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Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to bring to light the present civil and criminal asset forfeiture procedures within the South African context and to make suggestions for reform thereof. While there exists and is a need for constant change and reform of the law to ensure that it remains transparent, up-to-date and applicable to all means through which economic crime can be committed, South Africa lacks the necessary resources and attitudes to accomplish this essential goal. Design/methodology/approach: The approach used in this paper is purely qualitative using journal articles, textbooks, reports, periodicals, speeches and legislation as its basis. It is through a consolidation of this literature that this paper was formed. Findings: While South Africa's present system of asset forfeiture is producing some impressive results, the process still has vast room for improvement. There are key areas which this paper outlines for reform. However, the probability of improvement is relatively low owing to the levels of corruption, illicit activities and attitudes of mistrust within the South African society at large. Originality/value: The concept of asset forfeiture is not new to any international jurisdiction, let alone South Africa itself. However, this paper aims to give insight into the specific South African experience of this procedure and how it can possibly be improved within the specific context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foro Revista de Derecho is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By January 2024, the COVID-19 pandemic claimed more than 1.1 million deaths in the United States (U.S.). People in prison are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 as they have no ability to socially distance, secure masks, disinfect their environment or have as much access to tests or vaccinations as is available in the community. In addition, many of these individuals reside in crowded conditions with little ventilation, which makes the spread of the virus more likely. In this paper, we used data from two projects, including the UCLA Law COVID Behind Bars Data Project and the COVID Prison Project, and supplemented these with publicly available data to examine the number of deaths and infection rates caused by COVID-19 among people in prison and prison staff in the U.S., as reported by the population of those facilities. We found that the incidence of infections and death rates in prisons were affected by crowding, prison security type (maximum, medium, minimum, or mixed) and level of prison (state or federal). People in prison who were less likely to have as much human contact (e.g., maximum-security prisons) were also less likely to be afflicted with COVID-19. People in prison were twice as likely to be infected by COVID-19 but had a similar death rate compared to the general public. Prison overcrowding increased the infection rate. The most effective state health policy was to quarantine people who had close contact with confirmed, positive cases. Further, state prisons demonstrated a higher death rate compared to federal prisons. Greater efforts to ameliorate COVID-19 and similar pathogens should be directed at state prisons with lower-level security and prisons with closer contact with the community. Quarantining close-contacts and restricting movements were the most effective state-level responses to reduce infections in prisons during April 2020 to April 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides a nuanced exploration of the implications of EU criminal justice cooperation, particularly within French probation and judicial services. Focusing on EU Framework Decisions 2008/947/JAI and 2009/829/JAI, the article delves into their impact and adaptation in France, offering insights into challenges, adaptations, and practical considerations from the French standpoint. The article contextualises the implications of EU Framework Decisions by integrating valuable insights from the French probation and judicial services. Statistical data and case analyses illustrate practical challenges and applications within the French criminal justice landscape. The article highlights specific challenges faced within the French criminal justice system, such as prison overcrowding and the treatment of foreign nationals. It emphasises enhanced communication, trust, and collaboration among stakeholders within the European criminal justice system. Addressing the adaptation of EU Framework Decisions in France, the article navigates the complexities involved in aligning European law with national legislation and the delicate balance required to maintain sovereignty while embracing cooperative legal frameworks. The nuanced cultural perspectives permeating the French criminal justice landscape are examined to comprehensively understand the unique challenges and adaptations within the French context. The article also discusses the paradox between establishing European probation standards and the challenges in building trust among probation officers and stakeholders across European nations, offering potential strategies for improvement in European criminal justice cooperation. In conclusion, this article provides valuable insights into the complexities and challenges within European criminal law, offering directives for enhanced collaboration and effectiveness within the European legal landscape. It is a pivotal analysis contributing to informed discussions and policy decision-making within European criminal justice cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explored overcrowding in Ghana prisons and sought to understand its impact on the health and well-being of persons in custody and prison officers. Qualitative data from 38 participants who were serving terms or working in three prison facilities in Ghana revealed three themes, including (a) fear over the spread of communicable diseases, (b) limited access to basic resources, and (c) psychological and emotional burden, attributing them to overcrowding in the prisons. We discussed the findings from human rights and prison and public security perspectives and concluded that addressing overcrowding in prisons would ensure a healthy prison environment, which may have implications for the well-being and human rights of persons in custody, as well as public safety and the health of prison officers and the community. To achieve a healthy prison, policies should target prison depopulation and commitment from stakeholders to implement local and international prison rules and conventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Prison overcrowding is a major public policy issue with roughly 2.2 million individuals currently incarcerated in the United States. In the absence of reductions in the prison population, the only way to address overcrowding are the expansion of current facilities or the construction of new prisons. Previous research has demonstrated that factors unrelated to the law can affect the decisions made by prosecutors and judges. We investigate the effect of newly constructed prisons in Florida on the probability of defendants being sentenced to prison within 6 months of the prison receiving inmates. The results reveal that these defendants have a greater likelihood of being incarcerated in prison compared to similar defendants whose cases were resolved before the prison became operational. This indicates the potential for a regional‐level substitution between jail and prison incarceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article addresses the issue of prison overcrowding and how it can be tantamount to ill-treatment or torture under international law. Faced with such a broad phenomenon, the piece focuses on two elements that may help to assess this circumstance: the existence of a minimum standard with respect to living space, and the use of tools to establish the existence of harm caused by inhuman conditions of incarceration. The article will show novel jurisprudence of some Courts to secure reparation for victims (early release and reduction of sentence time as offsetting) and will address discussion on the scope and limitations of these decisions with the aim of proposing even more courageous measures to ensure group and generalised reparation measures to reduce the rates of structural institutional violence in prisons.

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the dire conditions within auxiliary workhouses during the Great Hunger, revealing previously unexplored aspects of Victorian Ireland's response to the crisis. Topics include overcrowding, the inadequacy of the Poor Law system, and the challenges faced by both authorities and paupers in providing and seeking relief during this catastrophic period.

Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death globally, with approximately 800,000 deaths annually and accounting for 1.5% of all deaths. Risk factors are multifaceted, encompassing individual factors (such as genetics, family history and mental illnesses) and environmental factors (such as economic conditions, social support and life events). In prisons, suicide rates are markedly higher than in the general population, particularly in Italy, where the prisoner suicide rate is approximately 20 times that of the non‐incarcerated population. There is, however, little research on suicide in Italian prisons. Aims: To analyse the characteristics of all people who died by suicide in Italian prisons between 2010 and 2020. Methods: We carried out a records‐based cohort study analysing official data from the Italian Ministry of Justice on prison suicides between 2010 and 2020. The data were cross‐referenced and, when required, supplemented with information from Ristretti Orizzonti, a journal specialising in health and living conditions in prisons, as well as from the website of ISTAT (Italian National Statistical Institute), newspapers, radio broadcasts and news agencies. Results: Factors associated with an increased risk of suicide in prisons were nighttime periods, the months of June, July and October, a relatively brief duration of detention (<6 months), having been convicted of murder, male gender, being about 40 years old, having access to hanging materials and being interned (i.e. subjected to the execution of custodial security measures) or awaiting trial. Prison overcrowding was not a risk factor for suicide. Conclusion: Our findings hold substantial implications for suicide prevention in Italian prisons as they suggest both characteristics of individuals and characteristics of the institutions that could be taken as risk indicators. This knowledge can inform the development of targeted interventions to manage both individual and environmental factors better, leading to improved prison conditions and reduced suicide rates. Furthermore, our research establishes a foundation for more systematic and in‐depth investigations that could further improve suicide prevention strategies in Italian prisons, ultimately influencing policy changes in both practice and research, including perhaps establishing a national database on every completed suicide in prisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prison crisis in Ecuador shocked national and international public opinion. There are several attributed causes, but the problem of prison overpopulation has played a key role. Thus, the objective of this research is to discuss dilemmas and structural challenges of criminal policy in that country to relieve overcrowding in the prison system. The dilemma of increasing crime, the management of the judicial system, the prison infrastructure management model and the definition of a preventive drug policy are examined as the most complex nodal points. The resolution of these issues may offer a way out of the current crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"More Than This: Meditations on Abolition, Presence, and Staying Soft" is a zine that explores the concepts of presence and experimentation in relation to abolition and transformative justice. The zine emphasizes that the expansion of prisons is not natural or inevitable, and suggests that the space occupied by prisons could be used to support and sustain communities instead. Through illustrations and mixed media, the zine visualizes a world without prisons, where other elements like parks, schools, and trees replace the prison. The zine also highlights the importance of acknowledging people's capacity for change and prioritizing accountability, support, safety, and healing over punishment. The full zine can be accessed online. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the issue of persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) in the Philippines who are affected by infectious disease outbreaks in prison settings. The Philippines has the highest jail occupancy rate in the world, with overcrowding, poor ventilation, and limited access to medical care contributing to the spread of infectious diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been numerous cases and deaths among PDLs in Philippine correctional facilities. The article proposes interventions such as routine monitoring and screening, improved ventilation and sanitation systems, the release of vulnerable PDLs, and prioritizing the mental health of PDLs. The aim is to address the inhumane conditions and promote health equality for PDLs in the Philippines. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on disproving the Council of State Governments (CSG) assumption that Oklahoma's 85 percent law would lead to dangerous prison overcrowding due to longer sentences for violent offenders. Topics discussed include the misconception about 85 percent law, extended sentences for violent crimes prior to it, and the Parole Board's role in overcrowding due to infrequent reviews.

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth century witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of pauper lunatics being admitted to institutions and many mentally-ill paupers found their way into workhouses. The range of options existing for the admission of paupers, who at the time were described as lunatics or insane, included private madhouses, charitable asylums, public asylums as well as workhouses. Legislation relating to transfer from a workhouse to a one of these other institutions was ambiguous and depended on the concept of dangerousness and whether a workhouse inmate was manageable, rather than the nature of their illness. Because demand exceeded the space available because of overcrowding, workhouses and public asylums continually needed to increase provision by means of converting existing facilities or erecting new buildings. Nevertheless, the transfer of patients between asylums was commonplace and extensive. This article will explore the interface between two urban workhouses in the West Midlands of England and their local asylums from the late eighteenth until the end of the nineteenth century. It will demonstrate that, although local circumstances at any one time may have contributed to decisions on transfer, the overriding difficulty in the correct placement of pauper lunatics throughout the time period was institutional overcrowding, mainly driven by the increasing numbers of pauper lunatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 1971, President Richard Nixon declared a War on Drugs. As the War on Drugs continued throughout the 1980s, drug-related convictions increased, leading to overcrowding in prisons across the United States. Drug courts operate as an alternative to incarceration in which criminal defendants enter court mandated drug treatment programs. Judges monitor the progress of drug court participants through scheduled status hearings. However, contrary to their purpose, drug courts may contribute to incarceration by presenting the risk of an increased number of drug-related arrests in those jurisdictions that have implemented drug courts and long jail sentences imposed as sanctions for repeated violations. This Article explores solutions to curb the potential drug-related arrests and long jail sentences, namely (1) the decriminalization of drug offenses, (2) providing greater funding to outside treatment programs, (3) removing incarceration as a sanction, and (4) permitting violent offenders to enter drug court programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems in the prisons are many. One among the problems and a serious one is over crowding of prisons which can be reduced by way of taking steps for alternatives to imprisonment. There are 3 stages of criminal justice system which can send an individual to prison viz., 1) pre-trial stage, 2) trial stage, 3) after sentence stage. Various alternatives are available in the place of imprisonment such as giving bail to the accused instead of remand, serving of notice u/s 41 Cr.P.C. Imposing time limits on pre-trial detention, plea bargaining, compounding of offences u/s 320 Cr.P.C./LokAdalath, making de-criminalisation of offences, imposing fines on petty offences etc. Further at the stage of sentence, community service as a punishment, admonition, conditional discharge, parole, furlough, remission of sentence, sending the accused to open jails will be few alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prisoners are humans and are entitled to human rights (HR). However, HR violations in prisons are still a significant concern worldwide. This article describes the rights accorded to Indian prisoners by the Constitution, Indian and international laws, and court and government orders. In addition, it details HR violations that Indian prisoners face by analysing governmentpublished data on prisons. This online desk research garnered data from secondary sources. It used Prison Statistics India (PSI) 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 by National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) and Human Rights Cases Statistics (HRCS), 2021 by National Human Rights Commission. It further reviewed the Nelson Mandela Rules safeguarding the HR of prisoners, the Indian Constitution, laws, court orders on prisoners' rights, model prison manual, and scholarly articles and e-books discussing the HR of prisoners, violations and strategies to retain them. This study confirmed the persisting overcrowding of Indian jails mainly due to the prolonged detention of undertrials. Furthermore, it exposed the increasing number of unnatural deaths in prisons and the discrepancies between data provided by PSI and HRCS. Finally, this article recommends hiring professionals to educate prisoners about their rights, provide free legal aid, maintain their mental health and prepare them to reintegrate into society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tesla Revista Científica is the property of Puerto Madero Editorial Academica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Swift and Certain Probation Program in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana is a HOPE-like program that provides intensive supervision to high-risk probationers. The current study describes the first 2 years of the Swift and Certain (SAC) Probation program in Jefferson Parish, LA. We examine progress toward five of the seven program goals, including reduction of substance use, reduction in prison overcrowding, increase in effective resource use, reduction in new crimes, and increase in personal and societal responsibility. We find that the program appears to meeting these five goals and we contextualize these findings with a description of participants' experience in the program that includes results of a perceptions survey. However, progress on the other two goals has remained more elusive and we discuss the challenges for the program in meeting these, and conclude with implications for both research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the concept of alternative punishment in a comparative study of positive law and Islamic criminal law. Currently, imprisonment is still the main choice, causing overcrowding in prisons in Indonesia. Sharp criticism and dissatisfaction with imprisonment have prompted the development of alternative punishments other than imprisonment that are in accordance with the purpose of punishment. This study is a type of qualitative research using data collection techniques through literature studies. The data used in this study was taken from secondary data from various literatures consisting of books, journals, mass media, news, social media related to alternative sentencing. The conclusion of this paper shows that in positive law, alternative provisions for punishment other than imprisonment have been regulated in the Criminal Code (KUHP) and other laws and regulations, including in the form of fines (compensation), rehabilitation sanctions for narcotics abuse cases, and settlement of criminal cases outside the court (APS) by prioritizing the principle of restorative justice, namely peace and forgiveness, for the perpetrators, victims and the community. In positive law, alternative punishment has an ideal concept with the aim of sentencing that leads to recovery, not retaliation. This paper also concludes that in the concept of Islamic criminal law, the provision of alternative punishments contains the principles in maqashid sharia, namely in maintaining religion (al-dîn), soul (al-nafs), offspring (al-nasl), property (al-mâl) and reason (al-aql).

Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyses an original dataset on policies adopted in 47 European countries between December 2019 and June 2020 to prevent coronavirus from spreading to prisons, applying event-history analysis. We answer two questions: 1) Do European countries adopt similar policies when tackling the COVID-19 pandemic in prisons? 2) What factors are associated with prison policy convergence or divergence? We analyze two policies we identified as common responses across prisons around the world: limitations on visitation rights for prisoners, and early releases of prisoners. We found that all states in our sample implemented bans on visits, showing policy convergence. Fewer countries (16) opted for early releases. Compared to the banning of visitation, early releases took longer to enact. We found that countries with prison overcrowding problems were quicker to release or pardon prisoners. When prisons were not overcrowded, countries with higher proportions of local nationals in their prisons were much faster to limit visits relative to prisons in which the foreign population was high. This research broadens our comparative understanding of European carcerality by moving the comparative line further East, taking into account multi-level governance of penality, and analyzing variables that emphasize the 'society' element of the 'punishment and society' nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of granting the Simple Police Courts the authority to arrest dates back to the times of the Duchy of Warsaw, when in response to the postulates published in penitentiary journals, an attempt was made to create a more extensive system of detention centers. Precise definition of the role of these units in the penitentiary system of the Kingdom of Poland is not easy, due to terminological and practical problems, in contrast with detention and police arrests. Initially, these centers were intended for detainees under an elementary investigation. Although this was their basic role throughout the existence of the Kingdom of Poland, over the years, either by decisions of governmental bodies, or as a result of developed practice, they began to perform additional functions. First of all, people sentenced to short-term imprisonment were allowed to be placed in detention facilities, which was mainly due to the need to reduce both costs and the overcrowding of domestic prisons. From 1837, people arrested or sentenced during transport were placed in detention centers, due to the lack of suitable premises for organizing separate transport stations. The difficult reality faced by lower-level administrative authorities meant that, despite the lack of appropriate regulations, persons subject to extradition or hiding from the military census, and even insolvent debtors, were placed in detention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The criticism of the current regulation of the compensation procedure under the Prison Act can be given in the legal-dogmatic contradiction and the imprecision of the normative text. The latter inaccuracies have led to the different interpretation of the law by the judiciary in the penal and civil fields. In conclusion, therefore, if the claim to be enforced is related to the circumstances of the placement which violate fundamental rights, it is possible, as explained above, to bring an action only for the enforcement of objective sanctions for violation of personal rights, but not for damages in addition to sanctions independent of the responsibility. Civil proceedings under the general rules are only possible if the claim is not related to accommodation conditions which infringe fundamental rights. In such a case, however, it must be borne in mind that, under Article 143 subsection (1) to (2) of the Prison Act, a prisoner cannot bring a claim for damages against a prison directly before a court: he must bring it before the prison authorities where the damage occurred. The prisoner may appeal against this decision within a time limit of 30 days from the date of notification. Only in the case of a claim for damages arising from a violation of personal rights (i.e. not linked to an injury caused by conditions of detention which infringe the prohibition of torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment), it is possible to go directly to court and the action does not have to be preceded by proceedings before the penitentiary institution. In our view, it would be worthwhile to reintroduce the possibility to claim for harm caused by placement conditions that violate fundamental rights into the framework of civil litigation. However, this would require the creation of a legal environment which does not give rise to the above-mentioned dogmatic contradictions. It should be pointed out, by way of example, that the ECtHR does not wish to introduce a separate, formalised procedure for compensating detainees, but is "content" with the possibility of bringing a civil action based on a violation of personal rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with community penalties as one of the modern and alternative penalties to liberty-depriving penalties because of their importance in achieving a balance between restraint and deterrence on the one hand against reform and rehabilitation on the other hand in addition to demonstrating the importance of these community penalties in addressing the problem of prison overcrowding and reducing financial costs on the state in addition to stating at the legal impact of the amendments made to the Jordanian Penal Code of 2022 regarding the community penalties. In fact, the liberty-negative penalty causes the prisoner to feel a number of negative psychological feelings such as social humiliation, so that the research problem is to address those community penalties through demonstrating the concept of community service and monitoring the community via electronic means, the prohibition of the convict from going to specific places for a specific period of time as one of the alternatives to penalties depriving of liberty and the extent of the application of those penalties in the judicial rulings issued by the criminal courts in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into the spatial dimensions of deprivation of liberty and psychiatric hospitalization has a long and complex tradition. In this context, the increasing numbers of prisoners and patients in forensic hospitals have impressively shown how difficult it is to ensure security, therapy and rehabilitation when space is scarce or not well-suited. In this narrative review, we present the main findings of recent lines of research on spaces in prisons and forensic psychiatric wards, with particular attention to the links between overcrowding in prisons and secure forensic psychiatric hospitals and violence, the foundations of prison and hospital architecture, and on how the design of spaces in prisons and hospitals can influence well-being. We assess and discuss these findings in the context of the current debate on how well-being in secure spaces can support the achievement of rehabilitation goals even in overcrowded institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Direitos Fundamentais & Democracia is the property of Revista de Direitos Fundamentais & Democracia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sharia & Law is the property of United Arab Emirates University, College of Law, Sharia & Law Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios sobre Cuerpos, Emociones y Sociedad is the property of Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios sobre Cuerpos, Emociones y Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Prisoners in low- and middle-income countries are vulnerable to poor lung health from multiple adverse conditions confronted within the prison such as overcrowding, poor ventilation and exposure to second hand smoke. Evidence for poor lung health in this disadvantaged group is needed to inform policy on prison conditions in this region. We assessed the respiratory symptoms and lung function measured by spirometry among prisoners in Enugu, Nigeria and explored the associations between them.Methods: This was a cross‑sectional study among prison inmates aged 16-76 years. We assessed frequency of respiratory symptoms in the preceding one-year, previous respiratory diagnosis, tobacco smoking status and spirometry. The relationships between respiratory symptoms, smoking status and spirometry pattern were determined using the Chi‑square test.Results: Of 245 participants, 170 (69.4%) reported at least one respiratory symptom. In all, 214 (87.3%) performed spirometry and 173 (80.8%) had good quality spirometry tests. Using the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) predicted values for 'African Americans', spirometry results were abnormal in 41 (23.7%) of the participants and when the GLI reference values for 'Other' ethnic groups was applied, 78 (45.1%) had abnormal results. Restrictive impairment was most common occurring in 21 (12.1%) and 59 (34.1%) respectively based on the two reference values, and obstructive pattern was found in 18 (10.4%) and 13 (7.5%) respectively. There was no significant association between abnormal spirometry pattern and presence of respiratory symptoms or smoking status. No previous diagnosis for asthma, or bronchitis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) had been made in any of the participants.Conclusions: We reported high rates of respiratory symptoms and abnormal lung function with under-diagnosis of chronic respiratory diseases among inmates in Enugu prison. The restrictive abnormalities based on GLI equations remain unexplained. There is need for improvement in prison facilities that promote lung health and enhanced access to diagnosis and treatment of respiratory non-communicable disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]