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Indium, the key raw material used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and solar cells, is a rare metal. The demand for devices that use touch panels has grown enormously, and Indium has become a vital and indispensible material. However, the worldwide depletion of indium resources has made it necessary to recycle as much indium as possible. This is done not only for commercial purposes but also to protect the environment. Although direct electrochemical methods can be used to remove the indium-tin oxide (ITO) layer from intact discarded or defective thin-film transistor (TFT)-LCDs or from flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) touch panels, it is not possible to do this with broken or cracked panels, large numbers of glass fragments, or deformed PET material because the necessary electrical connections cannot be made. Therefore, in this study, an indirect electric discharge process was used. Tests were made using DC straight polarity and DC reverse polarity, and a multicylinder electrode was used to conduct carrying out of positive (or negative) electrical discharge in the electrode assembly without the need for electrical connection to the workpiece. An electric field is created by electrical discharge between the cathode and anode through the electrolyte to create an electrical field between the electrode and the ITO surfaces. There is no likelihood of the electrodes making direct contact with the ITO glass fragments, and so, the danger of short circuits is avoided. This method facilitates the smooth and highly efficient recycling of indium avoiding methods that use strong acids and other chemicals that are harmful to the environment. The higher the current used, the faster the feed rate of the workpiece can be, and removal will also be more efficient. A small gap between the electrodes (1 mm) will also speed up the removal rate. Pulsed DC current is conducive to the rapid removal of deposits of electrochemical by-product and also allows a higher feed rate. However, this raises the total electrical power input. The use of ultrasonics speeds up ITO removal as does an increase in electrolyte temperature. A small-diameter anode and a small gap between the electrodes also speed up the removal rate.

A newly devised process using micro-electrochemical machining (MECE) is described as a recycling module in the current study. The purpose is the precise removal of In2O3SnO2 thin-film nanostructures from optical PET diaphragm surfaces for digital-paper surface. In the current experiment it was found that a large rotational diameter (Dc) for the cathode with a small gap width between the anode and the PET diaphragm surfaces was found to remove the In2O3SnO2 rapidly. A small edge radius of the cathode, or a short arc length of the anode, reduces the time taken for In2O3SnO2 removal. A high feed rate of the PET and adequate electrical power results in fast machining. Pulsed direct current improves dregs discharge and this is an advantage with a fast feed. A high electrode rotational speed also corresponds to faster removal of the In2O3SnO2 nanostructures. The development of the proposed precision production design is based on both technical and economic considerations.

A design system using a magnetic force with high efficiency to assist discharging dregs out of the electrode gap during the electrochemical finishing on the surface finish process that follows turning machining process is investigated in the current study. Through the equipment attachment, magnetic-assistance during electrochemical finishing can follow the turning process on the same machine. This process can be used for various turning operations. Among the factors affecting electrochemical finishing, the magnetic-assistance is primarily discussed. The experimental parameters are magnetic strength, distance between the two magnets, current rating, on/off period of pulsed current, feed rate of workpiece, and rotational speed of workpiece. A higher current rating with magnetic-assistance reduces the finishing time and avoids the difficulty of dreg discharge. Providing a large magnetic field intensity or using a small distance between the two magnets produces a larger magnetic force and discharge ability and better finishing. A large rotational speed of the workpiece and electrode produces better finishing. Pulsed direct current can slightly promote the effect of electrochemical finishing, but the current rating needs to be increased. The magnetic-assistance during the electrochemical finishing process makes a great contribution in a short time by making the surface of the workpiece smooth and bright.

This study describes a new precise recycle module as a clean poduction pocess and an environmental protection consideration that uses micro electroetching (MECE) and a new design of an intercross tool to remove defective transparent conducting oxide (TCO) nanostructures from the optical PET diaphragm surfaces for e-paper surface. This process takes very little time to remove the TCO easily and cleanly and is highly efficient both technically and economically. A large diameter of the cathode of the intercross tool combined with a small gap between the cathode and the workpiece corresponds to a higher removal rate of TCO. This higher feed rate combined with enough voltage results in a shorter machining time. A high rotational speed of the intercross tool can also improve dregs discharge and allows a higher feed rate of the optical PET. A small end radius of the cathode or a thin cathode of the bulge-form tool takes less time for the same amount (20 nm) of TCO removal.

A newly designed ellipsoidal electrode tool used for micro-electrochemical etching (μ-ECE) in a precise reclamation process that removes defective In2O3SnO2 conductive microstructure from the surface of LCD color filters is presented. The electrochemical removal of ITO film eliminates the danger of scoring the surface of the substrate. The efficiency of the electrochemical process, enhanced by the ellipsoidal shaped electrode, also allows the feed rate of the workpiece (display color filter) to be higher and this reduces production costs. In the current study, a higher current rating and a faster workpiece feed effectively resulted in more effective removal. An ellipsoidal anode with a small major axis coupled with a narrow gap between the cathode and the workpiece also reduces the time taken to remove the In2O3SnO2. An ellipsoidal anode with small minor axis also provides better discharge mobility and removal. A thin cathode or one with a small arc radius also gives a higher removal rate for In2O3SnO2. The effective ellipsoidal anode provides more discharge mobility and removes the In2O3SnO2 easily and cleanly in a short time. The surface roughness, the average light transmittance and chromaticity of the three primary colors is also maintained at the same level after the μ-ECE process as it was before the removal of the ITO.

The current study discusses the surface finish of several common die materials, of which the screw-surface is finished by compound processes of electrochemical finishing and burnishing. The burnishing-tool uses ceramic material connected with the electrode and moves, following the electrode, to burnish the workpiece. In the experiment, the electrode is used with a continuous and pulsed direct current. The results show that the use of a higher rotational speed for the electrode and burnishing-tool is advantageous to the finish. A partial form with a thinner heavy section performs the best finish effect in the current investigation. Pulsed direct current can slightly improve the finish effect. The burnishing process can increase the finish effect. An effective and low-cost finish processes through burnishing assistance following electrochemical finishing after screw machining offers a fast improvement for the surface roughness of the screw-surface and is a new application in the screw finishing process.

For the purpose of elevating the efficiency of the surface finish to reach the fast improvement of the roughness of the cylinder surface, a new finish module combination of electrofinishing, grinding, and ultrasonic assistance is investigated. The present study discusses the surface roughness of YCS3 materials after traditional machining (turning, drawing, rolling, extrusion, etc.), of which the cylinder surface used a design finish-tool includes a ring-form electrode and a nonconductive grinding wheel to execute the continuous processes of electrofinishing and grinding. In the experiment, the external cylindrical workpiece is put into the compound circular finishing-tool to execute the polishing processes by automatic continuity production. The ultrasonic energy is used to transmit to the electrolyte. By the compound production of electrofinishing and grinding, the multiple effects not only included polishing processes of electrofinishing and grinding but also included the ultrasonic assistance from the ultrasonic energy is transmitted to the electrolyte to assist the dregs and cuttings discharge during polishing processes.

A bluge rotational tool has been developed as an effective precision electrochemical removal for the thin film nanostructures from LCD panels. This ultra-precise process effectively removes defective Indium-Tin-Oxide layers allowing LCD panels to be returned to the production line and significantly reduces costs. In the current experiment a 7th Generation TFT-LCD panel was used. A high rotational speed of the cheek rotational tool elevates discharge mobility and improves the removal effect. A negative electrode of large diameter with a small end radius provides higher current density and also improves the removal affect. Pulsed direct current can improve the effect of dregs discharge and is advantageous when combined with a higher electric power. A fast feed combined with a high current flow results in very effective removal of the color filter layer. This novel design using electrochemical removal as a precision recycling process for removing ITO layers from LCD panels is clean, effective and very fast.

This study using ultrasonic energy transmitted into the electrolyte to assist in discharging of electrolytic product out of the machining gap in the compound finishing processes of grinding and electropolishing on hole-wall surface beyond traditional process of holes machining instead of conventional hand or machine polishing. The compound processes of grinding and ultrasonic electro polishing just require a short time to make the hole-wall surface smooth and bright in the current study. The design polishing tool includes a grinding-tool and an electrode as a hole-wall surface finish improvement that goes beyond traditional rough boring. In the experiment, the polishing tool travels across the hole-wall surface with continuous or pulsed direct current. The experimental results show that the large supply of current rating is effectively to reach the amount of the material removal and is advantageous to the finishing processes. The average effect of the ultrasonic is better than the pulsed current while the machining time needs not to be prolonged by the off-time. The finish effect is better with a high rotational speed of the polishing tool because the dregs discharge of electrochemical finishing becomes easier and is also advantageous to the finish.

A reuse fabrication module using micro electroetching as a precision machining process with a new design of a slant-form tool to remove the defective indium-tin-oxide (ITO) nanostructure from the optical poly-ethyleneterephthalate (PET) surfaces of digital paper display is presented in current studies. The low yield of ITO thin film deposition is an important factor in optoelectronic semiconductor production. The adopted precision reuse process requires only a short period of time to remove the ITO nanostructure easily and cleanly, which is based on technical and economical considerations and is highly efficient. In the current experiment, a large inclined angle of the cathode and a small end radius of the anode take less time for the same amount of ITO removal. A higher feed rate of the optical PET diaphragm combines with enough electric power to drive fast micro electroetching. A small rotational diameter of the anode accompanied by a small width of the cathode corresponds to a higher removal rate for the ITO nanostructure. A pulsed direct current can improve the effect of dreg discharge and is advantageous to couple this current with the fast feed rate of the workpiece. This improvement is associated with an increase in current rating. High rotational speed of the slant-form tool can improve the effect of dregs discharge and is advantageous to associate with the fast feed rate of the workpiece (optical PET diaphragm).

A newly devised process using round bar-shaped electrodes and ultrasonic enhancement in a micro-electrochemical machining (UMECM) process is described. The purpose is the precise removal of In2O3SnO2thin-film nanostructures from optoelectronic flat panel display color filter surfaces. In the current experiment it was found that a large surface area cathode and a small gap-size between the cathode and workpiece was found to remove the In2O3SnO2rapidly. A high feed rate of the workpiece (the display with color filter) and adequate electrical power results in fast machining. Pulsed direct current improves dregs discharge and this is an advantage with a fast feed. A high electrode rotational speed also corresponds to faster removal of the In2O3SnO2nanostructures. The development of the proposed precision production design is based on both technical and economic considerations.

The motion system of a toy robotic snake is discussed. This study is expected to provide the best design for this toy and to help widen future application. A mathematical model was constructed after a literature and mechanical design survey. Tribotix AI 1001 motors are used to operate the snake. By an analysis of the mathematical model, transformation of the D-H matrices, and the introduction of forward and inverse kinematics, the relationship between the angle and the coordinate of each section of the robotic snake were determined. The trace curve of a real snake was also studied to arrive at a description of the motion and parameter changes for the robotic snake within a single time unit. MATLAB was used for the simulation and to plot the figures. Experiments and trace analyses were also performed to obtain the design rule and an approach to an improved mechanism for the toy robotic snake. Finally, the experimental results and the possibility of future development are discussed.

Color filters are produced using semiconductor production techniques although problems with low yield remain to be addressed. This study presents a new means of selective removal using excimer irradiation, chemical etching, or electrochemical machining on the fifth generation TFT LCDs. The selective removal of microstructure layers from the color filter surface of an optoelectronic flat panel display, as well as complete removal of the ITO thin-films, RGB layer, or resin black matrix (BM) layer from the substrate is possible. Individual defective film layers can be removed, or all films down to the Cr layer or bare glass can be completely eliminated. Experimental results demonstrate that defective ITO thin-films, RGB layers, or the resin BM layer can now be recycled with a great precision. When the ITO or RGB layer proves difficult to remove, excimer light can be used to help with removal. During this recycling process, the use of 225 nm excimer irradiation before chemical etching, or electrochemical machining, makes removal of stubborn film residues easy, effectively improving the quality of recycled color filters and reducing fabrication cost.

A effective method for the precision electrochemical removal of thin film nanostructures from LCD panels using a gear-shaped electrode tool has been developed. This ultra-precise process effectively removes defective Indium-Tin-Oxide layers allowing LCD panels to be returned to the production line and significantly reduces costs. In the current experiment a 7th Generation TFT-LCD panel was used. A high rotational speed of the gear-shaped negative electrode elevates discharge mobility and improves the removal effect. Pulsed direct current can improve the effect of dregs discharge and is advantageous when combined with a fast workpiece feed rate. A fast feed combined with a high current flow results in very effective removal of the color filter layer. A negative electrode of large diameter with a small edge radius provides higher current density and also improves the removal affect. This novel design using electrochemical removal as a precision recycling process for removing ITO layers from LCD panels is clean, effective and very fast.

This paper studies the performance assessment of magnetic-assistance electrochemical finishing using an effective design system and magnetic force to the electrolyte to assist the dregs discharge on zinc alloy beyond die casting by electrochemical finishing as a finish process on the freeform surface of castings. An outer shell of toy vehicle is taken for instance in the experiment. A small distance between the two magnets or large magnetic field intensity provides larger magnetic force and discharge ability. A higher current rating with magnetic-assistance can avoid the difficulty of dreg discharge, thus reducing the finish time. Pulsed direct current can slightly promote the finishing effect, but the machining time is increased. Thus the magnetic-assistance electrochemical finishing without pulsed current is recommended for the finish process. It is a great contribution that the magnetic-assistance electrochemical finishing just needs quite short to make the freeform surface of workpiece smooth and bright.

A system design for a recycling process for the nano removal of the indium tin oxide (ITO) nanostructure from the color filter surface of TFT-LCD displays is presented. The low yield rate of ITO thin-films is well known in semiconductor production processes. By establishing a recycling process for the ultra-precise removal of the thin-film nanostructure, the optoelectronic semiconductor industry can effectively recycle defective products with a reduction of both production costs and pollution. In the current experiment, the major interest lies in the features of the technology and the design of an oblique cathode for the electrochemical removal process. For this process a steep gradient of the oblique cathode provides large discharge mobility and a better removal effect. A thin oblique cathode, a small gap-width between the cathode and the ITO surface, or a high flow rate of electrolyte corresponds to a higher removal rate of the ITO-layer. A large current flow combined with a high feed rate of the display also results in a fast removal rate.

The design of the biped toy robot in this study, presents a brand new concept compared to that of the conventional mechanical biped robots on the market. These conventional mechanical products rely mainly on a large sole area to stabilize the wobbling movement during walking. In this design walking stability is not achieved by large sole areas, but by having more degrees of freedom and automatically shifting the center of gravity as the robot walks. A single motor is used to drive the biped toy robot trunk so that the center of gravity is automatically shifted to achieve walking stability. The two feet are driven by four connecting rods for striding and leg-lifting action. More particularly, an equal parallel crank mechanism is provided that uses a single motor to drive the connecting rods, thereby swinging the center of gravity of the toy robot in time with striding frequency. In addition, the concept of the zero moment point is utilized in the shifting of the center of gravity allowing the biped robot to lift its legs, change step, and move forward in balance. This study also discusses the use of the four connecting rods, and the shifting of the center of gravity of the robot, as an alternative to the servomotors commonly used in conventional robots which are bulky, expensive and hard to control.

A new triangular-shape designed tool as a cathode in microelectromechanical etching process is a precision nanoscale production of a reclamation system of Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin-films defects removal from optoelectronic flat panel displays’ color filter surface is demonstrated in the current study. Through the ultra-precise removal of the thin-film nanostructure, the optoelectronic semiconductor industry can effectively reclaim defective products, reducing production costs. In the current experiment, a large size triangular shape cathode is accompanied by a small gap-width between the cathode and the workpiece takes less time for the same amount of ITO removal. A higher feed rate of displays’ color filter or a small end radius of the cathode combined with enough electric power produces fast machining. Pulsed direct current can improve the effect of dregs discharge and is advantageous in association with a fast workpiece feed rate. However, it raises the current rating. A large flow rate of the electrolyte corresponds to a higher removal rate for the ITO nanostructure. The electrochemical etching just needs a short time to make the ITO remove removal easy and clean.

The current study presents a method for finishing hole-wall surfaces, superior to that obtainable by traditional boring, using a simultaneous grinding and electropolishing process. A specially designed finishing tool, that includes a nonconductive grinding wheel and an electrode is employed in the process. The form of the tool and the machining process are different from those used in electrochemical grinding (ECG). A high power electrical supply is not required with this design of finishing tool because the axial feed allows for the use of a smaller interactive area between the electrode and the hole wall surface. The experimental results show that a high current flow combined with a fast axial feed rate for the tool is an important advantage to the finishing process. The finishing effect is better with high rotational tool speeds because discharge of the electropolishing dregs and grinding cuttings becomes more efficient and this is also advantageous to the grinding finishing process. Pulsed direct current can slightly improve the electrochemical finishing effect, but machining takes longer and this raises costs. A small edge radius on the electrode also provides more than sufficient discharge and gives a better finish. We intend to make a complete evaluation of the processing parameter data so that the use of this method for hole-wall surface finishing may be extended in the future. The combined application of grinding and electropolishing is crucial to this method and the specially designed tool and the new finishing process are highly efficient and inexpensive.

A new effective fabrication module was developed to mediate the problem of the low yield of Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) nanostructures deposition uses micro electroremoval technology and a design of twins-cylinder tool as a precision etching process to remove the defective Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) from the optical PET diaphragm surfaces of digital-paper displays. For the removal-process, a small gap width between the negative electrode and the workpiece (optical PET diaphragm) surface corresponds to a higher removal rate for the ITO. A small diameter of the anode or a small diameter of the cathode of the twins-cylinder tool provides large electric current density and takes less time for the same amount (20 nm) of ITO removal. High rotational speed of the twins-cylinder tool the discharge mobility and results in improving the removal effect. Providing enough electrical power can uses fast feed rate of the optical PET diaphragm combined with a fast removal rate for ITO. With increasing in current rating, pulsed direct current can improve the effect of dregs discharge and is advantageous to associate with the fast feed rate of the optical PET diaphragm. By establishing a recycling process using the ultra-precise removal of thin-film nanostructures, through the micro electroremoval and the twins-cylinder electrodes requires only a short period of time to remove the ITO thin-film easily and cleanly. The optoelectronic semiconductor industry can effectively recycle defective products, minimizing both production costs and pollution.

The low yield rate of the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) is easily existent through the processes of semiconductor production. A nanotechnology system of the recycling process for removing the TCO-layer from displays’ color filter surface of computer display is presented. By establishing a recycling process for the ultra-precise removal of the thin film nanostructure, the semiconductor optoelectronic industry can effectively reclaim defective products, reducing both production costs and pollution for the technical application. In the current experiment, the major interest is the design mechanism features of the removal process for a thin layer of TCO and an effective design dumbbell-tool. For the recycling processes, a small diameter of the positive-electrode, a small gap-width between the negative-electrode and the positive-electrode corresponds to a higher removal rate for the TCO-layer. A high rotational speed of the dumbbell-tool, or a high flow velocity of the electrolyte increases the dreg discharge mobility and improves the removal effect. A higher working temperature or a higher concentration of the electrolyte corresponds to a higher removal rate for the TCO-layer. An enough electric power corresponds with a higher feed rate of the displays’ color filter produces a fast removal rate and reduces the production costs. An effective design of the system mechanism and the machining tool in the electroremoval processes requires quite a short time to make the TCO-layer remove easily and cleanly.

For the purpose of elevating the efficiency of the finish effect to reach the fast improvement of the surface roughness of the plane surface, so as to reduce the residual stress on the surface efficiently. This study discusses the plane surface after traditional grinding machining, of which the plane surface used a new design of finish-tool includes a nonconductive burnishing-tool and a negative electrode to execute the simultaneous processes of burnishing and electrofinishing. In the experiment, the use of the small thickness of the negative electrode is advantageous to the finish effect. High rotational speed of the finish-tool produces better polishing. Higher current rating with quicker workpiece feed rate effectively reaches the fast improvement of the surface roughness of the workpiece. The finishing effect is better with longer off-time because discharge of the electrofinishing dregs becomes easier. The experimental results show that the supply of current rating is near concern with the position of the negative electrode and the burnishing-tool.

A precision recovery fabrication of Indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) removal from the color filter surface of an optoelectronic flat panel display using electroremoval with a cylindrical tool is demonstrated. Through the ultra‐precise removal of the thin‐film microstructure, the optoelectronic semiconductor industry can effectively recycle defective products, thereby reducing production costs. In the current electrochemical machining experiment, the author uses a fifth‐generation Thin‐Film Transistor Liquid‐Crystal Display (TFT‐LCD) in conjunction with continuous and pulsed direct current. The surface roughness remains constant before ITO evaporation to the surface of the display's color filters and after the ITO layer is removed through the electroremoval process. A cylindrical tool of small diameter is found to provide an effective current density and a better removal effect while a high rotational speed of the cylindrical tool and an adequate flow velocity of the electrolyte elevate the discharge mobili...

Although the low yield rate of ITO thin-film during the production of semiconductor techniques is easily seen. Current work presents a new modus of electrochemical machining using a design rolling tool as electrodes constructs a precision recycle process offering faster performance in removing the color filter surface’s ITO thin-film. Through establishing an ultra-precise recycling process to remove the thin-film microstructure, this helps the semiconductor optoelectronic industry to reduce both production costs and pollution. The design features of the removal processes for a thin-film and the tool design of rolling electrodes are of major interest. Higher electrical current is not required when an effective feeding electrodes is used to reduce the response area. In the current experiment, the author utilizes a 5th Generation TFT-LCD. The design electrodes (rolling tool) are used with continuous and pulsed direct current in the electrochemical machining experiment. A displays’ color filter with a fast feed rate is combined with enough electric power to provide highly effective removal. High rotational speed of the rolling tool and high flow velocity of the electrolyte elevates the discharge mobility and improves the removal effect. A larger diameter of the fictitious rotation circle of the cathode and a small end radius of the cathode provide better removal effect. A precision recycling process is presented using an effective rolling tool in the electrochemical machining. It only needs a short period of time to remove the ITO thin-film easily and cleanly.

A new finishing method of holes that uses an effective electrode and a nonconductive roller to execute the design of synchronous processes of ultrasonic electrochemical finishing and rolling-leveling is investigated. The submitted processes can be used among the traditional techniques of various holes machining. Through simple equipment attachment, ultrasonic electrochemical finishing and rolling-leveling can follow to execute the finishing process on the same machine. Among the factors affecting finishing processes, the performance of rolling-leveling combined with ultrasonic electrochemical finishing is primarily discussed. In the experiment, the electrode is used with continuous and pulsed direct current. The controlled factors include roller material, roller geometry, chemical composition and concentration of the electrolyte, and flow rate of electrolytes. The experimental parameters are frequency and power level of ultrasonics, feed rate of electrode and roller, rotational speed of the finish-tool, die material, electrical current rating, and pulsed period. The design of the synchronous processes through rolling-leveling is the most influential parameter in this study. An adequate finish-tool rotational speed produces better finishing. The average effect of the ultrasonic is better than the pulsed current while the machining time needs not to be prolonged by the off-time. An effective and low-cost finishing process through the ultrasonic electrochemical finishing and using the rolling-leveling assistance after the process of traditional holes machining make the surface of the holes smooth and bright is presented.

A new effective tool design of three-rank form of electroremoval was present using a precision recycle system offering faster performance in removing the indium-tin-oxide(ITO) thin-films on color filter surface of displays. Higher electric power is not required since the three-rank form tool is adopted as a feeding mode to reduce the response area. The low yield of ITO persists throughout the entire semiconductor production process. By establishing a recycle process of ultra-precise removal of the thin-film nanostructure, defective products in the optoelectronic semiconductors industry can be effectively recycled, decreasing both production costs and pollution. A 5th generation TFT-LCD was used. The design features of the removal processes for the thin-films and the tool design of three-rank form were of major interest. For the precision removal processes, a pulsed current can improve the effect of dreg discharge and contributes to the achievement of a fast workpiece (displays' color filter) feed rate, but raises the current rating. High flow velocity of the electrolyte with a high rotational speed of the tool electrodes elevates the ITO removal effect. A displays' color filter with a fast feed rate is combined with enough electric power to provide highly effective removal. A small thickness of the rank and a small arc angle of the negative-electrode correspond to a higher removal rate for ITO-film. An effective three-rank form negative-electrode provides larger discharge mobility and better removal effect. It only needs a short period of time to remove the ITO easily and cleanly.

The current study involves the use of ultrasonic vibration of the electrolyte to assist in removing electrolytic product and cuttings from the machining gap in the surface finish process of grinding and electro-finishing the inside surface of a tapered hole. The design of the finish-tool includes a taper grinding-tool joined to an electrode. In the experiment, the finish-tool is gradually fed into the taper hole and the electrode is used with continuous or pulsed direct current. The experimental results show that a high current together with ultrasonic vibration is effective in material removal and in the improvement of the finishing effect. The average effect of the ultrasonic vibration is greater than that of the pulsed current while the machining time need not be longer than the off-time. The finishing effect is better with a wide gap between the grinding-tool and the electrode. A high rotational speed of the finish-tool guides and discharges the dregs and cuttings efficiently and also improves the finish. The simultaneous use of ultrasonics with grinding and electro-finishing (SUGEF) also shortens the time it takes make the inside wall of the tapered hole smooth and bright.

In the current study, a reclamation module uses micro electroetching as a precision fabrication with a new design of T-form tool to remove the defective Indium-tin-oxide (TCO) nanostructure from the optical PET surfaces of digital paper display is presented in current studies. The adopted precision reclamation process requires only a short period of time to remove the TCO nanostructure easily and cleanly is based on technical and economical considerations and is highly efficient. A large rotational diameter of the cathode accompanied by a small gap width between the cathode and the workpiece corresponds to a higher removal rate for the TCO nanostructure. A small thickness of the electrodes, or a small edge radius of the electrodes takes less time for the same amount of TCO removal. A higher feed rate of the optical PET diaphragm combines with enough electric power to drive fast etching rate. High rotational speed of the T-form tool can improve the effect of dregs discharge and is advantageous to associate with the fast feed rate of the workpiece (optical PET diaphragm).

It is very difficult to execute the finishing process of the concavo-convex surface of female-screws. The current study offers a screw-form design electrode and a new area-finishing process using an ultrasonic generator. The ultrasonic energy generated is transmitted into the electrolyte to assist the process of electrochemical finishing. The surface of female-screws is electrochemically finished by different types of completely inserted electrodes and put through both continuous and pulsed direct current as a finishing operation. For inserted screw-form electrodes, a smaller circumference electrode on the cylinder provides more sufficient discharge space, which is advantageous for finishing. Pulsed direct current can promote the effect of electrochemical finishing, but the machining time is longer and the cost is raised. The average ultrasonic effect is much better than the pulsed current while the machining time needs not be prolonged by the off-time. The higher current density and higher current rating with ultrasonic assistance can avoid the difficulty of dreg discharge, thus reducing the finishing time. It is a great contribution that the ultrasonic-assistance electrochemical finishing after screw machining requires a shorter time than manual or machine polishing to make the surface of female screws smooth and bright.

This study presents a new modus of selective removal technology and an excimer assistance on TFT-LCD above the five generation used to carry out the selective removal of nanostructures layers from optoelectronic flat panel displays’ color filter surface as well as the complete removal from the substrate of the ITO thin-films, RGB layer or resin BM layer. Displays’ color filters are produced using optoelectronic semiconductor fabrication techniques though the low yield during production can still be improved. Through the precise removal process of chemical etching and excimer assistance, the selective removals of different layers on top of color filter substrates will cut down the production costs. It can individually pick out and remove defective films or directly remove all films but the Cr layer or bare glass. Experimental results point out defective ITO thin-films, RGB layers, or resin BM layer can now be recycled with great precision. When the ITO proves difficult to remove, excimer-light can also be used to help with its removal. During the color filter recycle process the use of a 172nm excimer-light can remove stubborn film residues, effectively improving the quality of recycled color filters. This study offers a recovery module for defective diaplays’ color filters can be reused and fed back into the color filter production line, therefore provides many benefits in the industry of optoelectronic semiconductor.

The low yield of ITO thin film deposition is an important factor in optoelectronic semiconductor production. A recycle fabrication module uses micro electroremoving as a precision machining process with a new design of inner wedge-form tool to remove the defective Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) nanostructure from the optical PET surfaces of digital paper display is presented in current studies. The adopted precision recycle process requires only a short period of time to remove the ITO nanostructure easily and cleanly is based on technical and economical considerations and is highly efficient. In the current experiment, a higher feed rate of the optical PET diaphragm combines with enough electric power to drive fast micro electroremoving. A large slant angle of the cathode and a small arc rounding radius of the anode takes less time for the same amount of ITO removal. High rotational speed of the electrodes can improve the effect of dregs discharge and is advantageous to associate with the fast feed rate of the workpiece (optical PET diaphragm). A small rotational diameter of the anode accompanied by a small width of the cathode corresponds to a higher removal rate for the ITO nanostructure.

This study discusses a method for increasing the efficiency and speed with which an improvement in surface roughness of a hole-wall surface can be achieved. The surface after traditional machining is discussed as well as a method for finishing the hole-wall surface using a design of finish-tool that includes a nonconductive knothole-form burnishing-tool and a ring electrode to execute simultaneous burnishing and electrofinishing (SBEF). By the dual and synchronous effect of the electrode and the burnishing-tool a superior hole-wall finish is achieved. In the experiment, the use of a small arc rounding radius and a thin finish-tool is advantageous to the finishing effect. A high rotational speed of the finish-tool produces a better finish. A high current and a faster finishing tool feed is also effective in gaining a rapid improvement of the roughness of the hole-wall surface and is recommended from the results of the current study.

The subject study uses ceramic materials as a circular burnishing-tool connected with a ring-form electrode to construct a compound circular finishing-tool. In the machining process, the external cylindrical workpiece is put into the compound circular finishing-tool to execute the finishing process by automatic continuity production. By the compound production effects from the electrode and the burnishing-tool, it achieves synchronous execution of multiple effects of electrochemical finishing and burnishing. Thereby rapidly and highly efficiently making improvement on the surface roughness of external cylindrical surface; and by the burnishing process and electrochemical finishing, it enhances the mechanical properties and cleanliness on the materials surface. It is expected that the entire study could make a comprehensive assessment of the compound process characteristics of the circular burnishing-tool and automatic continuity synchronous burnishing and electrochemical finishing, seeking the optimal electrode design and experimental parameters, so that polishing techniques for the external cylindrical can be extensively applied in the future.

Modern industries use many types of robots. The biped or quadped robots are the most common robots in the robot category. However, in terms of efficiency, flexibility, and stability, the developing tripedal robots could be the best candidate. The research starts from establishing the platform of the tripedal robots. The mathematic model of the tripedal robot is generated by applying the forward kinematics and the inverse kinematics. The research then adopts the MSC Virtual Nastran simulation software to calculate the optimal values applied to the tripedal robots for verification. The major issue is about the balance of the static stability and dynamic stability. The research also tries to develop the most power-saving method and the largest moving steps. The platform of the tripedal robot will become a significant design reference for the commercialization of different industrial robots, and it will provide the design of industrial robots with more options and useful applications.

A newly design precision reclaim system using electrochemical machining as an etching process for indium tin oxide (ITO) thin-film removal from the color filter surface of a displays is presented. Through the ultra precise etching of the nanostructure, the semiconductor industry can effectively recycle defective products, thereby reducing production costs. A large gyration diameter of a cathode combined with a small gap width between the cathode and a workpiece takes less time for the same amount of ITO removed. An adequate feed rate of color filters combined with a sufficient electric power produces fast machining. Pulsed direct current and higher rotational speed of the cathode can improve the effects of dregs discharge and are advantageous to be combined with a high feed rate of workpieces. Electrochemical machining only requires a short time to easily and cleanly remove ITO films.

A new finish mode combination of grinding and electrochemical smoothing executes a finish processes on SKH 51 surface is investigated. In the experiment, a high rotational speed of finish tool produces a better finish. A thin electrode associated with higher current density provides a larger discharge space for a better finish. The design change from a full form finish-tool to a partial finish-tool leads more discharge space, which creates better finishes than full form tool. It is a great contribution that the synchronous finish processes has a high efficiency than the electrochemical smoothing to make the workpiece surface smooth and bright.

The current study using ultrasonic energy transmitted into the electrolyte to assist in discharging of electrolytic product and cuttings out of the machining gap in the synchronous finish processes of grinding and electrochemical finishing on hole-wall surface beyond traditional process of holes machining instead of conventional hand or machine polishing. The design finish-tool includes a grinding-tool and an electrode as a hole-wall surface finish improvement that goes beyond traditional rough boring. In the experiment, the finish-tool is completely inserted to the hole; the electrode is used with continuous or pulsed direct current. The electrode form and the machining process are obviously different from electrochemical grinding (ECG). The experimental results show that the large supply of current density is effectively to reach the amount of the material removal and is advantageous to the finish processes. The finish effect is better with a high rotational speed of the finish-tool because the dregs and cuttings discharge of electrochemical finishing and grinding becomes easier and is also advantageous to the finish. The average effect of the ultrasonics is more better than the pulsed current while the machining time needs not to be prolonged by the off-time. The synchronous processes of grinding and ultrasonic electrochemical finishing just require a short time to make the hole-wall surface smooth and bright.

A mechanism design for the recycling process for removing the ITO-layer from color filter surface of TFT-LCD is presented. The defect rate of the ITO-layer is easily existent through the processes of semiconductor production. By establishing a recycling process for the ultra-precise removal of the thin film microstructure, the semiconductor optoelectronic industry can effectively recycle defective products, reducing both production costs and pollution. In the current experiment, the major interest is the design mechanism features of the removal process for a thin layer of ITO. For the recycling processes, a high flow velocity of the electrolyte provides a larger discharge mobility and a better removal effect. A thin thickness of the negative-electrode, an adequate gapwidth between the negative-electrode and the workpiece, or a higher working temperature corresponds to a higher removal rate for the ITO-layer. An adequate feed rate of the color filter combined with enough electric power produces a fast removal rate. An effective mechanism design and a low-cost recycling process using the electrochemical removal requires quite a short time to make the ITO layer remove easily and cleanly.

A new method of automated finishing that employs a nonconductive stone as the burnishing tool to execute burnishing assistance in electrochemical finishing following sword machining is investigated. The submitted processes can be used for various sword-form operations. Among the factors primarily discussed is the performance of electrochemical finishing combined with burnishing. In the experiment, an electrode is used with continuous and pulsed direct current. The controlled factors include the material of burnishing tool, the geometry of burnishing tool, and the chemical composition and concentration of the electrolyte. The experimental parameters are flow rate of electrolytes, feed rate of electrode and burnishing tool, electrical current rating, and pulsed period. Higher current rating with a quicker feed rate of the finishing tool effectively reaches the fast improvement of the surface roughness of the workpiece. The use of a large electrolytic flow rate is advantageous to the finish effect. The finish effect is better with longer off-time because discharge of the finish dregs becomes easier. The use of pulsed current, however, raises the machining time and cost. The design change of the electrochemical finishing to the electrochemical finishing and burnishing performs the best finishing make the surface of the swords smooth and bright. An effective and low-cost automation and the continuity finish processes through the design tool and using the burnishing assistance in the electrochemical finishing are high efficiency and low-cost means.

This study using ultrasonic energy transmitted into the electrolyte to assist in discharging of electrolytic product out of the machining gap in the compound finishing processes of electrochemical finishing and burnishing on hole-wall surface beyond traditional process of holes machining instead of conventional hand or machine polishing. The design finish-tool includes a burnishing-tool and an electrode as a hole-wall surface finish improvement that goes beyond traditional rough boring. In the experiment, the finish-tool travels across the hole-wall surface with continuous or pulsed direct current. The experimental results show that the large supply of current rating is effectively to reach the amount of the material removal and is advantageous to the finishing processes. The average effect of the ultrasonic is more better than the pulsed current while the machining time needs not to be prolonged by the off-time. The finish effect is better with a high rotational speed of the finish-tool because the dregs discharge of electrochemical finishing becomes easier and is also advantageous to the finish. The compound processes of burnishing and ultrasonic electrochemical finishing just require a short time to make the hole-wall surface smooth and bright.