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Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Melissopalynological knowledge, regarding the uniflorality of honeys, in terms of pollen content, depends on the plant source, but, in many cases, it is difficult to establish the threshold of pollen percentage for a honey to be considered unifloral. This research aims to increase knowledge for the classification of unifloral honeys through pollen analysis. The use of fresh experimental beehives placed under controlled conditions in 11 different specific areas of Euphorbia resinifera (resin spurge) enabled the production of the purest possible honey samples, which could then serve as a reference for testing uniflorality of this type of honey. The experimentally obtained results of the pollen analysis of these pure honey samples revealed a low absolute number of pollen grains and a low percentage of pollen of E. resinifera, which confirms the under-representation of the pollen of E. resinifera in honey labelled as this type. The pollen analysis enabled a combination of pollen grains to be established which greatly facilitates the differentiation of this honey type. Furthermore, we propose that the threshold that delineates the percentage of pollen necessary for this honey type to be considered unifloral can be lower than 10% if combined with a high percentage of the sum of Ceratonia siliqua/Eryngium f./Capsella f./Lactuca f. pollen. Using this approach, the uniflorality was tested of ten honey samples sold commercially as resin spurge using the aforementioned criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1H NMR spectroscopy was applied to analyse samples of "Swabian–Hall Quality Pork" with protected geographical indication (PGI). To obtain maximum chemical information sample preparation was based on both polar extraction and non-polar extraction. A non-targeted approach was used to analyse the 1H NMR data followed by principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and cross-validation (CV) embedded in a Monte Carlo (MC) resampling approach. A total of 275 raw pork samples were collected in the years 2018 to 2021. The correct prediction rate of "Swabian–Hall Quality Pork" was about 92% on average for both models based on either the polar or non-polar metabolites. In addition, 1H NMR data describing the polar and non-polar metabolites were combined in a classification model to improve the prediction accuracy. By performing a mid-level data fusion, a correct prediction rate of 98% was achieved. Furthermore, spectral regions in the NMR spectra of the polar and non-polar metabolites that are relevant for the classification of the pork samples were identified to describe potential chemical marker compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August 2020, the Eruca sativa cultivar "Rucola della Piana del Sele" obtained from the European Union the prestigious PGI (protected geographical indication) label, which certifies the uniqueness of its characteristics and increases its prestige both nationally and, above all, internationally. This plant is recognized as a product of excellence, with a unique flavor and unmistakable aroma. Therefore, since there are no methods to characterize the PGI product, a metabolomic approach was applied to characterize E. sativa grown in the Piana del Sele and different geographical areas. As E. sativa has very wide cultivation, this study sought to compare the metabolite profiles of rocket grown in Piana del Sele, Bergamo, and Brescia, as well as in Switzerland, making a comparison also with the metabolite profile of E. sativa grown spontaneously. To determine the best procedure to distinguish "Rucola della Piana del Sele" from the others, different extraction procedures were carried out using different solvents and fresh or freeze-dried plant matrices. The different extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments, using chemometric analyses to identify biomarker metabolites that characterize the PGI product. The LC-ESI-Q-Exactive-MS/MS profiles of methanol and hydroalcoholic extracts of different cultivars of E. sativa were found to be rich in bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates, glycosylated flavonoids, fatty acids, and lipids. The LCMS data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA); the score scatter plot shows significant separation among Eruca samples grown in different geographical areas. In detail, loading the scatter plot revealed Eruca grown in Piana del Sele to be richer than other cultivars in glycosylated quercetin 3,3′,4′-O-triglucoside (7), quercetin-3,4′-O-diglucoside-3′-O-(6-sinapoyl-glucoside) (10), and quercetin diglucoside (30). Finally, considering the biological interest in erucin, the myrosinase product of glucoerucin, the latter was quantified in the extracts by LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method; E. sativa from Piana del Sele showed the highest content of glucoerucin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tendencies in the production of wines with a protected geographical indication and of wines with a protected designation of origin at the national level and by statistical regions were outlined. The period of the study covered the years after our country’s accession to the EU. Official statistical information was used. The methods of comparative analysis, structural analysis and descriptive statistics had been applied. The dynamics of development during the period 2009-2020 outlined a gradual drop in the amount of PGI wines produced in the country, with significant fluctuations over the years. The regional wines ratio in the total amount produced at the national level during the studied period varied between 29.9% and 43.1%. Slight variations had been observed in the regional structure of production, with the Southeast region taking the leading place. Much more pronounced was the negative trend in the production of wines with a protected designation of origin, which occurred under the influence of a complex of institutional, production and market factors. The radical reduction in the produced quantities, particularly noticeable in the second period of application of the CAP, showed serious problems with the application of this element of the quality policy in the Wine Sector. Ensuring the stable production of wines with geographical indications, as a mechanism for integrating social and economic goals in the aspect of regional development, would require actions both for raw material provision and for better positioning of the product, through promotion, marketing and advertising, including through the use of digital technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the system of intellectual property rights, geographical indications are the area in which Bosnia and Herzegovina has the greatest potential. In addition, agricultural production is one of the basic economic branches of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Increasing demands for products of domestic, verified origin, as well as customers’ concerns about health aspects of foodstuffs, have put products with geographical indications in the focus of interest in last few decades. The Travnik/Vlašić cheese is one of the domestic, autochthonous, well-known products that is not fully protected geographicla indication before the competent Institute for Intellectual Property of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper seeks an answer to the question of whether Travnik/Vlašić cheese meets the conditions for protection as geographical indication, and what would be appropriate modality of protection. The research results show that product has a reputation, but also that there was a separation of the names of Travnik and Vlašić cheese, as well as a separation of the raw materials used for production, and the geographical area of production. For this reason, the proposal is that Vlašić sir should be protected as protected geographical indication for sheep’s milk cheese, while the name Travnik cheese should also be protected as protected geographical indication for cow’s milk cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is describing the results of a survey on the consumer's awareness, preferences and attitudes of certified quality products such as fruit and vegetable, and in particular of Sicilian Blood Oranges (Arancia Rossa di Sicilia) which is PGI product. A total of 26 participants with heterogenous socio-demographic background took part in the study. The aim of the study was achieved using focus groups (FGs). Three sessions of FGs were held in September 2021 in three Italian cities chosen as a convenience sample to represent the entire Italian territory. The results show that fruit and vegetables have a particularly relevant role in the eating habits of the sample. For the interviewees, the quality label of food products is a guarantee of being Italian, of compliance with production norms and standards, of natural and genuine products and of a more intense and good taste and flavour. For the whole target, Arancia Rossa di Sicilia PGI is a premium product of reliable excellence and whose quality can be assured because it is certified, as long as the consumer recognizes the certification logo on the product.

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to determine the current situation in the field of geographical indications schemes (GI), obstacles for futures development and to provide recommendations for GIs development in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. GIs quality schemes provide confirmation to consumers that foodstuff is a traditional product produced in a certain area and with certain attributes. Although the Western Balkan countries are reach in well-known traditional products and have excellent ago-ecological conditions for GIs production, this quality schemes are not developed. In this paper are applied comparative methodology, literature review and field research. Results are showing that path to improvement GIs is in the further legal framework harmonization with EU legal framework, providing flexibility for registration of the GIs foodstuff processing capacities, support to the producer's organization, shifting of the national GIs recognition to the EU, systematic support to the GIs etc.

In August 2020, the Eruca sativa cultivar “Rucola della Piana del Sele” obtained from the European Union the prestigious PGI (protected geographical indication) label, which certifies the uniqueness of its characteristics and increases its prestige both nationally and, above all, internationally. This plant is recognized as a product of excellence, with a unique flavor and unmistakable aroma. Therefore, since there are no methods to characterize the PGI product, a metabolomic approach was applied to characterize E. sativa grown in the Piana del Sele and different geographical areas. As E. sativa has very wide cultivation, this study sought to compare the metabolite profiles of rocket grown in Piana del Sele, Bergamo, and Brescia, as well as in Switzerland, making a comparison also with the metabolite profile of E. sativa grown spontaneously. To determine the best procedure to distinguish “Rucola della Piana del Sele” from the others, different extraction procedures were carried out using different solvents and fresh or freeze-dried plant matrices. The different extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments, using chemometric analyses to identify biomarker metabolites that characterize the PGI product. The LC-ESI-Q-Exactive-MS/MS profiles of methanol and hydroalcoholic extracts of different cultivars of E. sativa were found to be rich in bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates, glycosylated flavonoids, fatty acids, and lipids. The LCMS data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA); the score scatter plot shows significant separation among Eruca samples grown in different geographical areas. In detail, loading the scatter plot revealed Eruca grown in Piana del Sele to be richer than other cultivars in glycosylated quercetin 3,3′,4′-O-triglucoside (7), quercetin-3,4′-O-diglucoside-3′-O-(6-sinapoyl-glucoside) (10), and quercetin diglucoside (30). Finally, considering the biological interest in erucin, the myrosinase product of glucoerucin, the latter was quantified in the extracts by LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method; E. sativa from Piana del Sele showed the highest content of glucoerucin.

For the protection of Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Sunite lamb, PGI Sunite lamb samples and lamb samples from two other banners in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region were distinguished by stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O) and two local modeling approaches. In terms of the main characteristics and predictive performance, local modeling was better than global modeling. The accuracies of five local models (LDA, RF, SVM, BPNN, and KNN) obtained by the Adaptive Kennard–Stone algorithm were 91.30%, 95.65%, 91.30%, 100%, and 91.30%, respectively. The accuracies of the five local models obtained by an approach of PCA–Full distance based on DD–SIMCA were 91.30%, 91.30%, 91.30%, 100%, and 95.65%, respectively. The accuracies of the five global models were 91.30%, 91.30%, 91.30%, 100%, and 91.30%, respectively. Stable isotope ratio analysis combined with local modeling can be used as an effective indicator for protecting PGI Sunite lamb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected geographical indications (PGIs) are an increasingly popular strategy for securing price premiums on food products in the interest of preserving associated rural livelihoods, however they often fail to show clear benefits for small or otherwise marginalized farmers. Their environmental record for supporting low-impact farming practices is also mixed. This case study of the PGI for Spanish almond-based desserts Turrón de Jijona and Turrón de Alicante details a yet unstudied form of such failures, where manufacturers seeking to scale production removed the requirement to source their primary ingredient (almonds) from the region's low-input farms and opted for intensively produced ingredients imported from abroad. This uprooting of turrón from its agroecological origins highlights how the GI designation creates tension between the need to legitimate a product as rooted in traditional agrarian lifeways and the incentive to expand exports by industrial means. While previous studies show how such tension can result in agricultural intensification benefitting larger landholders within a given region, I argue this inequity and ecological risk operates at a global scale. Importantly, the turrón case reveals that "quality" of a product is a moving target shaped not only by culinary legacies but also forged by a global political economy of agriculture suffering chronic overproduction. Finally, the role of the state in structuring PGI institutions more inclusively and adjudicating conflicts among actors along the value chain is fundamental to the capacity of these programs to achieve social and environmental goals. • Turrón manufacturers changed standards to allow internationally imported ingredients. • Material quality of ingredients in PGI products is shaped by global political economy. • Shift to industrial ingredient quality disadvantages ecologically-suited agriculture. • Inclusion of farmers in PGI management is crucial to meet rural socioecological goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical indications (GIs) are valuable attributes that enhance the competitiveness of agri-food products, generate added value and revitalize rural environments. The aim of this work was to analyze the attributes spring fruit consumers associate with GIs when they decide to purchase these products. Moreover, the changes in these associations with the increasing distance between the region of production and the place of consumption were also evaluated. We specifically analyzed two GIs used for spring fruits: the protected geographical indication for Mountain Cherries from Alicante (Spain) and the protected designation of origin for Loquats from Callosa d'En Sarriá (Spain). Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The results show the significant association in consumers' minds between the preference for GI fruit and the importance attributed to the place of production (origin). The association of different attributes with the GI fruit label is product dependent as the number of attributes associated in the case of cherries (origin, organic, color and variety) is higher than for loquats (origin and variety). Regarding the distance between the production area and the place of consumption, our findings suggest that the closer the consumer is to the GI area of influence, the more attributes they associate with these labels. In this regard, increasing the knowledge of the GI labels beyond their area of influence could boost the demand for these products as consumers would be aware of the different quality attributes concentrated in that label. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the factors that affect the decisions of the Prespes Beans' (Fassolia 'Prespon') producers to certify their product as a product of protected geographical indication (PGI). The study was based on primary data collected by means of a questionnaire completed by both PGI certified and noncertified producers. The logit model was used for the indication of factors that affect the producers' decision to certify or not to certify their product as PGI. Descriptive statistics were also used for the study of leaders' social features. The research results showed that the producers' decision of adopting the protected geographical indication (PGI) certification was significantly linked to membership producer organizations (cooperatives or other groups), the years of agricultural experience, the size of the cultivated land as well as the motives for joining quality assurance schemes.

For the protection of Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Sunite lamb, PGI Sunite lamb samples and lamb samples from two other banners in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region were distinguished by stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and δ18O) and two local modeling approaches. In terms of the main characteristics and predictive performance, local modeling was better than global modeling. The accuracies of five local models (LDA, RF, SVM, BPNN, and KNN) obtained by the Adaptive Kennard–Stone algorithm were 91.30%, 95.65%, 91.30%, 100%, and 91.30%, respectively. The accuracies of the five local models obtained by an approach of PCA–Full distance based on DD–SIMCA were 91.30%, 91.30%, 91.30%, 100%, and 95.65%, respectively. The accuracies of the five global models were 91.30%, 91.30%, 91.30%, 100%, and 91.30%, respectively. Stable isotope ratio analysis combined with local modeling can be used as an effective indicator for protecting PGI Sunite lamb.

This study investigated consumers' valuation of geographical indication (GI) and protected geographical indication (PGI)‐labeled rice in Bangkok using a non‐hypothetical experimental auction in a field setting. We also examined the effects of sequentially providing information about geographical indications on product valuation. The results suggest that consumers are willing to pay premiums for rice with geographical certifications, with the highest premium for the rice with both GI and PGI certifications. The provision of detailed information about the geographical indications further increases the premiums. However, consumers suffer a welfare loss under the current high market prices for rice with geographical certifications. A price reduction of approximately 10 percent would be needed to gain consumer welfare from the introduction of GI and PGI certification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical and sensory differences between the PGI-Certified Ternera de Navarra (CTNA) (Spanish origin) and Certified Angus Beef (CAB) (US origin) were assessed in Spain and the USA. To characterize the carcasses, the ribeye areas (REAs), and marbling levels were assessed in both testing places. Twenty striploins per certified beef program were used as study samples. For sensory analysis, the striploins were vacuum packaged and aged for 7 days at 4 °C and 85% RH in each corresponding laboratory. Thereafter, the samples were half cut and frozen. One of the halves was shipped to the other counterpart-testing place. The fat and moisture percentage content, Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF), and total and soluble collagen were tested for all the samples. The CAB carcasses had smaller REAs (p < 0.0001) and exhibited higher marbling levels (p < 0.0001). The CAB striploins had a higher fat content (p < 0.0001) and required lower WBSF (p < 0.05) than the CTNA samples. Trained panelists rated the CAB samples as juicer (p < 0.001), more tender/less tough (p < 0.0001), and more flavorful (p < 0.0001) than the CTNA counterparts. This study shows that beef from both countries had medium-high tenderness, juiciness, and beef flavor scores and very low off-flavor scores. Relevant differences found between the ratings assigned by the Spanish and the US panelists suggest training differences, or difficulties encountered in using the appropriate terminology for defining each sensory attribute. Furthermore, the lack of product knowledge (i.e., consumption habits) may have been another reason for such differences, despite the blind sensory evaluation.

Certification of quality schemes known as PDO (Protected Designation of Origin), PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) and TSG (Traditional Speciality Guaranteed) is one of the European Commission's instrument for protecting products whose reputation extends beyond their geographical area of production. The work aims to achieve an analysis of implementation and certification of the three quality schemes according to the European legislation, of the product classes included in these systems as well of the interest shown by the producers and authorities of the European Union. Methodologically, the information collected from the "DOOR" database for the period 1996-2019 was analyzed, processed, summarized and prioritized. The results obtained show that during the analyzed period, the producers from the EU countries certified and registered 1424 products, of wich 630 PDO (44.2 %), 731PGI (5.3 % ), and 63 TSG (4.4 %). The first place in the top of the classes of products is held by "Fruits and Vegetables" with 24% of the total. Regarding the interest of the EU countries to implement the quality schemes, we note that the first place is held by Italy (299 products); Romania ranks penultimate (5 products). As a result of the analysis, the work proposes a set of recommendations in order to improve the existing situation both at European and national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this qualitative case study is to examine how two post-socialist nation-states-Latvia and Estonia-have appropriated and implemented the European Union (EU) food quality schemes in order to protect traditional food products. Relying on documents, interviews and observations, the focus is on analysing the process of applying for EU quality labels such as Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). The results demonstrate that in both countries, these EU quality labels seem to compensate for a lack of national quality schemes for traditional food products. EU quality products are considered as national property and are used as tools for marketing small, post-socialist countries among member states within the EU. The state authorities in Latvia and Estonia have different degrees of intervention in the process of applying for quality labels. Micro and small-scale producers especially lack the administrative resources and expertise needed for the application, as well as surveillance. This study suggests that the implementation of the EU food quality schemes not only benefits food producers but also compels them to confront the multiple controversies related to transforming traditional foods into standardised and certified "European products". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Weight, total fiber, and ash can be predicted by NIRS for whole lentils. • Size, moisture, and total fat can be predicted by NIRS for ground lentils. • Total raw protein can be predicted by NIRS for whole and ground lentils. • DPLS correctly classified 95% of samples as belonging to a PGI. Abstract Calibration statistical descriptors for both whole and ground lentils using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), combined with fiber-optic probe, are presented and discussed. The models were developed for estimating the weight, size, total raw protein, moisture, total fat, total fiber, and ash. Standard methods were used to determine compositional parameters of 42 samples of different varieties of lentils. The calibration curves show a wide range of validity for all parameters. The results showed excellent predictability for the determination of weight, fiber, and ash in whole lentils. However, size, moisture, and total fat were predicted satisfactorily in ground lentils. The total protein content could be predicted for both whole and ground lentils. Moreover, NIRS and Direct Partial Least Squares (DPLS) were used to determine whether a sample of lentils belonged to the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) "Lenteja de La Armuña" or not. The results showed that 95% of the samples were correctly classified as belonging to a PGI. This result demonstrates that this technique allows the differentiation of samples from nearby regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization leads to modernizing food habits and to an ever-growing substitution of traditional foods by industrialized foods in the diets of Europeans. The demand for traditional, regional and organic food is mainly driven by price and availability and by environmental awareness in the society. Polish consumers are increasingly turning to traditional and organic food, perceiving it as healthier, safer and tastier than commercial industrialized food. In the European Union, Protected Designation of Origin, Protected Geographical Indication, and Traditional Specialties Guaranteed are labels that have been promoting and protecting the names of agricultural products and foodstuffs since 1992. High prices are the main barrier to demand for traditional, regional and organic food. Hence, measures should be taken to promote the market for these products, including by protecting and promoting products and highlighting their high health and taste qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the importance of the country of origin (COO) effect in German consumers' perception of chocolate quality using the example of chocolate made from Ecuadorian raw cocoa. From earlier COO and consumer perception research, a complex research framework grounded in schema and attribution theory has been developed acknowledging the multifactorial character of consumers' food quality perception. Based on this framework, a PLS analysis of primary data from an online survey of 205 German chocolate consumers is conducted. The results demonstrate the overall applicability of the research framework and give evidence on the underlying complex consumer perception process of COO-labeled food products. For the case of chocolate made from Ecuadorian cocoa, PLS estimations show a strong COO effect in German consumers' quality perceptions and identify characteristics of the target consumer group. Protecting geographical indications may offer a potential for products from developing and transition countries to differentiate in the German market, a prime example for European markets, and should be promoted more strongly by government offices and NGOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Grojec region of Poland is an important region for apple production and accounts for 40 percent of domestic apple production. Apple growers from the region made an attempt to strengthen their competitive position through registering their apples as Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) products. The European Commission’s PGI allows food producers to obtain market recognition and a premium price for their products. Although the Grojec Apple received PGI registration in 2011, little has been done to promote apples with the PGI label. Two important research questions are addressed: 1) Does the Polish market recognize Grojec Apple PGI, and 2) Does the market value Grojec Apple PGI? Logit and regression models are estimated using survey data collected during an International MBA in Agribusiness and Commerce study week in Warsaw. Only 22% of consumers recognize Grojec Apple PGI. Yet, 70% of consumers indicate they are willing to pay more for the product and their average willingness to pay (WTP) premium is 32%. Results indicate use of the PGI label may be effective in improving sales and profit margins for Grojec Apple producers and their affiliated cooperatives. Older consumers are more likely to indicate a WTP premium. Males, smaller households, and consumers less sensitive to apple price indicate a higher WTP premium. An advertising campaign promoting Grojec Apple PGI as a better product may be effective at increasing consumer likelihood to pay more and WTP premium. Although “Grojec” is already familiar to most consumers in central Poland as a region for apples, a Grojec Apple with PGI label would assure consumers they are purchasing apples from the Grojec region and the apples are high quality. JEL Code: D12, Q13, Q18

The paper focuses on European Union quality system known as Protected Designation of Origin, Protected Geographical Indication and Tradional Speciality Guaranteed used in agricultural and food products sector. The aim of the paper is to analyse and compare the utilization of these labels by Visegrad group countries. Firstly, the literature review dealing with the topical area is given. Further, the European Union quality scheme is specified and the comparison of Visegrad group countries according to selected criteria is provided. Empirical part of the paper involves marketing research results analysis and discussion. Data comes from the Database of Origin and Registration. The sample consists of all 93 product names registered as Protected Designation of Origin, Protected Geographical Indication and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed in the database by Visegrad group countries to the 30th April 2013. The frequency of using the labels is analysed according to type of label, country of origin and product class. Pearsons chi-square test of independence and Pearson's and Cramer's contingency coefficients were used in order to confirm if significant differences do exist between variables.

The schemes for identifying and protecting the names of agricultural products and foods having specific qualities, have been launched by European Union as a part of its complex agricultural quality policy. The main objective of this article is to examine different aspects of three of the schemes, developed for products with specific characteristics resulting from a particular origin or farming method: PDO (Protected Designation of Origin), PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) and TSG (Traditional Speciality Guarantied). The focus is mainly on the economic issues of the production and marketing of products and foodstuffs registered under particular schemes. The methodology includes studying the existing literature and European regulations on the subject, collecting and analysing statistical data as well as examining a short practical case.

We analysed the use of European Union schemes of Protected Designation of Origin, Protected Geographical Indication and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed labels in the European Union market according to selected criteria including type of label, country of origin, and product classes. The first part of the paper deals with the definition of food quality, quality labels, and European Union quality scheme specification. The second part includes the discussion of marketing research results. Secondary data from the Database of Origin and Registration are used. The sample consists of 1146 labels registered in this database as to the 28th of March 2013. The frequency of label utilisation is analysed according to country, type of label, and product classes, while the cluster analysis is also applied. Pearson's chi-squared test of independence is used to determine if significant differences exist between the frequency of using the labels and the above-mentioned criteria.

Analysis of the attributes determining the formation of consumers' preferences when buying lamb meat is a key aspect in increasing the demand for this product. To this end, by means of conjoint analysis, we determined lamb meat consumers' preferences according to their frequency of consumption, and we used logistic simulation to analyse market shares of the most valued attributes. After segmenting the market into habitual and occasional consumers of lamb meat, our results seem to suggest that while regular consumers base their preferences mostly on origin, occasional consumers take other attributes into account, such as Protected Geographical Origin (PGI) and organic production. An analysis of market shares shows that PGI significantly influences consumer preferences, while ecological production has a less marked impact. This finding confirms the usefulness of PGI in the lamb meat market and highlights the urgent need to improve the communication strategy of the organic production sector as a synergistic effect to increase its acceptance among consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The registration of Geographical Indications (GIs) under the European Union (EU) legislation requires collective action and considerable efforts borne by multiple actors such as producers, processors, public authorities and research centers. We analyze their efforts, risks and benefits by comparing two EU GI registration processes in Italy and Austria, namely the Sorana bean Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) and the Perry from Mostviertel PGI. Results from the institutional and transaction costs analysis suggest that intensive interaction for solving conflicting interests, negotiating quality standards and defining common rules might pay off in indirect benefits and reduced risks. In particular, an inclusion of diverse and heterogeneous interest groups and a high degree of direct enterprise participation along the GI application process (as observed in the Italian case) generate benefits such as trust and social cohesion, which then support the actual use of the GI label and a better implementation of associated quality standards. A supportive legal framework with assistance from public authorities can back up the community of producers not only in technical aspects, but also as mediators when conflicts seem to be difficult to solve. As there seems to be a positive relationship between the intensity and effectiveness of collective action and the likelihood of achieving broadly accepted standards and social cohesion needed for successful GI implementation, the question for future research would not be how to avoid collective efforts but how to effectively organize the interaction among heterogeneous producer groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was selected as a reliable, fast and non-destructive technique to record spectroscopic fingerprints of Moroccan Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Argan oils. Classification and discrimination according to their five geographical origins (Ait-Baha, Agadir, Essaouira, Tiznit and Taroudant) was performed. A total of 120 PGI Argan oil samples were collected during four harvest seasons between 2011 and 2014.First, several physicochemical parameters were measured, i.e. free acidity, peroxide value, spectrophotometric indices, fatty acid composition, tocopherols and sterols content. Secondly, FTIR fingerprints were recorded for all samples. The data was subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for visualization and to reveal differences between samples. Classification models were developed by Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). Mathematical data pre-treatments were applied to improve the performance of the multivariate classification models. The results obtained, based on both the chemical composition and the spectroscopic fingerprints, indicate that PCA plots were able to distinguish the five sample classes. PLS-DA models based on either chemical composition or FTIR spectra gave a good prediction and an accurate discrimination between the samples from different regions. The proposed approach with the FTIR spectra provided reliable results to classify the Moroccan PGI Argan oils from different regions in a rapid, inexpensive way requiring no prior separation procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to determe the scheme of actual legal protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs. The protection is reserved only for producers who fulfill all requirements mentioned in the regulations, considering region, origins and quality. They only may sell such products on the internal market under the certain logos. Labels are vital, giving EU farmers and producers the possibility of higher returns in exchange for better quality, and giving consumers specific products that come with the guarantee of a certain production method and enable to gain some financial support from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development.

Today, agriculture and agri-food are at the heart of the changes affecting contemporary economies with the tension between globalization and return to the territories. Consequently the food industry provides a good illustration of the opposition and the coexistence of two current models of development, with intensive agriculture on the one hand, and the production of quality and specificity based on the labels of origin on the other. In North America and Quebec, the interest for geographical indications is recent. Also, in recent years there has been in Quebec a growing interest in food products focusing on differentiation through quality. In 2009 the Québec Winegrowers Association (QWA) set up the certification ‘Québec Certified Wines’ to structure the wine sector. In 2013, the same association has begun a process of recognition of a protected geographical indication (PGI) for Quebec's ice wine. Thus, the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the development of these labels and the territory, in particular through the concept of terroir and the stakeholders’ collective action. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Traditional foods are made by high quality raw material and consolidated artisanal processes which confer particular organoleptic characteristics well appreciated worldwide. These products have been object of interest for the European Union (EU), which established to protect these precious food heritages. For this reason, PDO (Protected Denomination of Origin), PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) as well as TSG (Traditional Specialties Guaranteed) labels have been adopted to control and to protect foods and beverages with characteristics of unicity. Due to their high quality, the commercial evaluation is also quoted and therefore these products are prone to be object of fraudulent practices. Among the advanced analytical techniques, NMR spectroscopy has already proven to be very powerful in the authentication of foods also dissecting counterfeits and fraudulent practices. In the present review, the results concerning the quality assessment of traditional foods covering the period of 2010–2022 are reported as case stories and discussed. • NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics to address foods quality issues. • Development of advanced techniques in the quality and functions of traditional food. • PDO, PGI products characterization by NMR techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]