39 results on '"POLITICAL ECONOMIES"'
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2. Political/Ideological Display or Economic Need? The Problematical Picture of the Hydraulic Networks in Seventh Century BC Assyria
- Author
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Fales, Frederick Mario, Diebolt, Claude, Series Editor, Haupert, Michael, Series Editor, Frangipane, Marcella, editor, Poettinger, Monika, editor, and Schefold, Bertram, editor
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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3. Clash of the Titans: The Economics of Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia Between Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Models
- Author
-
Benati, Giacomo, Diebolt, Claude, Series Editor, Haupert, Michael, Series Editor, Frangipane, Marcella, editor, Poettinger, Monika, editor, and Schefold, Bertram, editor
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Archaeological Evidence of the Political Economy in Pre-State and Early State Societies in the Near East. Mesopotamia and Anatolia, Some Remarks and Comparisons
- Author
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Frangipane, Marcella, Diebolt, Claude, Series Editor, Haupert, Michael, Series Editor, Frangipane, Marcella, editor, Poettinger, Monika, editor, and Schefold, Bertram, editor
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Liberty and No Importation: Popular Politics and Associationism
- Author
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Minty, Christopher F., author
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Conclusion: Climate Justice and the Politics of Possibility
- Author
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Paprocki, Kasia, author
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Criminalising Justice-Involved Persons through Rehabilitation and Reintegration Policies
- Author
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Kiely, Elizabeth, author and Swirak, Katharina, author
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Processes of Forest Cover Change since 1958 in the Coffee-Producing Areas of Southwest Ethiopia
- Author
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Tola Gemechu Ango, Kristoffer Hylander, and Lowe Börjeson
- Subjects
deforestation ,deforestation displacement ,forest coffee ,migration ,political economies ,primary forest ,Agriculture - Abstract
We investigated the spatial relations of ecological and social processes to point at how state policies, population density, migration dynamics, topography, and socio-economic values of ‘forest coffee’ together shaped forest cover changes since 1958 in southwest Ethiopia. We used data from aerial photos, Landsat images, digital elevation models, participatory field mapping, interviews, and population censuses. We analyzed population, land cover, and topographic roughness (slope) data at the ‘sub-district’ level, based on a classification of the 30 lowest administrative units of one district into the coffee forest area (n = 17), and highland forest area (n = 13). For state forest sites (n = 6) of the district, we evaluated land cover and slope data. Forest cover declined by 25% between 1973 and 2010, but the changes varied spatially and temporally. Losses of forest cover were significantly higher in highland areas (74%) as compared to coffee areas (14%) and state forest sites (2%), and lower in areas with steeper slopes both in coffee and highland areas. Both in coffee and highland areas, forest cover also declined during 1958–1973. People moved to and converted forests in relatively low population density areas. Altitudinal migration from coffee areas to highland areas contributed to deforestation displacement due to forest maintenance for shade coffee production in coffee areas and forest conversions for annual crop production in highland areas. The most rapid loss of forest cover occurred during 1973–1985, followed by 2001–2010, which overlapped with the implementations of major land and forest policies that created conditions for more deforestation. Our findings highlight how crop ecology and migration have shaped spatial variations of forest cover change across different altitudinal zones whilst development, land, and forest policies and programs have driven the temporal variations of deforestation. Understanding the mechanisms of deforestation and forest maintenance simultaneously and their linkages is necessary for better biodiversity conservation and forest landscape management. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. 'The culture industry and participatory audiences,' by Emma Keltie
- Author
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Mel Stanfill
- Subjects
Participatory culture ,Political economies ,Social media ,Communication. Mass media ,P87-96 - Abstract
Review of Emma Keltie. The culture industry and participatory audiences. New York: Springer, 2017. Hardcover $99.99 (152 p) (ISBN 9783319490274); e-book $79.99 (ISBN 9783319490281).
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. A Developmental Behavioral Analysis of Dual Motives’ Role in Political Economies of Corruption
- Author
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Sara Nora Ross
- Subjects
reciprocity ,systems ,Sara Nora Ross ,Model of Hierarchical Complexity ,Bioneurological ,brokerage ,clientelism ,corruption ,dual motive theory ,political economies ,patronage ,social networks ,Social Sciences ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
This paper is a developmental meta-analysis of behaviors that contribute to political economies of corruption, deploying bioneurological dual motive and behavioral development theories. Together, these systems of analysis enable a developmental perspective to illustrate and analyze a progression of dual motives’ variations as humans and their conditions change. The progression of examples indicates that there are multiple evolutions of political economies that vary in their complexity, with different behavioral features at each level. Dual motive theory helps in identifying and understanding the complex linkages and layers of socio-political and economic behaviors as they become more complex. Increasingly complex horizontal and vertical stacks of social networks, like lattice-works of dual motives, enable individuals and groups to develop and maintain sturdy yet adaptable social systems of patronage, brokerage, and clientelism. These so-often informally structured relationships underlie corruption-like transactions long before, and long after, they are regarded as the enduring institution of corruption. Three hypotheses under gird the development of that thesis. The first is that dual motive theory facilitates meta-analyses of social networks’ often hidden layers of complexity. A second hypothesis is that analyses using dual motive theory can explicate more complexity when the theory is integrated with developmental behavioral theory. The third hypothesis is that analyses made possible by that integration offer substantive contributions to understanding socio-political-economic behaviors, including multiple political economies of corruption. Three strategies are employed to develop the paper’s thesis. First, the concepts of social ties, networks, reciprocity and dual motive theory are introduced to set the context. second, a behavioral task measurement theory is introduced: the model of hierarchical complexity. Scoped for this paper to introduce only the most common adult-level tasks, that model’s orders of increasing complexity describe developmental differences in the performance of individuals’ and social systems’ behaviors. Third, a series of international examples shows the hierarchically different ways the behavioral tensions of dual motives manifest in human exchanges. The hierarchical complexity of the examples’ settings is correlated with the hierarchical complexity of adults’ behaviors in those settings. The results of the analysis indicate that (a) individual and system behaviors are continuously shaped and constrained by complex interrelations that can be explained in terms of the hierarchical complexity of dual motives; (b) there are predictably difficult transitions and breaches when systems of different hierarchical complexity disrupt pre-existing systems for managing behavioral tensions. The application of dual motive theory indicates its analytical usefulness for interpreting social, political, and economic phenomena. Political economies of corruption can be more thoroughly understood as enduring institutions through a developmental behavioral application of dual motive theory. more...
- Published
- 2014
11. Grammars of the Urban Ground
- Author
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Amin, Ash and Lancione, Michele
- Subjects
living cities ,critical urban studies ,infrastructures ,political economies ,urban assemblages ,thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, communities and identities::JBSD Urban communities ,thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology ,thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography - Abstract
The contributors to Grammars of the Urban Ground develop a new conceptual framework and vocabulary for capturing the complex, ever-shifting, and interactive processes that shape contemporary cities. more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Processes of Forest Cover Change since 1958 in the Coffee-Producing Areas of Southwest Ethiopia
- Author
-
Ango, Tola Gemechu, Hylander, Kristoffer, Börjeson, Lowe, Ango, Tola Gemechu, Hylander, Kristoffer, and Börjeson, Lowe
- Abstract
We investigated the spatial relations of ecological and social processes to point at how state policies, population density, migration dynamics, topography, and socio-economic values of ‘forest coffee’ together shaped forest cover changes since 1958 in southwest Ethiopia. We used data from aerial photos, Landsat images, digital elevation models, participatory field mapping, interviews, and population censuses. We analyzed population, land cover, and topographic roughness (slope) data at the ‘sub-district’ level, based on a classification of the 30 lowest administrative units of one district into the coffee forest area (n = 17), and highland forest area (n = 13). For state forest sites (n = 6) of the district, we evaluated land cover and slope data. Forest cover declined by 25% between 1973 and 2010, but the changes varied spatially and temporally. Losses of forest cover were significantly higher in highland areas (74%) as compared to coffee areas (14%) and state forest sites (2%), and lower in areas with steeper slopes both in coffee and highland areas. Both in coffee and highland areas, forest cover also declined during 1958–1973. People moved to and converted forests in relatively low population density areas. Altitudinal migration from coffee areas to highland areas contributed to deforestation displacement due to forest maintenance for shade coffee production in coffee areas and forest conversions for annual crop production in highland areas. The most rapid loss of forest cover occurred during 1973–1985, followed by 2001–2010, which overlapped with the implementations of major land and forest policies that created conditions for more deforestation. Our findings highlight how crop ecology and migration have shaped spatial variations of forest cover change across different altitudinal zones whilst development, land, and forest policies and programs have driven the temporal variations of deforestation. Understanding the mechanisms of deforestation and forest mainte more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Cattle, Food, and the Rise of Early Ireland
- Author
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Crowley-Champoux, Erin
- Subjects
- agricultural economies, early medieval, Ireland, Iron Age, political economies, zooarchaeology
- Abstract
In Ireland, at the end of the Developed Iron Age, the large regional centers that had come to significance were closed and communities that had coalesced during this period, dispersed. The Late Iron Age (1-431 AD) lacks the hallmarks of a highly stratified society. In the centuries that followed (432-1179 AD), social and political relationships were mediated through cattle and dairy products in a system referred to as a ‘dairying economy’. The mechanisms for the development of this system, however, are not well understood. This project examines the role of agricultural economies in the development of social organization and political economies across the 1st millennium AD. I address these questions using zooarchaeological methods, comparing taxonomic diversity and evenness across faunal assemblages and the analysis of the faunal remains from Ninch, Co. Meath. The comparative analysis demonstrates a greater diversity of animal husbandry practices during this broad period, including beef herding, mixed strategies, and provisioning, in addition to dairy herding. The analysis of the faunal assemblage from Ninch also demonstrates the wide variety of animal species exploited during this period and how one community negotiated social and economic change. These data reveal the valorization of cattle and the development of a system of cattle wealth in the Late Iron Age and the shift to dairy wealth in the early medieval period as a wealth management strategy. more...
- Published
- 2022
14. A Developmental Behavioral Analysis of Dual Motives' Role in Political Economies of Corruption.
- Author
-
Ross, Sara Nora
- Subjects
BEHAVIORAL assessment ,POLITICAL corruption ,SOCIAL networks ,PATRONAGE ,RECIPROCITY (Psychology) - Abstract
This paper is a developmental meta-analysis of behaviors that contribute to political economies of corruption, deploying bioneurological dual motive and behavioral development theories. Together, these systems of analysis enable a developmental perspective to illustrate and analyze a progression of dual motives' variations as humans and their conditions change. The progression of examples indicates that there are multiple evolutions of political economies that vary in their complexity, with different behavioral features at each level. Dual motive theory helps in identifying and understanding the complex linkages and layers of socio-political and economic behaviors as they become more complex. Increasingly complex horizontal and vertical stacks of social networks, like lattice-works of dual motives, enable individuals and groups to develop and maintain sturdy yet adaptable social systems of patronage, brokerage, and clientelism. These sooften informally structured relationships underlie corruption-like transactions long before, and long after, they are regarded as the enduring institution of corruption. Three hypotheses under gird the development of that thesis. The first is that dual motive theory facilitates meta-analyses of social networks' often hidden layers of complexity. A second hypothesis is that analyses using dual motive theory can explicate more complexity when the theory is integrated with developmental behavioral theory. The third hypothesis is that analyses made possible by that integration offer substantive contributions to understanding socio-political-economic behaviors, including multiple political economies of corruption. Three strategies are employed to develop the paper's thesis. First, the concepts of social ties, networks, reciprocity and dual motive theory are introduced to set the context. second, a behavioral task measurement theory is introduced: the model of hierarchical complexity. Scoped for this paper to introduce only the most common adult-level tasks, that model's orders of increasing complexity describe developmental differences in the performance of individuals' and social systems' behaviors. Third, a series of international examples shows the hierarchically different ways the behavioral tensions of dual motives manifest in human exchanges. The hierarchical complexity of the examples' settings is correlated with the hierarchical complexity of adults' behaviors in those settings. The results of the analysis indicate that (a) individual and system behaviors are continuously shaped and constrained by complex interrelations that can be explained in terms of the hierarchical complexity of dual motives; (b) there are predictably difficult transitions and breaches when systems of different hierarchical complexity disrupt pre- existing systems for managing behavioral tensions. The application of dual motive theory indicates its analytical usefulness for interpreting social, political, and economic phenomena. Political economies of corruption can be more thoroughly understood as enduring institutions through a developmental behavioral application of dual motive theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2014
15. Selling (Out) Feminism: Sustainability of Ideology-Viability Tensions in a Competitive Marketplace.
- Author
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D'Enbeau, Suzy and Buzzanell, PatriceM.
- Subjects
- *
FEMINISM , *ORGANIZATIONAL ideology , *ECONOMIC competition , *SUSTAINABILITY , *ORGANIZATIONAL communication , *CONSUMERISM , *ECONOMICS , *SOCIAL change , *ORGANIZATIONAL goals - Abstract
Feminist mainstreaming has made feminist ideology one choice among many causes in a competitive marketplace. To stay competitive, feminist organizations must manage the dual goals of advocacy and financial viability. This study explores how an independent media business that publishes a feminist popular culture magazine and sponsors community events navigates ideology-viability tensions. This analysis articulates two discursive strategies employed by organizations to manage ideology-viability tensions: (1) equation of viability with ideology and (2) acquiescence to pressures of viability. These strategies indicate specific ways in which ideology is shaped to accommodate viability pressures. Lessons for organizations committed to social change, but faced with oppositional goals, are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Introduction: Notes on political economies of displacement in southern Africa.
- Author
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Hammar, Amanda and Rodgers, Graeme
- Subjects
- *
DISPLACEMENT (Psychology) , *ECONOMICS , *VIOLENCE , *HUMANITARIANISM , *SOVEREIGNTY - Abstract
This special issue considers how contemporary forms of displacement in southern Africa may be approached and analysed in terms of multiple 'political economies of displacement'. Drawing insight from classic concepts of political economy, but without adhering to the more rigid aspects of these frameworks, the five studies that comprise this collection explore how certain values related to identity, violence, movement and belonging may be generated, circulated and exchanged under conditions of violence and in the aftermath of upheaval. By tracing how the complex social and material experience of displacement extends inevitably beyond the universalistic assumptions of humanitarian labels, the collection emphasises the importance of local and regional political and economic dynamics, histories and geographies. This Introduction to the special issue highlights some of the more critical themes, some of which are developed more fully in the articles. These include the issue of scale and the challenge in quantifying displacement in southern Africa, the relationship between displacement and migration, as well as more specific questions related to the significance of work as well as violence and the limits of sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Elusive Agents of Inclusion: Business Interest Associations in the Political Economies of Sri Lanka and Indonesia
- Author
-
Kane, John, Guzman, Gustavo, Widmaier, Wesley, You, Kevin, Kane, John, Guzman, Gustavo, Widmaier, Wesley, and You, Kevin
- Abstract
Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Govt & Int Relations, Griffith Business School, While research on business interest associations in developing countries are few and far between, we do know, from the small body of literature on the subject, that some business associations in developing countries engage in activities that have the effect of broadening access to political and economic participation (i.e. are inclusive); while others, conversely, engage in activities that constrain access to political and economic participation (i.e. are noninclusive). This thesis seeks to understand why. Additionally, it also investigates how these associations develop inclusive and non-inclusive attributes in the first place. In other words, this project seeks to understand what factors drive some of these associations to promote political and economic inclusion, and what factors drive others to work against it. To find the answer, I conducted a comparative case study of business interest associations in Sri Lanka and Indonesia. While Sri Lankan and Indonesian associations operate in similar political and economic landscapes, they are known to exhibit markedly different insititutional attributes vis-à-vis political and economic inclusion. Sri Lankan associations are known to promote, and contribute towards, political and economic inclusion (e.g. Moore & Hamalai, 1993), while Indonesian associations do not. Indeed, Indonesia’s largest peak business association has been known to work against political inclusion (e.g. Hicks, 2012). The findings of the empirical study suggest that business interest associations which develop, mature and institutionalise organically, embody inclusive political and economic attributes, and do things that have the effect of broadening access to political and economic participation - because such actions advance the collective interests of dominant actors within them. Members of business associations, most of whom are small to medium sized enterprises, benefit from broader access to political and economic participation. Contrary to Olson more...
- Published
- 2018
18. Elusive Agents of Inclusion: Business Interest Associations in the Political Economies of Sri Lanka and Indonesia
- Author
-
You, Kevin and You, Kevin
- Abstract
While research on business interest associations in developing countries are few and far between, we do know, from the small body of literature on the subject, that some business associations in developing countries engage in activities that have the effect of broadening access to political and economic participation (i.e. are inclusive); while others, conversely, engage in activities that constrain access to political and economic participation (i.e. are noninclusive). This thesis seeks to understand why. Additionally, it also investigates how these associations develop inclusive and non-inclusive attributes in the first place. In other words, this project seeks to understand what factors drive some of these associations to promote political and economic inclusion, and what factors drive others to work against it. To find the answer, I conducted a comparative case study of business interest associations in Sri Lanka and Indonesia. While Sri Lankan and Indonesian associations operate in similar political and economic landscapes, they are known to exhibit markedly different insititutional attributes vis-à-vis political and economic inclusion. Sri Lankan associations are known to promote, and contribute towards, political and economic inclusion (e.g. Moore & Hamalai, 1993), while Indonesian associations do not. Indeed, Indonesia’s largest peak business association has been known to work against political inclusion (e.g. Hicks, 2012). The findings of the empirical study suggest that business interest associations which develop, mature and institutionalise organically, embody inclusive political and economic attributes, and do things that have the effect of broadening access to political and economic participation - because such actions advance the collective interests of dominant actors within them. Members of business associations, most of whom are small to medium sized enterprises, benefit from broader access to political and economic participation. Contrary to Olson, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Govt & Int Relations, Griffith Business School, Full Text more...
- Published
- 2018
19. Unconventional trade-offs? National oil companies, foreign investment and oil and gas development in Argentina and Brazil
- Author
-
Alec Waterworth and Michael J. Bradshaw
- Subjects
F1201 ,HD ,Political economies ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,05 social sciences ,Fossil fuel ,Non-technical risks ,Oil and gas ,02 engineering and technology ,International trade ,Foreign direct investment ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,Competition (economics) ,General Energy ,Petroleum industry ,New political economy ,0502 economics and business ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Portfolio ,050207 economics ,business ,Oil shale - Abstract
These are turbulent and uncertain times for the global oil and gas industry. This paper examines the industry's emerging new political economy in terms of competition (or a trade-off) both between and within International Oil Companies (IOCs) for rival oil and gas prospects. A qualitative cross-case analysis of Argentinian shale and Brazilian deep-water finds that unconventional and deep-water projects are complementary rather than competing assets of an IOC's portfolio. Further, despite the technical challenges IOCs face in developing these reserves, it is the non-technical risks and uncertainties that are more pressing for these companies and are the greater inhibitors to investment. more...
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Desperately Seeking Dinero: Calculating Language and Race within Radio Ratings
- Author
-
Casillas, Dolores Inés, author
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Poverty and Policy Selectivity of World Bank Trust Funds
- Author
-
Eichenauer, Vera and Knack, Stephen
- Subjects
BANK POLICY ,INTERNATIONAL POLITICS ,CORPORATION ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,AID FINANCING ,BUDGET ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,RATES OF INTEREST ,SHAREHOLDERS ,TRUST FUND ,PROJECTS ,COLLECTIVE INTEREST ,CREDITOR ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,CRITERIA ,MODALITIES ,IMF ,health care economics and organizations ,LENDING ,INSTRUMENT ,NATIONS ,ASSOCIATION ,GOVERNMENTS ,POVERTY ,AID FLOWS ,POLITICAL ECONOMIES ,SHARES ,BANK ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ,GOODS ,LOANS ,IFC ,WAR ,DEVELOPMENT BANKS ,INTERESTS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,BILATERAL AID ,MULTILATERAL AID ,UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL ,COMPANIES ,BORROWERS ,LIMITED ,MARKETS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS ,TRANCHE ,ARMED CONFLICT ,FINANCE ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,DEVELOPMENT FINANCE ,FISCAL YEAR ,MULTILATERAL AGENCIES ,RECONSTRUCTION ,ALLOCATION DECISIONS ,PROXY ,DONOR COUNTRIES ,BILATERAL” AID ,DISBURSEMENT ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,BOARD MEMBERS ,SERVICES ,DUMMY VARIABLE ,AID INSTITUTIONS ,ARREARS ,INCOME LEVELS ,GRANT ,VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS ,NEGOTIATIONS ,STATES ,MARKET ,PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,POST‐CONFLICT” COUNTRIES ,TRUST ,EQUALITY ,INVESTIGATION ,CRISES ,DEVELOPING‐COUNTRY ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,RECIPIENT COUNTRIES ,ALLIANCE ,DISBURSEMENTS ,PARTNERSHIPS ,RECIPIENT COUNTRY ,PORTFOLIO ,HEALTH AID ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,BUDGETS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,ECONOMIES ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,GOVERNANCE ,POST‐CONFLICT COUNTRIES ,PRINCIPAL ,CREDITWORTHINESS ,COLLECTIVE ,STATE ,EXCHANGE RATE ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,EQUITY ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,BANKS ,UNION ,DEVELOPMENT AID ,PRIVATE COMPANIES ,DUMMY VARIABLES ,ECONOMY ,ORGANIZATION ,INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,FUTURE ,MONETARY FUND ,ACCESS TO CAPITAL ,TRUST‐FUNDS ,CONFLICT ,IBRD ,POSITIVE COEFFICIENT ,MEMBER STATES ,INTEREST ,TRADING ,FOREIGN AID ,STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ,GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS ,REFUGEE ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,TRUSTEE ,ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ,DIRECTORS ,CHECKS ,TRUST FUNDS ,SHARE ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT ,UNIVERSITY ,ACCOUNTABILITY - Abstract
Over the past decade, donors of foreign aid quadrupled their annual contributions to trust funds at the World Bank. This earmarking of contributions to donors' preferred recipient countries and issues has raised concerns about the alignment of trust funds with the performance-based allocations of aid by the International Development Association, the World Bank's concessional lending arm, and raises the question of the role of this new "multi-bi" aid channel. This study finds that the cross-country allocations of aggregate trust fund aid are poverty- and policy-selective. In this respect, they are much more similar to allocations from the International Development Association than from bilateral donors. The allocations of trust fund types that are more closely controlled by donor countries—recipient-executed and single-donor trust funds—are more strongly related to the strategic interests of donor countries than trust fund aid in general. Trust funds for health and education aid are poverty selective and positively correlated with the World Bank's assessment of the quality of countries' sector policies, while environmental trust funds are neither poverty selective nor correlated with the assessed quality of countries' environmental policies. Overall, the evidence indicates that multi-bi funds administered by the World Bank do not undermine the International Development Association’s allocation criteria. more...
- Published
- 2016
22. Country Partnership Framework for Montenegro for the Period FY16-FY20
- Author
-
World Bank, International Finance Corporation, and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
- Subjects
GENDER GAP ,INVESTMENT ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ,FAMILIES ,DEPOSIT ,ETHNIC MINORITIES ,FINANCING ,EXTERNAL FINANCING ,BARRIERS TO EMPLOYMENT ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT ,HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INVESTMENTS ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,VALUES ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,DISPOSABLE INCOME ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,GUARANTEE AGENCY ,WOMEN ,PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ,INCENTIVES ,DEBT SERVICE ,OPTIONS ,DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ,GUARANTEE ,POLITICAL ECONOMIES ,FINANCIAL MARKET ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,BANK ,LOANS ,METALS ,BRIBES ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,MORTGAGE ,MODELS ,MIGRANT WORKERS ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,STUDENTS ,ETHNIC GROUPS ,GENDER GAPS ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,FINANCE ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,TAX REVENUE ,POLLUTION ,PRICES ,WAGES ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,WELFARE ,NEW MARKET ,SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ,LABOR MARKET ,ENTERPRISES ,ENVIRONMENT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,MONETARY POLICY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,INEQUITABLE ACCESS ,HOUSEHOLD ,CONSUMPTION ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEBT ,ARREARS ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,GUARANTEES ,TRADE ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES ,PAYMENTS ,MINORITY POPULATIONS ,LOAN REPAYMENT ,ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ,DISABLED ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS ,PROPERTY ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,EQUALITY ,PROFITABILITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,RESOURCES ,DEMAND ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,EXTERNAL SHOCKS ,FISCAL DISCIPLINE ,CREDIT CRUNCH ,CARBON ,OPERATIONAL COSTS ,COAL ,PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP ,CAPITAL ,ENERGY CONSUMPTION ,FINANCES ,SECURITY ,WETLANDS ,EFFECTIVE USE ,ACCESS TO EDUCATION ,ECONOMIES ,GENDER SEGREGATION ,ENTERPRISE ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,ENDOWMENTS ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,ECONOMIC REFORM ,EXCHANGE RATE ,INVESTMENT DECISIONS ,REVENUE ,HOUSEHOLDS ,DIVERSIFICATION ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,CURRENT ACCOUNT ,BANKS ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTION ,RECYCLING ,UNION ,BORROWING ,PRIVATIZATION ,BUSINESS CONFIDENCE ,LOAN ,POLICY DESIGN ,CREDIT ,ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ,EXPENDITURES ,FINANCING COSTS ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,TAX LEGISLATION ,PEOPLE ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,HEAVY METALS ,LIMITED ACCESS ,FISCAL POLICIES ,GENDER ISSUES ,ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ,ENROLLMENT ,REPAYMENT ,EXPECTATIONS ,REAL ESTATE ,GENDER EQUALITY ,ENERGY EFFICIENCY ,INTEREST ,CORRUPTION ,JOB CREATION ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,LOAN-TO-DEPOSIT RATIO ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC GOODS ,LABOR FORCE ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,IDENTITY DOCUMENTS ,SAVINGS ,REVENUES ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ,FINANCING NEEDS ,URBAN AREAS ,WASTE DISPOSAL ,MARKET ECONOMY ,GENDER ,EXPENDITURE ,ADVISORY SERVICES - Abstract
The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Montene gro covers the period from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2020 (fiscal years 2016-2020). This CPF builds on the results and lessons of the previous World Bank Group (WBG) Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), which originally covered the period July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2014, and was subsequently extended to June 30, 2015.The one-year CPS) extension was intended to provide greater clarity on the country’s medium-term macro-fiscal framework as a basis for the new CPF, and to give additional time to make progress on improving environmental management, a key pillar of the CPS. The new CPF seeks to address the top priorities identified by the recently completed Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) as those that Montenegro needs to most urgently tackle to advance in its path towards shared prosperity and sustainable development. The CPF will selectively support Montenegro’s development agenda outlined in the Montenegro Development Directions (MDD) 2015-2018, Economic Reform program (ERP) 2015-2017 and the Montenegro European Union (EU) Accession Program 2014-17. The WBG strategy will continue to support, and be aligned with, Montenegro’s EU accession and integration process. The formulation of the new CPF benefitted from extensive consultations held in October 2015 and in January and March 2016, and involving several line ministries, municipalities, civil society, academia, and private sector across various regions of the country, as well as representatives of the international development community. The resulting proposal for engagement under the FY16-20 CPF reflects a broad consensus of a wide range of stakeholders and a shared understanding of development priorities and challenges facing the country. more...
- Published
- 2016
23. Factory Southern Africa? : SACU in Global Value Chains
- Author
-
Farole, Thomas
- Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,PRODUCERS ,INVESTMENT ,MARKET COMPETITION ,INTERMEDIATE INPUTS ,INVENTORY ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ,MEASUREMENT ,VALUE–ADDED ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,TRADE BLOCS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,POLICY MAKERS ,LAGS ,NATURAL CAPITAL ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,OUTCOMES ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PRODUCTIVITY ,VALUES ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,QUOTAS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,COMPETITION POLICY ,INCENTIVES ,OPTIONS ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,POLITICAL ECONOMIES ,DISTRIBUTION ,PRODUCTION PROCESSES ,GOODS ,AVERAGING ,METALS ,LABOR COSTS ,TRADE POLICY ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,REGULATORY REGIMES ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,SUBSIDIES ,CURRENCY APPRECIATION ,MARKETS ,QUALITY STANDARDS ,INTERMEDIATE GOODS ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS ,ECONOMICS RESEARCH ,DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING ,FAILURES ,PRICES ,WAGES ,TRADE DEFICIT ,ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS ,TRADE BARRIERS ,EXPLOITATION ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES ,NATIONAL INCOME ,WELFARE ,SURPLUS LABOR ,PRODUCTION ,ENVIRONMENT ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,TOTAL OUTPUT ,INFLUENCE ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,PRICING ,SMALL BUSINESS ,THEORY ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,COST SAVINGS ,SUPPLY ,TRADE POLICIES ,PRICE CHANGES ,PROPERTY ,EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ,PROTECTIONISM ,COSTS ,ENVIRONMENTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES ,RESOURCES ,SURCHARGES ,FREE TRADE ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,DEMAND ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,AUTOMOTIVE BATTERIES ,CONSUMERS ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,WTO ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,TRADE BALANCE ,AGGREGATE ANALYSIS ,CAPITAL ,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,EFFECTIVE USE ,ECONOMIES ,TARIFFS ,MONOPOLY ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,BENCHMARKS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,EQUITY CAPITAL ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,TRANSACTIONS COSTS ,REVENUE ,EQUITY ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,BILATERAL TRADE ,ECONOMY ,STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT ,COMPETITION ,PROFITS ,CREDIT ,FIXED COSTS ,EXPENDITURES ,CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ,GROWTH RATE ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,UNDERESTIMATES ,BENEFITS ,LABOR MARKETS ,FORESTRY ,EXPECTATIONS ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ,ECONOMICS ,INTEREST ,RESEARCH AGENDA ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,INPUTS ,ITC ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC GOODS ,LABOR FORCE ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,ECONOMIC CHANGE ,REVENUES ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ,FISHERIES - Abstract
Once concentrated among a few large economies, global flows of goods, services, and capital now reach an ever-larger number of countries worldwide. Global trade in goods and in services both increased 10 times between 1980 and 2011, while foreign direct investment (FDI) flows increased almost 30-fold. A value chain is global when some of these stages are carried out in more than one country, most notably when discrete tasks within a production process are fragmented and dispersed across a number of countries. Southern African Customs Union (SACU) - region global value chains (GVCs) are both a new reality and significant opportunity for expanding non-commodity exports to support growth, diversification, and job creation in the region. The task-based nature of GVCs creates opportunities for developing countries to establish very quickly a position in global trade within a sector in which they may have had no previous experience. For South Africa, GVCs are seen as a route to higher manufacturing exports and greater value addition. For other SACU countries, GVCs are seen as a route to diversification and global integration, and to leverage the possibility of greater investment from South Africa itself. The main objectives of the study are as follows: (i) to understand trends of GVC participation and competitiveness of South Africa and the wider SACU region, the outcomes from this participation (exports, jobs, and productivity), and the factors that determine competitiveness; (ii) to map the extent of value chain integration across the region and identify barriers to deeper integration; and (iii) to identify policies and actions that will be required to develop a globally competitive, high value-adding factory Southern Africa. more...
- Published
- 2016
24. Is a ‘Factory Southern Africa’ Feasible? : Harnessing Flying Geese to the South African Gateway
- Author
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Peter Draper, Andreas Freytag, Sören Scholvin, and Luong Thanh Tran
- Subjects
AIRPORT ,PRODUCERS ,SURFACE TRANSPORT ,INVESTMENT ,CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,INTERMEDIATE INPUTS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,LORRIES ,CONGESTION ,RAILWAYS ,ROAD ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,BOTTLENECKS ,ECONOMIC PROCESSES ,CARS ,POLICY MAKERS ,INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ,TRANSPORTATION COSTS ,POPULATION GROWTH ,HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INVESTMENTS ,AIRWAYS ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,VALUES ,QUOTAS ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS ,OIL ,INCENTIVES ,RAILWAY ,OPTIONS ,POLITICAL ECONOMIES ,BASIC METALS ,PRODUCTION PROCESSES ,METALS ,MINES ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,ECONOMIC DYNAMICS ,TRANSPARENCY ,MODELS ,LAND TRANSPORT ,MARITIME TRANSPORT ,MARKETS ,QUALITY STANDARDS ,INTERMEDIATE GOODS ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICES ,WAGES ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,EMPIRICAL STUDIES ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,ENVIRONMENT ,RAIL ,TRAINS ,F15 ,RAILWAY LINES ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,AIRPORTS ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,RAIL TRANSPORT ,MOBILITY ,DEMOGRAPHICS ,F23 ,PROPERTY ,AUTOMOBILE ,COSTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,WEALTH ,TRANSPORT NETWORK ,RESOURCES ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,LANES ,TRANSIT ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,BRIDGE ,POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,COAL ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ,ROADS ,VALUE ,TRANSPORT CORRIDORS ,ECONOMIES ,AIR ,TARIFFS ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,POLICIES ,AIR CONDITIONING ,DRIVING ,INFRASTRUCTURES ,TRANSPORT OF GOODS ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,REGIONAL TRANSPORT ,TAXES ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,RECYCLING ,TRAINING ,PORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT ,COMPETITION ,TRAFFIC ,CREDIT ,AIR CARGO ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,RAIL LINK ,ddc:330 ,AUTOMOBILES ,POLICY INSTRUMENTS ,AIR TRANSPORT ,ECONOMICS ,AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,TRANSPORT ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,OLIGOPOLY ,ECONOMIC CHANGE ,TRANSPORTATION ,REVENUES ,TRANSPORT POLICY ,POPULATION DENSITY ,HIGH TRANSPORT ,RAIL COMPANY ,ROAD TRANSPORT ,FLIGHT CONNECTIONS ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS - Abstract
The countries comprising the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) are currently not very integrated into global value chains (GVCs), potentially missing out on important development opportunities. Accordingly, we explore high level options for promoting their integration. Given East Asia’s spectacular success with integrating into GVCs, we first assess the probability that SACU can copy their flying geese pattern. That was initiated by Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) investing in successive East Asian countries thereby becoming the lead geese, to be joined subsequently by MNCs from other countries. We argue that the conditions for pursuing a flying geese approach are difficult to replicate in SACU. Therefore, we proffer and explore the proposition that South Africa could serve as the gateway for harnessing MNC geese flying from third countries into the SACU region, in time propelling regional development through knowledge and investment spillovers, and serving as a conduit into GVCs. However, there may be substantial obstacles to deepening this integration potential. Other African gateways are emerging as alternatives to South Africa. And some SACU governments would prefer to build regional value chains (RVCs) rather than prioritize GVC integration. We argue that RVCs are complements to GVCs. SACU countries, excluding South Africa, may not attract many world leading MNCs since their markets are small, but could attract smaller regional players from South Africa or elsewhere. Thus building RVCs in the short run could assist with integration into GVCs in the longer run. Overall, this requires harnessing South African and MNC geese to the South African gateway, in a mutually complementary strategy. more...
- Published
- 2016
25. Responding to the Challenge of Fragility and Security in West Africa : Natural Resources, Extractive Industry Investment, and Social Conflict
- Author
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Maconachie, Roy, Srinivasan, Radhika, and Menzies, Nicholas
- Subjects
TAX RATES ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,RIVER BASINS ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,DECISION-MAKING ,PROJECTS ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,EXTERNALITIES ,EMPLOYMENT ,COUNCILS ,POLICY MAKERS ,GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION ,LAND USE ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,PRODUCTIVITY ,VALUES ,REVENUE SHARING ,ROYALTY ,WATER POLLUTION ,GOVERNMENTS ,OIL ,INCENTIVES ,OPTIONS ,POLITICAL ECONOMIES ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,BANK ,ENTITLEMENTS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES ,METALS ,MINES ,AUTHORITIES ,TRANSPARENCY ,REGULATORY REGIMES ,STRATEGIES ,LOCAL COUNCILS ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,ETHNIC GROUPS ,FISHING ,DEPOSITS ,INDUSTRY ,ECOLOGY ,MARKETS ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,FINANCE ,FISH ,POLLUTION ,PRICES ,CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ,TRANSFERS ,TIMBER ,EXPLOITATION ,STREAMS ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,DECISION MAKING ,ENVIRONMENT ,INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,WELFARE EFFECTS ,SERVICES ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,TRADE ,FISCAL ,ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ,STATES ,GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,PROPERTY ,POLITICAL INSTABILITY ,ENVIRONMENTS ,RESOURCES ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,AUTHORITY ,DEVOLUTION ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,INSURGENCY ,CITIZENS ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,ACCOUNTING ,FISCAL REVENUE ,GOVERNMENT REVENUES ,VALUE ,RISK ,EFFECTIVE USE ,ECONOMIES ,BARRIERS TO ENTRY ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,GOVERNANCE ,REGIONS ,STATE ,DECENTRALIZATION ,NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ,FISCAL POLICY ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,REVENUE ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,TAXES ,GOVERNMENT ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,RESOURCE CURSE ,BANKS ,SOIL DEGRADATION ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,MIGRATION ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,ADMINISTRATION ,PRIVATIZATION ,PROFITS ,SOCIAL CONFLICT ,CREDIT ,ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ,EXPENDITURES ,EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE ,ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ,LEGISLATION ,SOCIOECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION ,AUTHORITARIANISM ,CENTRALIZATION ,LABOR ,EXPECTATIONS ,REGULATORY MECHANISMS ,INTEREST ,RESPONSIBILITY ,CORRUPTION ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,STATE AUTHORITIES ,ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LAWS ,REVENUES ,DISCRIMINATION ,FISCAL FEDERALISM ,LOCAL TAXES ,PIT ,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ,TRUST FUNDS ,PRESENT VALUE ,DEFORESTATION ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,FISHERIES ,TAX SYSTEM - Abstract
The inability to unlock natural resource wealth for the benefit of developing countries’ local populations, a phenomenon popularly known as the ‘resource curse’ or the ‘paradox of plenty’, has spawned extensive debate among researchers and policy makers in recent years. There is now a well-established body of literature exploring the links between natural resources and conflict, with some sources estimating that over the past 60 years, 40 percent of civil wars have been associated with natural resources. Following this introduction, Section two provides an overview of interstate tensions in West Africa in order to improve understanding of the drivers of fragility that trigger conflict between countries around extractive industry investment. Here, the discussion is grounded in examples in which interstate tensions have been apparent, including the case of the Mano River Union, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, a region with a history of conflict, and where the exploitation of commercial deposits of high-value resources may continue to have a potentially destabilizing effect. Section three focuses on the decentralization of natural resource revenues, a process that proponents believe can help manage grievances and defuse intrastate tension in areas directly affected by resource extraction, but one that is also not without challenges. Drawing upon the case of Ghana’s Mineral Development Fund, the section explores the potential for conflict (and conflict triggers) to arise when the redistribution of extractive industry revenues to subnational regions takes place. In doing so, it becomes apparent that the capture and misuse of revenues from the fund is as much a political issue as it is a policy or technical one. This sets the stage for section four, which focuses in greater detail on extractive industry-related conflict within catchment communities, and how contestation is most often a result of unequal power relationships. Section five, the conclusion, summarizes and reflects upon some of the challenges and struggles over resource management associated with West Africa’s recent resource boom, and draws out some of the cross-cutting themes. Here, suitable entry points for future lines of inquiry and engagement are identified. more...
- Published
- 2015
26. Building Forestry in Mexico: Ambitious Regulations and Popular Evasions
- Author
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Mathews, Andrew S., author
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Globalization
- Author
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Swank, Duane, Castles, Francis G., book editor, Leibfried, Stephan, book editor, Lewis, Jane, book editor, Obinger, Herbert, book editor, and Pierson, Christopher, book editor
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Politics and the Media: Culture, Technology, and Regulation
- Author
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Rose, Jonathan, Nesbitt‐Larking, Paul, Courtney, John C., book editor, and Smith, David E., book editor
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Approaching Mesoamerican Figurines
- Author
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Faust, Katherine A., author and Halperin, Christina T., author
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. the connected Caribbean : a socio-material network approach to patterns of homogeneity and diversity in the pre-colonial period
- Author
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Mol, A.A.A., Hofman, C.L., Corbey, R.H.A, and Leiden University
- Subjects
Caribbean ,Political economies ,Exchange ,Complexity ,Pre-colonial ,Networks ,Perspectivism ,Gifts ,Similarity - Abstract
The modern-day Caribbean is a stunningly diverse but also intricately interconnected geo-cultural region, resulting partly from the islands__ shared colonial histories and an increasingly globalizing economy. Perhaps more importantly, before the encounter between the New and Old World took place, the indigenous societies and cultures of the pre-colonial Caribbean were already united in diversity. This work seeks to study the patterns of this pre-colonial homogeneity and diversity and uncover some of their underlying processes and dynamics. This approach and theoretical framework is tested in four case studies dealing with lithic distribution networks, site assemblages as ego-networks, indigenous political networks, and the analysis of artefact styles in 2-mode networks. These were selected for their pertinence to key research themes in Caribbean archaeology, in particular the current debates about the nature of ties and interactions between culturally different communities in the region, and the structure and dynamics of pre-colonial socio-political organisation. The outcomes of these case studies show that archaeological network approaches can provide surprising new insights into longstanding questions about the patterns of pre-colonial connectivity in the region more...
- Published
- 2014
31. Challenging the political economies of injustice: An interview with David Harvey
- Author
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John Morrissey and ~|6201985|~
- Subjects
Political economies ,David Harvey ,Injustice - Abstract
[No abstract available]
- Published
- 2014
32. Southern Welfare Backlashes: Georgia and Kentucky
- Author
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Reese, Ellen, author
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Evolution of Political Economies
- Author
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Stanish, Charles, author
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. A Handbook for Tax Simplification
- Author
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International Finance Corporation, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and World Bank
- Subjects
TAX PROVISIONS ,TAX EXEMPTIONS ,TAX LIABILITIES ,POLICY REFORM ,INFLATION ,TAX PURPOSES ,COST OF FUNDS ,EXPROPRIATION ,POLICY MAKERS ,TAX COMPLIANCE COSTS ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,TAX INSTRUMENTS ,FISCAL SPACE ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURES ,PERSONAL INCOME ,SUB-NATIONAL ,JUSTICE SYSTEM ,DEMOCRACIES ,TAX REFORMS ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,ADDED TAX ,MEDIUM ENTERPRISE ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,POLL TAX ,SMALL ENTERPRISE ,PROGRESSIVE TAXATION ,EXCHANGE COMMISSION ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,TRANSPARENCY ,ESTATE TAX ,TAX AVOIDANCE ,CORPORATE INVESTMENT ,TAX LIABILITY ,INCOMES ,INTERNAL REVENUE ,HOLDING ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,TAX POLICY ,SMALL BUSINESSES ,TAX OFFICES ,TAX EXPENDITURES ,TAXATION REVENUES ,TAX CODES ,INDIRECT TAXATION ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,TAX COLLECTIONS ,BARRIER ,CORPORATE INCOME TAX ,EXPORT ,AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT ,CAPITAL OWNERS ,LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS ,FUNGIBLE ,CASH FLOW ,STATUTORY TAX ,BUSINESS TAXES ,INTERNAL AUDITS ,TAX RATE ,TAX SYSTEMS ,TAX OBLIGATION ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,COLLECTION PROCESS ,TAX REGIMES ,POLITICAL UNREST ,BANKRUPTCY ,TAX OBLIGATIONS ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,TAX BASE ,LENDERS ,POLITICAL SYSTEM ,LEGAL SYSTEM ,TAXATION ,TAX EVADERS ,TAX PAYMENTS ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,STAMP DUTIES ,EFFICIENCY OF TAXATION ,FISCAL POLICY ,POLL TAXES ,TAXABLE INCOME ,JUDGMENT ,TAX BURDEN ,TAX PROCEDURES ,TRANSFER PRICING ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,TAX REVENUES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,TAX INCREASES ,BANK CREDIT ,TAX COLLECTION PROCESS ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,SECURITIES ,REDISTRIBUTION ,TAX LAWS ,EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES ,TAX ON CONSUMPTION ,REVENUE SOURCES ,SUBNATIONAL ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER ,COMPLIANCE COST ,HYPOTHECATION ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,CREDIT MARKETS ,TRADE TAXES ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,TAXABLE ACTIVITIES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,TAX POLICIES ,POTENTIAL INVESTORS ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,TAX EVASION ,TAX SYSTEM ,TRANSACTION ,INTERNATIONAL TAX LAWS ,TAX COMPLIANCE ,TAX ,INVENTORY ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ,TREATIES ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,JUDICIAL PROCESSES ,FINANCE CORPORATION ,BUSINESS RISK ,EASE OF DOING BUSINESS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,EFFECTIVE TAX RATES ,CORPORATION TAX ,INSTRUMENT ,ESTIMATED TAX ,TAX AUTHORITIES ,CAPITAL GAIN ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,CIVIL WAR ,RULE OF LAW ,TAX STRUCTURES ,POLITICAL POWER ,TAX RETURN ,TAXPAYER ,LONG-TERM CAPITAL ,POLITICAL STABILITY ,POLITICAL ECONOMIES ,TAX LAW ,POLICY DECISIONS ,TAX SIMPLIFICATION ,SETTLEMENT ,TAX COLLECTION ,FEDERAL BUDGET ,PAYMENT SYSTEM ,MINISTRY OF EDUCATION ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,WITHHOLDING TAXES ,DEMOCRACY ,TAX REFORM ,TAX STRUCTURE ,COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEM ,INFORMAL ECONOMY ,TAX REVENUE ,LAND HOLDINGS ,COLLECTIVE ACTION ,VALUE ADDED TAX ,LEVIES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,TAX STATUTES ,TAX OFFICIALS ,SALES TAX ,INEFFICIENT STATE ,DEBT ,TAX RETURNS ,APARTHEID ,INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT ,BUSINESS TAX ,COMPETITIVE MARKETS ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ,CAPITAL LOSS ,JURISDICTIONS ,RENTS ,FREE TRADE ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,TAXPAYER COMPLIANCE ,TAX CHANGES ,CDS ,ELECTRONIC CASH ,TAX INCENTIVES ,FEDERAL CONSTITUTION ,PROPERTY TAXES ,TURNOVER TAX ,TAXPAYERS ,FLAT TAX ,ACCOUNTING ,TAX COST ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,USE TAX ,ComputingMilieux_GENERAL ,DEDUCTIONS ,OUTPUT ,COST OF COLLECTION ,RATE OF RETURN ,TURNOVER ,REVENUE AUTHORITY ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,TREASURY ,TAX ASSESSMENT ,DOUBLE TAXATION ,PERSONAL INCOME TAX ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,TAX AUTHORITY ,TAX PAYMENT ,TAX RULINGS ,TAX LEGISLATION ,TAX HAVENS ,PUBLIC POLICIES ,TAX PREPARERS ,MONETARY FUND ,ACCOUNTANT ,TAX RULES ,JOB CREATION ,COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE ,PROGRESSIVE TAX ,CASH FLOWS ,LEVY ,SAVINGS ,TAX BASES ,TAX EXPENDITURE ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,CHECKS ,TAX BURDENS ,TAX CODE ,TAX CONCESSIONS - Abstract
The purpose of this handbook is to provide policy makers with a framework to assess a tax system in its entirety, measure its various parameters and how it is administered, and defines best practices for tax policy and administration that will yield a tax system that is simple and predictable and does not create an undue burden on private enterprise. This handbook is primarily designed for policy makers and tax practitioners. The goal is to analyze the impact of income tax, the value added tax (VAT), and other local taxes that are imposed on business. This handbook does not analyze the effects of trade and labor taxes such as social security. The administration of the customs duty is unique and has been addressed extensively in the literature on customs modernization. Labor taxes primarily imposed on salaried individuals are not covered by this handbook, even though their incidence affects business. VAT has been included even though it is a tax on consumption because the administrative burden to comply with it is primarily on business. more...
- Published
- 2009
35. Growth Strategies and Dynamics : Insights from Country Experiences
- Author
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El-Erian, Mohamed A. and Spence, Michael
- Subjects
RETAIL INVESTORS ,CROSS-BORDER FLOWS ,TAX PROVISIONS ,MARGINAL PRODUCT ,UNCERTAINTY ,SAVINGS RATES ,MARKET REFORM ,UNCERTAINTIES ,INFLATION ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,POTENTIAL OUTPUT ,REGULATORY STRUCTURE ,PHYSICAL ASSETS ,CAPITAL MARKET DEVELOPMENT ,ASSET PRICE ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,CAPITAL CONTROLS ,INCOME ,IMPORT ,COMPETITIVENESS ,RETURNS ,FINANCIAL MARKET ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,MARKET ENVIRONMENT ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,MACROECONOMIC MODELS ,WITHDRAWAL ,HIGH INFLATION ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,IMPORT TARIFF ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,HOLDING ,DEPOSITS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES ,PRICE INFLATION ,TAX POLICY ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,STRUCTURAL PROBLEM ,INTANGIBLE ASSETS ,DEREGULATION ,MARKET EFFICIENCY ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,PRIVATE EQUITY ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,INTEREST RATES ,JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,PRIVATE CAPITAL ,DISCOUNT RATE ,TRADE SURPLUS ,INCOME LEVELS ,PRICE CHANGES ,GOVERNMENT POLICIES ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION ,PRIVATE CAPITAL INFLOWS ,PRICE FORMATION ,MODERN FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,TANGIBLE ASSETS ,WEALTH ,GROWTH POLICIES ,CONSUMERS ,MARKET PRICES ,HEDGE FUNDS ,ADVANCED ECONOMIES ,EXTERNAL SHOCKS ,INVESTMENT PROCESS ,SURPLUS ,WTO ,GDP ,DOMESTIC INFLATION ,CURRENCY CRISES ,PORTFOLIO ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION ,EXPORTS ,DOMESTIC FINANCIAL MARKETS ,MARKET PRESSURE ,EXCHANGE RATE MANAGEMENT ,REVALUATION ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,DECENTRALIZATION ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,EXCHANGE RATE ,FOREIGN CAPITAL ,OPPORTUNITY COSTS ,CENTRAL BANK INDEPENDENCE ,EXCHANGE RATE POLICY ,CAPITAL ACCOUNT ,FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES ,DOMESTIC DEMAND ,INVESTMENT RATE ,INVESTMENT RATES ,LOSS OF COMPETITIVENESS ,POLICY RESPONSE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,MATURITY ,SECURITIES ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,POVERTY REDUCTIONS ,REAL GDP ,EXPOSURE ,CENTRAL BANKS ,LABOR MARKETS ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,DOMESTIC BANKING ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,INCOME GROWTH ,RELATIVE PRICE ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,GLOBAL DEMAND ,SOCIAL MARGINAL COST ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ,MARKET ECONOMY ,FINANCIAL FLOWS ,GOVERNMENT DEBT MARKETS ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,CAPITAL FLOWS ,TAX ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,BANKING SYSTEM ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,GROWTH MODELS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT ,EXCHANGE RATES ,BROKERAGE ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,DURABLE ASSET ,BROKERAGE FIRMS ,CAPITAL ACCOUNTS ,OPEN MARKET ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,MARKET ECONOMIES ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,PRODUCTIVE ASSETS ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,INVESTING ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,FOOD PRICES ,MARKET STABILITY ,SHAREHOLDER ,DOMESTIC ECONOMY ,POLITICAL ECONOMIES ,RESERVES ,INVESTMENT RISK ,ASSETS ,OPPORTUNITY COST ,RAPID GROWTH ,ADVANCED ECONOMY ,TIME HORIZONS ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,TARIFFS ON IMPORTS ,ASSET PRICES ,POLITICAL RISKS ,WAGES ,OPEN ECONOMY ,GROWTH PERFORMANCE ,SURPLUS LABOR ,LABOR MARKET ,DECISION MAKING ,MARKET MECHANISMS ,POSTWAR PERIOD ,GDP PER CAPITA ,EXTERNAL INVESTORS ,DEBT ,MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ,RELATIVE PRICES ,CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMY ,CLARITY ,DURABLE ,GLOBAL PRIVATE SECTORS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,SECURITIES LAWS ,CENTRAL BANK ,RETURN ,AGRICULTURE ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,CAPITAL OUTFLOWS ,CAPITAL MARKET ,CREDIBILITY ,DEFICITS ,ENFORCEABILITY ,ACCUMULATION OF RESERVES ,LIBERALIZATION ,FINANCES ,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ,INFLATIONARY IMPACT ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,RESERVE ,FINANCIAL STABILITY ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,INSURANCE ,SAVINGS RATE ,CURRENT ACCOUNT ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTION ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,IMPORTS ,GROWTH RATE ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,MATURE MARKET ,RESERVE ACCUMULATION ,FISCAL POLICIES ,SUPPLY CURVE ,INTANGIBLE ,DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION ,ALLOCATION OF CAPITAL ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,CAPITAL INFLOWS ,DOMESTIC PRICES ,FOREIGN CURRENCY ,FOREIGN RESERVES ,REGULATORY SYSTEMS - Abstract
The paper examines the challenges that developing countries face in accelerating and sustaining growth. The cases of China and India are examined to illustrate a more general phenomenon which might be called model uncertainty. As a developing economy grows, its market and regulatory institutions change and their capabilities increase. As a result, growth strategies and policies and the role of government shift. Further, as the models of economies in these transitional states are incomplete and because models used to predict policy impacts in advanced economies may not provided accurate predictions in the developing economy case, growth strategies and policies need to be responsive and to evolve as the economy matures. This has lead governments in countries that have sustained high growth to be somewhat pragmatic, to treat the policy directions that emerge from the advanced economy model with circumspection, to be somewhat experimental in seeking to accelerate export diversification, to be sensitive to risks, and as a result to proceed gradually in areas such as the timing and sequencing of opening up on the current and capital accounts. The last is an area in which existing theory provides relatively little specific guidance, but in which there are relatively high risks that decline over time as the market matures. more...
- Published
- 2008
36. Battles Half Won : The Political Economy of India's Growth and Economic Policy since Independence
- Author
-
Ahmed, Sadiq and Varshney, Ashutosh
- Subjects
GROWTH RATES ,COMMAND ECONOMY ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES ,SHAREHOLDERS ,INFLATION ,EMPLOYMENT ,WAGE DIFFERENTIALS ,POLICY MAKERS ,EXCHANGE CONTROLS ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,DEBT SERVICE ,POLICY PROCESS ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,SECTORAL COMPOSITION ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,ECONOMIC BOOM ,WITHDRAWAL ,RATE OF GROWTH ,DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,TRANSPARENCY ,SKILLED WORKERS ,LABOR SUPPLY ,POLITICAL PROCESS ,CORPORATE TAX RATES ,ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,INCOMES ,HOLDING ,ECONOMIC SECTORS ,POLICY CHANGE ,REAL WAGES ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,ECONOMIC REALM ,PURCHASING POWER ,TRADE BARRIERS ,DEREGULATION ,DEVALUATION ,LONG-TERM GROWTH ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,ELASTICITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,TAX COLLECTIONS ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,REFORM PROGRAM ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,UNEQUAL SOCIETY ,POLICY IMPLICATIONS ,WORK FORCE ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,LABOR LAWS ,POLICY CIRCLES ,CURRENCY DEVALUATION ,ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES ,PUBLIC GOOD ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,URBAN POVERTY ,GDP ,LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY ,SECONDARY ENROLLMENT ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,PRO-POOR ,NATIONAL SAVINGS ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,AVERAGE GROWTH ,EXPORTS ,INDUSTRIAL POLICY ,INVESTMENT REGULATIONS ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,FISCAL POLICY ,SAVING RATE ,ECONOMIC REFORM ,EXCHANGE RATE ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,FOREIGN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,CURRENCY ,ECONOMICS PROFESSION ,INVESTMENT RATE ,INVESTMENT RATES ,INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS ,ECONOMIC HISTORY ,CENTRAL PLANNING ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,UNDERESTIMATES ,NDP ,INCOME GROUPS ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,ECONOMICS ,WAGE INCREASES ,DOWNSIDE RISKS ,POVERTY LINE ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,INVESTMENT REGIMES ,DIMINISHING RETURNS ,MARKET ECONOMY ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,LAND REFORMS ,CAPITAL FLOWS ,TAX ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,STOCK MARKET ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXCHANGE RATES ,INCOME INEQUALITIES ,LOW-INCOME ECONOMY ,CASUAL WORKERS ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,LAYOFFS ,BENEFICIARIES ,INSTRUMENT ,LABOR MARKET POLICIES ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,PRODUCTIVITY ,INVESTING ,INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES ,INFLATION RATE ,ABSOLUTE TERMS ,IMPORT TARIFFS ,POLITICAL STABILITY ,POLITICAL ECONOMIES ,RESERVES ,MARKET REFORMS ,RAPID GROWTH ,PER-CAPITA INCOME ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,DEMOCRACY ,URBAN WORKERS ,BASIC EDUCATION ,GROWTH PROCESS ,DEVELOPING WORLD ,WAGES ,RURAL POVERTY ,GROWTH PERFORMANCE ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,LABOR MARKET ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,GDP PER CAPITA ,PROFIT MOTIVE ,EQUAL RIGHTS ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,TAX CONCESSION ,DEBT ,ECONOMIC EXPANSION ,MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,TRADE POLICIES ,RESERVE BANK ,AVERAGE LEVEL ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,RETURN ,AGRICULTURE ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,INFANT MORTALITY ,PRICE CONTROLS ,DOMESTIC DEBT ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,ACCOUNTING ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,COUNTRY CASE ,REMITTANCES ,ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,MACROECONOMIC CRISIS ,NET DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,GOVERNMENT FINANCES ,OUTPUT ,RESERVE ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,EQUITY ISSUES ,SAVINGS RATE ,BARGAINING ,INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,GNP ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,POLICY STANCE ,ECONOMIC THEORIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,LABOR UNIONS ,UNSKILLED WORKERS ,STOCK MARKETS ,TRADE REGIMES ,FISCAL POLICIES ,LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ,GROWTH IMPACT ,INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES ,LABOR ABSORPTION ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS CRISIS ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,INEQUALITY DATA ,PAYMENTS CRISIS ,POWER PARITY ,ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION ,JOB CREATION ,NATIONAL SAVING ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,LABOR FORCE ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,ADVERSE EFFECTS ,CAPITAL INFLOWS ,INTEREST BURDEN ,URBAN AREAS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,POLITICAL ARENA - Abstract
Rapid growth since 1980 has transformed India from the world's 50th ranked economy in nominal U.S. dollars to the 10th largest in 2005. The growth of per capita income has helped reduce poverty. At the same time, evidence suggests that income inequality is rising and that the gap in average per capita income between the rich and poor states is growing. This paper reviews India's long term growth experience with a view to understanding the determinants of growth and the underlying political economy. The paper looks specifically at the political economy of India's growth transformation from a low-growth environment (pre-1980s) to a rapid-growth environment (post 1980s) and asks how sustainable is this transformation in view of concerns about regional disparity and income inequality. The paper concludes that the pledge that India's post-independence leadership had undertaken to abolish mass poverty remains only partially redeemed. Half the battle still lies ahead. Many more would like the fruits of the economic boom to come to them. The greatest challenge for India's policy makers today is to balance the growth momentum with inclusionary policies. more...
- Published
- 2008
37. Electoral Rules and Corruption
- Author
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Guido Tabellini, Torsten Persson, and Francesco Trebbi
- Subjects
Electoral reform ,Corruption ,Electoral system ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sample (statistics) ,jel:I0 ,Variation (linguistics) ,jel:H0 ,jel:H1 ,Voting ,Political economy ,Accountability ,Economics ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,jel:D7 ,Barriers to entry ,media_common ,Comparative Politics ,Political Economies - Abstract
Is corruption systematically related to electoral rules? A number of studies have tried to uncover economic and social determinants of corruption but, as far as we know, nobody has yet empirically investigated how electoral systems influence corruption. We try to address this lacuna in the literature, by relating corruption to different features of the electoral system in a sample from the late nineties encompassing more than 80 (developed and developing) democracies. Our empirical results are based on traditional regression methods, as well as non-parametric estimators. The evidence is consistent with the theoretical models reviewed in the paper. Holding constant a variety of economic and social variables, we find that larger voting districts – and thus lower barriers to entry – are associated with less corruption, whereas larger shares of candidates elected from party lists – and thus less individual accountability – are associated with more corruption. Altogether, proportional elections are associated with more corruption, since voting over party lists is the dominant effect, while the district magnitude effect is less robust. more...
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The culture industry and participatory audiences, by Emma Keltie.
- Author
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Stanfill, Mel
- Subjects
FANS (Persons) ,NONFICTION - Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Mobilizing the audience commodity: Digital labour in a wireless world
- Author
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Vincent Manzerolle
- Subjects
Dallas Smythe ,Digital Labour ,Audience Commodity ,Political Economies ,Communication ,Internet-enabled Mobiel Devices ,ICTs ,IMDs ,Information and Communication Technologies ,Informational Capitolism - Abstract
This paper re-examines the work of Dallas Smythe in light of the popularization of Internet-enabled mobile devices (IMD). In an era of ubiquitous connectivity Smythe’s prescient analysis of audience ‘work’ offers a historical continuum in which to understand the proliferation of IMDs in everyday life. Following Smythe’s line of analysis, this paper argues that the expansion of waged and unwaged digital labour facilitated by these devices contributes to the overall mobilization of communicative, cognitive and co-operative capacities – capacities central to the accumulation strategies of ‘informational capitalism’. As such, the rapid uptake of these devices globally is an integral component in this mobilization and subsumption. In the case of Smythe’s provocative (and somewhat controversial) concept of the audience commodity the work of the audience is materially embedded in the capitalist application of communication technologies. Consonant with Smythe’s emphasis on the centrality of communication and related technologies in the critical analysis of contemporary political economies, this paper elaborates upon the concept of digital labour by rethinking Smythe’s theory of the audience commodity as a central principle organizing the technical and social evolution of IMDs. more...
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