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Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la literatura acerca de los tratamientos ortodónticos y quirúrgicos del síndrome de Apert durante las diferentes etapas de crecimiento y desarrollo. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las bases de datos MedLine (PubMed), Science Direct, Scopus y Wiley Online Library con la combinación de los siguientes términos: Syndromic craniosynostosis, Dental treatment, orthodontic treatment, Apert Syndrome, surgical treatment, dental care. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas y de literatura, estudios retrospectivos, longitudinales y de cohorte, series y revisiones de caso publicados entre 1990 y 2020 en español o inglés; se excluyeron artículos relacionados con otros síndromes, así como estudios en animales. Los artículos fueron seleccionados según su pertinencia y disponibilidad de texto completo; hallazgos repetidos fueron eliminados; adicionalmente, se utilizó el sistema bola de nieve en los artículos seleccionados; la calidad de la evidencia fue evaluada mediante el sistema GRADE. Resultados: 34 artículos fueron incluidos (calidad alta: 2, moderada: 1, baja: 19 y muy baja: 12). Entre estos, se identificaron discusiones relacionadas con la etapa de crecimiento a la que se recomienda realizar los procedimientos quirúrgicos requeridos para minimizar sus impactos negativos. La mayoría de los artículos apoyan el manejo terapéutico ejecutado por equipos multidisciplinarios. Conclusiones: un plan de tratamiento combinado de ortodoncia y cirugía ortognática se presentó como la mejor opción para obtener los mejores resultados funcionales y estéticos para la población en cuestión. El momento adecuado durante el crecimiento y desarrollo de los individuos para implementar cada fase de tratamiento fue decidido por cada equipo multidisciplinario.

Introduction: Coarse particulate organic matter originated in riparian vegetation is the main source of energy in many headwater streams. However, the transfer of such material is altered by the destruction of forests. Objective:To assess flow differences of this organic matter in streams with forests and grasslands. Methods:We comparedinput, storage and export of this organic matterin the riparian belts of streams with forests, and streams with grasslands, in the central Andean region of Colombia. For each stream, we measured vertical and lateral litter with baskets; stream bed litter with a quadrant, and matter export with drift nets, in a 100 m reach. Results:The streams with riparian forest received an average of 915 g m-2of coarse particulate organic matter annually, exported a total of 334 g m-3and stored 732 g m-2, values that were significantly higher than in grassland streams, where the corresponding values were: 125.4 g m-2; 128 g m-3and 205.5 g m-2. Conclusions:The removal of tree cover from the riparian zone reduced the organic matter in these headwater streams of Colombia. Introducción:La materia orgánica particulada gruesa originada en la vegetación ribereña es la fuente principal de energía en muchas cuencas de cabecera. Sin embargo, la transferencia de dicha materia es alterada por la destrucción de los bosques. Objetivo:Evaluar diferencias en la materia orgánica en quebradas con bosques y con pastizales. Métodos: Comparar las entradas, el almacenamiento y la exportación de esta materia orgánica en el cauce de quebradas con bosques y con pastizales, en la región central de los Andes de Colombia. En cada quebrada, se midieron los aportes verticales y laterales de hojarasca con canastas; hojarasca del lecho de las quebradas con cuadrantes, y la exportación de material con redes de deriva, con un alcance de 100 m. Resultados: Las quebradas con bosques ribereños recibieron un promedio anual de 915 g m-2de materia orgánica particulada gruesa, exportando un total de 334 g m-3y almacenando 732 g m-2, valores que fueron significativamente más altos que en quebradas con pastizales, donde los valores correspondientes fueron: 125.4 g m-2; 128 g m-3y 205.5 g m-2. Conclusiones: La remoción de cobertura boscosa de la zona ribereña reduce la materia orgánica en estas cuencas de cabecera en Colombia.

Riparian forests provide high amounts of leaf litter to tropical headwater streams (1–3 order) and its decomposition is controlled by interactions between leaf quality and macroinvertebrate activity. However, few studies have been conducted in North Andean streams. We conducted a leaf litter decomposition experiment using three native tree species (Heliocarpus americanus, Nectandra sp., and Cecropia telealba) in two headwater streams in the Colombian Coffee-growing Eco-Region. The interactive roles of intrinsic factors (quality) and extrinsic factors (presence/absence of macroinvertebrates) on decomposition rates were tested. Three single-species treatments, a species-mixture treatment, and an artificial substrate treatment were incubated in either coarse-pore mesh or fine-pore mesh bags to allow or exclude macroinvertebrate colonization, respectively. Bags were removed from the streams 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after starting the study. Toughness and chemical quality of senescent leaves of each species were determined in order to test their effect on the decomposition rates. The k-values for the three single-species and the species-mixture treatments indicated that decomposition occurred at medium to fast rates (0.009–0.01 day−1). H. americanus showed the greatest mass loss at the end of the trial, followed by C. telealba and Nectandra sp. Leaf toughness was positively correlated with carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C: N) and carbon-to-phosphorus ratio (C: P) and, in turn, the three characteristics were negatively correlated with breakdown rate. A total of 3876 individuals from 13 orders, 35 families, and 47 genera colonized leaf-litter bags. Chironomidae, Lumbriculidae, and Hydropsychidae were the families with the highest abundance. The abundance and richness of macroinvertebrates in the leaf-litter bags showed no correlation with the descriptors of intrinsic characteristics (leaf quality). These results indicate that among the three tree-species in the study, the intrinsic characteristics of senescent leaves determine their mass loss rates, while the macroinvertebrate abundance or richness play a secondary role, probably due to the fact that shredders were not abundant.

La restauración de los bosques ribereños es una medida fundamental para la recuperación de ambientes acuáticos afectados por actividades ganaderas. Con el fin de determinar los cambios en quebradas asociadas con la restauración temprana de bosques ribereños, se hizo un seguimiento durante tres años a cuatro arroyos de primer orden ubicados en la cuenca del río La Vieja, Colombia. En cada arroyo se tomaron muestras puntuales de agua para análisis fisicoquímico y bacteriológico, se registraron aspectos de calidad de hábitat y se recolectaron macroinvertebrados. Durante los años de evaluación hubo una disminución significativa en los valores de DBO5, se presentaron cambios leves en la composición del sustrato y los patrones de flujo, y aumentaron los valores del índice de calidad de hábitat (ICH). En cuanto a los macroinvertebrados, se recolectaron 10.490 individuos, distribuidos en 19 órdenes, 53 familias y 56 géneros. Los órdenes más abundantes fueron Diptera (56 %), Trichoptera (22 %) y Basommatophora (7 %). Las familias Chironomidae e Hydropsychidae fueron las más abundantes, con el 53 y el 20 % del total. Chironomidae disminuyó significativamente a través de los años de monitoreo y los valores de los índices EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) y BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party) aumentaron. La exclusión de la ganadería del área ribereña y el inicio de procesos de restauración de la vegetación ribereña tuvo un efecto positivo en los parámetros de calidad de agua, del hábitat y en la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, lo que constituye una alternativa valiosa para recuperar ambientes acuáticos en paisajes ganaderos. The restoration of riparian forests is a fundamental step for the recovery of aquatic environments affected by cattle production. To determine the changes in the aquatic environment in streams with early riparian restoration processes, four first-order streams of La Vieja River watershed (Colombia) were monitored for three years. In each stream, we analyzed water, habitat quality, and the aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblage. During the study period, there was a significant decrease in BOD5 values, the substrate composition and flow patterns changed, and the values of the habitat quality index increased. A total of 10490 macroinvertebrates were collected, distributed in 19 orders, 53 families, and 56 genera. The most important orders were Diptera (56%), Trichoptera (22%), and Basommatophora (7%). Chironomidae and Hydropsychidae were the most abundant families with 53% and 20%. Chironomidae decreased significantly through the years of monitoring and the values of the EPT and BMWP indexes increased. The exclusion of cattle from the riparian area and the beginning of the restoration process had a positive effect on water quality and habitat parameters, as well as on the community of aquatic macroinvertebrates, which constitutes a valuable alternative to recover aquatic environments in livestock landscapes.

Introducción: Los élmidos son organismos acuáticos frecuentemente asociados con aguas corrientes, limpias y bien oxigenadas. Sin embargo, algunos géneros de esta familia también se encuentran en aguas moderadamente contaminadas, lo cual puede ser un reflejo de su tolerancia a algún grado de deterioro del hábitat. Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad o tolerancia a la contaminación y los principales factores que influyen en la presencia y composición taxonómica de Elmidae en microcuencas colombianas. Métodos: Se muestrearon 60 localidades entre 450 y 4000 msnm, principalmente en la región Andina, los muestreos se realizaron entre 2002 y 2013 con 70 eventos no simultáneos en cinco zonas. En un transecto de 100 m, se registraron datos físico-químicos, bacteriológicos y de calidad del hábitat (ICH), se hicieron arrastres con red D y Surber, y se determinaron los géneros de Elmidae. Se realizó un Análisis de Correspondencia Canónica entre las variables ambientales y la composición de Elmidae, las relaciones significativas se confirmaron con una prueba de Mantel y se realizó una prueba Mantel parcial incluyendo la ubicación geográfica como tercera matriz. Se calcularon los Índices de Contaminación ICOs y de Calidad de Agua ICA-FSN y se definieron intervalos de aparición de géneros para variables ambientales e índices. Para obtener las significancias estadísticas, se realizaron Análisis de Varianza ANOVA, pruebas t de Student y Modelos Lineales Generalizados MLG con distribución Poisson. Resultados: Se encontraron 22 géneros y 15 especies que representan el 78.5 % de la riqueza nacional conocida. Tyletelmis y las especies Gyrelmis pusio, G. simplex, Xenelmis sandersoni, X. leechi, X. granatoides y X. teres, corresponden a nuevos registros para Colombia. Los principales factores que influyeron en la riqueza y composición de Elmidae fueron: saturación de oxígeno, deposición de sedimentos, sólidos suspendidos, disponibilidad de sustratos, altura, ubicación geográfica, conductividad, alcalinidad, turbidez, nitratos, nitrógeno amoniacal y fósforo. Conclusiones: Los géneros de Elmidae difieren en su tolerancia a la contaminación y, por lo tanto, no pueden ser clasificados bajo el mismo grado de sensibilidad. Esta información puede ser útil para la clasificación de los géneros de Elmidae de acuerdo con su sensibilidad a los cambios en las condiciones ambientales y la degradación del hábitat, lo cual será un primer paso para la incorporación en un índice biótico de calidad de agua adaptado para las condiciones locales o el ajuste de los índices preexistentes. Riffle beetles are aquatic organisms frequently associated with well-oxygenated clean running water. However, some genera of Elmidae can also be found in moderately polluted streams proving their tolerance to certain degree of habitat degradation. To determine the pollution sensitivity and tolerance of each genus of Elmidae in Colombian streams, and the main factors that influence its presence and taxonomic composition. Methods: Sixty locations between 450 and 4 000 m.a.s.l. were sampled, mainly in the Andean Region of Colombia. Collection was carried out between 2002 and 2013 with 70 non-simultaneous events in five zones. In a 100 m transect, physicochemical, bacteriological and environmental quality information was recorded. Samples of Elmidae were collected with D and Surber nets and determined taxonomically. A Canonical Correspondence Analysis of the Elmidae assembly and environmental data was carried out, significant relationships were confirmed with a Mantel test and a partial Mantel test was carried out including the geographic location as the third matrix. The Pollution (ICO) and Water Quality (ICA-NSF) Indices were calculated, and the occurrence intervals by genus were plotted for environmental variables and indices. Analysis of Variance ANOVA, Student?s t-test and Generalized Linear Models GLM with Poisson distribution, were calculated in order to establish the significance of the results.Twenty-two genera and 15 species were found in the evaluated streams; which represent 78.5 % of known national generic richness. Tyletelmis and the species Gyrelmis pusio, G. simplex, Xenelmis sandersoni, X. leechi, X. granatoides and X. teres correspond to new records for Colombia. The most important factors influencing the presence and composition of Elmidae were: oxygen saturation, sediment deposition, suspended solids, epifaunal substrate availability, altitude and geographic location, conductivity, turbidity, alkalinity, nitrates, ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus. The genera of Elmidae differ in their tolerance to contamination and therefore cannot be classified in the same degree of sensitivity. This information can be useful for classifying genera of Elmidae according to their sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions and habitat degradation, which will be a first step to incorporate Elmidae in water quality biotic indices adapted to local conditions or to adjust preexisting indices Fil: Gonzalez Cordoba, Marcela. Universidad del Valle; Colombia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagóica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; Argentina. Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria; Colombia Fil: Zúñiga, María del Carmen. Universidad del Valle; Colombia. Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria; Colombia Fil: Giraldo, Lina Paola. Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria; Colombia Fil: Ramírez, Yuly Paulina. Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria; Colombia Fil: Chará, Julián. Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria; Colombia

Este estudio evaluó la sostenibilidad de un conjunto de intervenciones para la prevención del dengue y la diarrea, en 33 escuelas rurales en los municipios de Anapoima y La Mesa, Colombia, dos años post-proyecto. Se midió la sostenibilidad en dos categorías: mantenimiento de los beneficios e intervenciones, e institucionalización y desarrollo de capacidades de la comunidad. Se comparó la sostenibilidad de las intervenciones que fueron distribuidas en cuatro brazos: intervenciones para prevenir la diarrea, para prevenir el dengue, combinadas para prevenir la diarrea y el dengue, y control. El puntaje final de cada brazo se clasificó en uno de cinco niveles de sostenibilidad: regresivo, no sostenible, moderadamente sostenible, sostenible y altamente sostenible. Se compararon los brazos mediante las pruebas ANOVA y Kruskal-Wallis, con un nivel de significancia de 0,05. A los dos años post-proyecto, se observa que el nivel total de sostenibilidad para la prevención de diarrea fue moderadamente sostenible en los cuatro brazos y para dengue no sostenible en tres de los cuatro brazos, sin encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estos. También se observa que los niveles de sostenibilidad varían, en cuanto a los beneficios, intervenciones, desarrollo de capacidades e institucionalización. El mantenimiento de los beneficios y de las intervenciones en ambas enfermedades fue más sostenible que la institucionalización y desarrollo de capacidades. Es importante el análisis de estas variables para identificar los diferentes factores que influyen en la sostenibilidad de los proyectos, relacionados con el diseño y ejecución de estos, con el marco organizacional, y con el contexto social. This study evaluated the sustainability of a set of interventions to prevent dengue and diarrhea in 33 rural schools in the municipalities (counties) of Anapoima and La Mesa, Colombia, two years post-project. The study measured sustainability in two categories: maintenance of the benefits and the interventions, and institutionalization and community capacity-building. The sustainability of the interventions was compared across four arms: interventions to prevent diarrhea, to prevent dengue, combined interventions to prevent diarrhea and dengue, and control. The final score for each arm was classified in five levels of sustainability: regressive, not sustainable, moderately sustainable, sustainable, and highly sustainable. The arms were compared with ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test, with significance set at 0.05. At two years post-project, the overall sustainability for the prevention of diarrhea was moderate in the four arms, while dengue prevention was not sustainable in three of the four arms, without statistically significant differences. Sustainability levels also varied in terms of benefits, interventions, capacity-building, and institutionalization. Maintenance of benefits and interventions in both diseases was more sustainable than institutionalization and capacity-building. The analysis of these variables is important for identifying the different factors that influence projects’ sustainability, related to their design and execution, organizational framework, and social context. Este estudo avaliou a sustentabilidade de um conjunto de intervenções para a prevenção de dengue e diarreia, em 33 escolas rurais nos municípios de Anapoima e La Mesa, Colômbia, dois anos pós-projeto. A sustentabilidade foi medida em duas categorias: manutenção dos benefícios e intervenções, e institucionalização e desenvolvimento de capacidades da comunidade. Foi comparada a sustentabilidade das intervenções que foram distribuídas em quatro áreas: intervenções para prevenir a diarreia, e também o dengue, combinadas para prevenir a diarreia e o dengue, e o controle. A pontuação final de cada área foi classificada em um entre cinco níveis de sustentabilidade: regressivo, não sustentável, moderadamente sustentável, sustentável e altamente sustentável. As diferentes áreas foram comparadas através das provas ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis, com um nível de significância de 0,05. Em dois anos pós-projeto, foi observado que o nível total de sustentabilidade para a prevenção de diarreia foi moderadamente sustentável nas quatro áreas e para dengue não sustentável em três das quatro áreas, sem encontrar diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre elas. Também foi observado que os níveis de sustentabilidade variam, em quanto aos benefícios, intervenções, desenvolvimento de capacidades e institucionalização. A manutenção dos benefícios e das intervenções em ambas as doenças foi mais sustentável do que a institucionalização e desenvolvimento de capacidades. É importante o análise destas variáveis para identificar os diferentes fatores que influem na sustentabilidade dos projetos, em relação com o desenho e execução destes, com o marco organizativo, e com o contexto social.

Introducción: la fiebre chikunguña es una enfermedad ocasionada por infección con el virus Chikungunya, un alfavirus de la familia Togaviridae, transmitido por la picadura de mosquitos hembra Aedes aegypti o Aedes albopictus. Objetivos: describir las características demográficas y sociales de los casos de chikunguña en la población urbana del municipio de Melgar (Tolima), estimar el subregistro de casos de chikunguña no consultantes, estimar el subregistro de casos no notificados de chikunguña que asistieron a consulta en las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud de Melgar (Tolima) diagnosticados como chikunguña y no notificados, estimar el subregistro de casos que asistieron a consulta en las Instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud de Melgar (Tolima) y no fueron diagnosticados, describir las causas del subregistro estimado en la investigación, estimar la población infectada por chikunguña en Melgar (Tolima). Metodología: se hizo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo; la población en estudio fue la población urbana del municipio de Melgar, Tolima que en el año 2015 fue estimada en 29 809 habitantes según proyecciones del DANE. Se hizo un muestreo aleatorio simple con el total de las manzanas identificadas en el área urbana, con un intervalo de confianza del 95 %, un error aceptado del 5% y una probabilidad del 8%; se obtuvo una muestra de 113 manzanas para realizar la encuesta de la búsqueda activa comunitaria; se hizo búsqueda activa comunitaria y búsqueda activa institucional en las IPS. Resultados: se encuestaron 792 viviendas en las que se registraron 2897 personas; la tasa de ataque registrada en la búsqueda activa comunitaria fue del 58,2 %; el sexo femenino aportó el 56,0 % de los casos; el 41,1 % de los casos registrados en la búsqueda activa comunitaria no consultaron principalmente por automedicación. En la búsqueda activa institucional, en los 1 476 pacientes que consultaron y se les hizo diagnóstico principal CIE-10 A920 (chikunguña), no fueron notificados al Sivigila el 58,8 %; en los 7 135 pacientes que consultaron y se les hizo otros diagnósticos que nos pueden llevar a cumplir definición de casos de chikunguña, no fueron notificados al Sivigila el 97,8 %; con los datos de las dos búsquedas activas, en Melgar la transmisión se inició la primera semana del 2015. Conclusiones: los casos no notificados a nivel institucional con diagnóstico A920 (chikunguña) fueron el 68,8 %, los casos no notificados a nivel institucional con otros diagnósticos que nos pueden hacer cumplir la definición de caso para chikunguña fueron el 97,8 %.

The pressures of a growing population and a fluctuating economy have caused extensive landuse transformations in the Colombian Andes, and >63% of the natural land cover has been replaced by cattle and crop fields. Despite the obvious importance of agriculture as a driver of stream degradation, the specific effects of agriculture on low-order streams of the Andean region are poorly understood. We used aquatic macroinvertebrates as indicators of biological integrity and applied structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore mechanisms through which local agricultural practices degrade headwater streams of the Colombian coffee-growing region. Our results suggest that agriculture affects the aquatic macroinvertebrate community indirectly by increasing the concentration of NH3-N in the water and reducing the width of the riparian forest. Moreover, through the reduction of riparian forest width, agriculture increased % slow-flowing habitats and decreased the availability of coarse substrates in the reach...

This study evaluated the sustainability of a set of interventions to prevent dengue and diarrhea in 33 rural schools in the municipalities (counties) of Anapoima and La Mesa, Colombia, two years post-project. The study measured sustainability in two categories: maintenance of the benefits and the interventions, and institutionalization and community capacity-building. The sustainability of the interventions was compared across four arms: interventions to prevent diarrhea, to prevent dengue, combined interventions to prevent diarrhea and dengue, and control. The final score for each arm was classified in five levels of sustainability: regressive, not sustainable, moderately sustainable, sustainable, and highly sustainable. The arms were compared with ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test, with significance set at 0.05. At two years post-project, the overall sustainability for the prevention of diarrhea was moderate in the four arms, while dengue prevention was not sustainable in three of the four arms, without statistically significant differences. Sustainability levels also varied in terms of benefits, interventions, capacity-building, and institutionalization. Maintenance of benefits and interventions in both diseases was more sustainable than institutionalization and capacity-building. The analysis of these variables is important for identifying the different factors that influence projects' sustainability, related to their design and execution, organizational framework, and social context.Este estudio evaluó la sostenibilidad de un conjunto de intervenciones para la prevención del dengue y la diarrea, en 33 escuelas rurales en los municipios de Anapoima y La Mesa, Colombia, dos años post-proyecto. Se midió la sostenibilidad en dos categorías: mantenimiento de los beneficios e intervenciones, e institucionalización y desarrollo de capacidades de la comunidad. Se comparó la sostenibilidad de las intervenciones que fueron distribuidas en cuatro brazos: intervenciones para prevenir la diarrea, para prevenir el dengue, combinadas para prevenir la diarrea y el dengue, y control. El puntaje final de cada brazo se clasificó en uno de cinco niveles de sostenibilidad: regresivo, no sostenible, moderadamente sostenible, sostenible y altamente sostenible. Se compararon los brazos mediante las pruebas ANOVA y Kruskal-Wallis, con un nivel de significancia de 0,05. A los dos años post-proyecto, se observa que el nivel total de sostenibilidad para la prevención de diarrea fue moderadamente sostenible en los cuatro brazos y para dengue no sostenible en tres de los cuatro brazos, sin encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estos. También se observa que los niveles de sostenibilidad varían, en cuanto a los beneficios, intervenciones, desarrollo de capacidades e institucionalización. El mantenimiento de los beneficios y de las intervenciones en ambas enfermedades fue más sostenible que la institucionalización y desarrollo de capacidades. Es importante el análisis de estas variables para identificar los diferentes factores que influyen en la sostenibilidad de los proyectos, relacionados con el diseño y ejecución de estos, con el marco organizacional, y con el contexto social.Este estudo avaliou a sustentabilidade de um conjunto de intervenções para a prevenção de dengue e diarreia, em 33 escolas rurais nos municípios de Anapoima e La Mesa, Colômbia, dois anos pós-projeto. A sustentabilidade foi medida em duas categorias: manutenção dos benefícios e intervenções, e institucionalização e desenvolvimento de capacidades da comunidade. Foi comparada a sustentabilidade das intervenções que foram distribuídas em quatro áreas: intervenções para prevenir a diarreia, e também o dengue, combinadas para prevenir a diarreia e o dengue, e o controle. A pontuação final de cada área foi classificada em um entre cinco níveis de sustentabilidade: regressivo, não sustentável, moderadamente sustentável, sustentável e altamente sustentável. As diferentes áreas foram comparadas através das provas ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis, com um nível de significância de 0,05. Em dois anos pós-projeto, foi observado que o nível total de sustentabilidade para a prevenção de diarreia foi moderadamente sustentável nas quatro áreas e para dengue não sustentável em três das quatro áreas, sem encontrar diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre elas. Também foi observado que os níveis de sustentabilidade variam, em quanto aos benefícios, intervenções, desenvolvimento de capacidades e institucionalização. A manutenção dos benefícios e das intervenções em ambas as doenças foi mais sustentável do que a institucionalização e desenvolvimento de capacidades. É importante o análise destas variáveis para identificar os diferentes fatores que influem na sustentabilidade dos projetos, em relação com o desenho e execução destes, com o marco organizativo, e com o contexto social.

Three new species of Leptohyphes Eaton,1882 (Ephemerotera: Leptohyphidae) are described,diagnosed and illustrated from nymphs collected in Colombia. Geographical ranges and ecological notes relating important environmental variables are given for each species. Leptohyphes andina sp. nov. is characterized by: forefemur length / maximum width 1.8-1.9,fore and hind margin of middle and hind femora with strong spine-like setae on elevated sockets,femoral surface covered by small pale spots,apex of femora with anterior margin roundly projected distally,tarsal claw only with 3-4 marginal denticles,pronotum with triangular lateral projection,hind wing pads present in female,gill formula 3/5/5/5/2,gill V with ventral extension on dorsal lamella. Leptohyphes quimbaya sp. nov. presents the following characters: body covered by hair-like setae,with paired short and blunt tubercles on abdominal terga V-IX,femora wide (forefemur length/ maximum width 1.6),fore and hind margin of femora with tiny spine-like setae,tarsal claws with 2-3 marginal denticles,pronotum with triangular (but apically blunt) lateral projection,hind wing pads present in females,gill formula 3/7/7/5/2,gill V without ventral extension on dorsal lamella. Leptohyphes calarca sp. nov. is distinguished by: pilose body,slender femora (forefemur length / maximum width 2.3),foremargin of middle and hind femora without setae,tarsal claws with 5 marginal denticles and 1 submarginal subapical denticle,pronotum strongly projected laterally,fore wingbuds blackish,hind wing pads present in females,gill formula 3/4/4/3/1,gill V with ventral extension on dorsal lamella. Fil: Molineri, Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; Argentina Fil: Zuñiga, María del Carmen. Universidad del Valle; Colombia Fil: Ramos, Blanca. Universidad del Valle; Colombia Fil: Giraldo, Lina P.. Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria; Colombia Fil: Cardona, William. Universidad del Valle; Colombia

En el presente trabajo se considera el riesgo como el producto de la amenaza ocasionada por la variabilidad climática y la vulnerabilidad del sistema de producción de café de reducir la productividad por déficit y exceso hídricos. La fuente de variabilidad climática analizada en este estudio es la variabilidad anual ocasionada por los eventos de El Niño y La Niña. La vulnerabilidad se estima a partir del cálculo del Índice de Humedad del Suelo (IHS) en cafetales productivos a partir de la integración de variables edáficas, de cultivo y atmosféricas que permiten definir la relación que existe entre el comportamiento de la humedad del suelo y variables de productividad del cultivo de café. La aplicación de la metodología se realizó para el departamento del Quindío por tener una adecuada cobertura en la red meteorológica y unidades de suelos georeferenciadas. La metodología permite el análisis histórico para fines de regionalización o zonificación y el análisis dinámico para fines de toma de decisiones y ajustes a los sistemas de producción. Como producto final se entrega un sistema en ambiente web que le permite a cada usuario conocer el nivel de riesgo de su sistema de producción.

The foraging behaviour of social insects is highly flexible because it depends on the interplay between individual and collective decisions. In ants that use foraging trails, high ant flow may entail traffic problems if different workers vary widely in their walking speed. Slow ants carrying extra‐large loads in the leaf‐cutting ant Atta cephalotes L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are characterized as ‘highly‐laden’ ants, and their effect on delaying other laden ants is analyzed. Highly‐laden ants carry loads that are 100% larger and show a 50% greater load‐carrying capacity (i.e. load size/body size) than ‘ordinary‐laden’ ants. Field manipulations reveal that these slow ants carrying extra‐large loads can reduce the walking speed of the laden ants behind them by up to 50%. Moreover, the percentage of highly‐laden ants decreases at high ant flow. Because the delaying effect of highly‐laden ants on nest‐mates is enhanced at high traffic levels, these results suggest that load size might be adjusted to reduce the negative effect on the rate of foraging input to the colony. Several causes have been proposed to explain why leaf‐cutting ants cut and carry leaf fragments of sizes below their individual capacities. The avoidance of delay in laden nest‐mates is suggested as another novel factor related to traffic flow that also might affect load size selection The results of the presennt study illustrate how leaf‐cutting ants are able to reduce their individual carrying performance to maximize the overall colony performance. Fil: Farji Brener, Alejandro Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; Argentina Fil: Chinchilla, Federico A.. Universidad de Costa Rica. Estación Biológica Palo Verde; Costa Rica Fil: Seth, Rifkin. Universidad de Puerto Rico; Puerto Rico Fil: Sanchez Cuervo, Ana Maria. Universidad de Puerto Rico; Puerto Rico Fil: Triana, Emilia. Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología; Costa Rica Fil: Quiroga, Verónica Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Salta; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina Fil: Giraldo, Paola. Universidad Nacional de Caldas; Colombia

Fragmentation and habitat destruction are 2 factors driving the current decline of mam- mal populations. Spider monkeys Ateles spp. are some of the first neotropical mammals to go extinct after fragmentation, as they (1) are large-bodied, specialized frugivores that require large areas to subsist, (2) are preferred targets for local hunters, (3) have slow reproductive cycles, and (4) rarely move between adjacent forest fragments. Brown spider monkeys A. hybridus are Critically Endan- gered, and most of their historical habitat has either been cleared or is seriously fragmented. We con- ducted census surveys at 2 areas in Colombia (Las Quinchas and San Juan) in order to compare the population density of brown spider monkeys, red howler monkeys Alouatta seniculus, and white- fronted capuchins Cebus albifrons in both continuous forest and recently fragmented forest in each of these 2 areas. We found a higher density of brown spider monkeys and red howler monkeys in recent fragments at both sites, while differences were not consistent for white-fronted capuchins. We suggest that these patterns could be explained by the constrained ability of spider monkeys and howler monkeys to move between forest fragments and to exploit impacted or degraded areas. In the absence of hunting, the immediate effects of fragmentation on spider monkeys seem to lead to a sud- den increase in population density as a result of a decreasing forested area, while maintaining popu- lation numbers relatively stable. Longer-term research will lead to the identification of the proximate factors leading to the generalized pattern of local extinction of spider monkey populations in small isolated fragments.

Influence of cattle ranching on the community of aquatic macroinvertebrates in watersheds of central Andes, Colombia. In order to measure the impact of cattle ranching and riparian corridors on the composition and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in Andean watersheds, nine headwater streams were selected in the municipality of Villamaría (Caldas, Colombia), five of them with riparian corridors and four without protection. In july (2013) in each stream, macroinvertebrate samples were collected using D and Surber nets, and streams were characterized according to water quality, channel metrics and habitat quality score. In total 98 934 individuals were collected, distributed in nine classes, 17 orders, 56 families and 92 genera. Veneroidea was the most abundant order followed by Trichoptera, Diptera, Tubificida and Ephemeroptera. Coleoptera was the order with highest richness with 28 genera, followed by Diptera with 18, Trichoptera with 11, Ephemeroptera with 10 and Odonata with 8. Streams with riparian corridors were deeper, had higher proportion of coarse substrates and Habitat Quality Score and presented higher genus diversity than those unprotected (p

Objective. To determine the trophic structure of an aquatic insect assembly associated to eight streams in the Colombian coffee-growing ecoregion. Materials and methods. Aquatic insects were collected in eight forested streams located in La Vieja river basin. The taxa collected were assigned to dietary groups according to a regional classification based on the gut content analysis of aquatic insects associated to forested streams of the Otún river basin. Results. 2019 individuals belonging to 73 taxa were collected and 60 were classified into dietary groups. The most abundant group was collectors (55%), followed by shredders (31%) and predators (10%). Scrapers represented only 0.05% of the sample and the remaining 3.95% could not be classified due to lack of information. Conclusions. The dominance of collectors and shredders reveals the importance of coarse particulate organic matter (leaf litter) as a food resource for the insect fauna. Similarities between the trophic structure of this community and other communities studied in similar streams, suggest the possibility of a common pattern for Andean streams. This study evidenced the absence of knowledge on trophic ecology of tropical aquatic insects; 50% of the taxa collected had no associated information for the tropics and 20% had no information neither for the tropics nor temperate zones. Key words: Andean streams, aquatic insects, dietary groups, trophic structure, tropical ecosystems.

1. The diversity and ecology of Staphylinidae in the Neotropical region has been poorly investigated, especially in riverine landscapes where these beetles are among the dominant organisms. Therefore, the relation between the occurrence of Staphylinidae and environmental variables was investigated in riverine systems of Southwest and Central Colombia. 2. Samples were collected between 1984 and 2006 following standardised methods for biological sampling and water quality evaluation. Water quality indexes were calculated and six microhabitats were surveyed: riparian vegetation (light traps), sediments (surber net), rock, macrophytes and litter (manually). 3. The 1834 collected individuals belonged to seven subfamilies and 17 genera. The most frequent genera were Thinodromus, Stenus and Philonthus. Among all measured environmental variables, microhabitat explained to most extent the distribution patterns of the rove beetles. Preference to riparian vegetation was found for the family as a whole but preferences by subfamilies differed strongly. Steninae were absent in the riparian vegetation and showed close association to macrophytes. Oxytelinae and Staphylininae were frequently collected in riparian vegetation and litter, respectively. Although water quality and altitude were only of secondary importance to the Staphylinidae distribution, the tolerance of Steninae to waters of poorer quality and its concentration in the altitudinal range of 1001-1500 m a.s.l. is highlighted. 4. Preferences to certain microhabitats found for some Staphylinidae taxa supply more evidence to the habitat-specialisation of these beetles, representing an important contribution to both their ecological characterisation and to the fauna of riverine systemsin the Neotropical region.© 2009 The Royal Entomological Society.

The dynamics of leaf breakdown in a headwater Colombian stream were evaluated for the native tree species Myrsine guianensis, Cupania latifolia and Nectandra lineatifolia using coarse and fine mesh litter bags. Ten bags of each species (five of each mesh size) were retrieved from the stream at 1, 8, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days. k values ranged from 0.0008 to 0.0058 day -1 and density of macroinvertebrates from 35 to 55 individuals per leaf bag, peaking at day 8. Myrsine guianensis degraded more rapidly than the other species for both coarse and fine mesh bags. This species and Nectandra lineatifolia presented differences in k values between coarse and fine mesh bags, suggesting that macroinvertebrates influenced the decay rate. Despite the low densities of macroinvertebrates found, shredders represented 12.7% of individuals and 50 to 68% of the invertebrate biomass in bags, indicating that this functional feeding group was an important component of fauna associated with litter breakdown in this first order tropical stream.

El juego filosófico se piensa como una apuesta que aborda el juego y la filosofía. Es un posible encuentro para potencializar el pensamiento crítico y creativo en los niños desde su ser-niño. Para llevar a cabo dicha propuesta, se indaga en las metodologías de filosofía para niños, así como la filosofía con niños abstrayendo de ambas partes las siguientes propuestas: comunidades de indagación, diálogo filosófico, pensamiento complejo y una experiencia impredecible de pensamiento filosófico que busca que el juego del niño atraviese las puertas de la filosofía -como práctica– con todo lo que es él, donde su percepción individual de lo que es la realidad pueda ser escuchada y hablada a través de la acción lúdica. Porque no hay nada más concreto que el Ser jugado. The philosophical game is intended as an approach that addresses both game and philosophy. It is an approach that aims to maximize the critical and creative thought in children from their “being-child”. This paper explores the methodologies of philosophy for children, and philosophy with children abstracting from both the following proposals: communities of inquiry, philosophical dialogue, complex thinking and an unpredictable experience of philosophical thinking, which aims that children, through game, cross the doors of philosophy –as practicum–. As an experience where its individual perception of what reality is can be heard and talked about through playful activities. Because there is nothing more concrete than Being played.

The expansion of the agricultural frontier in Colombia has exerted significant pressure on its aquatic ecosystems during the last few decades. In order to determine the impacts of different agricultural land uses on the biotic and abiotic characteristics of first and second order streams of La Vieja river watershed, we evaluated 21 streams located between 1,060 and 1,534 m asl in the municipalities of Alcalá, Ulloa, and Cartago (Valle del Cauca, Colombia). Seven streams were protected by native vegetation buffers, eight had influence of coffee and plantain crops, and six were influenced by cattle ranching. Habitat conditions, channel dimensions, water quality, and aquatic macroinvertebrates were studied in each stream. Streams draining cattle ranching areas had significantly higher dissolved solids, higher phosphorus, higher alkalinity, higher conductivity, and lower dissolved oxygen than those covered by cropland and forests. Coarse substrates and diversity of flow regimes were significantly higher in cropland and protected streams when compared to streams affected by cattle ranching, whereas the percent of silt and slow currents was significantly higher in the latter. A total of 26,777 macroinvertebrates belonging to 17 orders, 72 families and 95 genera were collected. The most abundant groups were Diptera 62.8%, (Chironomidae 49.6%, Ceratopogonidae 6.7%), Mollusca 18.8% (Hydrobiidae 7.2%, Sphaeriidae 9.6%) and Trichoptera 5.7% (Hydropsychidae 3.7%). The Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera orders, known for their low tolerance to habitat perturbation, had high abundance in cropland and forested streams, whereas Diptera and Mollusca were more abundant in those impacted by cattle ranching. Results indicate that streams draining forests and croplands have better physical and biological conditions than those draining pastures, and highlight the need to implement protective measures to restore the latter.

Esta pesquisa explora o papel da Universidad de Los Andes (Uniandes) de Bogotá, Colômbia, na constituição do regime de coalizão conhecido como Frente Nacional (1958- 1978). Combinando a revisão do arquivo do conselho diretivo da Uniandes com a reconstrução das trajetórias e redes de contato dos seus membros, esboça-se aqui um mapa do campo do poder no período entre a fundação da universidade (1948) e a consolidação da Frente Nacional. Nesta tese é desenvolvida uma análise das elites colombianas e da utilização da educação superior como mecanismo de reorganização do campo político colombiano em um contexto de reivindicações sociais. This research reviews the role of the Universidad de Los Andes (Uniandes, Bogotá, Colombia), in the making of the coalition regime known as the Frente Nacional (1958-1978). Combining a review of the directive boards archives and the analytical reconstruction of the trajectories and networks of its members, we draw a map of the field of power for the period between the founding of Uniandes (1948), and the consolidation of the Frente Nacional. In this thesis, we analyse the colombian elites and their use of higher education as a tool for the reorganization of the political field in a context of social claims.

Resumen El presente articulo pretende comparar las redes academicas de alta velocidad en el entorno mundial, relacionando las redes con infraestructura continental (RedCLARA, Internet2, GEANT, APAN y TEIN3), y a su vez, las redes nacionales (RNP, RENATA, CANARIE, RedIRIS y JGN2Plus) que se interconectan a traves de ellas. Ademas, se precisan aspectos fundamentales como historia, caracteristicas y especificaciones tecnicas (velocidades de transmision, anchos de banda, porcentajes de utilizacion de los canales, equipos de interconexion WAN, los proyectos de investigacion mas relevantes y los servicios que prestan), mostrando sus diferencias y similitudes . Palabras Clave Analisis de trafico, Internet2, Redes academicas, RedCLARA, Servicios de red. Abstract This article aims to compare the high-speed academic networks in the global environment, linking the continental infrastructure networks (CLARA, Internet2, GEANT, and TEIN3 APAN), and in turn, national networks (RNP, RENATA, CANARIE, RedIRIS and JGN2Plus) that are interconnected through them. In addition, the article shows fundamental aspects as history, characteristics and technical specifications (speed transmission, bandwidth, utilization rates of the channels, WAN interconnection equipment, the most important research projects and the services they provide), showing their differences and similarities. Keywords Academic networks, Analysis of traffic, Internet2, RedCLARA, Services of network .

Previous studies show that stress cross-sensitizes with or alters amphetamine (AMPH) effects in male rats; however, few studies include females. We investigated combining daily restraint stress (21 days for 6 h/day) with chronic AMPH (10 injections every other day) on locomotor activity, exploratory activity in an open field and object recognition, a memory task, in female rats. A synaptic protein, synaptophysin, was also quantified by radioimmunocytochemistry (RICC) in brain to determine possible mechanisms for behavioral changes. Beginning at 5 days after cessation of treatments, AMPH increased locomotion, modified exploration, impaired object recognition, and increased serum corticosterone (CORT) levels. Stress did not alter these parameters but blocked AMPH effects on exploration and object recognition, potentiated AMPH-dependent locomotor effects, and did not alter increased CORT levels. AMPH treatment decreased synatophysin expression in the hippocampus. In the caudate nucleus, the AMPH group showed increased synaptophysin expression which was reversed by stress. These results in females corroborate previously shown cross-sensitizations between stress and AMPH for locomotion in males and demonstrate that chronic stress counteracts AMPH-dependent impairments in recognition memory. Stress may counteract AMPH effects on the memory task by blocking both the induction of AMPH anxiety-like effects and neuroplastic changes in the caudate nucleus of female rats.

Gran parte de los remanentes boscosos alrededor de 1000 m de altitud en el eje cafetero Colombiano, son guaduales, bosques con predominio de bambú espinoso Guauda spp. Estos remanentes sostienen las últimas poblaciones de monos aulladores rojos en la franja entre 800 y 1300 m de altitud en la Cordillera Central Colombiana. Objetivo: Evaluar el estado poblacional de aulladores en un fragmento de guadua de 51,4 ha a 1100 m en el Quindío. Métodos y resultados: Se estimó por conteo directo una densidad ecológica de 163,4 individuos y 16,9 grupos/km², la cual es superior a la normalmente reportada para la especie en bosques continuos, pero similar a la estimada en fragmentos aislados de bosques de montaña. A pesar de la alta densidad, los grupos presentaron un tamaño y composición similar a los registrados para la especie, con mayor número de individuos inmaduros que de hembras adultas (1,13:1) sugiriendo que la población se encuentra en condiciones estables. Se estimó una abundancia de solo 84 aulladores en el fragmento. El guadual, angosto y alargado, se encuentra aislado entre sistemas productivos y es poco diverso. Sin embargo, la guadua ofrece la estructura necesaria para el desplazamiento y refugio de los aulladores. Conclusión: Estos resultados demuestran la tolerancia de esta especie a la fragmentación y su flexibilidad para persistir en ambientes alterados. Sin embargo, la alta densidad de individuos, baja diversidad vegetal, aislamiento del bosque, efecto de borde y estrecho contacto con sistemas productivos antrópicos son posibles amenazas para la persistencia de esta población. The majority of forest remnants in the coffee growing region in Colombia are guaduales, forests with a predominance of thorny bamboos (Guadua spp.). These remnants support the last remaining populations of red howler monkeys found between 800 and 1,300 m of altitude in the Central Cordillera of Colombia. Objective: To assess the population status of howler monkeys in a 51.4 ha-bamboo forest fragment at 1,100 m of altitude. Methods and results: The estimated howler population density in the fragment, based on direct counts, was of 163.4 individuals and 16.9 groups per km², which is higher than that commonly reported for this species in continuous forests, although similar to the estimated density in isolated fragments of mountain forests. In spite of the high density, the group size and composition are similar to those usually reported for this species, with more immature individuals than female adults (1.13:1). This finding suggests that the population is under a stable condition. We estimated an abundance of just 84 howlers in the fragment. The guadual, narrow and elongated, is isolated by surrounding productive systems and has a low plant diversity. Nevertheless, guadua plants provide a suitable structure for the displacement and shelter of howlers. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the tolerance of this species to the fragmentation and its plasticity in persisting in altered environments. However, the high density of individuals, low plant diversity, forest isolation, edge effect, and close contact with anthropic productive systems, are all possible threats to the persistence of this population. Grande parte dos remanentes de floresta próximos a 1000m de altitude na região cafeteira da Colômbia são bambusais, florestas com predomínio de bambu espinhoso Guauda spp. Estes remanentes mantêm as últimas populações de macacos guariba vermelho entre 800 e 1300m de altitude na Cordilheira Central Colombiana. Objetivo: Avaliar o estado populacional de guaribas num fragmento de bambu de 51,4ha a 1100m em Quindío. Métodos e resultados: Estimou-se por contagem direta uma densidade populacional de 163,4 indivíduos e 16,9 grupos/km², a qual é superior à reportada normalmente para a espécie em florestas contínuas, mas semelhante à estimada em fragmentos isolados de floresta de montanha. Apesar da alta densidade, os grupos apresentaram tamanhos e composição similar a aqueles registrados para a espécie, com maior número de indivíduos imaturos do que de fêmeas adultas (1,13:1) sugerindo que a população está em condições estáveis. Estimou-se a abundância em apenas 84 guaribas no fragmento. O bambusal, estreito e alongado, encontra-se isolado entre sistemas produtivos e é pouco diverso. No entanto, o bambu fornece a estrutura necessária para o deslocamento e refúgio para os guaribas. Conclusão: Estes resultados demonstram a tolerância desta espécie à fragmentação e à sua flexibilidade para persistir em ambientes perturbados. No entanto, a alta densidade de indivíduos, a baixa diversidade de plantas, o isolamento da floresta, o efeito de borda e o estreito contacto com sistemas produtivos antrópicos são possíveis ameaças para a persistência dessa população.