107 results on '"PLEDGES"'
Search Results
2. (Un)Trustworthy pledges and cooperation in social dilemmas.
- Author
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Goeschl, Timo and Soldà, Alice
- Subjects
- *
TRUST , *DILEMMA , *GOVERNMENT policy on climate change , *COOPERATION ,PARIS Agreement (2016) - Abstract
The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change introduced Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) into the process. INDCs share many features of pledges, i.e. public statements by parties in which they announce how they will behave in the social dilemma in the future. Prior evidence on how pledges enhance cooperation is inconclusive, however. We explore how differences in the information about pledgers' trustworthiness affect outcomes in a social dilemma that parallels climate change. In an online experiment, two participants interact with a randomly matched third player in a repeat maintenance game with a pledge stage. Treatments manipulate whether the third player is more or less trustworthy; and whether trustworthiness is observable. Disentangling composition and information effects, we find that only trustworthy pledgers can leverage the pledge stage for cooperation. This can explain evidence from social dilemmas such as international climate policy that reputational mechanisms in International Environmental Agreements are only effective when high-reputation countries are involved. • Prior evidence on how pledges enhance cooperation is inconclusive. • An experiment manipulates a pledger's trustworthiness and others' awareness thereof. • We find that only trustworthy pledgers can leverage the pledge stage for cooperation. • This can explain evidence from social dilemmas such as international climate policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. ‘Too Good to be True’: Unfulfilled Campaign Promises, Pledges, and Political Deceit in Zimbabwe
- Author
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Mwonzora, Gift, Mavengano, Esther, editor, and Mhute, Isaac, editor
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Pledging one’s trustworthiness through gifts: An experiment
- Author
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Giuseppe Danese and Luigi Mittone
- Subjects
pledges ,gifts ,time delay ,trust game ,tokens ,Social Sciences ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
Ethnographers have recorded many instances of tokens donated as gifts to attract new partners or strengthen ties to existing ones. We study whether gifts are an effective pledge of the donor’s trustworthiness through an experiment modeled on the trust game. We vary whether the trustee can send a token before the trustor decides whether to transfer money; whether one of the tokens is rendered salient through experimental manipulations (a vote or an incentive-compatible rule of purchase for the tokens); and whether the subjects interact repeatedly or are randomly re-matched in each round. Tokens are frequently sent in all studies in which tokens are available, but repeated interaction, rather than gifts, is the leading behavioral driver in our data. In the studies with random pairs, trustors send significantly more points when the trustee has sent a token. Subjects in a fixed matching achieve comparable levels of trust and trustworthiness in the studies with and without tokens. The trustee’s decision to send a token is not predictive of the amount the trustee returns to the trustor. A token is used more sparingly whenever salient — a novel instance of endogenous value creation in the lab.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Pledging one's trustworthiness through gifts: An experiment.
- Author
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Danese, Giuseppe and Mittone, Luigi
- Subjects
- *
TRUST , *VALUE creation - Abstract
Ethnographers have recorded many instances of tokens donated as gifts to attract new partners or strengthen ties to existing ones. We study whether gifts are an effective pledge of the donor's trustworthiness through an experiment modeled on the trust game. We vary whether the trustee can send a token before the trustor decides whether to transfer money; whether one of the tokens is rendered salient through experimental manipulations (a vote or an incentive-compatible rule of purchase for the tokens); and whether the subjects interact repeatedly or are randomly re-matched in each round. Tokens are frequently sent in all studies in which tokens are available, but repeated interaction, rather than gifts, is the leading behavioral driver in our data. In the studies with random pairs, trustors send significantly more points when the trustee has sent a token. Subjects in a fixed matching achieve comparable levels of trust and trustworthiness in the studies with and without tokens. The trustee's decision to send a token is not predictive of the amount the trustee returns to the trustor. A token is used more sparingly whenever salient -- a novel instance of endogenous value creation in the lab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Do pledges lead to more volunteering? An experimental study.
- Author
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Capra, C. Mónica, Jiang, Bing, and Su, Yuxin
- Subjects
- *
VOLUNTEERS , *VOLUNTEER service , *CHARITABLE giving , *ALTRUISM - Abstract
The effect of pledges on donations is ambiguous. Pledges can boost donations because pledges make it easier for people to accept a request without incurring the costs of donating right away. However, pledges can also decrease donations because individuals who pledge renege on their promises. In this paper, we study the effect of pledges on volunteering using an online experiment. We find that pledges decrease immediate rejection to volunteering requests, but pledges are often reneged later, resulting in no overall change in volunteering rates. We provide a theoretical framework for understanding the conditions under which these results emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The Green Climate Fund: History, Institution, Pledges, Investment Criteria
- Author
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Seo, S. Niggol and Seo, S. Niggol
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Washington International Renewable Energy Conference 2008 Pledges: Methodology and Assumptions Summary
- Author
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Wise, A
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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9. Washington International Renewable Energy Conference (WIREC) 2008 Pledges. Methodology and Assumptions Summary
- Author
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Wise, Alison [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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10. Capturing the legislative priorities of transnational Europarties and the European Commission: A pledge approach.
- Author
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Kostadinova, Petia and Giurcanu, Magda
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL parties , *ELECTIONS - Abstract
This article presents a new dataset of pledges made by Europarties during the 2004 and 2009 European Parliament elections, as well as pre-legislative priorities of the European Commission following these elections. The data cover two legislative cycles in the period 2004–2013. The article discusses the rationale behind the development of this dataset, the coding, and the measurement of the variables, and it highlights the applicability of these data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Ideological congruence between party rhetoric and policy-making.
- Author
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Bischof, Daniel
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL parties , *LAW , *POLITICAL competition , *POLICY sciences , *RHETORIC & politics , *POLITICAL communication , *NUCLEAR energy policy , *FUKUSHIMA Nuclear Accident, Fukushima, Japan, 2011 - Abstract
Scholars, citizens and journalists alike question whether political parties keep their electoral promises. A growing body of literature provides empirical evidence that parties do indeed keep their electoral pledges. Yet little is known about the congruence between party rhetoric between elections and the policies delivered by them. Given the increasing influence of party rhetoric in the media with respect to voting decisions, it is highly relevant to understand if parties ‘walk like they talk’. The article suggests that due to electoral reasons parties face strong incentives to deliver policy outputs which are congruent to their daily rhetoric. Analysing data on 54 policy outputs on nuclear energy, drafted by 24 parties after the Fukushima accident, the analysis finds overwhelming evidence that parties deliver ideologically congruent policy outputs to their rhetoric (incongruent only in 7.89%). These findings have important implications for our understanding of the linkage between party communication and the masses in modern media democracies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Making a 'Pledge': Moral Suasion and Health Promotion Practice
- Author
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Glenn Laverack
- Subjects
health promotion ,moral suasion ,harm reduction ,fear-based interventions ,health coaching ,pledges ,motivational interviewing ,Technology ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
Moral suasion offers a versatile and low-cost approach to influence social norms and risky health behaviours, but is often neglected in health promotion in favour of using educational approaches. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges and the benefits of using moral suasion in health promotion. Past and present experiences of using moral suasion to promote health are discussed in conjunction with other approaches, such as harm reduction. The challenge of using moral suasion as an approach is that it focuses on individual behaviour change, rather than addressing the broader structural causes of poor health. However, the paper concludes that the versatility of the moral suasion approach and the success of using “pledges„ means that it can be an important intervention, alongside other educational and motivational techniques, to help to change behaviours at the individual and collective levels.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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13. Das Pfand in der Herrschaftspraxis Heinrichs von Kärnten. Die Innsbrucker Handschrift IC 18 in rechtshistorischer Perspektive. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 1 / 2022
- Subjects
Henry of Carinthia ,Middle Ages ,pledges ,practice of government ,Tyrol,Jurisprudence - Abstract
The late Middle Ages are often referred to as the ‘age of pledges’ (‘Verpfändungszeitalter’). Given the importance ofthe pledge for the life of noble society, it is only understandable why this legal institution attracted and still attractsthe attention of so many scholars across Europe. By contrast, the pledge policy pursued by Henry of Carinthia inTyrol between 1295 and 1335 has always been a more‐or‐less neglected topic. However, Henry was constantly onthe lookout for money and, throughout his life, surrounded himself with pledgees. This paper thus intends to describevarious legal aspects of these pledge relationships. The analysis of the pledge contracts registered in the Innsbruckmanuscript IC 18 should eventually result in a new view of the personality of Henry of Carinthia, blamed byhistorians for squandering the fortune inherited from his father, the great Menhart II.
- Published
- 2022
14. Granting Security Interests over Tangible Moveable Property in Sweden: A Comparative Study with the Australian System.
- Author
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Frixou, James
- Subjects
COLLATERAL security ,PERSONAL property ,COMPARATIVE law - Abstract
This article examines the current system in Sweden for creating and perfecting security interests over tangible moveable property and the recent proposed changes to the law, which, if enacted, will overhaul long-standing legal principles that have been part of the Swedish legal system fo r approximately one hundred years. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed changes are discussed and a comparison is drawn to the Australian system which has undergone extensive reform in recent years in this particular area. Note that this article was written on 14 September 2015 so is updated as per the law as of that date and no later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
15. Comparative institutional analysis for public health
- Author
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Dirk Ruwaard, Mark Petticrew, Nicholas Mays, Cécile Knai, Maria Jansen, Marleen Bekker, Jan-Kees Helderman, Health Services Research, and RS: CAPHRI - R2 - Creating Value-Based Health Care
- Subjects
RESPONSIBILITY DEAL ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Civil society ,Governance and Innovation in Social Services (GAINS) ,Public administration ,Public-Private Sector Partnerships ,03 medical and health sciences ,Politics ,Adversarial system ,0302 clinical medicine ,Political science ,050602 political science & public administration ,medicine ,Institutional analysis ,Humans ,Life Science ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Cooperative Behavior ,Gezondheid en Maatschappij ,Netherlands ,Government ,Social Responsibility ,Corporate governance ,Public health ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,GOVERNANCE ,Articles ,POLICY ,0506 political science ,PLEDGES ,Health and Society ,England ,Accountability ,Public Health ,PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP ,Delivery of Health Care ,Public Health Administration - Abstract
Democratic institutions and state-society relations shape governance arrangements and expectations between public and private stakeholders about public health impact. We illustrate this with a comparison between the English Public Health Responsibility Deal (RD) and the Dutch ‘All About Health…’ (AaH) programme. As manifestations of a Whole-of-Society approach, in which governments, civil society and business take responsibility for the co-production of economic utility and good health, these programmes are two recent collaborative platforms based on voluntary agreements to improve public health. Using a ‘most similar cases’ design, we conducted a comparative secondary analysis of data from the evaluations of the two programmes. The underlying rationale of both programmes was that voluntary agreements would be better suited than regulation to encourage business and civil society to take more responsibility for improving health. Differences between the two included: expectations of an enforcing versus facilitative role for government; hierarchical versus horizontal coordination; big business versus civil society participants; top-down versus bottom-up formulation of voluntary pledges and progress monitoring for accountability versus for learning and adaptation. Despite the attempt in both programmes to base voluntary commitments on trust, the English ‘shadow of hierarchy’ and adversarial state-society relationships conditioned non-governmental parties to see the pledges as controlling, quasi-contractual agreements that were only partially lived up to. The Dutch consensual political tradition enabled a civil society-based understanding and gradual acceptance of the pledges as the internalization by partner organizations of public health values within their operations. We conclude that there are institutional limitations to the implementation of generic trust-building and learning-based models of change ‘Whole-of-Society’ approaches.
- Published
- 2018
16. Die Policy-Bilanz der Regierung Faymann I.
- Author
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Praprotnik, Katrin
- Abstract
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- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The Analysis of Coalition Parties´ Election Programme Fulfillment: Czech Case Study
- Abstract
In multi-party democratic systems, where there is no absolute majority, the political parties are forced to cooperate. The cooperation is built on negotiations that result in several side effects including also concessions and compromises in the program. This analysis focused on the fulfillment of the coalition party promises in the Czech Republic, specifically on Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka´s government. The input data of the research consisted of a prepared set of testable political promises from the pre-election programs of selected political parties. The promises were compared with the contents of the coalition agreement, the government's policy statement. It was found that coalition political parties selected by the government within the framework of coalition cooperation managed to enforce approximately 36 % of their election promises. At the program level, 24 % of promises were enforced. In areas that increase the personal budget of voters, government political parties have pushed 76 % of promises. Regardless of their cooperation, they made approx. 52 % of the election promises during the parliamentary term. The dominant party of the government was the CSSD., Ve vícestranných demokratických systémech, kde neexistuje absolutní většina, jsou politické strany nuceny spolupracovat. Spolupráce je založena na jednáních, jejichž výsledkem je několik vedlejších účinků, včetně ústupků a kompromisů v programu. Tato analýza se zaměřila na splnění slibů koaličních stran v České republice, konkrétně na vládu premiéra Bohuslava Sobotky. Vstupní data výzkumu spočívala v připravené sadě prokazatelných politických slibů z předvolebních programů vybraných politických stran. Sliby byly porovnány s obsahem koaliční dohody a vládním politickým prohlášení. Bylo zjištěno, že vládní politické strany v rámci koaliční spolupráce dokázaly prosadit přibližně 36% svých volebních slibů. Na úrovni programu bylo dodrženo 24% slibů. V oblastech, které zvyšují osobní rozpočet voličů, vládní politické strany prosadily 76% slibů. Bez ohledu na jejich koaliční spolupráci prosadily během volebního období strany 52% volebních slibů. Dominantní stranou vlády byla ČSSD.
- Published
- 2020
18. Honesty and Full Disclosure.
- Subjects
HONESTY ,DISCLOSURE ,FUNDRAISING ,ETHICS ,EXECUTIVE compensation ,INTERPERSONAL relations - Abstract
Questions about ethical fundraising frequently focus on donor privacy, bonus structures, executive compensation, personal relationships between donors and staff members, and fundraising costs. These queries usually reveal issues of honesty and full disclosure. This chapter offers guidance on ethical issues requiring honesty and full disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Explaining coalition-bargaining outcomes: Evidence from Austria, 2002–2008.
- Author
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Schermann, Katrin and Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz
- Subjects
- *
COALITION governments , *POLITICAL parties , *GOVERNMENT policy , *IDEOLOGY , *CONTENT analysis , *SCHOLARS - Abstract
Most analyses of policy outcomes from coalition-bargaining have hitherto been conducted within a spatial framework that requires the aggregation of coalition policy into a small number of point estimates. Such an approach, however, is limited in terms of the level of specificity at which it can operate. This article therefore draws on the methodology from the pledge fulfilment literature in order to provide a more in-depth examination of coalition-bargaining outcomes. We are thus able to take advantage of the fact that contemporary coalition agreements provide a wealth of detailed information on the government’s prospective course of policy action. Based on a quantitative text analysis of election manifestos, a dataset of over 1,000 election pledges is used to test a number of hypotheses on the adoption of policies in Austrian coalition agreements between 2002 and 2008. The multivariate models yield strong support for the hypotheses and suggest that the methodological approach has the potential to enhance our understanding of coalition-bargaining. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Economic Monitoring Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
BUDGET DEFICITS ,INVESTMENT ,TAX EXEMPTIONS ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,CREDIT GUARANTEE ,LIQUIDATION ,INFLATION ,BLACK MARKET ,PRIVATE LENDING ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,EMPLOYMENT ,WATER ,INDIRECT COSTS ,DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY ,INVESTOR CONFIDENCE ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,RENEWABLE ENERGY ,INVESTMENTS ,TRADE SECTORS ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,MIDDLEMEN ,PLEDGE ,FISCAL BURDEN ,STOCK ,RECOVERY ,POVERTY ,INVESTORS ,PENSION ,HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT ,REGULAR PAYMENTS ,SHARES ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,TRANSACTIONS ,NON-PERFORMING LOANS ,FRAUD ,DOMESTIC BANK ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,ECONOMIC RECOVERY ,DIGITAL IN ,REFORM AGENDA ,INTERESTS ,MORTGAGE ,BANK ACCOUNTS ,PENSIONS ,DEPOSITS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,DIGITAL DIVIDE ,ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS ,CORONOAVIRUS ,BANKING ,public financial management ,TAX COLLECTIONS ,MONETARY POLICY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,DEFICIT FINANCING ,FOREIGN BANKS ,DISBURSEMENT ,LIQUIDITY ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,ARREARS ,INCOME LEVELS ,GUARANTEES ,DISTRIBUTION OF CREDIT ,MARKET ,GAZA ,PROPERTY ,CASH FLOW ,BUDGET DEFICIT ,LENDING PORTFOLIOS ,FIXED CAPITAL ,TAX RATE ,TAX SYSTEMS ,TAX OBLIGATION ,DISBURSEMENTS ,CURRENCIES ,CONTINGENT LIABILITY ,CRISIS MANAGEMENT ,BANKRUPTCY ,TAX OBLIGATIONS ,REPAYMENT SCHEDULE ,BUDGETS ,BONDED WAREHOUSES ,GOVERNMENT REVENUES ,INCOME TAX ,SECURITY ,DOMESTIC BORROWING ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,Palestinian Authority ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LIABILITY ,ENERGY SECURITY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,GOOD ,EQUIPMENT ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,REVENUE ,CURRENCY ,RECURRENT DEFICIT ,PRIVATE CREDIT ,WASTEWATER ,INCOME LEVEL ,TRADE FINANCE ,LOAN ,COMMODITY PRICES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,NONPERFORMING LOANS ,FUTURE ,HUMANITARIAN CRISIS ,MONEY AND BANKING ,FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY ,CREDIT HISTORY ,REPAYMENT ,ISSUANCE ,DOMESTIC ARREARS ,INVESTOR ,DOMESTIC BANKING ,TRADING ,CONSTRAINTS ,COVID-19 ,GOVERNMENT INVESTMENTS ,PROFIT MARGIN ,SOFT LOAN ,PENSION SYSTEM ,REVENUES ,CASH TRANSFER ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,DEFICIT ,INVESTMENT SPENDING ,FISCAL TRENDS ,TRANSACTION ,DUAL USE RESTRICTIONS ,VALUATION ,TAX ,BANKING SYSTEM ,BUDGET ,PENSION FUND ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,EXCHANGE RATES ,CHEMICALS ,TRUST FUND ,DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,DEBT INSTRUMENT ,DEBT OBLIGATION ,DEBT REPAYMENT ,BANK LENDING ,LENDING ,BENEFICIARIES ,TERRORISM ,INSTRUMENT ,PANDEMIC IMPACT ,PARTIAL CREDIT ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,PUBLIC INVESTMENTS ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,PLEDGES ,GUARANTEE ,ECONOMIC DECLINE ,ARREARS ACCUMULATION ,GOODS ,PROMISSORY NOTES ,LOANS ,fiscal policy ,TAX COLLECTION ,CHECK ,PAYMENT SYSTEM ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,ENERGY SUPPLY ,SOLVENCY ,TARIFF ,LIVING STANDARDS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,BASIC EDUCATION ,FINANCE ,FINANCIAL DISTRESS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS ,POLITICAL RISKS ,POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY ,RECONSTRUCTION ,LIABILITIES ,LEVIES ,LABOR MARKET ,CREDIT BUREAU ,EXPORTER ,CIVIL SERVICE ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMER LOANS ,DEBT ,BANKING SECTOR ,BANK BORROWING ,HEALTH SECTOR ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,ELECTRICITY COST ,CENTRAL BANK ,DEFICITS ,PUBLIC FUNDS ,EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,PORTFOLIOS ,FINANCES ,LEARNING LOSS ,BROADBAND ,BANK FINANCING ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,PRIVATE INVESTORS ,INSURANCE ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,DUAL USE GOODS ,MORTGAGE LOANS ,TREASURY ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES ,WAREHOUSES ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,LOCAL BANKS ,business environment ,EXPENDITURES ,NATURAL GAS ,MONETARY AUTHORITY ,MONETARY FUND ,ENERGY TRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURE ,INVESTMENT BANK ,Area C ,TRADE RESTRICTIONS ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,LEVY ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,CHECKS ,SHARE ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,CASH PAYMENT ,TAX DEDUCTIONS ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
After a steady improvement in the fiscal position over the past decade, the standoff over clearance revenues has severely constrained the PA budget, leading to a significant expansion in expenditure arrears. Going forward, however, uncertainty about a resolution for the clearance revenue standoff will weigh on the economy. Over the last two decades, the Palestinian economy has been driven by large inflows of transfers as other sources of growth have been long-hindered by the ongoing Israeli restrictions on movement and access. Under a baseline scenario which assumes a continuation of the Israeli restrictions, persistence of the internal divide between the West Bank and Gaza and a decline in aid levels, the Palestinian economy is expected to slip into a recession in 2020 and 2021, even if additional, one-off transfers from clearance revenues are made. As financial buffers are depleted, the reduced revenues will require sizable cuts in public spending, which in turn would translate in reduced consumption and investment. The decline in growth implies a sizable decline in real per capita income and a rise in poverty. The Palestinian financial sector continues to face substantial risks against the backdrop of the fiscal crisis. The negative impact of the deepening fiscal crisis on the quality of loan portfolios across the banking sector has started to materialize as both non-performing loans and classified loans have been on an upward trajectory. With the severe liquidity shortage facing the PA, it has resorted to domestic banks to finance its needs raising the sector’s exposure to the PA for the first time in a number of years. Banks are also rescheduling outstanding loans held by PA employees who are receiving a reduced salary, compounding the destabilizing effect on the sector. However, the fact that the PA is simultaneously building up an asset in the form of tax revenues not received from the GoI ameliorates the situation as the increased exposure may be seen as a temporary trend. Another cause of concern is a possible disruption in Correspondent Banking Relationships (CBRs) between Palestinian banks and their Israeli counterparts due to de-risking by Israeli banks. The immunity and indemnity package given by the GoI to banks with CBRs are set to expire in May 2020 and February 2021, respectively, when a longer term and more sustainable intervention is expected to be in place. While resolving the fiscal crisis is an immediate priority there remains a broader reform agenda to improve the economy and Palestinian living standards.
- Published
- 2020
21. DALLE PAROLE AI FATTI: L'ATTUAZIONE DEL PROGRAMMA DI GOVERNO.
- Author
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Conti, Nicolò and Memoli, Vincenzo
- Subjects
ITALIAN politics & government ,CAMPAIGN promises ,GOVERNMENT policy ,GOVERNMENT accountability ,HISTORY - Abstract
The empirical research has proved the importance of pledge fulfillment in governments' life. By establishing policy goals, pledges define the relationship between governments and parties and make the former accountable to citizens. Some recent studies argued that the Italian government is moving slowly toward a model of pledge fulfillment, while legislative particularism has become less central. However, the Berlusconi IV cabinet challenged this tendency. In the article, this cabinet is examined into depth and compared to other cabinets of the Italian Second Republic and in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
22. The effect of updated pledges and business-as-usual projections, and new agreed rules on expected global greenhouse gas emissions in 2020.
- Author
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Hof, Andries F., den Elzen, Michel G.J., and Roelfsema, Mark
- Subjects
GREENHOUSE gases ,EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CARBON dioxide mitigation - Abstract
Highlights: [•] This study compares 2020 emission levels from pledges to those consistent with 2°C. [•] For a likely chance of 2°C, we find an emission gap of 8.7–12.6GtCO
2 equiv. by 2020. [•] The pledges could achieve 24–54% of the mitigation effort consistent with 2°C. [•] The effect of accounting rules is lower than in the UNEP (2012) emission gap report. [•] An emission gap does not imply that the 2°C target is definitely out of reach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Public interest in the extinction of a species may lead to an increase in donations to a large conservation charity.
- Author
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Clements, Christopher
- Subjects
PLANT species diversity ,BIOSPHERE ,BIOLOGICAL extinction ,BIODIVERSITY ,PLANT conservation ,PUBLIC interest - Abstract
The extinction of a species is an event that often captures the public's imagination. Indeed, declaring a species as extinct is typically though of as a way of raising awareness of the impacts humanity is having on the global biosphere. However, thus far there is little evidence to suggest whether declaring a species as extinct leads to increased public concern, and whether this concern may in turn lead to support to slow future biodiversity loss. To assess this, I look to see whether there is any increase in the number of donations made to a large conservation charity after five recent, well-publicised extinction events that have generated public interest. I find that peaks in public interest in a species that has been reported as extinct may correspond to an increase in the number of donations made, but that other conservation related events may also affect month-month variation in the number of pledges made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Pledge by Constructive Delivery in Hong Kong.
- Author
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Yung, Patrick
- Subjects
LANDLORD-tenant relations ,PLEDGES (Law) ,RECEIPTS (Acknowledgments) ,ESTOPPEL ,LAW - Abstract
The article examines two recent cases in Hong Kong, Re Far East Structural Steelwork Engineering Ltd and Re Hang Fung Jewellery Co Ltd. Issues raised in the cases include the use of receipts, whether an attornment leads to an estoppel, and what elements are required to create a pledge in a transaction.
- Published
- 2013
25. Development of Banking Law in Russia: 2011-2012.
- Author
-
Burkova, Anastasia
- Subjects
BANKING laws ,SURETYSHIP & guaranty -- Law & legislation ,DISPUTE resolution ,PLEDGES (Law) ,COURTS ,LOAN agreements ,LEGAL liability ,DEBTOR & creditor - Abstract
The article discusses the legal aspects of the development of banking law in Russia in 2011-2012, focusing on an analysis of bank guarantees, dispute resolution practices, and the plurality of pledgees under the Higher Arbitrazh Court. The nation's Federal Law No. of 405-FZ on pledge enforcement is addressed, along with suretyship agreements and the Russian Civil Code. Other topics include the liability imposed on sureties and debtors, loan agreements, and the validity of banking commissions.
- Published
- 2013
26. Vliv koalic politických stran na plnění volebního programu
- Abstract
Cílem práce bylo zjistit, do jaké míry jsou vládní politické strany v prostředí České republiky schopné splnit předvolební sliby, ke kterým se zavázaly. V první části diplomové práce jsou shrnuty obecné poznatky o teorii veřejné volby a koaličním vládnutí. Druhá část se zabývá procesem koaličního vyjednávání o vzniku vybrané vlády v České republice a konkrétní analýzou plnění předvolebních programů stran, které tuto vládu vytvořily., The target of my work is to find out how much the government political parties are able to fulfill pre-election promises. The first part of my Diploma Work summarizes some general information about the theory of public voting and coalition ruling. The second part deals with a process of the coalition negotiation about the establishment of a selected government in the Czech Republic and the analysis of keeping the pre-election programmes of the parties which have created this government., Fakulta ekonomicko-správní, Student seznámil komisi se svou prací na téma Vliv politických stran na plnění volebního programu. Prezentoval především výsledky své práce - podíly splnění slibů z volebních programů koaličních stran podle různých hledisek. Student zodpověděl otázky:V závěru práce uvádíte, že analyzovaná koalice splnila cca 50 % svých cílů. Uveďte, zda minimální hranice nutná pro vstup do Sněmovny může ovlivnit tuto míru a pokud ano, jak. Je podle vás splnění slibů na 50 % postačující? Jaký mají důvod aktuálně vznikající strany pro to, že se zříkají označení levice a pravice? Komise ohodnotila obhajobu práce stupněm výborně.
- Published
- 2019
27. Kinship in the mid-nineteenth-century village: An introduction.
- Author
-
Sabean, David Warren
- Abstract
By the 1830s the structural changes associated with the agricultural revolution were well in place. Stall feeding had clearly triumphed and the village had reorganized and intensified its pasture and meadowland. The fallow field was largely planted to fodder crops, and the production of potatoes had risen considerably. Root and fodder crops involved long hours of careful hoeing, carried out for the most part by women. They continually harvested green fodder crops and grass throughout the summer and carried them in hay kerchiefs on their heads from the fields to the stalls in the village. The 1830s were years of intensive flax cultivation, preparation, and spinning – all tasks in which women were predominant. During the previous two decades a new emphasis had been placed on having sufficient firewood for washing day, another aspect in the revision and reorganization of women's work during the period. An ideal of cleanliness and housewifery had developed in the village precisely at the time when women were being drawn into agriculture in a massive way. I have suggested in Volume I that the intensified production routines were part of the explanation for the wave of conflict between husbands and wives that characterized the first four decades of the century. By the 1830s, the new division of labor had triumphed, and within a decade or so some accommodation between husbands and wives had taken place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Smith's historical jurisprudence.
- Author
-
Haakonssen, Knud
- Abstract
Introduction We have in the previous chapters discussed the analytic and critical aspects of Smith's jurisprudence. One of the most unusual features of his planned discourse, however, is that it should deal not only with ‘the general principles of law and government’ but also with ‘the different revolutions they have undergone in the different ages and periods of society’. While this historical dimension may seem strange to modern eyes, the history of law has two rather obvious functions within the framework of Smith's argument. First, as we saw on pp. 151–2, we only gain an understanding of how the principles of the impartial spectator work in practice by studying how men have tried, and maybe failed, to use them. And secondly, the history of law explains the present state of the law which is the object of critical evaluation from the standpoint of natural justice. This evaluation consists in ‘negative’ tests for injustice within a given system of law, and it is therefore of obvious importance to understand how this system arrived at its present composition. It is particularly important to see whether the necessity which led to the introduction of the various laws of police was genuine and whether it continues to be of vital importance to the country. If the answer is negative, then the laws in question fall within the ambit of natural justice, and if they are in conflict with its principles, they are condemned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1981
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Smith's analytical jurisprudence.
- Author
-
Haakonssen, Knud
- Abstract
The legal system The view of justice as a negative virtue which we have traced in The Theory of Moral Sentiments is obviously that which has traditionally been called commutative justice. Smith is well aware that this is not the only meaning the word has taken in the philosophical tradition, and he is always careful to distinguish it sharply from distributive justice. In the latter sense ‘Justice consists in the proper exercise of all the social and beneficent Virtues’ and it is therefore simply a collective label for all the positive virtues. It is, however, the negative virtue ‘which can alone properly be called Justice’, and which is the basis for all law. Its negative character lends it precision so that it is formulated spontaneously in clear and universal rules, and the primacy of the negative gives it an urgency which with equal spontaneity leads men to attempt to enforce these rules. However, since men are hardly likely to have a clear view of justice in cases where their own interests are involved, ‘civil society would become a scene of bloodshed and disorder, every man revenging himself at his own hand whenever he fancied he was injured’, unless the actual spectators in the social group intervened. As we shall see later, this spectator intervention is one of the original and one of the most important governmental functions, and it is the origin of all law: The wisdom of every state or commonwealth endeavours, as well as it can, to employ the force of the society to restrain those who are subject to its authority, from hurting or disturbing the happiness of one another. […] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1981
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The electoral connection and ministerial ambition.
- Author
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Cox, Gary W.
- Abstract
Why did men in the nineteenth century seek to enter Parliament? How many wished to stay once they had entered the “best club in London,” and how many aimed higher, eyeing a position in the ministry? In studying an age before surveys or polls, the answers to these questions must be largely indirect. But the answers are important. If members coveted admittance to the ministry, the Premier, who held the power of appointment, could establish a strong inducement to loyalty by making it clear that those who too frequently dissented would generally not receive office. Since members who sought ministerial positions usually had to acquire a certain amount of parliamentary experience – especially if they aspired to the Cabinet – they must have become at least instrumentally concerned with reelection, and a natural preliminary question concerns the number of members who sought to (and the number who did) stay in Parliament long enough to have a realistic shot at the ministry and especially the Cabinet. Interest in reelection could stem from sources other than ministerial ambition, however, and the question of how many members were willing to put up with increasingly frequent election contests and the rigors of serving ever-larger popular constituencies is of interest in its own right. In the next section of this chapter, the desire of members to stay in office is reconnoitered. The second section turns to the question of specifically ministerial ambition and its significance for party discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Sharing developed countries’ post-2012 greenhouse gas emission reductions based on comparable efforts.
- Author
-
den Elzen, Michel G. J., Höhne, Niklas, Hagemann, Markus M., Vliet, Jasper van, and van Vuuren, Detlef P.
- Subjects
UNITED Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) ,GREENHOUSE gases - Abstract
The Bali Action Plan as adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2007, states that Annex I (developed) countries should reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, based on comparable efforts. Within this context, we have explored various comparable effort approaches (for example, equal marginal abatement costs for all countries) for reducing emissions by the year 2020 for individual countries and regions. In all calculations, the total reduction for Annex I countries as a group is assumed to be 30% below 1990 levels. In the analysis, we compare the reduction targets as calculated from the different approaches with the emission reductions as pledged by these countries as part of the Copenhagen Accord, as drafted under the UNFCCC in 2009. Our analysis indicates that the different elements in these calculations may cause a diversity in outcomes and that, therefore, individual countries may favour certain elements over others. These elements include (a) the choice of the approach itself (the same approach may produce very different outcomes for countries with diverging national circumstances, such as Canada and Russia); (b) the reference year (such as 1990 or 2006 emissions, is very important for countries with an increase in emissions since 1990 (e.g. the United States, Canada) or for those that have lower emission levels (e.g. Russia, the Ukraine)); and (c) rules on land use (these are important for countries with large forest areas). It should be noted that the stringency of the individual countries’ reductions as pledged, differs substantially from the stringency of the reduction targets calculated from the effort-sharing approaches. The current pledges by both the European Union and the United States, are lower than the reductions that would be obtained in the effort-sharing approaches for a 30% overall reduction in Annex I countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Pledges, mitigation and adaptation : experimental evidence
- Abstract
submitted by: Natalie Struwe, Universität Innsbruck, Masterarbeit, 2018, (VLID)2393709
- Published
- 2018
33. From the Pledge to the Sharing
- Author
-
Rito, Maria Teresa Perdigão Santos Oliveira and Instituto de Estudos de Literatura e Tradição (IELT - NOVA FCSH)
- Subjects
SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities ,Massa sovada (Sweet bread) ,Azores ,Ritual food ,Pledges - Abstract
UID/ELT/00657/2013 The archipelago of the Azores is composed of 9 islands located in the Atlantic Ocean. Each island has its own strong cultural identity and specific geographical, geological and environmental characteristics. The habits of these islands have been influenced by the strong immigration to the U.S.A. and Canada. However, their eating habits have changed very little. Each island has its own specific gastronomy but they all have just one sweet in common: Massa Sovada (a type of sweet bread). Wherever the Azoreans are, massa sovada is present. We can find it in all festivities and gatherings. It has always been associated with festivities and offerings. It functions as the unification element between communities. However, each island can give it a different name. This archipelago celebrates the Cult of The Holy Ghost. All communities get together each year to prepare the communal feast, share food and present the offerings to the divinity. Massa sovada is always present. This research analyses the symbolic meaning of such a food, as an offering to the divinity and a sharing act between family members and neighbors, during the Holy Ghost Feasts, weddings, baptisms and pig-slaughtering. It registers its function as an identity element of the Azores Islands. publishersversion published
- Published
- 2018
34. Public Statements of Good Conduct Promote Pro-Social Behavior
- Author
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Koessler, Ann-Kathrin, Page, Lionel, and Dulleck, Uwe
- Subjects
social dilemma ,C72 ,public good ,pledges ,C91 ,commitment ,ddc:330 ,H41 ,policy making ,pro-social behavior ,compliance ,A13 - Abstract
Voluntary and compulsory public statements of good conduct are frequently observed in the real world, such as the codes of good conduct for professionals or the requirements of academic journals to affirm that research was carried out ethically. In this study, we investigate what effect public statements of good conduct have on contribution behavior in a public goods experiment. Using a 'between-within subjects design' we identify three channels by which non-enforceable statements of intent are associated with higher levels of contributions to the public good. First, in a selection effect, socially-oriented participants are more likely in the experiment to make a public statement. Second, in a commitment effect, participants who make a public statement are contributing more to the public good. Third, in a coordination effect, aggregate contributions are higher when 'Statement-Makers' observe that also other group members make the statement. The latter explains why compulsory statements of good conduct are in our experiment more effective over time.
- Published
- 2018
35. SECURITY.
- Author
-
Stamatiou, Costas
- Subjects
PLEDGES (Law) ,STOCK certificates ,JUDICIAL power ,LAW enforcement ,STOCK prices ,LAW - Abstract
The article reports on the laws made for the regulation of securities and stock market in Cyprus. Topics discussed include laws made for the regulation of pledges of shares in Cyprus, law enforcement for the judicial powers and importance of price of shares as well as significance of stock certificates for the corporate organizations in Cyprus.
- Published
- 2014
36. O cumprimento das promessas eleitorais na área da educação em Portugal: análise comparativa dos partidos políticos com assento parlamentar (1995-2015)
- Author
-
Jorge, Pedro Alexandre Silveira and Belchior, Ana Maria
- Subjects
Public Policies ,Educação ,Portugal ,Ciência política ,Ciências Sociais::Ciências Políticas [Domínio/Área Científica] ,Partidos políticos ,Campanha eleitoral ,Análise comparativa ,Política pública ,Pledges ,Education - Abstract
A teoria do mandato serve de referência a muitos trabalhos que analisam a medida em que os partidos políticos cumprem as promessas eleitorais e, consequentemente, implementam políticas. É esta ligação entre promessa e política que nos ocupa neste trabalho. Esta permitirá aferir a medida em que a estrutura do governo, quer este seja maioritário ou minoritário; a posição que o partido ocupa na oposição ou no governo; ou mesmo até qual o poder que o partido tem para influenciar uma decisão de governo, são relevantes para que um partido cumpra com as suas promessas num momento pós-eleição. A pesquisa apoia-se numa análise que compreende vários momentos de governo entre 1995 e 2015 e que recorre à metodologia do CAP - uma metodologia internacional que foi criada para análises comparativas em políticas públicas - para determinar qual atenção dada pelos partidos acerca das políticas educativas nos seus manifestos e qual a taxa de implementação destas políticas. A análise é focada na atenção política dada à área da educação nos manifestos eleitorais dos partidos, e não no conteúdo substantivo das promessas eleitorais, que poderá servir de base a muitos outros estudos em diferentes áreas das políticas públicas. The mandate theory is the main reference for studies that focus on how parties manage to uphold their electoral pledges and, consequently, implement policy initiatives based on them. It is this program-to-policy linkage that concerns us here. This theory will allow us to understand how the government structure, be it a majority or minority government; the position that the party holds as a member of the opposition or of the government; or even the de facto power position it holds in parliament that could allow it to influence government decisions – all of these are relevant to determine the ability of the party to fulfill its pledges in a post-election period. This research is focused on several government moments comprised between 1995 and 2015 and uses the CAP methodology as its main compass – an international methodology that was created for comparison purposes between public policies - to determine which role education policies fill in party manifestoes and the implementation rate of these policies. A study that focuses on the level of political attention devoted to public policy in education, rather than on the content of these very pledges, and which could provide solid ground for further research in public policy theory.
- Published
- 2017
37. Addressing Debt Vulnerabilities in Small States : The Potential Role of New Financing Instruments
- Author
-
Haque, Tobias, Partow, Zeinab, Varma, Sona, and Oliveira, Luiz Edgard
- Subjects
MARKET ACCESS ,COMMERCIAL TERMS ,INVESTMENT ,TOTAL DEBT ,DEBT STATISTICS ,BUDGET ,PUBLIC EXTERNAL DEBT ,DEBT EXCHANGES ,DEBT FORGIVENESS ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT ,TRUST FUND ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS ,DISCOUNT ,TOTAL EXTERNAL DEBT ,EXTERNAL FINANCING ,CREDITOR ,STOCKS ,DEBT SERVICE OBLIGATIONS ,MATURITIES ,BILATERAL DONORS ,INVESTMENTS ,REAL INTEREST RATE ,EXTERNAL DEBT SERVICE ,INVESTING ,DOMESTIC CURRENCY ,GOVERNMENT BORROWING ,INTERNATIONAL DEBT ,COMMERCIAL CREDITORS ,MACROECONOMIC RISKS ,RETURNS ,DEBT SERVICE ,PLEDGES ,DEBT SERVICE REDUCTION ,DEBT RATIOS ,GRACE PERIODS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,LEGAL OBLIGATION ,AMORTIZATION PAYMENTS ,DEBT CRISES ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS ,SOLVENCY ,DEBT LEVELS ,HOLDING ,DEBT RELIEF INITIATIVES ,MARKETS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,CREDITORS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES ,FINANCE ,EXPORTERS ,DEBT MARKETS ,DEBT LEVEL ,ACCESS TO FINANCING ,DIVERSIFIED PORTFOLIOS ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,DOMESTIC MARKETS ,DEBT ACCUMULATION ,SWAPS ,LIABILITIES ,INDEBTEDNESS ,EXTERNAL DEBT STOCK ,SWAP ,PRIVATE DEBT ,MULTILATERAL CREDITORS ,REAL INTEREST ,DISBURSEMENT ,LIQUIDITY ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,INSTRUMENTS ,INTEREST RATES ,DEBT SOURCE ,PUBLIC DEBT ,DEBT ,DEBT RESTRUCTURING ,EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS ,MARKET ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,DEBT REDUCTION ,EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT ,COMMERCIAL DEBT ,DEBT SWAP ,DEBTS ,DEBT OBLIGATIONS ,CASH FLOW ,DEBT SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSES ,AVERAGE DEBT ,RETURN ,DEBT CONVERSION ,BANK DEBT ,DOMESTIC DEBT ,DEBT THRESHOLD ,EXTERNAL SHOCKS ,MULTILATERAL DEBT ,INITIAL DEBT ,DEFICITS ,DEBT REPAYMENTS ,MARKET RETURNS ,PORTFOLIO ,DEBT BURDENS ,EXCHANGE ,PORTFOLIOS ,BUDGETS ,EXTERNAL LIQUIDITY ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,LEVEL OF DEBT ,REPAYMENTS ,REAL INTEREST RATES ,DEBT STOCK ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,DEBT SERVICING NEEDS ,EXCHANGE RATE ,DEBT RELIEF ,MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ,DEBT-RELIEF ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,PRIVATE CREDIT ,CURRENT ACCOUNT ,DEBT THRESHOLDS ,COUNTRY DEBT ,OUTSTANDING DEBT ,BAILOUTS ,BILATERAL CREDITORS ,DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS ,COMPOSITION OF DEBT ,NATURAL DISASTER ,PARTICULAR DEBT ,NET PRESENT VALUE OF DEBT ,DEBT MANAGEMENT ,MULTILATERAL DEBT RELIEF ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,FUTURE ,AMOUNT OF DEBT ,DEBT STOCKS ,PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT ,DEBT SERVICING ,OUTSTANDING DEBT STOCKS ,DEBT REDUCTIONS ,REPAYMENT ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS ,INTEREST ,CREDIT MARKETS ,BILATERAL DONOR ,CASH FLOWS ,DEBT DYNAMICS ,REVENUES ,DEBT BURDEN ,LIQUIDITY RISK ,DEBT SUSTAINABILITY ,FACE VALUE ,DEFICIT ,DEBTORS ,TRUST FUNDS ,SHARE ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,INTEREST RATE ,DEBT PORTFOLIOS ,DEBT SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL ,EXPENDITURE ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary results on Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management (MFM) topics to encourage discussion and debate. This paper explores two new financing mechanisms that multilateral and bilateral development agencies could consider deploying to address problems of debt sustainability in small states. In this paper the authors provide an initial assessment of these proposals, informed by analysis of small state indebtedness and recent debt dynamics. Proposed financing instruments are predicated on assumptions that small states face high levels of indebtedness, and that reducing debt levels while increasing climate resilience could sustainably reduce such vulnerabilities. The authors find that levels of indebtedness vary widely across small states. Analysis of small state debt dynamics shows that small state debt accumulation has been driven by large primary and current account deficits and slow economic growth. Debt reduction from new mechanisms can only be expected to be sustainable, therefore, if countries simultaneously address the macroeconomic imbalances driving debt accumulation. The authors demonstrate that, while exposure to natural disasters is likely to have exacerbated economic management challenges in some small states, such exposures are unlikely to be the only important cause of indebtedness. The authors conclude that proposed new financing instruments can potentially help reduce small state debt burdens and gain fiscal space for climate adaptation but will not present a sustainable solution to problems of small state debt risks unless they involve macroeconomic and structural reforms to address the underlying imbalances driving rapid debt accumulation.
- Published
- 2016
38. Doing Business Regional Profile 2016 : European Union
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
INVESTMENT ,PUBLIC SALE ,SALES AGREEMENT ,SHAREHOLDERS ,MOVABLE ASSETS ,DEPOSIT ,MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ,LIQUIDATION ,ENFORCEMENT PROCESS ,PAPER CERTIFICATE ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,INVESTMENTS ,BANK LOAN ,PLEDGE ,REGISTRATION FEES ,STOCK ,ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ,CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ,RETURNS ,INVESTORS ,COLLATERAL ,SHARES ,TRANSACTIONS ,INFORMATION ON BORROWERS ,BROKER ,TRADE CREDITORS ,MOVABLE PROPERTY ,INTERESTS ,TRANSPARENCY ,MORTGAGE ,CORPORATE TAX RATES ,PRIVATE SECTOR CREDIT ,ELECTRONIC AUCTION ,COLLATERAL LAWS ,BORROWERS ,MARKETS ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,CREDITORS ,PROFIT ,NOTARY ,AUCTION ,CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUS ,SWAPS ,CADASTRE ,INVESTOR PROTECTION ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,COMMERCIAL REGISTRY ,MINORITY INVESTOR ,MORTGAGES ,STAMP DUTY ,DEBT RESTRUCTURING ,ORIGINAL ASSET ,DISTRIBUTION OF CREDIT ,MARKET ,CAPITAL REQUIREMENT ,ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM ,PROPERTY ,TAX RATE ,COLLATERAL REGISTRY ,COMPLIANCE – COST ,PROPERTIES ,FIXED ASSETS ,PRIVATE PROPERTY ,BANKRUPTCY ,TAX OBLIGATIONS ,INVESTOR PROTECTIONS ,LENDERS ,LENDER ,INCOME TAX ,TRANSACTIONS SYSTEM ,SECURITY ,LIABILITY ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,EXCHANGE RATE ,GOOD ,EQUIPMENT ,PUBLIC SALES ,CREDIT BUREAUS ,REVENUE ,CURRENCY ,BAILIFF ,PRIVATE CREDIT ,BANKRUPTCY COURT ,OPTION ,LOAN ,SECURITIES ,REGULATORY PRACTICE ,IMMOVABLE PROPERTY ,DEED ,CREDIT HISTORY ,CENTRAL BANKS ,ISSUANCE ,CONTRACTS ,INVESTOR ,TRADING ,FINANCIAL HEALTH ,NOTARY PUBLIC ,INSURANCE PREMIUMS ,DEBT-EQUITY SWAPS ,DEBTORS ,NOTARIES ,LOCAL CURRENCY ,NOTARIZATION REQUIREMENT ,STAMP DUTY RATE ,TAX SYSTEM ,TRANSACTION ,WAREHOUSE ,MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS ,TAX RATES ,TAX ,DEBT-EQUITY ,PERSONAL ASSETS ,JUDICIAL PROCESSES ,CREDITOR ,LENDING ,BROKERS ,ARBITRATION ,SECURITY INTEREST ,REGISTRATION SYSTEM ,SHAREHOLDER ,PLEDGES ,GUARANTEE ,DEBTOR ,RESERVES ,GOODS ,EQUITY SWAPS ,LOANS ,TAX ON INTEREST INCOME ,CONFLICTS OF INTEREST ,SETTLEMENT ,DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS ,CHECK ,FORECLOSURE ,PAYMENT SYSTEM ,TARIFF ,REGISTRATION FEE ,PAYMENT SYSTEMS ,BORROWER ,SECURITIES REGULATIONS ,FINANCE ,EXPORTERS ,LENDING DECISIONS ,FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ,CAPITAL GAINS ,DISPUTE RESOLUTION ,LEVIES ,LABOR MARKET ,CREDIT BUREAU ,STOCK EXCHANGE ,LEGAL RIGHTS ,DEFAULTS ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,DEBT ,BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURES ,AMOUNT OF CREDIT ,CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT ,CENTRAL BANK ,RETURN ,CREDIT HISTORIES ,COLLATERAL FOR LOANS ,LIMITED LIABILITY ,EXCHANGE ,CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM ,ACCOUNTING ,CONFLICT OF INTEREST ,CREDIT INFORMATION ,TARIFFS ,SECURITY AGREEMENT ,PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAU ,RESERVE ,INSURANCE ,TURNOVER ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,WAREHOUSES ,COMPANY LAWS ,DEFAULT ,PROFITS ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,TRUSTEES ,SECURITY INTERESTS ,BANKRUPTCY LAWS ,CONTRACT ,MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENT ,MONETARY FUND ,CREDIT SOURCE ,JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT ,INTEREST ,MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,TAX RULES ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,NATIONAL SECURITY ,CORPORATE TAX RATE ,INTEREST INCOME ,LOCAL BUSINESS ,LEVY ,CONVERSION ,FINANCIAL STATEMENT ,CHECKS ,SHARE ,MINORITY INVESTORS ,LIENS ,BANKRUPTCY LAW ,ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURE - Abstract
Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. Doing Business 2016 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. This regional profile presents the Doing Business indicators for economies in European Union (EU). It also shows the regional average, the best performance globally for each indicator and data for the following comparator regions: East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), Europe and Central Asia (ECA), Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Latin America and OECD High Income.. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January–December 2014).
- Published
- 2016
39. Doing Business Regional Profile 2016 : OECD High Income
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
INVESTMENT ,PUBLIC SALE ,SALES AGREEMENT ,SHAREHOLDERS ,MOVABLE ASSETS ,DEPOSIT ,MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ,LIQUIDATION ,ENFORCEMENT PROCESS ,PAPER CERTIFICATE ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,INVESTMENTS ,BANK LOAN ,PLEDGE ,REGISTRATION FEES ,STOCK ,CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ,RETURNS ,PENSION ,INVESTORS ,COLLATERAL ,BONDS ,TRANSACTIONS ,BROKER ,TRADE CREDITORS ,MOVABLE PROPERTY ,INTERESTS ,TRANSPARENCY ,MORTGAGE ,CORPORATE TAX RATES ,PRIVATE SECTOR CREDIT ,COLLATERAL LAWS ,BORROWERS ,MARKETS ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,CREDITORS ,PROFIT ,NOTARY ,CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAUS ,SWAPS ,CADASTRE ,BALANCE SHEET ,INVESTOR PROTECTION ,COMPANY LAW ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,COMMERCIAL REGISTRY ,MINORITY INVESTOR ,MORTGAGES ,STAMP DUTY ,DEBT RESTRUCTURING ,ORIGINAL ASSET ,MARKET ,CAPITAL REQUIREMENT ,PROPERTY ,TAX RATE ,JOINT STOCK COMPANIES ,COLLATERAL REGISTRY ,COMPLIANCE – COST ,PROPERTIES ,BANK ACCOUNT ,FIXED ASSETS ,PRIVATE PROPERTY ,BANKRUPTCY ,TAX OBLIGATIONS ,INVESTOR PROTECTIONS ,LENDERS ,LENDER ,INCOME TAX ,TRANSACTIONS SYSTEM ,SECURITY ,HOUSING BONDS ,LIABILITY ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,EXCHANGE RATE ,GOOD ,EQUIPMENT ,CREDIT BUREAUS ,REVENUE ,CURRENCY ,PRIVATE CREDIT ,OPTION ,LOAN ,SECURITIES ,REGULATORY PRACTICE ,IMMOVABLE PROPERTY ,DEED ,CREDIT HISTORY ,CENTRAL BANKS ,REPAYMENT ,ISSUANCE ,CONTRACTS ,INVESTOR ,TRADING ,FINANCIAL HEALTH ,NOTARY PUBLIC ,INSURANCE PREMIUMS ,DEBT-EQUITY SWAPS ,DEBTORS ,NOTARIES ,LOCAL CURRENCY ,STAMP DUTY RATE ,TAX SYSTEM ,TRANSACTION ,WAREHOUSE ,MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS ,TAX RATES ,TAX ,DEBT-EQUITY ,PERSONAL ASSETS ,JUDICIAL PROCESSES ,UNSECURED CREDITORS ,CREDITOR ,LENDING ,BROKERS ,SECURITY INTEREST ,REGISTRATION SYSTEM ,SHAREHOLDER ,PLEDGES ,NOTARIZATION REQUIREMENTS ,GUARANTEE ,DEBTOR ,RESERVES ,GOODS ,EQUITY SWAPS ,LOANS ,TAX ON INTEREST INCOME ,CONFLICTS OF INTEREST ,DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS ,CHECK ,FORECLOSURE ,PAYMENT SYSTEM ,TARIFF ,REGISTRATION FEE ,PAYMENT SYSTEMS ,BORROWER ,SECURITIES REGULATIONS ,FINANCE ,EXPORTERS ,LENDING DECISIONS ,FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ,CAPITAL GAINS ,DISPUTE RESOLUTION ,LEVIES ,LABOR MARKET ,CREDIT BUREAU ,STOCK EXCHANGE ,LEGAL RIGHTS ,DEFAULTS ,SECURITIES LAW ,PAYMENT HISTORY ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,DEBT ,BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURES ,AMOUNT OF CREDIT ,PERSONAL PROPERTY ,CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT ,RETURN ,COLLATERAL FOR LOANS ,ENFORCEABILITY ,LIMITED LIABILITY ,EXCHANGE ,CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM ,ACCOUNTING ,CONFLICT OF INTEREST ,CREDIT INFORMATION ,TARIFFS ,PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAU ,RESERVE ,INSURANCE ,TURNOVER ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,WAREHOUSES ,COMPANY LAWS ,DEFAULT ,PROFITS ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,TRUSTEES ,SECURITY INTERESTS ,BANKRUPTCY LAWS ,CONTRACT ,MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENT ,MONETARY FUND ,CREDIT SOURCE ,JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT ,INTEREST ,MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,TAX RULES ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,NATIONAL SECURITY ,CORPORATE TAX RATE ,INTEREST INCOME ,LOCAL BUSINESS ,LEVY ,CONVERSION ,FINANCIAL STATEMENT ,CHECKS ,SHARE ,MINORITY INVESTORS ,LIENS ,BANKRUPTCY LAW ,ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURE - Abstract
Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. Doing Business 2016 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. This regional profile presents the Doing Business indicators for economies in OECD High Income. It also shows the regional average, the best performance globally for each indicator and data for the following comparator regions: European Union (EU), East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), Europe and Central Asia (ECA), South Asia (SA) and Latin America.. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January–December 2014).
- Published
- 2016
40. Better Spending, Better Services : A Review of Public Finances in Haiti, Overview
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
INVESTMENT ,TAX EXEMPTIONS ,TAX ,CHILDREN ,BUDGET ,TRADE UNIONS ,EXTREME POVERTY ,FAMILIES ,INFLATION ,IMPLEMENTATION ,SAFETY NETS ,BENEFICIARIES ,INVESTMENTS ,PUBLIC INVESTMENTS ,WORKERS ,POVERTY ,PLEDGES ,INVESTORS ,POLITICAL STABILITY ,SHARES ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,FRAUD ,BANK ,MEDICINES ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,GOODS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,LOANS ,HEALTH ,AGED ,VIOLENCE ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,CHECK ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,TRANSPARENCY ,PENSIONS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,HOLDING ,PATIENT ,MARKETS ,FINANCE ,PATIENTS ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,SAFETY NET ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,MORTALITY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,LONG-TERM INVESTMENT ,INCOME TAXES ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,DEBT ,SCREENING ,INCOME LEVELS ,RISKS ,CLINICS ,MARKET ,HOSPITALS ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,CANTEENS ,RETURN ,TAX RATE ,STRESS ,INVESTMENT PROJECTS ,OPEN ECONOMIES ,ACCOUNTING ,BUDGETS ,FINANCES ,INCOME TAX ,SECURITY ,CHILD LABOR ,TARIFFS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,IMMUNIZATION ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,HEALTH INDICATORS ,FAMILY PLANNING ,OIL PRICES ,FOREIGN FUNDS ,HEALTH CARE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,GOOD ,FOREIGN CAPITAL ,EQUIPMENT ,DISASTERS ,INSURANCE ,REGISTRATION ,REVENUE ,DEBT RELIEF ,NUTRITION ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,TAXES ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,INVESTMENT STRATEGY ,PREPAYMENT ,TREASURY ,MIGRATION ,INCOME LEVEL ,FORGIVENESS ,MOBILE PHONE ,NATURAL DISASTER ,PRIMARY SCHOOLS ,CREDIT ,EXPENDITURES ,INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS ,PEOPLE ,TRADE REGIME ,MONETARY FUND ,STRATEGY ,OIL PRICE ,CONTRACTS ,INTEREST ,INCOME GROWTH ,BUDGETING ,REVENUES ,CASH TRANSFER ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,HEALTH SERVICES ,CASH TRANSFERS ,EMERGING ECONOMY ,FOREIGN DEBT ,CHECKS ,OBSERVATION ,SHARE ,INVESTMENT SPENDING ,INJURIES ,NURSES ,SOCIAL SUPPORT ,EXPENDITURE ,TAX SYSTEM - Abstract
The images of flattened buildings and tent cities that dominated the news following the Haitian earthquake of January 12, 2010 triggered an emergency response from the global aid and development community. Foreign governments, multilateral organizations including the World Bank, and NGOs dramatically increased the flow of funding to the devastated country. The money helped pay for emergency relief but also for higher public investment spending that sought to repair damage and press ahead with development projects that had begun before the disaster. Six years later, the flow of aid is declining, and Haiti faces pivotal challenges: how to adapt to the reductions, raise more resources internally, spend more efficiently, and safeguard the fragile social gains it has achieved in a time of extreme hardship. The infrastructure Haiti has acquired in the recent surge of investment is something like a newly built house that lacks furniture and running water, it may look good from the outside but does little for its occupants. For the present, life remains a struggle for most of the country’s 10.4 million people. Thus in addition to growth, the country needs policies that will foster inclusiveness. Analysis and past experience suggest that two factors are key: human capital and political stability. To achieve this goal, Haiti will require a new outlook favoring fair, efficient government and social inclusiveness.
- Published
- 2016
41. Mali Financial Sector Assessment Program : Legal and Judicial Aspects of the Credit Environment
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
CONCESSIONS ,DOMESTIC LAWS ,PAYMENT ,DEBT OVERHANG ,BUDGET ,ASSET ,DEPOSIT ,EVENT OF DEFAULT ,LIQUIDATION ,ECONOMIC ASSETS ,LAND REGISTRY ,CREDITOR ,LAND MANAGEMENT ,RECEIVER ,REHABILITATION PROCEDURES ,ESTATE ,INVESTOR CONFIDENCE ,OUT-OF-COURT WORKOUTS ,TRADE LAW ,LENDING ,INVESTMENTS ,BANKING LAW ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW ,DIRECT PAYMENT ,INSOLVENT ENTERPRISES ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,INSOLVENT ,CONCESSION ,COMMERCIAL CODE ,RETURNS ,JUSTICE SYSTEM ,PLEDGES ,LAND TITLES ,GUARANTEE ,DEBTOR ,TRANSACTIONS ,GRACE PERIODS ,ASSETS ,EQUITY SWAPS ,LOANS ,GOOD FAITH ,JUDICIAL PROCEDURES ,FINANCIAL SYSTEMS ,TITLES ,SETTLEMENT ,FINANCIERS ,MOVABLE PROPERTY ,FORCED SALE ,CREDIT INSTITUTIONS ,MORTGAGE ,BINDING DECISION ,COURT EMPLOYEES ,BENEFICIARY ,WORKOUTS ,ENFORCEMENT OF SECURITY ,MARKETS ,CREDITORS ,FINANCE ,SETTLEMENTS ,JUDICIAL DECISIONS ,PUBLIC DISCLOSURE ,CESSATION OF PAYMENTS ,COMMON LAW ,BUSINESS LAW ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,PAYMENT HISTORY ,RESTRUCTURING ,UNDERLYING ASSET ,MORTGAGES ,DEBT ,JUDGES ,GUARANTEES ,COMMON LAW COUNTRIES ,LAND REGISTER ,NEGOTIATIONS ,CLAIM ,FORFEITURE ,PROVISION OF CREDIT ,PAYMENTS ,CLAIMS ,PERSONAL PROPERTY ,PROPERTY ,FINANCIAL SITUATION ,TRAINING FOR JUDGES ,LIQUIDATION PROCEEDINGS ,TITLE ,OWNERSHIP ,COMMERCIAL COURTS ,LAND TITLE ,ENFORCEMENT ,POSITION OF CREDITORS ,LEGAL TOOLS ,COLLECTION PROCEEDINGS ,OWNERSHIP RIGHTS ,MORTGAGE SYSTEM ,INSOLVENCY ,FUTURE ASSETS ,SMALL DEBTORS ,CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM ,SECURITY ,POSSESSION ,SALARY ,JUDGE ,CREDIT INFORMATION ,COMMERCIAL COURT JUDGES ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,IMMOVABLE ASSETS ,LEGAL PROVISIONS ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,INSURANCE ,CREDIT REPORTING ,EQUITY ,INSOLVENCY LAW ,DEFAULT ,LOAN ,CREDIT ,ACCESS TO CREDIT ,INTERNATIONAL LAW ,BANK CREDIT ,RESTRUCTURING TECHNIQUES ,IMMOVABLE PROPERTY ,FUTURE ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,JUDICIAL SYSTEM ,MICROFINANCE ,REAL PROPERTY ,INVESTOR ,CREDITOR RIGHTS ,MICROFINANCE SECTOR ,RECEIVERS ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,LEGAL ENVIRONMENT ,COMMERCIAL COURT ,DOMESTIC LAW ,DEBTORS ,CIVIL LAW ,BANK CREDITORS - Abstract
A country’s legal and judicial environment can help or hinder access to credit. In addition to the banking law governing the organization of the sector, the operations of credit institutions are subject to several laws. Four components of Malian business law are particularly relevant in assessing the position of creditors, the law on secured transactions, the law on collective proceedings, the law on information-sharing related to debtors (sometimes called the credit reporting law), and the law on collection and enforcement proceedings. If creditors cannot have confidence in their legal environment, they will be inclined to lend only to persons they know well. In this regard, it is telling to note that in Mali, the 50 biggest clients account for 39.3 percent of the credit extended by banks (although this percentage has fallen in recent times). Furthermore, access to credit remains a major constraint in the Malian business world. Although the reasons are not confined solely to the legal sphere, it is important to point out that, according to the 2010 Enterprise Survey, Malian enterprises cited access to credit as the main constraint hampering the business environment (43.9 percent of enterprises). The same study showed that in the case of loans involving a security right, the value of the assets pledged stood at 201.4 percent of the amount borrowed, reflecting the lack of confidence by banks in their ability to actually enforce their rights. In addition, in view of the fact that 58 percent of loans require a pledged asset which, in most instances, takes the form of immovable property, persons who do not own such assets are, de facto, shut out of the system and unable to seek credit.
- Published
- 2015
42. Indonesia Economic Quarterly, December 2015 : Reforming Amid Uncertainty
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
INVESTMENT ,TOTAL DEBT ,FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENTS ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,DEPOSIT ,BOND YIELDS ,INFLATION ,EMERGING MARKET ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,EXPROPRIATION ,EQUITIES ,RURAL CREDIT ,TRADE SECTORS ,INVESTMENTS ,EXPORT GROWTH ,PLEDGE ,PORTFOLIO INFLOWS ,STOCK ,FORWARD MARKET ,TRANCHES ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,POVERTY ,INVESTORS ,COLLATERAL ,CREDIT GROWTH ,LAND TITLES ,BONDS ,SHARES ,FINANCIAL MARKET ,TRANSACTIONS ,NON-PERFORMING LOANS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,BROKER ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,TRANSPARENCY ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,EMERGING MARKETS ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,SPOT MARKET ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,HOLDING ,DEPOSITS ,MARKETS ,ISSUANCES ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,BORROWING COSTS ,PROFIT ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,VARIABLE COSTS ,HOLDING REQUIREMENT ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,BASIS POINTS ,BALANCE SHEET ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,SWAP ,MONETARY POLICY ,DISBURSEMENT ,INCOME TAXES ,RURAL BANK ,INTEREST RATES ,MARKET ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,WORKING CAPITAL ,DOMESTIC CREDIT ,SECURITIES ISSUANCES ,CAPITAL ALLOCATION ,PROPERTY ,FINANCIAL RISK ,BUDGET DEFICIT ,FIXED CAPITAL ,PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT ,DISBURSEMENTS ,CURRENCIES ,PORTFOLIO FLOWS ,TRADE BALANCE ,PORTFOLIO ,TRADING SYSTEM ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,BUDGETS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,INCOME TAX ,RETURN ON ASSETS ,SECURITY ,MARKET PARTICIPANTS ,DERIVATIVES ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,FISCAL POLICY ,LIABILITY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,INVESTMENT DECISIONS ,BOND SALE ,EQUIPMENT ,REVENUE ,CURRENCY ,CAPITAL GRANTS ,LANDHOLDERS ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,BOND ,GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ,INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ,FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ,DIRECT INVESTMENT ,EQUITY MARKET ,EXTERNAL BORROWING ,FINANCIAL MARKET PARTICIPANTS ,OPTION ,LOAN ,COMMODITY PRICES ,BOND ISSUANCE ,INVESTMENT LOAN ,SECURITIES ,MATURITY ,MARKET INTEREST RATE ,FUTURE ,GOVERNMENT REGULATION ,GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT ,EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES ,ISSUANCE ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,CONTRACTS ,INVESTOR ,TRADING ,BUDGETING ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,BOND SPREAD ,REVENUES ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,CASH TRANSFER ,DEFICIT ,INVESTMENT SPENDING ,LOCAL CURRENCY ,INTERNATIONAL INVESTOR ,LAND AS COLLATERAL ,MARKET ACCESS ,INVESTMENT LOANS ,PREFERENTIAL MARKET ACCESS ,CAPITAL FLOWS ,FOREIGN INFLOWS ,TAX ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,INVENTORY ,STOCK MARKET ,TREATIES ,BUDGET ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,ENTERPRISE CREDIT ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,STOCKS ,MARKET ECONOMIES ,RISK AVERSION ,LENDING ,BENEFICIARIES ,MARKET REQUIREMENTS ,INVESTMENT FLOWS ,INFLATION RATE ,REGISTRATION SYSTEM ,SOVEREIGN BONDS ,GOVERNMENT BONDS ,PLEDGES ,GUARANTEE ,EMERGING MARKET BOND ,RESERVES ,GOODS ,ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS ,LOANS ,TREATY ,SETTLEMENT ,SECURITIES ISSUANCE ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,LONG-TERM COST ,GOVERNMENT BOND YIELD ,TARIFF ,INVENTORIES ,ASSET PRICES ,TRANCHE ,FINANCE ,EXPORTERS ,MARKET EQUITIES ,EXTERNAL FUNDING ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,INTERNATIONAL BOND ,LEVIES ,LABOR MARKET ,SHORT-TERM CAPITAL ,EMERGING MARKET EQUITIES ,DEBT ,MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ,BANKING SECTOR ,BOND YIELD ,CAPITAL ADEQUACY ,COMMODITY PRICE ,LONG-TERM COSTS ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,RETURN ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,LAND TITLE ,LAND VALUE ,CAPITAL OUTFLOWS ,DOMESTIC DEBT ,GOVERNMENT SUPPORT ,TAX INCENTIVES ,BOND INDEX ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,LEGAL PROTECTION ,EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,GLOBAL TRADE ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS ,TARIFFS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,OIL PRICES ,INSURANCE ,CLAIMANT ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,GOVERNMENT BOND ,BANK LOANS ,BASIS POINT ,DOUBLE TAXATION ,INTEREST RATE SPREADS ,PROFITS ,EXPENDITURES ,GLOBAL BONDS ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,INVESTMENT ACTIVITY ,CONTRACT ,EQUITY INDICES ,OIL PRICE ,INTEREST ,MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,FIXED INVESTMENT ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,DEBT BURDEN ,CONVERSION ,CAPITAL INFLOWS ,CONSUMER GOODS ,SHARE ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,INTEREST RATE ,FOREIGN CURRENCY ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
The Indonesia Economic Quarterly (IEQ) has two main aims. First, it reports on the key developments over the past three months in Indonesia’s economy, and places these in a longerterm and global context. Based on these developments, and on policy changes over the period, the IEQ regularly updates the outlook for Indonesia’s economy and social welfare. Second, the IEQ provides a more in-depth examination of selected economic and policy issues, and analysis of Indonesia’s medium-term development challenges. It is intended for a wide audience, including policymakers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Indonesia’s evolving economy. This paper discusses about the economic conditions of Indonesia for the year 2015. Emerging market assets rebounded in October 2015 after the sharp losses recorded in August and September, when the uncertainty about the Chinese economic slowdown and the U.S. interest rate outlook was particularly high. Despite a more favorable market sentiment, capital flows to emerging economies have remained weak and borrowing costs relatively high. In addition to tight financing conditions, Indonesia faced subdued external demand for its exports in the near term and persistently low commodity prices over the medium run. In 2015, fire in Indonesia cost nearly twice that of reconstruction following the 2004 tsunami in Aceh. Agriculture and forestry have sustained losses and damages in trillions. Sustained exposure to haze could also lead to the volcano effect, i.e., a decrease in plant productivity in the short term due to limited sun exposure and a deleterious effect on plant physiology and photosynthesis. The recurring nature of Indonesia’s fire crisis is of particular concern. Another potential step in Indonesia’s new reform process was the country’s signaling its intention to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement in the near future. Whether membership materializes or not, the agreement is likely to have a limited impact on trade, because import tariffs in member countries are already low and Indonesia has trade agreements with most of them.
- Published
- 2015
43. Afghanistan Development Update, October 2015
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE ,INVESTMENT ,TAX ,BUDGET ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,INFLATIONARY PRESSURES ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES ,PRIVATE INVESTMENTS ,DEPOSIT ,TRUST FUND ,INFLATION ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,MATURITIES ,BROAD MONEY ,BANK LENDING ,INVESTOR CONFIDENCE ,LENDING ,SAFETY NETS ,INVESTMENTS ,EXPORT GROWTH ,INSTRUMENT ,BANKING LAW ,STOCK ,POVERTY ,PLEDGES ,PENSION ,GUARANTEE ,FINANCIAL MARKET ,RESERVES ,GOODS ,LOANS ,WITHDRAWAL ,TRANSPARENCY ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,PENSIONS ,INTEREST PAYMENT ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,DEPOSITS ,MARKETS ,AUCTION ,FINANCE ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,TAX POLICY ,POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,CURRENCY DEPRECIATION ,LIABILITIES ,EXPORTER ,LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ,OUTSTANDING AMOUNT ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,LIQUIDITY ,INSTRUMENTS ,DEBT ,ARREARS ,INCOME LEVELS ,BANKING SECTOR ,MARKET ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,PROPERTY ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CENTRAL BANK ,TAX RATE ,CAPITAL OUTFLOWS ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,DISBURSEMENTS ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS ,DIRECT INVESTMENTS ,TRADE BALANCE ,TAX REGIME ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,PORTFOLIO ,INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES ,EXCHANGE ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,INCOME TAX ,QUALITY OF ASSETS ,SECURITY ,FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENTS ,MARKET DEVELOPMENT ,CHILD LABOR ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,SUKUK ,RESERVE ,CAPITAL NOTES ,EXCHANGE RATE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,GOOD ,EQUIPMENT ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,INSURANCE ,REVENUE ,DEBT RELIEF ,CURRENCY ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,INVESTMENT STRATEGY ,OPTION ,BALANCE OF PAYMENT ,MOBILE PHONE ,LOAN ,SECONDARY TRADING ,EXPENDITURES ,COMMODITY PRICES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,SECURITIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,NONPERFORMING LOANS ,FUTURE ,INVESTMENT ACTIVITY ,CASH RESERVES ,MONETARY FUND ,GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT ,INVESTOR ,INTEREST ,TRADING ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,NATIONAL SECURITY ,LONG- TERM COST ,BUDGETING ,REVENUES ,INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO ,DEFICIT ,SHARE ,HUMAN RESOURCE ,CASH RESERVE ,EXPENDITURE ,TAX CODE - Abstract
More frequent incidences of violence in Afghanistan, as well as delays in the elections process and cabinet formation, continued to fuel uncertainty and affected investor confidence in 2014 and the first half of 2015. Economic growth slowed to 1.3 percent in 2014, down from 3.7 percent a year earlier. Unlike in previous years, agriculture did not contribute much to growth in 2014. Production levels were high for a third year in a row but did not supersede the strong output in 2013. Growth was mainly driven by services and a slight expansion of industries where an increase in construction activities outweighed lower production in manufacturing. Private investment activities showed strong signs of slowdown in 2014, evidenced by a drop of nearly 50 percent in new firm registrations since 2012. The National Unity Government has embarked on an ambitious reform agenda to revitalize the economy, tackle corruption, and improve investment climate. However, it will take time for these reforms to have an impact, and it is yet unclear how much they will mitigate the high risks stemming from the fragile security environment. Growing trends in security and pension and wage spending over the medium term require immediate attention. Afghanistan faces significant financing shortages for both civilian and security spending. Therefore, securing continued high levels of donor financing over the coming years is of critical importance for fiscal stability in the country. The fragile security environment and financing constraints, compounded by weak governance capacity, pose serious challenges to service delivery in Afghanistan. Any setback in reform implementation would further slowdown the pace of human capital accumulation in Afghanistan and reduce future prospects of growth and poverty reduction.
- Published
- 2015
44. Networked Carbon Markets : Key Elements of the Mitigation Value Assessment Process
- Author
-
Macinante, Justin
- Subjects
CARBON TRADING ,INVESTMENT ,CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ,GLOBAL EMISSIONS ,INVENTORY ,BUDGET ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,GASES ,EXCHANGE RATES ,EMISSION ALLOWANCES ,TAX CREDITS ,PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT ,ANNUAL EMISSIONS ,INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS ,CARBON MARKETS ,ASSET CLASSES ,CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS ,EMISSIONS ,EMISSION LIMITATION ,INSTRUMENT ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,EMISSIONS SCENARIO ,BROKERS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,STOCK ,MARKET MAKERS ,PLEDGES ,INVESTORS ,SULPHUR DIOXIDE ,OPTIONS ,GUARANTEE ,BACKED SECURITIES ,FINANCIAL MARKET ,GAS ,MARKET LIQUIDITY ,TRANSACTIONS ,EMISSIONS PROFILE ,FRAUD ,GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL ,CREDIT RATING AGENCIES ,CONSUMER PROTECTION ,CONFLICTS OF INTEREST ,TREATY ,WITHDRAWAL ,LIQUID MARKETS ,GLOBAL EMISSION ,SETTLEMENT ,GREENHOUSE GAS ,SULPHUR ,TRANSPARENCY ,MARGINAL ABATEMENT ,MORTGAGE ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,SOVEREIGN DEBT ,BORROWERS ,LEVELS OF EMISSIONS ,INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTION ,MARKETS ,DEFAULT RISK ,PROFIT ,CAPACITY ,AUCTION ,FINANCE ,LEAD ,CALCULATION ,PRICES ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT ,CREDIT RATINGS ,GLOBAL WARMING ,GOLD ,LOW-CARBON ,EMISSION FACTORS ,STOCK EXCHANGE ,CARBON EMISSIONS ,MARKET CAP ,GHGS ,RAIN ,CARBON PRICE ,LIQUIDITY ,EMISSIONS MITIGATION ,MONTREAL PROTOCOL ,INSTRUMENTS ,ATMOSPHERE ,MORTGAGES ,DEBT ,EMISSION REDUCTIONS ,MARKET ,REGIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INITIATIVE ,FUEL SUBSTITUTION ,FUNGIBLE ,ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS ,GREENHOUSE ,VISIBILITY ,CENTRAL BANK ,EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS ,CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE ,PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,CORPORATE BORROWERS ,MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST ,CARBON POLICIES ,CURRENCIES ,CARBON ,ENERGY ,MARKET MAKER ,EMISSION CAP ,CARBON MARKET ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ,CARBON DIOXIDE ,CARBON ALLOWANCES ,GAS EMISSION ,TRADING SYSTEM ,EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,TEMPERATURE ,LEGAL SYSTEM ,MARKET PARTICIPANTS ,IPCC ,AIR ,CREDIT RATING AGENCY ,CREDITWORTHINESS ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,RESERVE ,LIABILITY ,GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION ,EMISSION TRADING ,EXCHANGE RATE ,BOND MARKET ,ACID ,EMISSION REDUCTION ,CO2 ,CURRENCY ,BOND ,GREENHOUSE GASES ,MARKET REGULATOR ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET ,FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE ,CLIMATE SYSTEM ,ABATEMENT COST ,PAPER INSTRUMENTS ,DEFAULT ,SO2 ,GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS ,SECURITIES ,GWP ,REGULATORY OVERSIGHT ,MARKET SHARE ,BASES ,BENEFITS ,CONTRACT ,CREDIT RATING ,CARBON TAX ,MONETARY FUND ,INVESTMENT BANKS ,ISSUANCE ,CARBON EMISSION ,CONTRACTS ,INTEREST ,TRADING ,CLIMATE ,LEVY ,CONVERSION ,GAS EMISSIONS ,ACID RAIN ,INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS ,SHARE ,CARBON UNITS ,GREENHOUSE GAS INITIATIVE ,GHG ,EMISSION ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
This paper builds on the findings of an earlier unpublished discussion paper titled ‘designing a model for networked carbon markets’, with its objective being to describe key elements of the mitigation value assessment process. The outcome of this paper will inform a model for the Networked Carbon Markets concept, to be prepared at a later date. The following section two acknowledges the subject matter of the NCM initiative, namely the diverse and heterogeneous trading schemes and other carbon pricing mechanisms that are being put in place by jurisdictions around the globe. As this is the subject of another World Bank paper, only a brief reference is included. Section three sets out a conceptual framework within which to consider the key elements described in the glossary of terms, addressed in section four and annexure ‘C’. This section also looks at different transaction scenarios, introducing the concepts of an international transaction unit and an index. Section five turns attention to the types of institutions that might be suitable to participate in the mitigation value assessment process, providing practical examples, and considering the types of expertise and tools those institutions might leverage. Section six considers options for regulatory supervision of the MV assessment process. Section seven looks in more detail at the relationship between mitigation value and the compliance value that might be attached to carbon assets and, in so doing, considers the role and function of the settlement platform. This section also considers the feasibility and potential benefits of an index. The concluding section eight looks at the next steps that might flow from this work.
- Published
- 2015
45. The Emergence of the Intergovernmental Trust in International Law
- Author
-
Ilias Bantekas
- Subjects
business.industry ,International community ,General Medicine ,Development ,International law ,Public relations ,Trust relationship ,Principal (commercial law) ,Capital (economics) ,Donation ,Political science ,Intergovernmental organisations ,Disbursement ,World Bank ,State responsibility ,Memoranda of understanding ,business ,Pledges ,Law and economics - Abstract
This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in the British Yearbook of International Law following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available online at the link below. Intergovernmental trust funds are vehicles set up mainly to advance developmental objectives. They are composed of capital contributed largely by states. The management of the capital and the objectives of the trust are assigned to a trustee, usually an international organization, such as the UN or the World Bank. The practice of the trusts surveyed in this article unequivocally suggests that the intention of the two principal parties to the trust relationship (i.e. donor and trustee) is to transfer ownership of the trust’s assets to the trustee. The latter’s responsibility is restricted to investing and distributing the trust’s assets to the identified beneficiaries. The understanding is that neither the donors nor the trustee is liable against third parties in respect of any unlawful act committed in connection to the donation or the disbursement of funds. The absolute character of this extra-contractual limitation is dismissed in this article, given that despite the charitable or benevolent nature of the trust’s aims, the disbursement of funds under certain circumstances may be injurious to the interests of states or the international community.
- Published
- 2011
46. High Finance: Urban and Princely Pledges
- Author
-
Shatzmiller, Joseph, author
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Doing Business in Poland 2015 : Comparing Business Regulations for Domestic Firms in 18 Cities with 188 Other Economies
- Author
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World Bank Group
- Subjects
WAREHOUSE ,BANK POLICY ,NOTARIAL FEES ,INVESTMENT ,TAX ,PUBLIC SALE ,BUDGET ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,LEGAL OWNERSHIP ,SALES AGREEMENT ,MOVABLE ASSETS ,SHAREHOLDERS ,DEPOSIT ,MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ,LIQUIDATION ,INFLATION ,CREDITOR ,DEPOSIT INSURANCE ,LENDING ,INVESTMENTS ,REGISTRY OFFICIALS ,INVESTING ,BANK LOAN ,MIDDLEMEN ,REGISTRATION FEES ,DUE DILIGENCE ,STOCK ,CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ,COMMERCIAL CODE ,LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS ,JUSTICE SYSTEM ,REGISTRATION SYSTEM ,SHAREHOLDER ,POVERTY ,POST OFFICE ,PLEDGES ,JUSTICE SYSTEMS ,INVESTORS ,COLLATERAL ,OPTIONS ,GUARANTEE ,DEBTOR ,SHARES ,RESERVES ,TRANSACTIONS ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,GOODS ,LOANS ,FINANCIAL SYSTEMS ,SETTLEMENT ,CHECK ,INTERESTS ,TRANSPARENCY ,MARKET CAPITALIZATION ,MORTGAGE ,EXCHANGES ,BANK ACCOUNTS ,LAND PARCEL ,LIVING STANDARDS ,REGISTRATION FEE ,DEPOSITS ,MARKETS ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,CREDITORS ,NOTARY ,FINANCE ,INVESTMENT DECISION ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,SMALL BUSINESSES ,STOCK EXCHANGES ,MICROENTERPRISES ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,CAPITAL GAINS ,DISPUTE RESOLUTION ,CADASTRE ,JUDICIAL SYSTEMS ,LEGAL RIGHT ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,COMPANY LAW ,SMALL BUSINESS ,LAND PARCELS ,MORTGAGES ,DEBT ,STAMP DUTY ,PROPERTY AS COLLATERAL ,MARKET ,NATIONAL INVESTMENT ,GOVERNMENT POLICIES ,CAPITAL REQUIREMENT ,PROPERTY ,DEBTS ,WEALTH CREATION ,LAND TITLING ,AUCTIONS ,CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC ENFORCEMENT ,BAILIFFS ,FINANCIAL INFORMATION ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,CADASTRES ,SHARE VALUE ,PROPERTIES ,BANK ACCOUNT ,REGISTRATION PROCESS ,CREDIBILITY ,LIMITED PARTNERSHIP ,TAX REGIME ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,DEBT RECOVERY ,TAX OBLIGATIONS ,PUBLIC FUNDS ,LIMITED LIABILITY ,INVESTMENT POLICY ,EXCHANGE ,CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM ,ACCOUNTING ,BUDGETS ,FINANCES ,SECURITY ,REGISTRATION SYSTEMS ,MARKET SIZE ,BARRIERS TO ENTRY ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,TARIFFS ,CREDIT INFORMATION ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,NO OBJECTION CERTIFICATES ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,STAMP DUTIES ,IMMOVABLE ASSETS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,LIABILITY ,GOOD ,EQUIPMENT ,INSURANCE ,REVENUE ,TURNOVER ,REFERENDA ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,BAILIFF ,PRIVATE CREDIT ,LAND POLICIES ,TREASURY ,WAREHOUSES ,INCOME LEVEL ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS ,OPTION ,PROFITS ,LOAN ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,REGULATORY PRACTICE ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,IMMOVABLE PROPERTY ,FUTURE ,JUDICIAL SYSTEM ,CONTRACT ,LEASE AGREEMENT ,DEED ,MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENT ,DISCOUNTS ,LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ,MONETARY FUND ,BARRIER TO ENTRY ,ISSUANCE ,CONTRACTS ,INVESTOR ,CAPITALIZATION ,INTEREST ,DEBT COLLECTION ,TRADING ,ENTRY REQUIREMENTS ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,BUDGETING ,LOCAL ECONOMY ,LOCAL BUSINESS ,REVENUES ,NOTARY PUBLIC ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,DEBTORS ,CHECKS ,CONSUMER GOODS ,NOTARIES ,CIVIL LAW ,SHARE ,MINORITY INVESTORS ,LIENS ,HUMAN RESOURCE ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
Poland’s economic growth over the last 25 years has been spectacular. In that period, Poland has more than doubled its income per capita and became a European growth champion. It was the only EU country to avoid a recession in 2009. Its current GDP growth rate is strong. Poland seems to be on the brink of its new ‘golden age.’ Doing Business in Poland 2015 is the first subnational report of the Doing Business series in Poland. It measures business regulations and their enforcement from the perspective of a small to medium-size domestic firm. The idea is a simple one: if entrepreneurs spend fewer resources on regulatory burdens, they will have more time to devote to productive activities. If laws and regulations are clear, accessible, and transparent and, at the same time, enforceable before the courts, entrepreneurs will feel more confident to do business with people they don’t know, and expand their client and supplier network. The gap between the 18 cities benchmarked is significant. By adopting existing good practices found across the country in the four areas measured by this report, Poland would rank 24th out of 189 economies globally, eight positions higher than Poland’s current ranking according to Doing Business 2015, placing the country ahead of France and the Netherlands. Promoting convergence among regions and cities towards the top performers and thus improving the ease of doing business in the whole country is a challenge worth taking.
- Published
- 2015
48. Egypt Economic Monitor, Spring 2015 : Paving the Way to a Sustained Recovery
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE ,TAX RATES ,INVESTMENT ,TAX ,FOREIGN INFLOWS ,BUDGET ,GOVERNMENT LENDING ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,INFLATIONARY PRESSURES ,GOVERNMENT GUARANTEES ,INTEREST RATES ON TREASURY BILLS ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,PRIVATE INVESTMENTS ,DEPOSIT ,INFLATION ,BLACK MARKET ,DISCOUNT ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,MATURITIES ,BROAD MONEY ,RISK AVERSION ,LENDING ,SAFETY NETS ,BENEFICIARIES ,INVESTMENTS ,TERRORISM ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,PUBLIC INVESTMENTS ,RULE OF LAW ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,STOCK ,FISCAL BURDEN ,INFLATION RATE ,RETURNS ,DEBT SERVICE ,TAX TREATMENT ,POVERTY ,PLEDGES ,INVESTORS ,SHARES ,FINANCIAL MARKET ,RESERVES ,NON-PERFORMING LOANS ,GOODS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,LOANS ,OUTSTANDING DEBTS ,WITHDRAWAL ,SETTLEMENT ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,TRANSPARENCY ,CORPORATE TAX RATES ,LIVING STANDARDS ,PRIVATE SECTOR CREDIT ,SHORT-TERM DEBT ,DOMESTIC LIQUIDITY ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,HOLDING ,DEPOSITS ,REMITTANCE ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,FINANCE ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY ,CAPITAL GAINS ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,DISPUTE RESOLUTION ,DEBT ACCUMULATION ,LIABILITIES ,LABOR MARKET ,SAFETY NET ,BASIS POINTS ,MONETARY POLICY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,REAL INTEREST ,INCOME TAXES ,LIQUIDITY ,INTEREST RATES ,DISCOUNT RATE ,DEBT ,ARREARS ,CONTINGENT LIABILITIES ,GUARANTEES ,BANKING SECTOR ,PREPAYMENTS ,ASSET BASE ,ASSET RATIO ,MARKET ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,NATIONAL INVESTMENT ,CAPITAL ADEQUACY ,COMMODITY PRICE ,DEBTS ,DEBT OBLIGATIONS ,AUCTIONS ,BUDGET DEFICIT ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CENTRAL BANK ,TAX RATE ,DOMESTIC DEBT ,MARKET PRICES ,DISBURSEMENTS ,CURRENCIES ,TREASURY BILLS ,DEBT REPAYMENTS ,TRADE BALANCE ,TAX REGIME ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,BANKRUPTCY ,EXCHANGE ,PORTFOLIOS ,GOVERNMENT REVENUES ,INCOME TAX ,SECURITY ,STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS ,MARKET PARTICIPANTS ,REMITTANCES ,TARIFFS ,REPAYMENTS ,REAL INTEREST RATES ,IMMUNIZATION ,DEBT STOCK ,CAPITAL STOCK ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ,OIL PRICES ,EXCHANGE RATE ,PRIVATE INVESTORS ,REVENUE ,DEBT RELIEF ,CURRENCY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ,PRIVATE CREDIT ,TREASURY ,INFLATION RATES ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,SHARES OF INVESTMENTS ,DIRECT INVESTMENT ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,OUTSTANDING DEBT ,FINANCIAL MARKET PARTICIPANTS ,PROFITS ,EXPENDITURES ,T-BILL RATES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,SECURITIES ,FUTURE ,OIL PRICE ,REPAYMENT ,SOVEREIGN GUARANTEES ,ISSUANCE ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,CONTRACTS ,INVESTOR ,INTEREST ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,NATIONAL SECURITY ,CORPORATE TAX RATE ,T-BILL ,REVENUES ,CASH TRANSFER ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,DEFICIT ,CASH TRANSFERS ,SHARE ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,INTEREST RATE ,INVESTMENT SPENDING ,FOREIGN CURRENCY ,GOVERNMENT SAVING ,EXPENDITURE ,TAX SYSTEM - Abstract
Egypt’s economic activity is gaining momentum. Growth accelerated to 5.6 percent during the first half of FY15, compared to a dismal 1.2 percent in the same period last year. The recent spike in economic activity reflects favorable base effects, but more importantly broad-based sector recovery, especially in tourism and manufacturing. On the demand side, growth continues to benefit from resilient consumption and government stimulus, supported by large financial inflows from Gulf States. In March 2015, Egypt held a high level Economic Development Conference, which culminated with the signing of sizeable investment deals worth US$36 billion, securing external financing worth US$24 billion, and the announcement of a new Gulf support package worth US$12.5 billion. This will boost the ongoing economic recovery and facilitate efforts to achieve macroeconomic stability. Annual growth is expected to double to 4.3 percent in FY15, and should increase further thereafter, compared to the muted growth of 2 percent during FY11-FY14. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) conducted its article four consultation in November 2014 and the final report generally commended the authorities’ medium term plans while highlighting some risks including slippage in implementing reforms and a large external financing gap. Egypt’s main risk is to sustain the ongoing economic recovery which requires improved security. Notwithstanding the authorities’ ambitious fiscal consolidation plan, the deficit and debt aggregates will remain high and unsustainable. Further, there are risks of policy slippage as some details and the exact timing of policy measures are still missing and implementation capacity remains a challenge. Further, sustaining the reform pace requires efficient and well-targeted safety nets, which might take time to build. Finally, there is significant uncertainty regarding the financing of the announced mega-projects and the potential contingent liabilities that may arise.
- Published
- 2015
49. Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Panama for the Period FY15-FY21
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
AIRPORT ,PUBLIC TRANSIT ,TRANSIT INVESTMENTS ,TOTAL DEBT ,EXTREME POVERTY ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,COMMUTER RAIL ,CONGESTION ,ROAD ,TRANSPORT PLANNING ,INFLATION ,BOTTLENECKS ,RAIL SUBSIDIES ,ROUTES ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,BUS SYSTEM ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,GUARANTEE AGENCY ,RETURNS ,PENSION ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,CREDIT LINES ,MASS TRANSIT ,BRIBES ,MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT ,TRANSPARENCY ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,BANK PORTFOLIO ,ETHNIC GROUPS ,HOLDING ,DEPOSITS ,BUSINESS CENTER ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,DOMESTIC CAPITAL MARKET ,ACCIDENT RATES ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,EXPLOITATION ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,ROAD PROJECTS ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,MONETARY POLICY ,INTEREST RATES ,URBAN MOBILITY ,PUBLIC DEBT ,CULTURAL DIVERSITY ,AIRPORTS ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,WEALTH ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,INVESTMENT PLAN ,PRIVATE FINANCING ,INVESTMENT PROJECTS ,JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE ,LOCAL DEBT ,TRADE BALANCE ,BINDING CONSTRAINT ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,PORTFOLIO ,NATIONAL SAVINGS ,ROADS ,ENERGY CONSUMPTION ,PEDESTRIAN ,AIR ,TRANSIT AUTHORITIES ,ENDOWMENTS ,KEY CHALLENGES ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,FISCAL POLICY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,EDUCATION SYSTEM ,SAFETY ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ,EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,CURRENCY ,HOUSEHOLDS ,DIVERSIFICATION ,PEOPLES ,PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,TOLLS ,INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ,FUEL COST ,INFLATION RATES ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,INVESTMENT RATES ,TRANSIT SYSTEM ,INCOME LEVEL ,TRADE FINANCE ,LOAN ,TRANSPORT INVESTMENT ,MICROFINANCE ,GOVERNMENT REGULATION ,PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT ,ENROLLMENT ,INCOME GROUPS ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,GENDER EQUALITY ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS ,TRADING ,CORRUPTION ,INCOME GROWTH ,BUDGETING ,SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY ,TRANSPORT ,TRANSPORTATION ,CASH TRANSFER ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,MONEY LAUNDERING ,CASH TRANSFERS ,DISABILITIES ,GENDER ,GENDER ROLES ,TAX SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,DRAINAGE ,INTERNAL AUDIT ,TAX ,BANKING SYSTEM ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,TREATIES ,DEBT ISSUANCE ,FINANCIAL SECTOR REGULATION ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,PUBLIC TRANSIT SERVICE ,FAMILIES ,PRIVATE INVESTMENTS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,LAND USE ,EXTERNAL DEFICIT ,SAFETY NETS ,BENEFICIARIES ,INSTRUMENT ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,DOMESTIC CAPITAL ,EMERGENCY RESPONSE ,PUBLIC INVESTMENTS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,PLEDGES ,INFORMATION SHARING ,FOREIGN FINANCING ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,BENEFICIARY ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS ,TAX REVENUE ,BUDGET MANAGEMENT ,SANITATION ,OPEN ECONOMY ,FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,SOCIAL INEQUALITIES ,BUSES ,GENDERS ,LABOR MARKET ,DEFAULTS ,HIGH ENERGY ,MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ,BANKING SECTOR ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,GENDER ASSESSMENT ,INVESTMENT ALLOCATION ,GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,HIGHWAYS ,METRO RAIL ,COMMERCIAL CREDIT ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,ACCESS TO FINANCE ,RETURN ,PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE ,TRANSIT ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,FUEL ,ACCESSIBILITY ,CREDIBILITY ,FINANCIAL SAFETY ,MONEY SUPPLY ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,PUBLIC FUNDS ,ACCOUNTING ,TRAVEL TIME ,SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ,DRIVING ,HIGHWAY ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT ,TREASURY ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,DISPARITIES IN ACCESS ,DOMESTIC BANKS ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,TRAFFIC ,POLICY DESIGN ,EXPENDITURES ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,BUS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,MONETARY FUND ,FISCAL POLICIES ,PRICE MOVEMENTS ,URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM ,TRANSFER PAYMENTS ,URBAN TRANSPORT ,AIR TRAVEL ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,FIXED INVESTMENT ,ACCESS TO JOB ,GAS EMISSIONS ,INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO ,CAPITAL INFLOWS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,URBAN AREAS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,EXPENDITURE ,ADVISORY SERVICES - Abstract
Panama's economic growth has been at the top of the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region in recent years. The country s rapid growth has been largely pro-poor and translated into significant poverty reduction. The new Administration is well placed to tackle these challenges, with its commitment to maintaining an open and diversified economy and redressing social imbalances. Looking ahead, the country s main challenges are to maintain the current growth performance and ensure that its benefits are extended to all. The World Bank Group s (WBG) new Country Partnership Framework (CPF) seeks to support Panama s continued high growth, while ensuring inclusion and opportunities for marginalized groups, and bolstering resilience and sustainability. These themes are highlighted as priorities in the Government s 2014-2019 Strategic Development Plan (SDP) and in the WBG s Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD). The CPF seeks to maximize over a six-year period, the comparative advantages of the WBG, through packages of innovative public and private financing options based on cutting edge global knowledge and experience.
- Published
- 2015
50. What are Green Bonds?
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
FIXED COUPON ,INVESTMENT ,DEBT SECURITY ,PENSION FUNDS ,INCOME SECURITIES ,STOCK MARKET ,PENSION FUND ,DEBT ISSUANCE ,INSURANCE COMPANIES ,SECURITIES MARKET ,DEBT INSTRUMENT ,INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS ,STOCKS ,MATURITIES ,CREDIT AGENCY ,EQUITIES ,INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR ,LENDING ,INVESTMENTS ,INSTRUMENT ,SPECTRUM OF RISK ,INVESTING ,BOND PORTFOLIO ,DUE DILIGENCE ,STOCK ,RETURNS ,SHAREHOLDER ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET ,POVERTY ,PLEDGES ,PENSION ,INVESTORS ,GOVERNMENT BONDS ,OPTIONS ,BONDS ,GUARANTEE ,DEBTOR ,SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY ,TRANSACTIONS ,LOANS ,BROKER ,SETTLEMENT ,EXCHANGE COMMISSION ,CHECK ,FIXED INTEREST ,TRANSPARENCY ,MARKET CAPITALIZATION ,EXCHANGES ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS ,INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS ,BORROWER ,INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,ISSUANCES ,MARKETS ,CREDITORS ,ASSET PORTFOLIOS ,BOND INVESTMENTS ,FINANCE ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,DEBT MARKETS ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT ,STOCK MARKET CAPITALIZATION ,CREDIT RATINGS ,HEDGE ,INTERNATIONAL BOND ,SWAPS ,LIABILITIES ,STOCK EXCHANGE ,ASSET MANAGEMENT ,BALANCE SHEET ,DEBT INSTRUMENTS ,BOND RETURNS ,REVENUE BONDS ,CONSUMER LOANS ,LIQUIDITY ,INSTRUMENTS ,MORTGAGES ,PRIVATE CAPITAL ,DEBT ,CLEARING CORPORATION ,GUARANTEES ,BOND ISSUANCES ,MARKET ,BOND MARKETS ,TREASURIES ,LOCAL FINANCIAL MARKETS ,PROPERTY ,INTERNATIONAL BOND MARKETS ,DEBT OBLIGATIONS ,UNDERWRITER ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ,GLOBAL CAPITAL ,RETURN ,BANK CREDITS ,COUPON ,LOAN PORTFOLIO ,FINANCIAL INFORMATION ,DOMESTIC DEBT ,HEDGE FUNDS ,PUBLIC OFFERING ,DISBURSEMENTS ,CAPITAL MARKET ,SECURITIES INDUSTRY ,CURRENCIES ,PRIVATE PROPERTY ,CREDIBILITY ,EQUITY INVESTMENT ,PORTFOLIO ,EXCHANGE ,PORTFOLIOS ,SECURITY ,MARKET PARTICIPANTS ,MARKET SIZE ,DERIVATIVES ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,CREDITWORTHINESS ,SECURITIES MARKETS ,CD ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,GOOD ,BOND MARKET ,PRIVATE PLACEMENT ,INSURANCE ,REVENUE ,CURRENCY ,CORPORATE BONDS ,EQUITY ,BOND ,INVESTMENT STRATEGY ,TREASURY ,ASSET MANAGERS ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,GLOBAL BANKING ,MARKET PRICE ,EQUITY MARKET ,INVESTOR PARTICIPATION ,FOREIGN CURRENCIES ,EQUITY INDEX ,LOAN ,BOND INVESTORS ,MARKET PLAYERS ,BOND ISSUERS ,BOND ISSUANCE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,MATURITY ,SECURITIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,GLOBAL BOND ,FUTURE ,INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ,CONTRACT ,CREDIT RATING ,INVESTMENT BANKS ,CREDIT HISTORY ,PRIVATE FINANCE ,ISSUANCE ,CORPORATE BOND ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,INVESTMENT BANK ,CREDIT QUALITY ,INVESTOR ,INFRASTRUCTURE BONDS ,CAPITALIZATION ,INTEREST ,TRADING ,BANK BONDS ,CASH FLOWS ,CAPITAL BASE ,REVENUES ,INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO ,FINANCIAL STRUCTURE ,PRIVATE SECTOR BANK ,BOND ISSUE ,SHARE ,OUTSTANDING LOANS ,UNDERWRITERS ,INTEREST RATE ,SOVEREIGN GUARANTEE ,INTERNATIONAL INVESTOR ,GLOBAL CAPITAL MARKETS ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
The explosive growth of green bonds in the capital markets is increasingly attracting attention from investors. This surge in interest has created a demand for accessible information on the green bond market. This primer was created in response to this demand and covers the principles of this relatively new financial instrument. The following intends to serve as a guide for those interested in better understanding the nature of green bonds. The content will aim to distinguish green bonds from other traditional financial instruments. It will also provide insight into the potential of green bonds to mobilize new sources of climate finance. This paper includes the following highlights: understanding bonds (chapter one); understanding green bonds (chapter two); and benefits and potential.
- Published
- 2015
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