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Toy guns are subject to federal product safety regulation. Real guns are not. If a defect in an air rifle causes it to discharge without warning, the manufacturer would be required to promptly notify a safety regulator, the Consumer Product Safety Commission ("Commission"); to recall the air rifle; and to provide a repair, replacement, or refund to consumers. Yet when such defects occur in real guns, the firearms industry has no such obligation. This unique immunity from product safety regulation allows gun defects to go unremedied for far too long. The results are tragic: needless deaths and injuries of police officers, ordinary gun owners, children, and bystanders. This Article argues that the status quo is unacceptable, and proposes a clear, workable solution. Congress should empower the Commission to regulate the safety of guns as products, without granting the Commission authority over "gun control" as traditionally understood. This approach resolves the inadequacies of industry self-regulation, tort, and state consumer law, appropriately leverages the existing Consumer Product Safety Act framework, and is consistent with the Commission's longstanding oversight of holsters, gun locks, gun safes, and other gun-adjacent products. Under this approach, the firearms industry would be obligated to report safety defects, recall dangerously defective firearms, and offer remedies to consumers. The Commission could also consider adopting commonsense product safety standards--such as regulations to ensure that new firearms have functional safety devices and do not discharge without a trigger pull--just as the Commission adopts safety standards for many other consumer products. But the Commission would be precluded from regulating guns to curtail gun violence or suicide, or to reduce guns' prevalence. This approach is fully compatible with the Second Amendment in light of New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, 142 S. Ct. 2111 (2022). And lifting the firearms industry's immunity from product safety law--thereby regulating guns as products--has helpful implications for broader debates on gun law and policy. By establishing that Commission regulation could simultaneously protect the public from harm and facilitate the right to lawful self-defense, this Article's proposal demonstrates that some gun regulations can concurrently respect gun rights, uphold consumers' rights, and protect lives--and, in doing so, reveals fissures between the interests of the gun industry and gun owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the European REACH regulation and its counterparts KKDIK in Turkey, UK REACH in Great Britain and K-REACH in Korea, importers are subject to the obligation to register all imported chemical substances, unless substances are exempted from this obligation. To enable importers to be exempted from these registration obligations, the respective regulations provide that non-domestic manufacturers and formulators can appoint a so-called Only Representative (OR), who registers the respective substances on behalf of the manufacturer/formulator and thus makes the respective importers so-called Downstream Users (DU). For this purpose, the OR must keep records of the respective importers as well as their annual imported substance quantities, which leads to problems in complex and multi-stage non-domestic supply chains, since indirect customers and suppliers as well as compositions of formulations are not known in many cases. Compliance with the OR's record keeping obligation would therefore only be possible by disclosing Confidential Business Information (CBI) in the supply chains, which may even be contrary to competition law rules if the OR is a related legal entity of the manufacturer/formulator. Therefore, in these cases, neither the manufacturers/formulators (represented by ORs) nor the importers can fulfil their obligations without disclosing such CBI and also risking loss of business. In the following article, a solution to this problem is presented using the example of EU REACH, which is also used in Turkey and Great Britain and works very well there. In Korea, the system is used in a slightly modified form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a consequence of the UK withdrawing from the European Union, it is becoming more difficult to comply with the labelling and safety data sheet (SDS) aspects of REACH and CLP. Such difficulties have also begun to shine a light on compliance in those areas more widely across the EU – regardless of the impact of Brexit. Correspondingly, authorities are ramping up enforcement across the EU and ECHA's Enforcement Forum is undertaking an enforcement project currently focusing on this area. Fortunately for duty holders in the EU and UK, and those exporting into those jurisdictions, the majority of the obligations are the same. Primary differences are due to legal entity changes – downstream users becoming importers, and the subsequent change this requires in legal entity details on labels and in SDS. What follows is an introduction to this issue, an outline of the obligations required in each jurisdiction, problems encountered when attempting to achieve compliance, and practical solutions to these problems. We hope that this document can be used to support your continued market access and minimise the chance of enforcement action against your business, and that of your customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously confined to the distinct medical market, neurotechnologies are expanding rapidly into the consumer market, driven by technological advancements and substantial investments. While offering promising benefits, concerns have emerged regarding the suitability of existing legal frameworks to adequately address the risks they present. Against the background of an ongoing global debate on new policies or new 'neurorights' regulating neurotechnology, this paper delves into the regulation of consumer Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) in the European Union (EU), focusing on the pertinent product safety legislation. The analysis will primarily examine the sector-specific product safety law for medical devices, the Medical Devices Regulation (MDR). It will meticulously delineate which consumer BCIs fall within its scope and are obliged to comply with the requirements outlined. The tech-based approach of Annex XVI MDR, coupled with recent amendments, show that the EU has adopted a forward-thinking rationale towards regulating health-related risks associated with consumer BCIs within existing EU medical devices legislation, while abstaining from over-regulating aspects therein that are beyond its core objectives. Supplementary, the paper will discuss developments in EU horizontal product safety law, regulating all consumer BCIs that are not subject to sector-specific product safety legislation. In their recently adopted General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR), the EU has introduced several provisions addressing digital products. Inter alia, these changes will enhance the horizontal regulation of consumer BCIs. Overall, within the context of product safety law, the recent adaptations affirm notable efforts by the EU to refine the legal framework that governs consumer BCIs, striking a delicate balance between effective technology regulation and not impeding innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market for products featuring hemp extracts is large and growing larger. However, safety concerns have been raised by medical and regulatory agencies. Post marketing surveillance of full spectrum hemp extract (FSHE) products manufactured and distributed by CV Sciences (CVSI) and traded under the brand PlusCBD™ was conducted over a 2-year period (2018-2019). The safety of these products was assessed by analyzing adverse events reports. From a total of approximately five million product units sold during the 2-year period, 1,429 (0.03%) adverse events (AE) were reported in 1,151 unique customers. Of those, only two were classified as serious AEs. For orally ingested products, the most common types of AEs reported were gastrointestinal (e.g. abdominal discomfort), while for topically applied products, the most reports mentioned dermatological symptoms (e.g. rashes). There has been no evidence of liver toxicity associated with CVSI products. Based on this longitudinal dataset, the products manufactured using CVSI's proprietary processes are safe and well tolerated at the recommended doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the data protection and product safety regulatory models currently applied to consumer-facing health technologies. It explains how the design and structures of existing data protection and safety regulation in the U.S. have resulted in exceptionally thin protection for the users of consumer-facing devices and products that rely on or that facilitate consumer collection or aggregation of health and wellness data. It also examines some appealing legislative alternatives to the current thin model used in the U.S. and suggests a framework for prioritizing ameliorative regulation. To better understand existing regulatory models, their deficiencies, and how they should be reformed, the article employs an analytical model describing these regulatory systems across two axes. The vertical axis describes the quantity or depth of regulation, such as, for example, the strictness of the rules imposed by the regulatory model. The horizontal axis describes the reach of the regulation, the behaviors, products, or industries to which the regulation applies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on legal framework of products liability. Topics discussed include warrant additional individual analysis that represent general directions of compatibility with products liability rationales; impact of technological innovation in products liability of Commercial products; and information on promoting product safety.

Increasing the knowledge level of consumers with respect to safety principles has been suggested as one method of reducing the number of consumer product related injuries. This paper describes the results of a pilot study aimed at increasing consumer knowledge and presents a new methodology for analyzing the effects of such a program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on U.S. legal cases and developments in marketing relative to the regulation of product characteristics. In reference to product quality and safety standards the Dean O. Webb Regency Consultants, Inc. and Primo's Partners, Ltd., v. Primo's, Inc., Ferris Anthony and Carmelo Trangali case is cited. This case focused on the legal relationship between franchise and franchiser. In reference to credit terms and conditions of sale the Regency Oldsmobile Inc., v. General Motors Corp. case is cited. This case dealt with conspiracy in restraint of trade. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) stance on automobile manufacturer warranties is also discussed.

What is being done to protect the consumer from hazardous products? This article reports on new federal legislation concerning consumer product safety. It examines the implications of this legislation for the manufacturer and the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes trends in emergency department visits for ingestions by children of small neodymium magnets between 2009 and 2019, before, during, and after a 2014 Consumer Product Safety Commission rule restricting their sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the efforts to balance safety and innovation for Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine. Topics discussed include the role of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in helping to facilitate the availability of safe and effective treatments; information on the progress in stem-cell biology and the development of treatments such as hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT); and the challenges regarding early-phase trials of mesenchymal stem cells.

Aims (1) To describe open source legal data sets, created for research use, that capture the key provisions of US state medical marijuana laws. The data document how state lawmakers have regulated a medicine that remains, under federal law, a Schedule I illegal drug with no legitimate medical use. (2) To demonstrate the variability that exists across states in rules governing patient access, product safety and dispensary practice. Methods Two legal researchers collected and coded state laws governing marijuana patients, product safety and dispensaries in effect on 1 February 2017, creating three empirical legal data sets. We used summary tables to identify the variation in specific statutory provisions specified in each state's medical marijuana law as it existed on 1 February 2017. We compared aspects of these laws to the traditional Federal approach to regulating medicine. Full data sets, codebooks and protocols are available through the Prescription Drug Abuse Policy System (; Archived at on 2 June 2017). Results Twenty-eight states (including the District of Columbia) have authorized medical marijuana. Twenty-seven specify qualifying diseases, which differ across states. All states protect patient privacy; only 14 protect patients against discrimination. Eighteen states have mandatory product safety testing before any sale. While the majority have package/label regulations, states have a wide range of specific requirements. Most regulate dispensaries (25 states), with considerable variation in specific provisions such as permitted product supply sources number of dispensaries per state and restricting proximity to various types of location. Conclusions The federal ban in the United States on marijuana has resulted in a patchwork of regulatory strategies that are not uniformly consistent with the approach usually taken by the Federal government and whose effectiveness remains unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on foundation for celebrity endorsements of prescription drugs with specific focus on social media and different issues that arise with regard to dietary supplements. It mentions legal underpinnings of advertising and constitutional challenges to agency enforcement action and form of increased regulation of the pharmaceutical industry with regards to celebrity endorsements. It also mentions role of Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) in regulating drug advertising.

Information has power - to inspire, to transform, and to harm. Recent technological advancements have enabled the creation of products that offer consumers direct access to a level of personal health information unprecedented in history. But how are we to balance the promise of health and wellness information with its risks? Two agencies are tasked with protecting consumers from false claims of health products: the FDA and the FTC. This Article investigates if they are up to the task. In part a study of agency policymaking choices, and in part a prescription for more thoughtful and focused regulation, this Article compares both intra-agency and inter-agency regulation of informational health and wellness products. Certain procedural and substantive characteristics of FDA regulation are unsuited to informational health and wellness products, rendering comprehensive regulation by the FDA unrealistic. This gap creates an opportunity for the FTC to use its distinct and well-tailored enforcement tools to police harmful product claims that escape the FDA's purview. I posit that by tailoring the FDA's responsibility and sustaining the FTC's engagement with health claims, the agencies can dovetail into a cohesive and comprehensive regulatory regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General consumer knowledge of and engagement with the production of food has declined resulting in increasing consumer uncertainty about, and sensitivity to, food risks. Emphasis is therefore placed on providing information for consumers to reduce information asymmetry regarding food risks, particularly through food labelling. This study examines the role of food labelling in influencing consumer perceptions of food risks. In-depth, 1-h interviews were conducted with 24 Australian consumers. Participants were recruited based on an a priori defined food safety risk scale, and to achieve a diversity of demographic characteristics. The methodological approach used, adaptive theory, was chosen to enable a constant interweaving of theoretical understandings and empirical data throughout the study. Participants discussed perceiving both traditional (food spoilage/microbial contamination) and modern (social issues, pesticide and 'chemical' contamination) risks as present in the food system. Food labelling was a symbol of the food system having managed traditional risks, and a tool for consumers to personally manage perceived modern risks. However, labelling also raised awareness of modern risks not previously considered. The consumer framing of risk presented demonstrates the need for more meaningful consumer engagement in policy decision making to ensure risk communication and management meet public expectations. This research innovatively identifies food labelling as both a symbol of, and a tool for, the management of perceived risks for consumers. Therefore it is imperative that food system actors ensure the authenticity and trustworthiness of all aspects of food labelling, not only those related to food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the product safety and vehicle safety law and recounts General Motors Co.'s (GM) response to the cobalt ignition switch defect. It mentions that the U.S. National Highway Transportation Safety Act grants the authority to National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) specify safety standards for motor vehicles as well as order recalls. It also mentions that legality and prudence of a regulatory agency's imposition of gatekeeping responsibilities.

The article focuses on the study to assess the drug safety in children. It mentions that the legislative initiatives in the U.S. lead to the development of clinical trials assessing the treatment effects of drugs in children. It states that drug labels have been updated with information from randomized trials on drug use, efficacy, and safety in children.

Xenotransplantation attracted interest from regulatory authorities, particularly after the demonstration of pig-to-human transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus (1996). This added to the risk of a product, resulting in a Guidance of the US Food and Drug Administration (2003). This addresses the full flow chart in product manufacturing, starting with the designated pathogen-free status of the source animal; and special aspects regarding the recipient like informed consent and monitoring for infectious pathogens. Also archiving of records from the donor and recipient, as well as storage of samples is described. The European Medicines Agency issued a Guideline on xenogeneic cell therapy products (2009). Cell-based medicinal products are subject to specific regulations and directives, which apply also to xenogeneic products: the xenotransplant guidances/guidelines are an addition to these regulations. Noteworthy, acellular products like heart valves and decellularized cornea are not considered a cell therapy product, but rather a medical device with its own regulation. WHO issued relevant documents, especially about safety, and the International Xenotransplantation Association published consensus documents, a.o., addressing preclinical efficacy requirements before entering clinical trials. This manuscript presents an overview of the regulatory framework, with special focus on cell therapy products necause these are expected to reach the market first (i.e., pancreatic islets, hepatocytes and cellularized cornea); major illustrations are from the European situation. Albeit being complex, the regulation of xenotransplant products does not form a block in product development, but rather supports the introduction of efficacious and safe products to meet the medical need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia's financial markets have evolved significantly in recent years as government superannuation policies have forced people into investment markets only to be confronted by a wave of complex financial products. However, the financial regulation framework has failed to keep pace with these changes and it has become obvious that information disclosure and conduct regulation are unable to effectively protect investors. In response, a philosophical shift is underway with a focus on intervention in product markets to prevent consumer detriment. A key tool in this shift is a product banning power. This article considers whether such a power is appropriate by analysing Australia's consumer product safety regime and applying it to financial products. It argues that despite the challenges associated with operationalising a concept of 'safety' for financial products and enforcing a product banning power, these are far outweighed by continuing with the current framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the manufacturers' legal duties of monitoring, warning and recall regarding their product in the criminal law of Chile, with a focus on the figure of product liability. Topics addressed include the concept of corporate criminal liability in Chilean criminal law; the principle of proportionality, particularly in cases of product recall; and the treatment of the process of monitoring, warning and recall according to the principle of criminal omission, including a comparison to Spanish and German criminal law.

The article focuses on the laws governing product warnings and design cases. Topics discussed include the safety regulations for drugs, the role of identified reasonable alternative design (RAD) in commercial distribution, and the laws regulating the liability on generic product risks. It further informs about the costs for incorporating safety measures in generic drugs.

The author reflects on the laws in the U.S. related to drug manufacturer liability for generic drug warning label defects. Topics discussed include enactment of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984; laws related to generic drug proliferation through the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) process; and confusion regarding how to affix liability for warning label defects.

The article focuses on laws for product liability covering hazards associated with prescription drugs and medical devices in reference to the book "Danger Is My Business" by Colonel John D. Craig. Topics discussed include laws for defining relationship of defectiveness with safety, laws regulating the safety measures associated with dangerous products like cigarettes and fast food, and the importance of consumer choice in determining product safety.

A potentially dangerous product is supplied by a competitive market. The likelihood of a product-related accident depends on the unobservable precautions taken by the manufacturer and on the risk type of the consumer. Contracts include the price to be paid by the consumer ex ante and stipulated damages to be paid by the firm ex post in the event of an accident. Although the stipulated damage payments are a potential solution to the moral hazard problem, firms have a private incentive to reduce the stipulated damages (and simultaneously lower the up front price) in order to attract the safer consumers who are less costly to serve. The competitive equilibrium--if an equilibrium exists at all--features suboptimally low stipulated damages and correspondingly suboptimal levels of product safety. Imposing some degree of tort liability on firms for uncovered accident losses--and prohibiting private parties from waiving that liability--can improve social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the development history and current use of regulatory science in the U.S. It reflects on the first act the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act passed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1906 which was later modified in 1938 as the U.S. Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 which required manufactured to given premarket notification to regulators about the safety of product. It talks about Kefauver–Harris Amendments to 1938 Act and on use of term "regulatory science".

Why is food regulated separately from, and differently to, other consumer products? This paper attempts to examine the different regimes for the regulation of food and general product safety, and examines the economic, social and cultural reasons for the separation. Finally, the paper considers whether the separate nature of the regimes is necessary, or whether food should be regulated within a 'product safety' framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Indiana Product Liability Act and evaluates several product liability cases besides providing additional perspective on their jurisdiction. It summarizes the decisions of the courts of Indiana decided in the period October 1, 2011 to September 30, 2012. Topics include physical harm caused by a product, defective and unreasonably dangerous products, and evidentiary presumption.

Objectives. We assessed whether policies designed to safeguard young motorcyclists would be effective given shifts in ownership toward high-powered motorcycles. Methods. We investigated population-wide motor vehicle driver and motorcyclist casualties (excluding passengers) recorded in Britain between 2002 and 2009. To adjust for exposure and measure individual risk, we used the estimated number of trips of motorcyclists and drivers, which had been collected as part of a national travel survey. Results. Motorcyclists were 76 times more likely to be killed than were drivers for every trip. Older motorcyclist age-strongly linked to experience, skill set, and riding behavior-did not abate the risks of high-powered motorcycles. Older motorcyclists made more trips on high-powered motorcycles. Conclusions: Tighter engine size restrictions would help reduce the use of high-powered motorcycles. Policymakers should introduce health warnings on the risks of high-powered motorcycles and the benefits of safety equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the odorisation process of biomethane prior to its injection into the natural gas grid in the Netherlands. It mentions that such procedure comes with risks as well as legal and physical consequences due to inadequacy. It provides an analysis on the responsibility and liability regarding the said odor masking in awareness of the Product Safety Directive of the European Union (EU).

This section offers news briefs on legislative issues in Great Britain as of October 2012. The Enterprise Act 2002 Order 2012 amends the Enterprise Act 2001 Order 2003 which increases the amount of fees payable in each of the three fee bands. The Product Safety Regulations 2012 revoke the instruments listed in the Schedule. The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 Order 2012 implements the requirement in Article 18 of Commission Regulation (EU).

The article discusses the Tanning Bed Cancer Control Act of 2011 that regulates use of tanning beds. It informs that the U.S. House of Representatives Resolution 1676 asks whether the current classification of tanning beds is appropriate based on the known risks. The article also comments that the dermatological community would prefer an outright ban on nonmedical use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and suggests that legislation be changed to increase public awareness of indoor tanning risks.

The article discusses the operation of consumer credit markets in various jurisdictions, including Japan, as a basis for better policymaking and for avoiding future global economic crises. It reflects that behavioral economics provides a stronger empirical basis for policy-making innovation in Japan and elsewhere. It determines a gap in the regulation of consumer credit services compared to consumer product safety regulation in Japan and major trading partners.

The article discusses the informal draft of the Safer Consumer Products Regulations released by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (CDTSC) on October 31, 2011. It states that the draft outlines how CDTSC plans to implement mandates in the Green Chemistry Initiative of the state. It offers a summary on the provisions of this regulatory development.

Work equipment and installations with a high risk for health and safety of employees should be paid a special attention. The German Product Safety Act, which is aimed to manufacturers or distributors in order to protect consumers, maintains a conclusive catalogue of these so-called 'installations in need of monitoring' fixing the work equipment and installations for which such special inspections can be demanded. This catalogue has remained unchanged for decades and has been transformed nearly unmodified into the Plant Safety Ordinance. Currently, there is a discussion about this catalogue in Germany. A major point of concern is the definition and the significance of 'especially' dangerous work equipment and installations. Two recent research projects are dealing with the problem how to define 'especially'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article returns to the turn of the twentieth century to consider food and drug law as intellectual property law. Today, Americans are engaged in two separate debates about food and drugs, one centering on safety and the effectiveness of the Food and Drug Administration, and the other on patent law and questions of equity, pricing, and profits. Arguing both that early food and drug law was influenced by intellectual property concerns and that the separation of intellectual property policy from federal food and drug regulation was neither inevitable nor inconsequential, this Article uses an historical perspective to understand the separation of these debates and to consider the opportunities that arise from considering food and drug law as intellectual property law. Drawing on the history of science, technology, and medicine, this Article reexamines the early pure-food-and-drug movement as, in part, an anti-intellectual-property movement, concentrating on the problems of trade secrets in food and drug markets. It reviews the alliance between medical opponents to proprietary medicines and agricultural opponents to artificial foods that successfully supported early federal food and drug regulation, and the simultaneous failure of a medical campaign against drug patents. By considering the early twentieth-century shift in the drug market from reliance on trade secrets to reliance on patents in relationship to the recent move toward patents in agribusiness, this Article considers the lessons from history for a reunification of food and drug policy with intellectual property policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the federal preemption, which refers to the ability of the law to supersede or disallow law at a lower level. It discusses federal legislation protecting manufacturers from lawsuit. The two main types of preemption were express and implied in which express preemption clause allows state and local laws that are not inconsistent with the federal law. Moreover, the ability of lawsuits to serve for public health is impaired when federal law preempts tort litigation.

Abstract: Due to the large number of chemicals in commerce without adequate toxicity characterization data, coupled with an ineffective federal policy for chemical management in the United States, many states are grappling with the challenge to identify toxic chemicals that may pose a risk to human health and the environment. Specific populations (e.g., children, elderly) are particularly sensitive to these toxic chemicals. In 2008, the Children''s Safe Product Act (CSPA) was passed in Washington State. The CSPA included specific requirements to identify High Priority Chemicals (HPCs) and Chemicals of High Concern to Children (CHCCs). To implement this legislation, a methodology was developed to identify HPCs from authoritative scientific and regulatory sources on the basis of toxicity criteria. Another set of chemicals of concern was then identified from authoritative sources, based on their potential exposure to children. Exposure potential was evaluated by identifying chemicals detected in biomonitoring studies (i.e., human tissues), as well as those present in residential exposure media (e.g., indoor air, house dust, drinking water, consumer products). Accordingly, CHCCs were defined as HPCs that also appear in biomonitoring studies or relevant exposure media. For chemicals with unique Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers, we identified 2044 HPCs and 2219 chemicals with potential exposure to children, resulting in 476 CHCCs. The process of chemical identification is dynamic, so that chemicals may be added or subtracted as new information becomes available. Although beyond the scope of this paper, the 476 CHCCs will be prioritized in a more detailed assessment, based on the strength and weight of evidence of toxicity and exposure data. Our approach was developed to be flexible which allows the addition or removal of specific sources of toxicity or exposure information, as well as transparent to allow clear identification of inputs. Although the methodology was constrained by specific requirements in the CSPA, the intent of this work was to identify HPCs and CHCCs that might guide future regulatory actions and inform chemical management policies, aimed at protecting children''s health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a case study on the history and enforcement record of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). CPSC was created by the Congress in 1972 to regulate product safety standards in which the enactment of Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA) gave the agency more power and funding. Moreover, the analysis emphasized on the agency underenforcement problem resulting from a captured executive branch with limited judicial review of agency inaction.

Private regulation has become a highly debated phenomenon. Previous research has focused mostly on the effectiveness, legitimacy, and governance structure of private regulators at the global level. Few existing analyses have focused on private regulation at the European level, where only questions of interest representation have attracted attention. Analyses of the contribution of private regulation to the process of European legal integration, in particular, are lacking. We seek to fill this gap. From private rules for product safety and for financial markets, such as the Single Euro Payments Area standards, to private rules governing the professions, we observe that private regulation has facilitated and accelerated European legal integration. We argue that in some cases this effect was anticipated, especially by the European Commission, and in those cases the intended effect on European legal integration at least partly explains the rise of private regulation. I other cases, it was an incidental by-product of attempts to address market failures or achieve network legitimacy. In the conclusion, we turn to questions of accountability and legitimacy raised by the increasing importance of private regulators in the Common Market of the EU. Although the EU lacks a body of rules that imposes democratic controls on private regulators, we identify components of European law that can be used as control mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]