibility., Results: Whole-tumour ADC values ranged from 0.66-1.94x10 -3 mm 2 s -1 (mean = 1.14). Within-patient coefficient-of-variation (wCV) was 7.1% (95% CI 5.7-9.6%), limits-of-agreement (LoA) -18.0 to 21.9%. Lesions >3 cm had improved repeatability: wCV 3.9% (95% CI 2.9-5.9%); and LoA -10.2 to 11.4%. Variability for lesions <3 cm was 2.46 times higher. ADC reproducibility across different post-processing platforms was excellent: Pearson's R 2  = 0.99; CoV 2.8% (95% CI 2.3-3.4%); and LoA -7.4 to 8.0%., Conclusion: A free-breathing DW-MRI protocol for imaging malignant lung tumours achieved satisfactory within-patient repeatability and was robust to changes in post-processing software, justifying its use in multi-centre trials. For response evaluation in individual patients, a change in ADC >21.9% will reflect treatment-related change., Key Points: • In lung cancer, free-breathing DWI-MRI produces acceptable images with evaluable ADC measurement. • ADC repeatability coefficient-of-variation is 7.1% for lung tumours >2 cm. • ADC repeatability coefficient-of-variation is 3.9% for lung tumours >3 cm. • ADC measurement precision is unaffected by the post-processing software used. • In multicentre trials, 22% increase in ADC indicates positive treatment response.

Purpose: Diffusion-weighted (DW) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are increasingly applied for the assessment of functional tissue biomarkers for diagnosis, lesion characterization, or for monitoring of treatment response. However, these techniques are vulnerable to the influence of various factors, so there is a necessity for a standardized MR quality assurance procedure utilizing a phantom to facilitate the reliable estimation of repeatability of these quantitative biomarkers arising from technical factors (e.g., B1 variation) affecting acquisition on scanners of different vendors and field strengths. The purpose of this study is to present a novel phantom designed for use in quality assurance for multicenter trials, and the associated repeatability measurements of functional and quantitative imaging protocols across different MR vendors and field strengths., Methods: A cylindrical acrylic phantom was manufactured containing 7 vials of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions of different concentrations, ranging from 0% (distilled water) to 25% w/w, to create a range of different MR contrast parameters. Temperature control was achieved by equilibration with ice-water. Repeated MR imaging measurements of the phantom were performed on four clinical scanners (two at 1.5 T, two at 3.0 T; two vendors) using the same scanning protocol to assess the long-term and short-term repeatability. The scanning protocol consisted of DW measurements, inversion recovery (IR) T1 measurements, multiecho T2 measurement, and dynamic T1-weighted sequence allowing multiple variable flip angle (VFA) estimation of T1 values over time. For each measurement, the corresponding calculated parameter maps were produced. On each calculated map, regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn within each vial and the median value of these voxels was assessed. For the dynamic data, the autocorrelation function and their variance were calculated; for the assessment of the repeatability, the coefficients of variation (CoV) were calculated., Results: For both field strengths across the available vendors, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) at 0 °C ranged from (1.12 ± 0.01) × 10(-3) mm(2)/s for pure water to (0.48 ± 0.02) × 10(-3) mm(2)/s for the 25% w/w PVP concentration, presenting a minor variability between the vendors and the field strengths. T2 and IR-T1 relaxation time results demonstrated variability between the field strengths and the vendors across the different acquisitions. Moreover, the T1 values derived from the VFA method exhibited a large variation compared with the IR-T1 values across all the scanners for all repeated measurements, although the calculation of the standard deviation of the VFA-T1 estimate across each ROI and the autocorrelation showed a stability of the signal for three scanners, with autocorrelation of the signal over the dynamic series revealing a periodic variation in one scanner. Finally, the ADC, the T2, and the IR-T1 values exhibited an excellent repeatability across the scanners, whereas for the dynamic data, the CoVs were higher., Conclusions: The combination of a novel PVP phantom, with multiple compartments to give a physiologically relevant range of ADC and T1 values, together with ice-water as a temperature-controlled medium, allows reliable quality assurance measurements that can be used to measure agreement between MRI scanners, critical in multicenter functional and quantitative imaging studies.

Objective: To assess the effect of fasting and eating on estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the livers of healthy volunteers using a diffusion-weighted MRI protocol with b-values of 100, 500 and 900 s mm(-2) in a multicentre study at 1.5 T., Methods: 20 volunteers were scanned using 4 clinical 1.5-T MR scanners. Volunteers were scanned after fasting for at least 4 h and after eating a meal; the scans were repeated on a subsequent day. Median ADC estimates were calculated from all pixels in three slices near the centre of the liver. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the difference between ADC estimates in fasted and non-fasted states and between ADC estimates on different days., Results: ANOVA showed no difference between ADC estimates in fasted and non-fasted states (p = 0.8) nor between ADC estimates on different days (p = 0.8). The repeatability of the measurements was good, with coefficients of variation of 5.1% and 4.6% in fasted and non-fasted states, respectively., Conclusion: There was no significant difference in ADC estimates between fasted and non-fasted measurements, indicating that the perfusion sensitivity of ADC estimates obtained from b-values of 100, 500 and 900 s mm(-2) is sufficiently low that changes in blood flow in the liver after eating are undetectable beyond the variability in the measurements., Advances in Knowledge: Assessment of the effect of prandial state on ADC estimates is critical, in order to determine the appropriate patient preparation for biological validation in clinical trials.

The aim of this study is to dosimetrically characterize a new MRI based polymer gel system and to evaluate its usefulness in clinical practice just in terms of beam profile measurements. Normoxic N-vinylpyrrolidone based polymer gel (VIPET) phantoms were produced and used in order to perform three main sets of experiments: a) dose-response evaluation and reproducibility experiments, b) experiments for the evaluation of sensitivity of dose characteristics on 'gel manufacture - irradiation' time interval and c) experiments for the evaluation of sensitivity of dose characteristics on 'irradiation - MRscanning' time interval. It has been shown that this gel system can be used in a wide dose-range of 0-60 Gy. It exhibits a linear dose-response in the dose-range of 2-35 Gy. Following the proposed manufacturing method the dose-response characteristics are reproducible. Moreover, it seems that the optimum 'gel manufacturing - irradiation' time interval is 1 day. However, a 'gel manufacturing - irradiation' time interval up to ∼1 week can be safely used. The optimum 'irradiation - MRscanning' time interval in terms of dose-response sensitivity and dose resolution can be reliably ranged from 1 day to 3 weeks. Finally, X-ray beam profile gel-measurements were performed and found to be in satisfying agreement with corresponding small sensitive volume ion chamber measurements. VIPET gel dosimeters preserved the spatial integrity of the dose distribution during a time period of 50 days post-irradiation. The studied gel system can be safely used in clinical practice within the practical limitations found and described in this work., (Copyright © 2013 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)