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Diamond is a semiconductor material with remarkable structural, thermal, and electronic properties that has garnered significant interest in the field of electronics. Although hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) terminations are conventionally favored in transistor designs, alternative options, such as silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), are being explored because of their resilience to harsh processing conditions during fabrication. Density-functional theory was used to examine the non-oxidized and oxidized group-IV (Si and Ge)-terminated diamond (100) surfaces. The (3 × 1) reconstructed surfaces feature an ether configuration and show relative stability compared with the bare surface. Hybrid-functional calculations of the electronic properties revealed reduced fundamental bandgaps (<1 eV) and lower negative electron affinities (NEAs) than those of H-terminated diamond surfaces, which is attributed to the introduction of unoccupied Si (Ge) states and the depletion of negative charges. Furthermore, oxidation of these surfaces enhanced the stability of the diamond surfaces but resulted in two structural configurations: ether and ketone. Oxidized ether configurations displayed insulating properties with energy gaps of ∼4.3 ± 0.3 eV, similar to H-terminated diamond (100) surfaces, whereas bridged ether configurations exhibited metallic properties. Oxidization of the metallic ketone configurations leads to the opening of relatively smaller gaps in the range of 1.1–1.7 eV. Overall, oxidation induced a shift from NEAs to positive electron affinities, except for the reverse-ordered ketone surface with an NEA of −0.94 eV, a value comparable to the H-terminated diamond (100) surfaces. In conclusion, oxidized group-IV-terminated diamond surfaces offer enhanced stability compared to H-terminated surfaces and display unique structural and electronic properties that are influenced by surface bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have applied positron annihilation spectroscopy to study the vacancy-type defects in β-Ga2O3 single crystals. The three different types of crystals were prepared by Czochralski and edge-defined film-fed growth and doped with Fe, Mg, and Sn for semi-insulating and n-type characteristics. The crystals were also subjected to 6-MeV proton irradiation for controlled introduction of mono-vacancy defects. Positron lifetime and the details of the anisotropy of the Doppler broadening signals were measured as a function of temperature, and the results were compared with the annihilation signals predicted by theoretical calculations. We find Ga vacancies in all three basic split Ga vacancy configurations to dominate the positron data in the as-grown crystals. In contrast, unrelaxed Ga vacancies are found as the main defect introduced by the irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have applied positron annihilation spectroscopy to study the vacancy-type defects in β-Ga2O3 single crystals. The three different types of crystals were prepared by Czochralski and edge-defined film-fed growth and doped with Fe, Mg, and Sn for semi-insulating and n-type characteristics. The crystals were also subjected to 6-MeV proton irradiation for controlled introduction of mono-vacancy defects. Positron lifetime and the details of the anisotropy of the Doppler broadening signals were measured as a function of temperature, and the results were compared with the annihilation signals predicted by theoretical calculations. We find Ga vacancies in all three basic split Ga vacancy configurations to dominate the positron data in the as-grown crystals. In contrast, unrelaxed Ga vacancies are found as the main defect introduced by the irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu(In,Ga) Se 2 (CIGS) and Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) are potential absorber materials for solar cell applications. We report an investigation of these materials using muon spin spectroscopy. In these experiments, positive muons produced at accelerator facilities (here the ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K.) are implanted into the material and come to rest at interstitial sites in the host lattice. The muon is a sensitive local probe to study materials properties on an atomistic level. An advantage of the method is that interface properties can be studied by placing the probe particles at different depths in the sample. Muonium, the positive muon with an electron, can be considered as a light isotope of hydrogen (mass ratio 1/9) with almost identical electronic properties to hydrogen. Thus, muon spectroscopy provides also information about hydrogen in the host material. The aim of the present experiment is to obtain information about the muonium/hydrogen states formed in CIGS and CZTS solar cell materials. A major goal of the experiment is to obtain information about the physical embedding process of the implanted particle into the host lattice. The present study combines experimental measurements with total energy calculations in the framework of density functional theory. We obtain the final configurations of muonium in CZTS, that we discuss in parallel to those in CIGS. This allows us to deepen our understanding of the influence of the hydrogen impurity on the properties of these materials. We also discuss the final steps in the process of muon implantation in these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated Interparticle Coulombic Electron Capture (ICEC) using an ab initio approach for two systems, H+ + H2O and H + H2O+. In this work, we have determined the contribution of virtual photon exchange and electron transfer to the total ICEC cross section as a function of the distance between the charged and neutral particles. Furthermore, we have shown that the relative orientation of the electron acceptor and neighbor systems affects the magnitude of the ICEC cross sections by at least two orders at relatively small distances. This geometry dependence, present even for distances as large as 10 a0, is due to the electron transfer contribution. The relative magnitude of each contribution to ICEC seems to depend on the system studied. By replacing the projectile electron with a positron, we have confirmed that electron transfer also takes place in positron collisions and that the charge of the projectile has a noticeable effect on the process, particularly at low scattering energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration of vacancies and impurities in semiconductors plays a crucial role in determining their electrical, optical, and thermal properties. This study aims to clarify the nature of the interaction between positrons and ionized p-type impurities, emphasizing the similarities they share with the interaction between holes and this type of impurity. An overall strategy for investigating defects in semiconductor crystals that exhibit a combination of vacancies and p-type impurities is presented. By using positron annihilation spectroscopy, in particular, Doppler broadening of the annihilation radiation, we quantify the concentration of vacancies in epitaxial Si crystals grown by low-energy plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The vacancy number densities that we find are (1.2 ± 1.0) × 1017 cm−3 and (3.2 ± 1.5) × 1020 cm−3 for growth rates of 0.27 and 4.9 nm/s, respectively. Subsequent extended annealing of the Si samples effectively reduces the vacancy density below the sensitivity threshold of the positron technique. Secondary ion mass spectrometry indicates that the boron doping remains unaffected during the annealing treatment intended for vacancy removal. This study provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay between vacancies and ionized impurities with positrons in semiconductor crystals. The obtained results contribute to advance the control and understanding of material properties in heterostructures by emphasizing the significance of managing vacancy and dopant concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a widely utilized medical imaging modality that uses positron-emitting radiotracers to visualize biochemical processes in a living body. The spatiotemporal distribution of a radiotracer is estimated by detecting the coincidence photon pairs generated through positron annihilations. In human tissue, about 40% of the positrons form positroniums prior to the annihilation. The lifetime of these positroniums is influenced by the microenvironment in the tissue and could provide valuable information for better understanding of disease progression and treatment response. Currently, there are few methods available for reconstructing high-resolution lifetime images in practical applications. This paper presents an efficient statistical image reconstruction method for positronium lifetime imaging (PLI). We also analyze the random triple-coincidence events in PLI and propose a correction method for random events, which is essential for real applications. Both simulation and experimental studies demonstrate that the proposed method can produce lifetime images with high numerical accuracy, low variance, and resolution comparable to that of the activity images generated by a PET scanner with currently available time-of-flight resolution.

In this article, we develop a vibronic theory of clocking in molecular quantum cellular automata (QCA). The clocking mechanism is considered for a trigonal trimeric mixed-valence (MV) system with one mobile electron, which is shown to act as the dimeric unit encoding binary information (Boolean states 0 or 1) coupled to a third redox center (Null state). The model includes the electron transfer between the three centers; vibronic coupling of the mobile charge with the "breathing" modes, forming a double degenerate Jahn–Teller vibration of the molecular triangle; and two electric fields, one collinear to the dimeric unit, which controls the binary states, and the other perpendicular to this unit, performing clocking. In the framework of the adiabatic approximation, the potential surface of the trimeric system has been studied and the condition determining switching and clocking has been analyzed in terms of the two controlling fields and the vibronic and transfer parameters. A thorough understanding of the site populations is achieved through the quantum-mechanical solution of the vibronic problem, maintaining the adiabatic condition for the controlling fields. It is shown that a MV trimer can act as a molecular clocked QCA cell, with favorable conditions being a positive electron transfer parameter and sufficiently strong vibronic coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical investigation of positron scattering from phosphorus-containing compounds (viz., PH 3 , P 2 H 4 , PCl 3 , PF 3 , PBr 3 , POF 3 , POCl 3 , and H 2 PO 4) is reported in this article. The quantum mechanical potential scattering approach is utilized to calculate integral elastic, excitation, momentum transfer, direct ionization, positronium formation, total ionization, inelastic, differential, and total cross sections on a fine energy grid from 1 to 5000 eV. The ionization contribution in the inelastic scattering is estimated using the complex scattering potential-ionization contribution technique. Prior research on positron collisions with these targets is scarce; as a result, the purpose of this study is to make up, at least in part, for this deficiency in cross-section data. In addition to being pertinent to positron transport analyses, such as Monte Carlo methods, the current results should be useful to benchmark the accuracy and validity of positron molecule collision computations and, more significantly, to compare these calculations with related electron scattering outcomes. Furthermore, the calculated cross sections of PH 3 are compared with NH 3 and other phosphorus-containing compounds. The analysis makes it abundantly evident that the atoms on the periphery of a molecule have a substantially larger impact on the scattering process than the central atom. To analyze the scattering dynamics of positrons and their anti-particle electrons, a comparative study of cross sections of H 2 PO 4 and H 2 SO 4 is also presented. For most of these targets, positron calculations are carried out for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation focused on nanovoids (free-volume defects) in spinel MgAl2O4 ceramics, synthesized at various temperatures, both before and after saturation (water-immersion), utilizing the positron annihilation spectroscopy method. The findings were analyzed within the framework of a multi-channel model. It was demonstrated that this model integrates channels capturing positrons by volumetric defects and the decay of ortho-positronium atoms. Within this refined approach, the first component reflects the microstructural characteristics of the spinel structure, the second component corresponds to volumetric defects near grain boundaries, while the third pertains to the "pick-off" process of ortho-positronium annihilation within water-filled nanopores of the ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precision measurements of the cosmic-ray positron and electron fluxes collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station during first ten years of operations are presented. The positron flux exhibits complex energy dependence. It is described by the sum of a term associated with the positrons produced in the collision of cosmic rays, which dominates at low energies, and a new source term, which dominates at high energies and is associated with either dark matter or astrophysical origin. The positron source term also manifest itself in the measured electron spectrum. This is the first indication of the existence of an identical charge symmetric source term both in the positron and in the electron spectra. If confirmed with a higher level of confidence, these observations might suggest the existence of new physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the plasma made of relativistic electrons and positrons in thermodynamic equilibrium with photons at arbitrary temperature and degeneracy. We establish various thermodynamic identities as a function of the electron and positron chemical potentials and temperature. The high-temperature regime in which the electrons and positrons are ultrarelativistic is recovered. The excess of electrons with respect to positrons or the excess of positrons with respect to electrons depends on the thermodynamic conditions. Doing so, we go beyond what is usually found in the literature where only the high temperature regime is usually tackled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequences of a 90° barrier in the scattering of energetic electrons by whistler waves are explored with self-consistent two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. In the presence of a 90° scattering barrier, a field-aligned heat flux of energetic electrons will rapidly scatter to form a uniform distribution with pitch angles 0 < θ < 90 ° but with a discontinuous jump at θ = 90 ° to a lower energy distribution of electrons with 90 ° < θ < 180 °. However, simulations reveal that such a distribution contains a large reservoir of free energy that is released to drive large-amplitude, oblique-propagating whistler waves (δ B / B 0 ∼ 0.1). As a result, energetic electrons near a pitch angle 90° experience strong resonance scattering. Nearly half of the energetic electrons in the positive parallel velocity plane cross the 90° barrier and diffuse to negative parallel velocities. Thus, the late-time electron velocity distribution becomes nearly isotropic. This result has implications for understanding the regulation of energetic particle heat flux in space and astrophysical environments, including the solar corona, the solar wind, and the intracluster medium of galaxy clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent measurements of the cosmic-ray electron plus positron spectrum in several experiments have confirmed the presence of a break at ∼1 TeV. The origin of the break is still not clearly understood. In this work, we explored different possibilities for the origin, which include an electron source spectrum with a broken power law, a power law with an exponential or super-exponential cutoff, and the absence of potential nearby cosmic-ray sources. Based on the observed electron plus positron data from the DAMPE and the H.E.S.S experiments, and considering supernova remnants as the main sources of cosmic rays in the Galaxy, we find statistical evidence in favor of the scenario with a broken power-law source spectrum, with the best-fit source parameters obtained as Γ = 2.39 for the source spectral index, E0 ≈ 1.6 TeV for the break energy, and f = 1.59 × 1048 ergs for the amount of supernova kinetic energy injected into cosmic-ray electrons. This power-law break in the spectrum has been predicted for electrons confined inside supernova remnants after acceleration via diffusive shock acceleration process, and also indicated by the multi-wavelength study of supernova remnants. All of this evidence shows that the observed spectral break provides a strong indication of a direct link between cosmic-ray electrons and their sources. Our findings further show that electrons must undergo spectral changes while escaping the source region in order to reconcile the difference between the spectral index of electrons observed inside supernova remnants and that obtained from Galactic cosmic-ray propagation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proposal has been made for the construction of a new generation of high-luminosity electron-positron colliders known as the Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) in China. The STCF aims to achieve a luminosity exceeding 0.5×1035cm−2s−1 and will operate within a center-of-mass energy range of 2 to 7GeV. Given the design challenges of the STCF collider ring, swap-out injection has been proposed as an alternative method for achieving the desired luminosity. Consequently, the STCF injector will explore both off-axis injection and swap-out injection methods concurrently. This paper will detail the ongoing research progress on these two injection techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positronium is abundantly produced within the molecular voids of a patient's body during positron emission tomography (PET). Its properties dynamically respond to the submolecular architecture of the tissue and the partial pressure of oxygen. Current PET systems record only two annihilation photons and cannot provide information about the positronium lifetime. This study presents the in vivo images of positronium lifetime in a human, for a patient with a glioblastoma brain tumor, by using the dedicated Jagiellonian PET system enabling simultaneous detection of annihilation photons and prompt gamma emitted by a radionuclide. The prompt gamma provides information on the time of positronium formation. The photons from positronium annihilation are used to reconstruct the place and time of its decay. In the presented case study, the determined positron and positronium lifetimes in glioblastoma cells are shorter than those in salivary glands and those in healthy brain tissues, indicating that positronium imaging could be used to diagnose disease in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the demand for an improvement in various corpuscle types of current injection, the objective of this technique is to provide a new concept of carrier generators for optoelectronic pump and injection devices. This investigation is conducted to improve current injection by using a particle other than the electron. The idea was conceived from condensed matter physics for a technique to implement positron for carrier transport in semiconductors with the source based on localized emissions. A radioactive source such as 22Na is incident on a tungsten vane moderator, thus having positive electrons flowing and tunneling as well as a laser-driven high-quality positron into semiconductor-based devices. In addition, tantalum arsenide (TaAs) hosting Weyl particles has been discovered to hold significant potential for cutting-edge technological uses. Injection of different carriers and their behavior in semiconductors will lead to the emergence of solid state optoelectronics with different carrier injections that possesses a high energy (100–500 keV) and the possibility of maximum energy that is approximately several tens of megaelectron volts. Significantly, these various carrier sources have a larger range of operational settings and output characteristics due to their various underlying emission principles, thus obtaining a greater kinetic energy for a positron. The transformation to Weyl fermions carries electric charge via a device far more quickly than ordinary electrons, therefore unlocking the potential of new materials with unusual transport properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the first measurements of high-energy photons produced with the high-intensity PETawatt Aquitaine Laser (PETAL) laser. The experiments were performed during the commissioning of the laser. The laser had an energy of about 400 J, an intensity of 8 × 1018 W cm−2, and a pulse duration of 660 fs (FWHM). It was shot at a 2 mm-thick solid tungsten target. The high-energy photons were produced mainly from the bremsstrahlung process for relativistic electrons accelerated inside a plasma generated on the front side of the target. This paper reports measurements of electrons, protons and photons. Hot electrons up to ≈35 MeV with a few-MeV temperature were recorded by a spectrometer, called SESAME (Spectre ÉlectronS Angulaire Moyenne Énergie). K- and L-shells were clearly detected by a photon spectrometer called SPECTIX (Spectromètre Petal à Cristal en TransmIssion pour le rayonnnement X). High-energy photons were diagnosed by CRACC-X (Cassette de RAdiographie Centre Chambre-rayonnement X), a bremsstrahlung cannon. Bremsstrahlung cannon analysis is strongly dependent on the hypothesis adopted for the spectral shape. Different shapes can exhibit similar reproductions of the experimental data. To eliminate dependence on the shape hypothesis and to facilitate analysis of the data, simulations of the interaction were performed. To model the mechanisms involved, a simulation chain including hydrodynamic, particle-in-cell, and Monte Carlo simulations was used. The simulations model the preplasma generated at the front of the target by the PETAL laser prepulse, the acceleration of electrons inside the plasma, the generation of MeV-range photons from these electrons, and the response of the detector impacted by the energetic photon beam. All this work enabled reproduction of the experimental data. The high-energy photons produced have a large emission angle and an exponential distribution shape. In addition to the analysis of the photon spectra, positron production was also investigated. Indeed, if high-energy photons are generated inside the solid target, some positron/electron pairs may be produced by the Bethe–Heitler process. Therefore, the positron production achievable within the PETAL laser facility was quantified. To conclude the study, the possibility of creating electron/positron pairs through the linear Breit–Wheeler process with PETAL was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical discussions are given on issues in relativistic molecular orbital theory to which the quantum electrodynamics (QED) Hamiltonian is applied. First, several QED Hamiltonians previously proposed are sifted by the orbital rotation invariance, the charge conjugation and time reversal invariance, and the nonrelativistic limit. The discussion on orbital rotation invariance shows that orbitals giving a stationary point of total energy should be adopted for QED Hamiltonians that are not orbital rotation invariant. A new total energy expression is then proposed, in which a counter term corresponding to the energy of the polarized vacuum is subtracted from the total energy. This expression prevents the possibility of total energy divergence due to electron correlations, stemming from the fact that the QED Hamiltonian does not conserve the number of particles. Finally, based on the Hamiltonian and energy expression, the Dirac–Hartree–Fock (DHF) and electron correlation methods are reintroduced. The QED-based DHF equation is shown to give information on positrons from negative-energy orbitals while having the same form as the conventional DHF equation. Three electron correlation methods are derived: the QED-based configuration interactions and single- and multireference perturbation methods. Numerical calculations show that the total energy of the QED Hamiltonian indeed diverged and that the counter term is effective in avoiding the divergence. The relativistic molecular orbital theory presented in this article also provides a methodology for dealing with systems containing positrons based on the QED Hamiltonian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We here report theoretical triply differential cross sections (TDCS) for 250 eV electron and positron impact ionization of the methane molecule calculated within the second-order distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA2) for various momentum transfer conditions. The experimental data taken from Işık et al. [J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 49, 065203 (2016)] will be compared with the current theoretical predictions as well as molecular three body distorted wave (M3DW) approximation and generalized Sturmian function (GSF) theoretical models in a non-coplanar geometry. In the low analyzer scattering plane, the results obtained within the DWBA2 theory show better agreement with the experimental results compared to the GSF results. The M3DW results also exhibit agreement with the experimental results, in particular in the perpendicular plane geometry. Furthermore, significant differences between electron and positron TDCS were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron and positron chemical potentials, positron affinity and bulk lifetime, positronium work function and positron effective mass have been computed for ZnxCd1−xS using a pseudo-potential approach within the virtual crystal approximation (VCA) and the independent particle model. A correction to VCA is included taking into consideration the disorder effect. This has permitted the computation of the positron affinity to separate materials of interest. The performances indicated that the positron annihilates differently in CdS than in ZnS. The bulk lifetime of positron has been obtained as 241.17 ps for CdS and 215.47 ps for ZnS. Hence, it decreases when going from CdS to ZnS. The positronium work function increases from 2.245 to 3.08 eV when augmenting the composition x from 0 to 1, indicating that only fewer positronium atoms are figured in a specimen surface and ejected for the vacuum. The positron effective mass augments from 0.96 to 1.34 m0 when going from CdS to ZnS materials. The details collected from the assisted investigation are of a former significance for an ameliorate accordance of positron annihilation in ZnxCd1−xS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the reductive perturbation method (RPM) drive the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation for ion-acoustic dressed solitons (IADSs) in unmagnetized plasmas consisting of superthermal electrons, positrons, and ions. We have studied the characteristics of the KdV and dressed solitons (KDSs) for different values of superthermal electrons, positrons, ionic temperature ratio (γ), and fractional concentration (α). For a given fixed superthermal parameter, soliton amplitude increases as soliton velocity increases of the KDSs, respectively. The difference in velocity of the KDSs decreases as the superthermal parameter increases at any given soliton amplitude. At any given soliton velocity, the difference between amplitude of the KDSs decreases as the superthermal parameter increases. This system is satisfied for superthermal parameters that are present in astrophysical plasma environments (viz. Saturn magnetosphere, pulsar magnetosphere). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the stability of a system consisting of a positron (e+) and two lithium anions, [Li−; e+; Li−], using first-principles quantum Monte Carlo calculations combined with the multi-component molecular orbital method. While diatomic lithium molecular dianions Li 2 2 − are unstable, we found that its positronic complex can form a bound state with respect to the lowest energy decay into the dissociation channel Li 2 − and a positronium (Ps). The [Li−; e+; Li−] system has the minimum energy at the internuclear distance of ∼3 Å, which is close to the equilibrium internuclear distance of Li 2 − . At the minimum energy structure both an excess electron and a positron are delocalized as orbiting around the Li 2 − molecular anion core. A dominant feature of such a positron bonding structure is described as the Ps fraction bound to Li 2 − , unlike the covalent positron bonding scheme for the electronically isovalent [H−; e+; H−] complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation-induced property changes in materials originate from the energy transfer from an incoming particle to the existing lattice, displacing atoms. The displaced atoms can cause the formation of extended defects including dislocation loops, voids, or precipitates. The non-equilibrium defects created during damage events determine the extent of these larger defects and are a function of dose rate, material, and temperature. However, these defects are transient and can only be probed indirectly. This work presents direct experimental measurements and evidence of irradiated non-equilibrium vacancy formation, where in situ positron annihilation spectroscopy was used to prove the generation of non-equilibrium defects in silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology is a crucial indicator for diagnosing a low-energy, low-brightness particle beam. However, conventional positron beam diagnosis, based on the pixel scanning principle, is limited by physical constraints, such as the resolution of detector pixels. Here, we have presented a novel slow positron diagnosis method using compressive sampling. With a 100 × 100 pixel-sized mask, for example, the positron beam morphology can be significantly reconstructed with a peak signal-to-noise ratio of ∼40 dB, even at half the sampling rate compared to pixel scanning. It explores a promising approach for positron beam diagnosis with an ultra-high resolution and fast sampling rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Positronium lifetime imaging (PLI) is a newly demonstrated technique possible with time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography (PET), capable of producing an image reflecting the lifetime of the positron, more precisely ortho-positronium (o-Ps), before annihilation, in addition to the traditional uptake image of the PET tracer. Due to the limited time resolution of TOF- PET systems and the added complexities in physics and statistics, lifetime image reconstruction presents a challenge. Recently, we described a maximum- likelihood approach for PLI by considering only o-Ps. In real-world scenarios, other populations of positrons that exhibit different lifetimes also exist. This paper introduces a novel two-component model aimed at enhancing the accuracy of o-Ps lifetime images. Through simulation studies, we compare this new model with the existing single-component model and demonstrate its superior performance in accurately capturing complex lifetime distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear reaction cross sections for the formation of 72As and 71As in proton-induced reactions on enriched 72Ge targets were measured up to 45 MeV utilizing three different cyclotrons at the Forschungszentrum Jülich. The stacked-thin sample activation technique in combination with high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry was used. The major γ-ray peaks of 72As and 71As formed via the 72Ge(p,n)72As and 72Ge(p,2n)71As reactions, respectively, were analyzed. The incident proton energy and flux on a foil were determined using several monitor reactions. Based on integrated counts, irradiation data and the nuclear decay data, the reaction cross sections were measured. All data describe the first measurements. Theoretical nuclear model calculations were then carried out by using the codes TALYS 1.96, EMPIRE 3.2 and ALICE-IPPE. A very good agreement between the measured data and calculated values was found. The new data enabled us to calculate the thick target yields and estimate the radionuclidic impurities for a given energy range. Over the optimum energy range Ep = 14 → 7 MeV, the calculated thick target yield of 72As amounts to 272 MBq/μAh with no 71As impurity at all. The 72Ge(p,n)72As reaction on the enriched 72Ge is thus very suitable for clinical scale production of 72As at a medical cyclotron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that electromagnetic interactions of cosmic ray protons provide a noticeable contribution to positrons production. This is due to a combination of low energy threshold of electron–positron pair creation compared to the thresholds of pion creation in strong interactions and rapid decrease of the cosmic rays energy spectrum. Moreover, the electromagnetically produced positrons are very soft, therefore their annihilation with background electrons directly produces the observed 511 keV gamma-line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The electron density in the D region obtained by Kunming (25.6N,103.8E) MF radar is used in this study. • The strong positive correlation of electron density in the D region with solar activity. • A empirical model of D region is established based on the correlation between D ionosphere and F107. The electron density (N e) in the D region, although its value is much smaller than that in the F region, has a highly important effect on electromagnetic wave propagation by energy absorption due to high-frequency collisions between electron-molecular, electron-ionic, molecular-ionic and so on. Solar activity is the main source of ionization in the D region of the ionosphere. The observed N e during 2008–2015 by the Kunming station (25.6°N, 103.8°E) medium radar (MF radar) is utilized to analyze its strong relationship with solar activity. Then, the relationship between them is employed to establish an empirical model in this study. The N e in the D region is enhanced with increasing height and time towards noon, and the solar zenith angle is increasingly smaller towards noon. The averages of N e at several heights below and above 76 km show that the D region ionosphere up to 76 km is more strongly controlled by solar radiation and less strongly controlled below 76 km. According to the above, an empirical model is established based on the relationship between the D-region ionosphere and solar activity index F 107. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissemination of positron-acoustic (PA) nonlinear structures, including the solitary waves (SWs) and cnoidal waves (CWs), is analyzed in an unmagnetized electron–positron–ion (e–p–i) plasma having inertial cold positrons and inertialess Cairns distributed electrons and Maxwellian positrons as well as immobile positive ions. The reductive perturbation method (RPM) is introduced to reduce the fluid equations to this model to the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) type equation for studying small amplitude PA waves (PAWs). Moreover, the Kawahara (sometimes called the fifth-order KdV) equation is also obtained to investigate the characteristics of large amplitude PAWs. The effects of related parameters, such as nonthermal parameters, hot positron concentration, electron concentration, and temperature ratios, are numerically examined on the features of SWs and CWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion behavior of 310S austenitic stainless steel, subjected to different surface treatments machined (MA), sandblasting (SB), and polishing (PO), was exposed to a 550°C supercritical water (SCW) environment. The aged samples were analyzed using variable‐energy slow positron beam techniques. The obtained results revealed that the plastic deformation of the near‐surface region of the MA and SB samples was substantially recovered in the SCW conditions. At least two distinct oxide layers formed, and the oxidation process created a Fe/Cr depletion zone in the inner layer. Various surface treatments, however, led to different corrosion profiles. The depth profile of slow positron beam characterization suggests that significant residual stress and deformation zones on the surfaces of the sandblasted samples probably provided a diffusion path for the oxidation of the 310S. Only the SB samples exhibited a negative weight change after SCW exposure. At the same time, the SB samples showed the highest concentration of the positron traps in this region, which was explained by open‐volume defects associated with the microcracks introduced by sandblasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energetic positrons have been observed in the interstellar medium, and high-energy positrons with relativistic energies up to approximately 1 TeV have been detected in Galactic cosmic rays. We conducted a study on the acceleration of particles, specifically positrons, in a nonrelativistic quasi-parallel collisionless shock induced by a plasma consisting of protons, electrons, and positrons. The positron-to-proton number density ratio in the plasma is 0.1. We focused on a representative shock with a sonic Mach number of 17.1 and an Alfvénic Mach number of 16.8 in the rest frame of the shock. To investigate the acceleration mechanisms of particles including positrons in the shock, we utilized 1D particle-in-cell simulations. It was found that all three species of particles in the shock can be accelerated and exhibit power-law spectra. At the shock front, a significant portion of incoming upstream particles are reflected and undergo significant energy increases, and these reflected particles can be efficiently injected into the process of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). Moveover, the reflected positrons can be further accelerated by an electric field parallel to the magnetic field when they move along the magnetic field upstream of the shock. As a result, positrons can be preferentially accelerated to be injected in the DSA process compared to electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relativistic electron-positron plasmas are ubiquitous in extreme astrophysical environments such as black-hole and neutron-star magnetospheres, where accretion-powered jets and pulsar winds are expected to be enriched with electron-positron pairs. Their role in the dynamics of such environments is in many cases believed to be fundamental, but their behavior differs significantly from typical electron-ion plasmas due to the matter-antimatter symmetry of the charged components. So far, our experimental inability to produce large yields of positrons in quasi-neutral beams has restricted the understanding of electron-positron pair plasmas to simple numerical and analytical studies, which are rather limited. We present the first experimental results confirming the generation of high-density, quasi-neutral, relativistic electron-positron pair beams using the 440 GeV/c beam at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator. Monte Carlo simulations agree well with the experimental data and show that the characteristic scales necessary for collective plasma behavior, such as the Debye length and the collisionless skin depth, are exceeded by the measured size of the produced pair beams. Our work opens up the possibility of directly probing the microphysics of pair plasmas beyond quasi-linear evolution into regimes that are challenging to simulate or measure via astronomical observations. Relativistic electron-positron (pair) plasmas play a fundamental role in the magnetospheres, jets, and winds of black holes and neutron stars, but existing studies have been purely theoretical. Here, the authors open up the exciting possibility to probe relativistic pair-plasmas in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical investigation of the phase-mixing phenomenon of Langmuir oscillations (LOs) in a multi-component dusty plasma is presented. The plasma under study is a four-component plasma consisting of electrons, positrons, singly ionised positive ions and positive (or negative) polarity dust grains. The massive dust grains are assumed to form a fixed charge neutralising background, while the electrons, positrons and ions are considered to take part in the wave dynamics. A simple perturbative analysis of the governing fluid-Maxwell's equations leads us to an approximate relation for phase-mixing time of LOs, improving some earlier existing results. It is revealed that even though the dust grains remain motionless in the background, they still have significant impact on the phase-mixing process of LOs in such plasmas. It is found that the nature of the charge on the dust grains and the equilibrium dust density profoundly affect the phase-mixing time. The results of this investigation is expected to have relevance in space-plasma environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a theoretical and computational study of positron supercritical resonances in systems consisting of two highly-charged bare nuclei. The resonance positions and widths depending on the internuclear separation are calculated with the help of the complex-scaling generalized pseudospectral method in modified prolate spheroidal coordinates. The results are applied to estimate the probability of spontaneous positron creation in slow U –U and Cm –Cm collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Energy Cosmic Ray Observatory (HERO) is an experimental design for the direct study of cosmic rays based on the use of an ultraheavy ionization calorimeter. The effective geometric factor of the facility will be at least 12 m sr for cosmic-ray protons and at least 16–20 m sr for nuclei and electrons. During 5–7 years of exposure, this mission will allow measuring the energy spectra of all common and rare cosmic-ray nuclei in the energy range of eV/particle with element-by-element resolution of the charge of nuclei and with sufficiently high energy resolution. It is planned to study not only the cosmic ray nuclei with charges , but also the superheavy nuclei beyond the iron peak, as well as high-energy electrons, positrons, and gamma rays. The main objectives, design appearance, and characteristics of the space mission are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research of the electron and positron spectrum of galactic cosmic rays is an important task of high-energy astrophysics. The necessity of using new methods of electron and positron registration is caused by insufficient statistical reliability of data from modern experiments in the TeV energy range. In the present work, one of the possible registration methods based on the use of synchrotron radiation of electrons and positrons in the Earth's magnetic field is investigated. Using modeling of trajectories of high-energy electrons, positrons, and synchrotrons photons emitted by them, the detector count rate for the ISS and ROS orbits has been estimated. The possibility of separation of electrons and positrons using this method is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formulas obtained for deconvolution of positron mean lifetime results in the sequential etching technique for detecting defect depth profiles are presented. In this experiment, only the conventional positron lifetime measurement with radioisotope-based positrons is used. The important role of the positron implantation profile is discussed. These formulas were successfully used to describe the depth profile of defects formed in sliding contact in pure vanadium. Two different layers were detected below the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positronium chemistry of a Fe2+/3+ solution is studied under full electrochemical control. For this novel approach to positronium electrochemistry, a suitable cell setup is used, which allows simultaneously both electrochemical measurements and positron annihilation spectroscopy. For the Fe2+/3+ redox couple, positronium serves as an ideally suited atomic probe owing to the rather different positronium chemistry of Fe2+ (spin conversion) and Fe3+ (total positronium inhibition and oxidation). This enabled the precise in situ monitoring of oxidation and reduction by means of positron lifetime upon slow cycling voltammetry or galvanostatic charging. The variation of the mean positron lifetime with the Fe2+/3+ concentration ratio could be quantitatively described by a reaction rate model for positronium formation and annihilation. An asymmetric behavior of the variation of the mean positron lifetime with applied potential, as compared to the simultaneously recorded symmetric current–potential curve, could be explained by the stronger influence of Fe3+ on the characteristics of positronium formation and annihilation. The highly reversible galvanostatic charging behavior monitored by positron lifetime underlines the attractive application potentials of positronium electrochemistry for in situ studies of iron-based redox-flow battery electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is found that the polarity reversal phenomenon occurs in the nanosecond pulse breakdown experiment. Two-dimensional axisymmetric particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collisions' calculation is used to observe energetic electrons at positive nanosecond pulse voltage in atmospheric air and compared with previous calculation results under negative polarity in an attempt to explain the polarity reversal phenomenon. During the evolution of the positive polarity discharge, the difference in spatial net charge distribution leads to distortion of the electric field, which makes the electric field in the area of the ionization channel head very high, exceeding the threshold at which electrons can enter the high-energy state. The simulation results show that although electrons travel in the opposite direction to the ionization channel, energetic electrons can also be generated during the positive polarity discharge's evolution, which may differ from what some researchers expected. However, it is also found that the maximum energy of energetic electrons under positive nanosecond pulse voltage is lower than that under negative nanosecond pulse voltage (only about 1/4). This may be mainly because in the case of positive polarity, the energetic electrons in the head of the ionization channel will move to the low-field intensity region inside the ionization channel and cannot be accelerated continuously. However, it must be pointed out that in the case of positive polarity, energetic electrons still contribute significantly to the rapid breakdown of the air gap. This study provides a deeper understanding of the physics of nanosecond pulse discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the implementation of effective quantum electrodynamics (QED) potentials for all-electron four-component relativistic molecular calculations using the DIRAC code. The potentials are also available for two-component calculations, being properly picture-change transformed. The latter point is important; we demonstrate through atomic calculations that picture-change errors are sizable. Specifically, we have implemented the Uehling potential [E. A. Uehling, Phys. Rev. 48, 55 (1935)] for vacuum polarization and two effective potentials [P. Pyykkö and L.-B. Zhao, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 36, 1469 (2003) and V. V. Flambaum and J. S. M. Ginges, Phys. Rev. A 72, 052115 (2005)] for electron self-energy. We provide extensive theoretical background for these potentials, hopefully reaching an audience beyond QED specialists. We report the following sample applications: (i) We first confirm the conjecture of P. Pyykkö that QED effects are observable for the AuCN molecule by directly calculating ground-state rotational constants B0 of the three isotopomers studied by microwave spectroscopy; QED brings the corresponding substitution Au–C bond length rs from 0.23 to 0.04 pm agreement with experiment. (ii) In regard to spectroscopic constants of van der Waals dimers M2 (M = Hg, Rn, Cn, Og), QED induces bond length expansions on the order of 0.15(0.30) pm for row 6(7) dimers. (iii) We confirm that there is a significant change of valence s population of Pb in the reaction PbH4 → PbH2 + H2, which is thereby a good candidate for observing QED effects in chemical reactions, as proposed in [K. G. Dyall et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 348, 497 (2001)]. We also find that whereas in PbH4 the valence 6s1/2 population resides in bonding orbitals, it is mainly found in nonbonding orbitals in PbH2. QED contributes 0.32 kcal/mol to the reaction energy, thereby reducing its magnitude by −1.27%. For corresponding hydrides of superheavy flerovium, the electronic structures are quite similar. Interestingly, the QED contribution to the reaction energy is of quite similar magnitude (0.35 kcal/mol), whereas the relative change is significantly smaller (−0.50%). This curious observation can be explained by the faster increase in negative vacuum polarization over positive electron self-energy contributions as a function of nuclear charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new "disappearing positron track" channel at Belle II to search for dark matter, in which a positron that is produced at the primary interaction vertex scatters with the electromagnetic calorimeter to produce dark matter particles. Such scatterings can occur via either annihilation with atomic electrons, or the bremsstrahlung process with target nuclei. The main backgrounds are due to photons and neutrons that are produced in the same scatterings and then escape detection. We require a large missing energy and further veto certain activities in the KLM detector to suppress such backgrounds. To illustrate the sensitivity of the new channel, we consider a new physics model where dark matter interacts with the standard model via a dark photon, which decays predominantly to dark matter; we find that our proposed channel can probe some currently unexplored parameter space, surpassing both the mono-photon channel at Belle II and the NA64 constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have proposed a compact scheme for generating high-density and high-energy positrons by irradiating different shaped targets with an ultra-intense laser pulse, using 2D particle-in-cell simulations and numerical analysis. Our simulations show that the Breit–Wheeler process dominates positron production during laser-target interaction when a laser with an intensity of 4 × 10 23 W cm − 2 is used. We obtain a positron beam with an energy of 2.5 GeV and a total number exceeding 109, which is an improvement by two orders of magnitude compared to previous work with the same laser intensity. By using different shaped targets, we are able to generate a high-energy positron beam with low divergence. The yield of positron pairs depends on both the target and the laser parameters, and we have investigated how the shape of the target can enhance pair production and reduce divergence. Both of our analytical and simulation results demonstrate that this high-flux and low-divergence positron beam has direct applications in the field of medical and astro-physics that can be explored in the upcoming high intensity laser facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collisionless shocks are generated via the magnetic field mediated by Weibel instability in astrophysical systems. In this work, by performing particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, Weibel instability-mediated magnetic field amplification is investigated for initially unmagnetized, spatially uniform, counter-streaming electron–positron (e−/e+) plasma flows and compared with the magnetic amplification for nonuniform counter-streaming e−/e+ plasma flows by considering their drift velocity of 0.5 c . Our simulation results show that initially, the magnetic field grows exponentially in the linear regime and then decays further after saturation for homogeneous e−/e+ plasma flows. However, in the case of inhomogeneous counter-streaming e−/e+ plasma flow, the magnetic field re-amplifies in the post-saturation region after the first saturation. It is found that the amplification magnitude of magnetic field energy in the post-saturation region is related to the density fluctuations for upstream plasma. Our calculations show that temperature anisotropy is the reason behind the second saturation of the magnetic field energy in the case of inhomogeneous plasma distribution. Such inhomogeneous media in astrophysical systems like Gamma-ray bursts are common. Therefore, this study will be useful for understanding collisionless shocks' formation and their effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The elemental concentration (especially oxygen and carbon) and mass density must be accurately assigned to perform Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for predicting proton‐induced nuclear reactions in the human body. We recently proposed an approach to quantify elemental concentrations and mass densities of human soft tissues from water content (WC) data obtained by quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (which we called "MRWC"). Purpose: This study presents the first implementation of MRWC‐derived elemental concentrations and mass densities as complementary inputs into MC simulations on a virtual head phantom, and demonstrates the simulation of positron emitter production yields in proton therapy. Methods: An MC code, PHITS, was used to simulate proton therapy with a monoenergetic 140 MeV beam for a digital head phantom provided by BrainWeb. Three different head images were synthesized as inputs: a conventional CT image, an ideal CT image as a reference, and a WC image coupled with the bone‐only CT image for a hybrid approach (MRWC/CT). Thereafter, the performance of the MRWC/CT method was evaluated by comparing its accuracy in predicting the production yields of positron emitters (11C and 15O) with the gold‐standard CT‐only method. Results: The MRWC/CT method could predict 11C and 15O production yield maps that closely resembled the corresponding reference maps, while the CT‐only method failed. The structural similarity index measures between the reference and CT‐ or MRWC/CT‐derived maps were improved from 0.67 (CT‐only) to 0.87 (MRWC/CT) for 11C and 0.76 (CT‐only) to 0.93 (MRWC/CT) for 15O. Furthermore, applying post‐processing normalizations to account for elemental density variations in the production yields of positron emitters facilitated the determination of distal fall‐off positions in depth activity profiles. Conclusion: At least in the head area, the MRWC/CT method demonstrated potential for more precise predictions of proton‐induced positron emitter distributions via MC simulations than that of the CT‐only method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the oblique propagation of the ion-acoustic quantum soliton in polarized quantum plasma including relativistic degenerate electrons and positrons is studied. By using the reductive perturbation method, we derived the ZK equation for this model. This equation shows that in presence of the negative ion there are two slow and fast ion-acoustic modes. Our numerical results indicate that there are only compressive and refractive solitons for fast and slow modes, respectively. The effect of the negative ion parameters on the amplitude and width of the ion-acoustic quantum soliton are studied, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quadruple Beltrami (QB) equilibrium state for a four-component plasma that consists of inertial electrons, positrons, lighter positive (H+) ions and heavier negative ions O 2 − is derived and investigated. The QB relaxed state is a linear superposition of four distinct single Beltrami fields and provides the possibility of the formation of four self-organized vortices of different length scales. In addition, robust magnetofluid coupling characterizes this non-force-free state. The analysis of the QB state also shows that by adjusting the generalized helicities and densities of plasma species, the formation of multiscale structures as well as the paramagnetic and diamagnetic behavior of the relaxed state can be controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]