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The possibility of creating a state bank has received much recent attention in the United States. In 2021, six states introduced legislation to create a state bank; in 2019, similar legislation was enacted in California for municipal banks. This paper develops a framework to evaluate state banking, reviews prior experiences with state banking and related alternatives to traditional private banking and identifies five questions determining the advisability of creating a state bank. The overall goal is to shed some light on whether a state bank can be a useful tool to further state economic development and the welfare of state residents.

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Considerando as necessidades de desenvolvimento do País e a histórica presença da CAIXA em momentos de inflexão sobre qual seria o melhor caminho para se obter melhores resultados econômicos, sociais e ambientais e prosperidade nas cidades brasileiras, pretende -se encontrar uma forma de atuação para este banco público que proporcione apoio aos municípios no processo de transformação da gestão e dos equipamentos urbanos para o modelo de cidades inteligentes, abrindo caminho para as possibilidades de progresso tecnológico e digital necessárias para colocar o Brasil no mapa da modernidade, do crescimento e da sustentabilidade. A partir dos referenciais literário -acadêmicos apresentados, propõe -se uma participação mais ativa do Estado na promoção da inovação pelo fomento a cidades inteligentes, por meio da atuação de um banco estatal que, com sua experiência na execução de políticas públicas e na participação em toda a jornada da construção civil e infraestrutura, pode ampliar seu modelo de trabalho desenvolvido ao longo de mais de 150 anos e levar sua vocação para uma frente de desenvolvimento com olhos para o século XXI. Considering the development needs of the country and the historical presence of CAIXA in times of inflection on what would be the best way to obtain better economic, social and environmental results and prosperity in Brazilian cities, we intend to find a way of acting for this bank. provide support to municipalities in the process of transforming urban management and equipment into the smart cities model, paving the way for the possibilities for technological and digital progress needed to place Brazil on the map of modernity, growth, and sustainability. From the literary academic references presented, it is proposed a more active participation of the State in the promotion of innovation by fostering smart cities, through the performance of a state bank that, with its experience in the execution of public policies and participation in the entire journey of construction and infrastructure can broaden its working model over more than 150 years and bring its vocation to a 21st century development front.

Public banks have taken on an unusual role in the economic crisis derived from the global pandemic experienced since 2020, insofar as they have served as a transmission belt for European aid to companies. However, this role has not been equally distributed in Europe. In the countries with the greatest implantation of public or development banking, in terms of budget volume and action network, it has been possible to quickly transmit financing. In other countries such as Spain it has been delays derived from the use of commercial banks as credit grantors. The article analyzes the public banking models in Europe through five representative countries and the impact of their actions in the aforementioned crisis. La banca pública ha cobrado un inusitado protagonismo en la crisis económica derivada de la pandemia mundial vivida desde 2020, en la medida en que ha servido de correa de transmisión de ayudas europeas a las empresas. Sin embargo, ese papel no se ha distribuido por igual en Europa. En los países con mayor implantación de la banca pública o de desarrollo, en cuanto a volumen de presupuesto y red de actuación, ha sido posible transmitir rápidamente la financiación, en otros países como España han aparecido los problemas de tener que usar toda una red de intermediación financiera de la banca comercial. En el artículo se analizan los modelos de banca pública en Europa a través cinco países representativos y el impacto de su actuación en la citada crisis.

Çoban, Mehmet (Balikesir Author), Bu çalışma kapsamında Bankacılık Sektöründe Kamu ve Özel bankalar arasında liderlik uygulamaları açısından farklılıkların belirlenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Çalışmada liderlik uygulamaları bilgilendirici, babacan, demokratik, danışmacı, otokratik ve liberal liderlik tipleri kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın evrenini Balıkesir ilinin Bandırma ve Erdek ilçelerinde faaliyet gösteren 25 kamu ve özel banka şubesinin 316 çalışanı oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem evreni temsil edebilecek tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilmesi sonucu belirlenen 123 çalışandan oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak liderlik tiplerini ölçmeye yönelik karma olarak Yılmaz (2011) tarafından düzenlenen 29 maddeden ve altı boyuttan oluşan ölçek kullanılmıştır. Kamu ve özel bankalarda uygulanan liderlik tiplerinde farklılıkların belirlenebilmesi amacıyla bağımsız örnekler t-testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda otokratik liderlik haricinde diğer liderlik tiplerinde kamu ve özel bankalar arasında farklılık olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmış olup otokratik liderlik tipinin kamu bankalarında özel bankalara nazaran daha fazla uygulandığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca hem kamu hem de özel bankalarda, babacan ve liberal liderlik tiplerinin çok fazla uygulanmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır., In this study's scope, the main goal of this study is to find out the differences between public and private banks' leadership practices. Leadership styles are analyzed as informational leadership, humanistic leadership, democratic leadership, inquiry leadership, autocratic leadership, laissez-faire leadership. The data set of the study is 25 public and private banks' 316 workers situated in Bandırma and Erdek. The sample are 123 workers which are working in private and public banks. The survey has 29 items and 6 factors and taken from the study of Yılmaz(2011). Independent samples t-test was used for determining the differences between leadership styles which are applied in public and private banks. There is no differences found in leadership styles except autocratic leadership style. It is found that autocratic leadership style more common in public banks. It is also found that humanistic and laissezfaire leadership styles were not used commonly in both private and public banks.

During the second half of the fourteenth century, the Crown of Aragon underwent a financial revolution, at the centre of which was a new credit agreement, the sale of annuities, with urban governments as the main stage and war funding the initial driving force. Although it has been known of since the early twentieth century, especially in the case of the city of Barcelona, the phenomenon had previously been viewed very negatively by historians working in this area, who considered the emergence of public debt as an expression of the late medieval crisis and the “betrayal” of a bourgeoisie that abandoned its commercial interests to live off its investments. It is only in the last two decades that the study of public debt in the Crown of Aragon has again attracted the interest of historians, who are now better able to gauge the economic and social importance of the emergence of public finances which became a fundamental part of a much stronger financial system than had existed previously. However, a phenomenon of this magnitude was not without its contradictions, with the documenting of both cyclical financial problems and authentic financial crises which even led to the bankruptcy of some towns. These same difficulties also constituted the setting for the development of original solutions, such as the creation of the first public bank of Western Europe, the Taula de Canvi in Barcelona. The main aim of this article is to analyse these financial problems and the different solutions adopted by urban governments, here based on towns in Catalonia, to overcome them. To this end, we have divided this paper into three parts: the first is devoted to briefly presenting the main characteristics of the public debt market; the second on an analysis of financial problems and the measures taken to address them; and the third is devoted to studying the financial crises that led to the bankruptcy of some of the Catalan towns., Pere Orti (Universitat de Girona), Pere Verdés (IMF-CSIC). This paper falls within the scope of two Research Projects, funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, “Financieros al servicio del poder en la Corona de Aragón (s.XIV-XV): métodos, agentes, redes” (HAR 2011-24839) and “Mercado financiero y pequeñas ciudades en la Cataluña nororiental de los siglos XIV y XV” (HAR 2011-27121) and one Research Project, funded by the Generalitat de Catalunya, “Renda feudal i fiscalitat a la Catalunya baixmedieval” (2014 SGR 1154). We would to thank Lluís To Figueras and Phillipp Schofield for their suggestions.

The purpose of this note is to provide policy recommendations to improve access to credit of rural populations and small agricultural producers under financially sustainable schemes. Although the agricultural sector remains an important source of employment, agricultural credit is a small fraction of commercial credit in Colombia. The share of agricultural credit in Colombia is below levels observed in other countries in the region. Colombian commercial banks have limited credit volume in rural areas, concentrating their lending activities on more profitable urban populations. General deposit warehouses and the agricultural commodity exchange (Bolsa Mercantil de Colombia (BMC)) provide funding for agricultural activities, but they are underdeveloped compared to regional peers and serve medium and large size producers. Overall use of mobile- and internet-based payment financial products remains low in rural Colombia. According to 2014 Findex survey data, just two percent of adults report using mobile banking, defined as a mobile platform for making transactions from an account at a financial institution. Public credit guarantee system (FAG) coverage should be modified to incentive the use of mobile guarantees and agricultural insurance. This will ensure that financial institutions have only covered tail risks, providing incentives to use mobile guarantees.

Inequality in Indonesia is rising rapidly. During the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, poverty rosesharply, while the Gini measure of inequality fell, as the richest were the hardest hit. Since then, the Gini has increased from 30 points in 2000 to 41 points in 2014, its highest recorded level. In 2002, the richest 10 percent of Indonesians consumed as much as the poorest 42 percent combined; by 2014, they consumed as much as the poorest 54 percent. Even this is likely to be understated, as household surveys often miss the rich. Indonesias level of inequality is now becoming high and climbing faster than most of its East Asian neighbors.

The purpose of the paper is to present a more granular view of such projects through the in-depth focus on a limited number of case studies, with a view to understanding what factors in the design of such lending have helped achieve objectives of expanded access, and what forms of interventions may have been less successful. It examines the nature of Bank lending vehicles, the partnering borrower institutions, the country environments in which its loans were extended, as well as broader elements of good practice that make for loan success. It examines the beneficiaries targeted and results achieved. It aims to draws lessons that suggest what factors could lead to success or failure in Bank operations focused on financial access. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: section two briefly describes the set of the Bank s projects selected for detailed review. Sections three to six contain the core findings of the review. Section 3 focuses on alternative forms of borrower institutions that have served as vehicles for Bank projects, particularly, public sector banks, apex bank structures that include the private sector, rural banks, nonbanks, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and microfinance institutions, in terms of the degree to which the Bank has been able to successfully partner with such institutions to expand financial access. It also looks at alternative forms of Bank loan design, policy-based loans, investment loans and lines of credit, Learning and Innovation Loans (LILs), matching grants, technical assistance and combinations thereof, and reviews evidence on the role of loan structure (including partnerships with other donors/lenders) and project success. Section four considers the effect of the broader business environment, in terms of financial regulation. Section five reviews elements of good practice that have contributed to success in lending that could be applicable to loans with any objective, and examines their application in the present context. Section six tries to construct a bottom line, reviewing available evidence on outcomes and impact; especially in terms of the ultimate beneficiaries reached. Section seven, the final section, summarizes the main messages emerging from the review and concludes with observations about ways forward.

During February 17 to March 5, 2014 an assessment under the international monetary fund (IMF) and World Bank financial sector assessment program (FSAP) was conducted for the Republic of Moldova. As part of the FSAP, the deposit insurance system was assessed against the Basel committee on banking supervision (BCBS) - International Association of Deposit Insurers (IADI) core principles for effective deposit insurance systems. The team found the deposit guarantee fund (DGF) is compliant or largely compliant with 12 out of 17 applicable core principles, materially non-compliant with 4 core principles and non-compliant with one. This report presents review of the background and structure of the DGF, a review of preconditions for effective deposit insurance systems, a summary of key findings and recommendations, and a section providing the detailed assessment of the core principles.

Este artigo verifica o nível de divulgação praticado pelos bancos públicos brasileiros em relação às recomendações do Pilar 3 do Acordo de Basileia 2. Utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo, com exame, em 2010, das informações financeiras disponibilizadas no site do Banco Central do Brasil (Bacen) referentes aos quartos trimestres de 2008 e 2009. Os principais relatórios analisados foram as notas explicativas e o relatório da administração. As exigências de divulgação do Pilar 3 são apresentadas em 14 tabelas no Acordo, porém, este artigo utilizou as 9 tabelas com requerimentos de disclosure relacionados à aplicação das abordagens padronizadas. Os resultados indicaram que os níveis de divulgação foram de 25% em 2008 e de 29% em 2009 e referem-se exclusivamente às instituições pesquisadas incluídas na amostra. Em síntese, a demonstração dos bancos públicos apresenta um nível incipiente de transparência e, normalmente, restringe-se às informações exigidas pela legislação. This article checks the disclosure level practiced by the Brazilian public banks with regard to recommendations from Pillar 3 of the Basel Acoord 2. We used the content analysis technique, with examination, in 2010, of the financial information available on the website of the Central Bank of Brazil (Bacen) referring to the fourth quarters of 2008 and 2009. The main reports analyzed were the explanatory notes and the management report. The disclosure requirements of Pillar 3 are presented in 14 tables in the Agreement, but this study used the 9 tables with disclosure requirements related to the application of the standard approaches. The results indicated that the disclosure levels were 25% in 2008 and 29% in 2009 and they exclusively refer to the institutions under study included into the sample. In summary, demonstration by the public banks has an incipient transparency level and it is usually restricted to the information required by legislation. Este artículo verifica el nivel de divulgación practicado por los bancos públicos brasileños con relación a las recomendaciones del Pilar 3 del Acuerdo de Basilea 2. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido, con examen, en 2010, de las informaciones financieras disponibles en el sitio web del Banco Central de Brasil (Bacen) referentes a los cuartos trimestres de 2008 y 2009. Los principales informes analizados fueron las notas explicativas y el informe de la administración. Las exigencias de divulgación del Pilar 3 se presentan en 14 tablas en el Acuerdo, sin embargo, este artículo utilizó las 9 tablas con los requerimientos de disclosure relacionados con la aplicación de los abordajes estandarizados. Los resultados indicaron que los niveles de divulgación fueron de 25% en 2008 y de 29% en 2009 y se refieren exclusivamente a las instituciones encuestadas en la muestra. En síntesis, la demostración de los bancos públicos presenta un incipiente nivel de transparencia y normalmente se limita a las informaciones exigidas por la legislación.

This article aims to analyze the management of public banks as an alternative for unbanked economy sectors; the methodology used is descriptive documentary bibliographic design. One of the main functions of the national government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela through public banks is to give impetus and insert in the productive sector to all entrepreneurs and businesses who wish to contribute to the economic development of the country. Thus, public banks organizational efforts in projecting their products and / or financial services, through the media and tools, especially those people who do not have regular access to traditional banking services, namely serving enterprising people that is embedded in the so-called informal economy. That is, to have a transparent and efficient official bank that would promote saving, channel credit to growth projects, aimed at meeting with Venezuelan state policies and not special interests. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la gestión de la Banca Pública como alternativa para los sectores de economía no bancarizados, la metodología utilizada fue documental-descriptiva con un diseño bibliográfico. Una de las funciones principales del gobierno nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela a través de la banca pública es darle impulso e insertar en el sector productivo a todos aquellos emprendedores y empresas que deseen contribuir con el desarrollo económico del país. Por ello, la banca pública debe realizar esfuerzos organizacionales, para proyectar sus productos y/o servicios financieros, a través de los medios y herramientas, a aquellas personas que no tienen acceso regular a los servicios de la banca tradicional, vale decir servir a la gente emprendedora que está inserta en la llamada economía informal. Es decir, poder contar con una banca oficial transparente como eficiente que contribuya a promover el ahorro, canalizar el crédito hacia proyectos de crecimiento, enfocados a cumplir con las políticas del estado venezolano y no a intereses particulares.

Desde los estudios monográficos realizados por Hamilton en 1949, se ha producido el acercamiento a este tema por numerosos autores, en relación con otros trabajos relativos a la economía en general y al estudio de los sistemas bancarios de la Edad Moderna en particular. Para la preparación del presente artículo, y siempre a la vista del importante papel de esta amplia y bien estructurada bibliografía, se han estudiado las obras originales de los autores, españoles y extranjeros, que durante tres siglos y dentro de sus planes tendentes a reformar su país, estimaron que una buena solución para paliar los problemas económicos de España era la creación de un banco público que canalizase los ingentes flujos de capitales de una Corona extendida por todo el orbe. A pesar de ello, y debido principalmente a la abundancia de moneda metálica derivada de las continuas llegadas de metales preciosos y numerario procedentes de los territorios ultramarinos de la monarquía, dichos planes sólo se intentaron poner en práctica en situaciones de absoluta necesidad, como sucedió durante las sucesivas crisis económicas y monetarias de comienzos del siglo XVII y durante la Guerra de Independencia de Estados Unidos, cuando la falta de moneda metálica llevó a los gobernantes a recurrir a la emisión de papel moneda, y finalmente a la creación del Banco Nacional de San Carlos.From the case studies conducted by Hamilton in 1949, the approach to this subject has been carried out by many authors, in relation to other work on economy topics in general and to the study of the banking systems of the Modern Age in particular. For the preparation of this article, and always bearing in mind the important role of this comprehensive and well-structured literature, it has been studied the original works of the authors, Spanish and foreign, who for three centuries and within their plans for reforming their country, estimated that a good solution to alleviate the economic problems of Spain was the creation of a public bank that would channel the enormous capital flows of a kingdom widespread throughout the world. However, principally due to the abundance of numerary derived from continuing arrivals of precious metals and cash from the overseas territories of the monarchy, these plans only had been tried to implement in cases of absolute necessity, as during the successive economic and monetary crisis in the early seventeenth century, and during the War of Independence of the United States, where the lack of coins led the rulers to turn to the issue of paper money, and finally to the creation of the National Bank of San Carlos.

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Turkey. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January-December 2010).

Banks in emerging markets are increasingly providing non-financial services to their SME clients, typically consisting of information sharing, training and consultancy. This study, published by IFC in partnership with the Austrian Government, is the first to explore reasons behind this trend, finding that banks' key motivations include attracting and retaining customers, and strengthening portfolio quality. The report consists of an overview followed by case studies of three banks, namely Türk Ekonomi Bankasý (TEB), Standard Chartered Bank (SCB), and ICICI Bank. It is estimated that there are 365 to 445 million formal and informal micro, small, and medium enterprises, with a subset of 25 to 35 million formal SMEs, in the developing world. Of these, 70 percent do not use external financing from financial institutions, although they are in need of it. Approximately 85 percent suffer from credit constraints.

Este artigo analisa as possíveis formas de discriminação no local de trabalho direcionadas a funcionários homossexuais masculinos de bancos públicos e privados. Inicialmente são discutidos os conceitos básicos relativos aos estudos sobre discriminação de forma geral e as relações desses conceitos com a discriminação de homossexuais. Com respeito aos aspectos metodológicos, a pesquisa é qualitativa, utilizando um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado para coleta de dados. Foram entrevistados 10 bancários, trabalhadores de dois bancos públicos federais e de um banco privado com capital inteiramente nacional. Para a análise de dados utilizou-se a análise de discurso desenvolvida por Michel Foucault. Conclui-se que os entrevistados são alvo de discriminação direta e indireta em razão de sua sexualidade. A discriminação direta manifesta-se na deficiência dos normativos dos bancos públicos estudados em garantir e esclarecer os reais direitos dos trabalhadores homossexuais que têm casamentos homoafetivos, bem como na completa falta de regras que estabeleçam direitos aos homossexuais no banco privado analisado. Contudo, o que mais causa incômodo aos entrevistados são as expressões de discriminação indireta manifestadas no local de trabalho. This article analyzes the possible forms of discrimination against gay employees of public and private banks. Initially we discuss the basic concepts related to studies on discrimination in general and the relationship of these concepts with the discrimination of homosexuals. In regard to the type of research methodology is qualitative, using a script of semi-structured interview for data collection. We interviewed ten works, employees of two federal public banks and a private bank with capital entirely national. For the analysis of data was used the analysis of discourse developed by Michel Foucault. It is concluded that the respondents are targets of direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of their sexuality. Discrimination manifests itself directly in the deficiency of normative public banks studied to ensure and clarify the real rights of workers who have homosexual marriages homoafetivos as well as the complete lack of rules that establish rights for homosexuals in private bank. However, the question that most interviewees are uncomfortable is the indirect discrimination expressed in the workplace.

The global financial crisis and ensuing credit crunch has revived the discussion on the role of public sector in the financial system around the world and in El Salvador, authorities have announced plans to step up their activities. A clearly defined strategy for the public banks, focused on complementing private sector activity, is necessary as their activities expand to improve access to finance and diversify the sources of funding. Any process of growth needs to accompany by improvement in risk management processes, governance arrangements and enhanced supervision. Going forward, the two public retail banks should increase their specialization in different market segments. The development bank role can be enhanced while maintaining its second tier status. To make the guarantee funds effective, in addition to scale their size, several operational features need to be improved.