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High-accuracy molecular force field models suited for hot gases and plasmas are not as abundant as those geared toward ambient pressure and temperature conditions. Here, we present an improved version of our previous electron-density based force field model that can now account for polarization effects by adjusting the atomic valence electron contributions to match ab initio calculated Mulliken partial charges. Using a slightly modified version of the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem, we also include an improved theoretical formulation of our model when applied to systems with degenerate ground states. We present two variants of our polarizable model, fitted from ab initio reference data calculated at CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ and CCSD(T)/CEP-31G levels of theory, that both accurately model water dimer interaction energies. Further improvements include the additional interaction components with fictitious non-spherically symmetric, yet atom-centered, electron densities and fitting the exchange and correlation coefficients against analytical expressions. The latter removes all unphysical oscillations that are observed in the previous non-polarizable variant of our force field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of plasma density distributions at arbitrary ion–atom collisionality for one-dimensional axially symmetrical cylindrical and annular plasmas is presented. Perturbations of plasma densities caused by a cylindrical probe are studied for arbitrary ion–atom collisionality. Analytical expressions for the plasma characteristics near the probe for low collisionality have been obtained. The plasma was modeled by the hydrodynamic neutral plasma equations, taking into account ionization, ion inertia, and a non-linear ion frictional force, which dominates the plasma transport at low gas pressures. Significant plasma density depletion around the probe has been observed for a wide range of ion–atom collisionality. The presented results predict underestimation of plasma density obtained from the classical Langmuir probe procedure and should provide a better understanding of electrostatic, magnetic, and microwave probes inserted into plasmas at low gas pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tokamak approach, utilizing a toroidal magnetic field configuration to confine a hot plasma, is one of the most promising designs for developing reactors that can exploit nuclear fusion to generate electrical energy1,2. To reach the goal of an economical reactor, most tokamak reactor designs3-10 simultaneously require reaching a plasma line-averaged density above an empirical limit-the so-called Greenwald density11-and attaining an energy confinement quality better than the standard high-confinement mode12,13. However, such an operating regime has never been verified in experiments. In addition, a long-standing challenge in the high-confinement mode has been the compatibility between a high-performance core and avoiding large, transient edge perturbations that can cause very high heat loads on the plasma-facing-components in tokamaks. Here we report the demonstration of stable tokamak plasmas with a line-averaged density approximately 20% above the Greenwald density and an energy confinement quality of approximately 50% better than the standard high-confinement mode, which was realized by taking advantage of the enhanced suppression of turbulent transport granted by high density-gradients in the high-poloidal-beta scenario14,15. Furthermore, our experimental results show an integration of very low edge transient perturbations with the high normalized density and confinement core. The operating regime we report supports some critical requirements in many fusion reactor designs all over the world and opens a potential avenue to an operating point for producing economically attractive fusion energy.

N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) is an important organic compound that is widely used in many industrial fields. Due to its volatility and toxicity, the detection of NMP content becomes crucial. Plasma treatment is an efficient method that utilizes high-energy ions generated by plasma to change the surface properties of materials, which can dramatically improve the performance of gas sensors. In this paper, ZnO nanorods were in-situ grown on ceramic tubes via hydrothermal method, followed by oxygen plasma treatment for different time, and the gas-sensing performance of the treated ZnO nanorods was investigated. In addition, the density functional theory calculation was used to explore the potential mechanism for the improvement of gas-sensing performance. The results show that ZnO treated with oxygen plasma for 60 s has more oxygen vacancies (45.53 %) and higher adsorption energy (−1.06 eV) to NMP. The ZnO-60 gas sensors have excellent selectivity to 100 ppm NMP at 210 °C, with a response value up to 197.58, low detection limit (94 ppb), and short response/recovery time (75 s/27 s). This study not only provides important theoretical and experimental basis for further optimizing the design and manufacture of gas sensors, but also provides strong support for environmental monitoring and human health protection. [Display omitted] • ZnO nanorods were prepared on the ceramic tubes by in-situ growth method. • Oxygen plasma treatment was used to improve the content of oxygen vacancies (45.53 %) for ZnO nanorods and the high gas-sensing response (S r = 197.58) to NMP with a detection limit of 94 ppb was achieved. • The adsorption energy, charge density difference, and density of states of NMP on the surface of ZnO materials were simulated and calculated by the DFT study to verify the potential mechanism for improving gas-sensing performance. • The sensors exhibit high selectivity and stability with short response/recovery time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presents the process of designing a plasma reactor with a gliding arc discharge. The topic discussed is motivated by the large and still modern application potential of non-thermal plasma in the processing of gas mixtures and plasmachemical treatment with the afterglow product. The process of designing a completely new plasma reactor with 10 arc-shaped electrodes is described. In the design process, the author relies on experience with existing sliding discharge reactors at the Lublin University of Technology. The design process is carried out using the modern Autodesk Inventor solid modeler environment. Partial elements of the plasma reactor were designed and assembled into an assembly. The whole work is complemented by the presentation of selected, more important physical parameters of these parts. A special part is devoted to presenting a realistic render of reactor body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to examine the growth, physiological and biochemical status, and responses to salinity stress of bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) cultivated in a hydroponic system with a plasma-treated solution. Plasma gas generated using a cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge or air (control) was injected into Hoagland nutrient solution once a week for different durations (0, 5, and 10 min). After 4 weeks, the length of the shoots and roots, number of leaves, and dry weight of bok choy plants significantly increased in individuals grown with Hoagland solution treated with plasma gas for 10 min. An increase in dry weight of individual plants of approximately 80.5% was observed in plants in the plasma-treated group compared to those in a control group. The levels of chlorophyll, total soluble proteins, and nitrogen uptake, and transcription of genes related to salinity stress tolerance— WRKY2 , HHP3 , and ABI1 — were also significantly elevated in bok choy grown with plasma treated Hoagland solution. Moreover, when exposed to 20 mM NaCl, plant length and leaf number were significantly increased, in the group grown with Hoagland solution treated with plasma gas for 10 min. Level of H2O2 was significantly elevated in the treated nutrient solutions. In plants grown with the treated nutrient solution, intracellular NO was highly detected in the cell division and elongation zone of roots. Our findings suggest that plasma treatment of nutrient solutions in hydroponic culture systems may improve the growth, physiological and biochemical status, and tolerance to salinity stress in plants, and a crucial role of H2O2 generated in the treated nutrient solutions may play in this improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral mucositis associated with candidiasis can causes systemic candidemia, posing a risk to cancer patients administered antineoplastic therapy. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets (CAPPJs) have antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated the effects CAPPJs in preventing systemic fungal dissemination in a murine model of oral mucositis associated with candidiasis. Forty Wistar rats were divided into groups: CAPPJs (treated) and non-treated controls (for comparison), with subgroups subject to 24 and 72 h of treatment (n = 10 each). Four cycles of chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)) were administered, followed by oral inoculation of Candida albicans for 3 days. Mucosal damage was induced on the lateral side of tongue with 50% acetic acid. CAPPJ treatment was performed on the lesion for 5 min (2 days). Body weight was assessed daily. Fungal dissemination was conducted using organ macerates and plated on Sabouraud Agar with chloramphenicol. Blood samples were obtained for blood count tests. Chemotherapy affected the general health of the animals, as evidenced by body weight loss. Treatment with CAPPJs showed an inhibitory effect on C. albicans, with a significant reduction in fungal recovery from the tongue after 24 h (p < 0.05). Interestingly, systemic fungal dissemination was significantly reduced after 24 and 72 h of treatment when compared to control (p < 0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that CAPPJs have potential for clinical application in patients with oral mucositis at risk of candidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the efficacy of plasma-activated water (PAW) in preserving green chillies (jalapeño and pusa jwala) and compared it with various household fruits and vegetables cleaners' solutions. PAW was prepared using a pencil plasma jet with air as the plasma forming gas. The results of visual analysis revealed that PAW-treated chillies maintain their fresh appearance even after 21 days, exhibiting significantly lower spoilage compared to control (ultrapure milli-Q water) and fruits and vegetables cleaners' solutions. PAW demonstrated antimicrobial properties, effectively reducing microbial growth and spoilage on chillies over the storage period. Physical attributes, such as weight loss and firmness, are evaluated. It has been observed that PAW-treated chillies exhibit lower weight loss and higher firmness, indicating better membrane integrity and moisture retention. Microbial resistance was notably higher in PAW-treated chillies compared to control and when cleaning solutions were used. CIELAB color analysis revealed that PAW-treated chillies retain greenness, and color, freshness, outperforming control and cleaners. Sensory evaluation, including visual inspection, smell, taste, and touch, consistently favored PAW-treated chillies, emphasizing their superiority in terms of enhancement in shelf-life. Biochemical analysis revealed that PAW-treated chillies either maintain or show enhancement in nutritional attributes such as soluble sugar, protein, and ascorbic acid concentrations. Phenol concentration (antioxidant activity) remained stable across treatments. Overall, the study underscores the positive impact of PAW treatment on preserving the membrane integrity, antimicrobial resistance, sensory quality, and nutritional attributes of green chillies, making PAW an alternative for extending their shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In so-called Field Assisted Sintering Techniques such as Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) or Flash Sintering (FS), ceramic powder compacts are densified at high sample temperature in the presence of an electrical field. The formation of a plasma is often discussed without actual evidence for its appearance. In this work, which is the first of two parts, the mechanisms of plasma formation as well as its properties under FS conditions were investigated. Field induced breakdown of various atmospheres was conducted by a DC-field (up to 350 V/cm) at temperatures between 1000 and 1500 °C. Experiments were conducted both with and without a sample mounted between the electrodes. Alumina, boron carbide and silicon carbide in green or sintered form were used as the samples. The electrical and optical properties of the plasma were characterised, and the early stages were visualised by high-speed camera recordings. The results showed that the breakdown is caused by a flashover mechanism and the conductance of the plasma under the present conditions was of the same order as the conductivity of a boron or silicon carbide green body. Plasma formation did not lead to extensive sintering but the plasma was able to infiltrate the green body and cause transfer of matter from the interior to the surface and beyond. Based on the present results, it seems unlikely that a gas plasma is formed under the normal conditions of SPS or FS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma dynamics are essential in high-power electron beam diodes, as they influence the current density and can even cause gap closure because of fast expansion velocity during operation. In this study, the formation and expansion of the cathode plasma in a high-power planar diode has been investigated by particle-in-cell simulations. The results indicate that the expansion velocity of the cathode plasma in the planar diode is ∼2.5 cm/μs operating with a 340 kV peak voltage and 1.5 kA current, which possesses a maximum pressure of 1 Torr pressure and a gas desorption rate of 38 molecules per electron. Moreover, the enhanced emission on the edge causes a faster growth rate of the gas pressure and formation of plasma, which possesses a higher plasma density than other regions. A higher gas desorption rate and total amount of outgoing gas can cause a larger velocity of plasma expansion, and the expansion velocity is proportional to the logarithm of the rising speed of the diode voltage, while the amplitude of diode voltage did not show a clear correlation with plasma velocity. Finally, a combined dependence of the plasma velocity on the gas desorption rate, total gas volume, rising speed of the diode voltage, and diode voltage is concluded. This work provides new insights into the dynamics of cathode plasma in high-power diodes and may be helpful for engineering design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes a new technique for measuring the energy characteristics (losses of energy in the spark gap, related to light radiation, ionization, excitation, and heating of the working gas during the development of plasma; discharge power) of two-electrode gas dischargers in the subnanosecond range. The work examines the voltage waveforms across the discharge gas gap and the discharge current waveform obtained by the reflectometry method in the subnanosecond range. To do this, the traditional technique for measuring such characteristics was modified. This allows us to restore the back edge of the voltage pulse across the discharge gap at the breakdown delay and the breakdown stages, which is usually lost in the subnanosecond range when measuring such waveforms. For modification, calculated data on the ionization frequency were used. This allows us to replace the plasma of the discharge gap with a constant resistor in those sections of the voltage waveform where the characteristic ionization time is more than an order of magnitude longer than the duration of the voltage pulse applied to the gap. The waveforms of the voltage across the discharge gap and the discharge current obtained in this way allowed us to calculate the power dynamics and total energy introduced into the gas discharge plasma. These parameters are important both for calculating the efficiency of gas switches and for other applications of gas discharge plasma, in particular laser pumping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a simple model to estimate electromagnetic wave frequency up-conversion resulting from rapidly forming gaseous plasma slabs. Such a model aids in the interpretation or planning of realizable laboratory experiments, where the plasma is neither formed instantaneously nor infinite in spatial extent. The model uses, as a basis, the behavior of an unbounded plasma when the plasma forms over extended times and considers slab boundary conditions to estimate optimum transmitted sampling windows that capture the frequency spectra of the converted waves. The results of this model are compared to exact solutions using finite difference time domain calculations, confirming its effectiveness as a tool for understanding the fundamental nature of the wave-plasma slab interactions and for planning and interpreting experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extension and further development of our previous article [J. Non-equilibrium Thermodyne. 37 (2012), 119–141] is presented. We study the irreversible non-equilibrium thermodynamics (INT) properties of the exact solution to the dilute homogeneously charged gas problem with unsteady Rayleigh flow. In contrast to previous research, the charged gas flows under the influence of an external force, the flat plate oscillates, and the displacement current term is considered, leading to significant advancements in understanding natural plasma dynamics. We are solving the Boltzmann kinetic equation (BKE) Krook model supplemented by Maxwell's equations. We used a travelling wave and moments method with an electron velocity distribution function (EVDF). To the best of our knowledge, as three new scientific achievements, we introduced a new mathematical model for calculating the thermodynamic forces, kinetic coefficients, and fluxes variables, Equations (28–40) and (50–54). Second, we determined, with reasonable accuracy, the thermodynamic equilibrium time of electrons, tequ = 26.7955, under an external force. We clarify the difference between equilibrium EVDF and perturbed EVDF and take advantage of BKE to account for non-equilibrium thermodynamic principles. For diamagnetic and paramagnetic plasmas, the extended Gibbs equation predicts ratios between various contributions to the internal energy change (IEC) is presented. A standard laboratory argon plasma model is used to apply the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spurred by global COVID‐19, work in recent years has demonstrated that various devices based on technology generating cold plasma are capable of reducing the infectivity of virus particles. There is great potential in this approach, which is, however, hampered by the ability of most cold plasma science laboratories to test for antiviral effects of their individual plasma sources in sophisticated mammalian cell test systems. To this end, we developed a quick, simple, and fast assay system based on bacteriophages and their ability to lyse bacterial hosts, which can be monitored in readily available microplate readers. We successfully demonstrated the principal ability of this approach using two types of plasma jets, different microplate readers, and two different bacteriophage strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of surface treatment with plasma on surface roughness (SR) and fracture resistance (FR) of monolithic zirconia, and its microtensile bond strength (MTBS) to resin cements. Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 40 monolithic zirconia crowns for FR test, 100 zirconia rods for MTBS test, and 40 zirconia blocks for profilometry. According to the surface treatment type, the samples were randomly assigned to 4 groups of (I) control (no surface treatment), (II) argon-oxygen plasma (AOP), (III) argon plasma (AP), and (IV) sandblasting (SB). FR of crowns and MTBS of zirconia rods to Allcem Dual and Panavia SA resin cements were measured by a universal testing machine, surface texture was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and SR was measured by a profilometer. Data were analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, and independent t-test (alpha=0.05). Results: There was a significant difference in SR among the groups (P=0.003). The AP group had significantly lower SR than other groups (P=0.01). FR was not significantly different among the four groups. The MTBS in the SB and AOP groups was significantly higher than that in the control and AP groups for both resin cements. MTBS was not significantly different between the two resin cements within each group. Conclusion: None of the surface treatments affected the FR of zirconia crowns. AOP and sandblasting techniques increased the MTBS of zirconia to resin cements with unnoticeable change in SR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effectiveness of atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment on the surface characteristics and bond strength of zirconia and lithium disilicate ceramics for CAD-on restorations. A total of 70 cylindrical-shaped specimens of lithium disilicate and 70 disc-shaped specimens of Y-TZP zirconia were machined, thermally processed, surface-treated, and then resin-bonded. The specimens were grouped according to the following surface treatments: no surface treatment, sandblasting, plasma, sandblasting followed by plasma, sandblasting followed by universal adhesive, plasma followed by universal adhesive, and sandblasting and plasma treatment followed by universal adhesive. The treated surfaces were subjected to a wettability assessment via contact angle measurement and a topography assessment using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cemented assembly was subjected to shear bond strength testing with a universal testing machine, and the results were imported to SPSS 23.0 for statistical analysis. The results show that APPJ treatment induced a significantly low contact angle for both ceramics with no surface alteration upon scanning. Moreover, APPJ treatment produced a bonded assembly with a shear bond strength comparable to sandblasting. In conclusion, APPJ treatment should be considered an efficient surface treatment with a non-destructive nature that surpasses sandblasting with the provision of a high shear bond strength between CAD-on ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from lab-scale studies to pilot-scale applications is a critical step in advancing water remediation technologies. While laboratory experiments provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and method effectiveness, pilot-scale studies are essential for evaluating their practical feasibility and scalability. This progression addresses challenges related to operational conditions, effectiveness and energy requirements in real-world scenarios. In this study, the potential of nanopulsed plasma bubbles, when scaled up from a lab environment, was explored by investigating critical experimental parameters, such as plasma gas, pulse voltage, and pulse repetition rate, while also analyzing plasma-treated water composition. To validate the broad effectiveness of this method, various classes of highly toxic organic pollutants were examined in terms of pollutant degradation efficiency and energy requirements. The pilot-scale plasma bubble reactor generated a high concentration of short-lived reactive species with minimal production of long-lived species. Additionally, successful degradation of all pollutants was achieved in both lab- and pilot-scale setups, with even lower electrical energy-per-order (EEO) values at the pilot scale, 2–3 orders of magnitude lower compared to other advanced oxidation processes. This study aimed to bridge the gap between lab-scale plasma bubbles and upscaled systems, supporting the rapid, effective, and energy-efficient destruction of organic pollutants in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, electrolytic plasma polishing technology has attracted wide attention due to its advantages of shape adaptability, high efficiency, better precision, environmental friendliness, and non-contact polishing. However, the lack of research on the evolution mechanism of the gas layer at the anode interface restricts the improvement of the material removal mechanism and the regulation of the polishing effect. Firstly, the thermodynamic conditions of gas layer formation were analyzed based on the Clapeyron-Clausius equation, and the key parameters affecting the gas layer were identified. Secondly, the laws of voltage and electrolyte temperature on the dynamic evolution of the gas layer and its polishing effect were revealed. Additionally, the influence of the gas layer on the voltage-current characteristics was also investigated by analyzing the experimental phenomena. The results indicate that the optimal polishing effect is achieved at a voltage level of 300 V resulting in a decrease in Ra from 0.451 μm to 0.076 μm. Similarly, superior polishing results are obtained when the electrolyte temperature is 80 °C, with a decrease in Ra from 0.451 μm to 0.075 μm. This study provides theoretical guidance for the further development and application of electrolytic plasma polishing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to find an explanation for the mechanism in a plasma operated with an alternating voltage, or rather a square wave voltage, such a plasma was investigated. It was found that Penning ionization, charge transfer, and photoionization played a minor or even no role in the soft ionization mechanism of a FµTP. If the collision of plasma gases with air does not contribute to soft ionization, it should also be possible to use a separated plasma for soft ionization. Preliminary investigations show that it is possible to ignite a diagnosis gas with a plasma gas even when there is a barrier such as glass between those gases. A temporally and locally limited potential must be produced at the outer surface to achieve this. This potential should be sufficient to ionize the environment softly and to be able to use this so-called closed µ-tube plasma as a new ionization source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel deposition technique that utilizes diethylzinc (C4H10ZnO) with H2O to form a ZnO adhesion layer was proposed. This technique was followed by the deposition of vaporized nickel(II) 1-dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-butoxide (Ni(dmamb)2) and H2 gas to facilitate the deposit of uniform layers of nickel on the ZnO adhesion layer using atomic layer deposition. Deposition temperatures ranged from 220 to 300 °C. Thickness, composition, and crystallographic structure results were analyzed using spectroscopic ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. An average growth rate of approximately 0.0105 angstroms per cycle at 260 °C was observed via ellipsometry. Uniform deposition of ZnO with less than 1% of Ni was displayed by utilizing the elemental analysis function via SEM, thereby providing high-quality images. XPS revealed ionizations consistent with nickel and ZnO through the kinetic and binding energies of each detected electron. XRD provided supplemental information regarding the validity of ZnO by exhibiting crystalline attributes, revealing the presence of its hexagonal wurtzite structure. Highlights: Depositing nickel onto a silicon wafer and characterizing it using various techniques. Ni deposition without plasma formation using hydrogen as a reactant. ZnO formation as an adhesion layer and temperature is a crucial parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing evidence suggests the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in regulating antitumor immune effects and immunosuppression. RONS modify biomolecules and induce oxidative post‐translational modifications (oxPTM) on proteins that can alarm phagocytes. However, it is unclear if and how protein oxidation by technical means could be a strategy to foster antitumor immunity and therapy. To this end, cold gas plasma technology producing various RONS simultaneously to oxidize the two melanoma‐associated antigens MART and PMEL is utilized. Cold plasma‐oxidized MART (oxMART) and PMEL (oxPMEL) are heavily decorated with oxPTMs as determined by mass spectrometry. Immunization with oxidized MART or PMEL vaccines prior to challenge with viable melanoma cells correlated with significant changes in cytokine secretion and altered T‐cell differentiation of tumor‐infiltrated leukocytes (TILs). oxMART promoted the activity of cytotoxic central memory T‐cells, while oxPMEL led to increased proliferation of cytotoxic effector T‐cells. Similar T‐cell results are observed after incubating splenocytes of tumor‐bearing mice with B16F10 melanoma cells. This study, for the first time, provides evidence of the importance of oxidative modifications of two melanoma‐associated antigens in eliciting anticancer immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is to investigate the characteristics and behavior of the ion-acoustic cnoidal waves (IACWs) in an electron–positron–ion magnetoplasma having inertial positive ions with anisotropic thermal pressure and inertialess Maxwellian positrons and electrons. We utilize the reductive perturbation technique to reduce the fluid governing equations of the present model into the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation in order to achieve this objective. We calculate the periodic solution of the KdV equation, also referred to as the cnoidal wave. We investigate the impact of various related parameters, including ion pressure anisotropy, positron concentrations, and temperature ratio, on the properties of IACWs. This study, particularly in the near-Earth magnetosheath and magnetosphere, may offer an insightful analysis of space and astrophysical plasma systems displaying ion pressure anisotropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A system for studying the spatiotemporal dynamics of fluctuations in the boundary of the W7-X plasma using the "Gas-Puff Imaging" (GPI) technique has been designed, constructed, installed, and operated. This GPI system addresses a number of challenges specific to long-pulse superconducting devices, such as W7-X, including the long distance between the plasma and the vacuum vessel wall, the long distance between the plasma and diagnostic ports, the range of last closed flux surface (LCFS) locations for different magnetic configurations in W7-X, and management of heat loads on the system's plasma-facing components. The system features a pair of "converging–diverging" nozzles for partially collimating the gas puffed locally ≈135 mm radially outboard of the plasma boundary, a pop-up turning mirror for viewing the gas puff emission from the side (which also acts as a shutter for the re-entrant vacuum window), and a high-throughput optical system that collects visible emission resulting from the interaction between the puffed gas and the plasma and directs it along a water-cooled re-entrant tube directly onto the 8 × 16 pixel detector array of the fast camera. The DEGAS 2 neutral code was used to simulate the Hα (656 nm) and HeI (587 nm) line emission expected from well-characterized gas-puffs of H2 and He and excited within typical edge plasma profiles in W7-X, thereby predicting line brightnesses used to reduce the risks associated with system sensitivity and placement of the field of view. Operation of GPI on W7-X shows excellent signal-to-noise ratios (> 100 at 2 Mframes/s) over the field of view for minimally perturbing gas puffs. The GPI system provides detailed measurements of the two-dimensional (radial and poloidal) dynamics of plasma fluctuations in the W7-X edge and scrape-off layer and in and around the magnetic islands outside the LCFS that make up the island divertor configuration employed on W7-X. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relying on the kinetic model, we study linear properties of ion-acoustic waves in a non-thermal magnetoplasma, whose constituents are the electrons and singly charged positive ions. For this purpose, we solve a set of coupled Vlasov–Poisson equations within the framework of an unperturbed orbit theory and Fourier transformations. A generalized dielectric function is derived in a Cairns distributed plasma to investigate the electrostatic ion-acoustic waves with weak ion shear flows and ion streaming effects. It is found that the magnitude of the growth rate of the wave increases by varying the non-thermality and ion shear flow parameters. Furthermore, the wave spectrum and instability involving the ion-acoustic waves are analyzed with different plasma parameters in a non-thermal plasma. The present findings also reveal both analytical and numerical analyses of the electrostatic waves in the upper ionosphere, where non-thermal plasma particles are common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the plasma dynamic modes of operation of end-type magnetoplasma compressor (MPC) discharges. The characteristic methods used to organize the optical pumping of a photodissociation gas laser using an MPC discharge are briefly described. The kinetic and energy characteristics of photodissociation gas optical quantum generators (OQGs) with optical pumping by an MPC discharge were evaluated. Based on the numerical calculations, an analysis of the radiation–plasma dynamic structures and the spectral brightness characteristics of the MPC discharge in the ohmic mode of plasma heating was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocellulose is among the most promising materials for enhancing the mechanical properties of polymer composites. Broad application is, however, limited by inadequate surface properties. A standard technique for tailoring the surface composition and wettability of polymers is a brief treatment with non-equilibrium gaseous plasma, but it often fails when treating materials with a large surface-to-mass ratio, such as cellulose nanofibers. In this paper, the theoretical limitations are explained, the approaches reported by different groups are reviewed, and the results are interpreted. The treatment of dry nanocellulose is limited by the ability of uniform treatment, whereas the plasma treatment of nanocellulose dispersed in liquids is a slow process. The methods for enhancing the treatment efficiency for both dry and water-dispersed nanocellulose are explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggressiveness and limited treatment options make triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) a challenging condition to treat. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy, explicitly targeting the programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) pathway, is a promising therapeutic approach. However, the effectiveness of PD‐L1 inhibitors like atezolizumab depends on adequate PD‐L1 expression within cancer cells. To this end, this study used nonthermal plasma (NTP) to modulate PD‐L1 in TNBC cells. The current investigation revealed that NTP treatment leads to an upregulation of PD‐L1; this might increase the availability of PD‐L1 to PD‐L1 inhibitors. These findings suggest that shortly NTP could be used as an adjunctive treatment to immunotherapy in TNBC cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Silicon-based material etching and thin film deposition. In this work, the two-dimensional fluid models for two types of inductively coupled plasma, Ar/O2 and Ar/SF6, are numerically solved by the finite element method. Four interesting phenomena revealed by the simulations are reported: (1) comet-shaped and semi-circle-shaped structures in Ar/O2 and Ar/SF6 plasmas, respectively; (2) blue sheaths that surround the two structures; (3) the collapse and dispersion of semi-circle-shaped structures of certain Ar/SF6 plasma cations and anions when they are observed separately; and (4) the rebuilding of coagulated structures by minor cations in the Ar/SF6 plasma at the discharge center. From the simulation detail, it was found that the cooperation of free diffusion and negative chemical sources creates the coagulated structure of anions, and the self-coagulation theory is therefore built. The advective and ambipolar types of self-coagulation are put forth to explain the co-existence of blue sheath and internal neutral plasma, among which the advective type of self-coagulation extends the Bohm's sheath theory of cations to anions, and the ambipolar type of self-coagulation originates from the idea of the ambipolar diffusion process, and it updates the recognition of people about the plasma collective interaction. During the ambipolar self-coagulation, each type of Ar/SF6 plasma cations and anions is self-coagulated, and the coagulated plasma species are then modeled as mass-point type (or point-charge type, more precisely). When the charge amounts of two point-charge models of plasma species with the same charge type are equal, the expelling effect caused by the Coulomb's force of them leads to the collapse or dispersal of heavily coagulated species. The simulation shows that the lighter the species is, the easier it self-coagulates and the more difficult its coagulation is broken, which implies the inertia effect of density quantity. Moreover, the collapse of cation coagulation creates the spatially dispersed charge cloud that is not shielded into the Debye's length, which indicates the anti-collective behavior of electronegative plasmas when they are self-coagulated. The rebuilt coagulated structure of minor Ar/SF6 plasma species at the discharge center and the weak coagulation of electrons in the periphery of the main coagulated structure that is under the coil are caused by the monopolar and spontaneous (non-advective) type of self-coagulation. The analysis predicts an intensity order of physically driven coagulation force, chemical self-coagulation force, and ambipolar self-coagulation force. The popular coagulated structure of the electronegative ICP sources is urgently needed to validate the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, we examined non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma processes operating under varying conditions using different liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon materials. The light emission from the discharges were analyzed through optical emission spectroscopy to comprehend the products generated in different parameter space. The gaseous products from each of these analyses were also collected and analyzed through gas chromatography. Analysis of the optical emission from the discharge and concentration of the gaseous products show a linear trend between emission intensity ratio H α /C2 and gas concentration ratio H2/C2H x. Gas temperature and electronic excitation temperature of different experimental conditions were also compared and indicates that spark discharge relates to higher electronic excitation temperature compared to glow discharge of similar medium. Higher electronic excitation temperature leads to generation of different products from spark discharge compared to glow discharge. Glow discharge generates more of the intermediate products. Whereas spark discharge, because of its higher electronic excitation temperature, leads to higher rate of dissociation and therefore generates more of the dissociated products. Glow discharge, for example generates more of OH and H from the moisture present in the carrier gas as impurity, whereas spark discharge would generate more of H α and O particles further breaking down the OH bonds. Finally, UV–Vis analysis was performed on the liquid products of the discharge and reveals that the photo-centers and the newly generated soot nano particles absorb the UV range lights and some of the visible range light emission mostly up to ∼600 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of C2–C4 olefins in a dielectric barrier discharge in the presence of water with the formation of oxygen-containing compounds and various C1–C5+ hydrocarbons with saturated and unsaturated structures has been studied. It has been established that the direction of the reaction is influenced by the molecular weight and structure of the starting olefin. In the series ethylene–propylene–butylene, the concentration of oxygen-containing compounds increased from 28.1 to 74.3 and 66.7 wt %, respectively. The oxidation of isobutene predominantly produced isobutyraldehyde and acetone with concentrations of 53 and 21 wt %, respectively, and 2-butanol (to 26 wt %) was the main product in the oxidation of 1-butene and 2‑butene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical recycling and chemical upcycling by thermochemical reactions have been the major approaches for recycling end-of-life plastics. Herein, we report an electrified approach to upcycle waste plastics into carbon-negative commodity chemicals using greenhouse gas CO2 as the oxidant and additional carbon source. In this non-equilibrium plasma process, waste polyolefins were oxidatively depolymerized by plasma-activated CO2 to produce oleochemicals and hydrocarbon chemicals in a single-step process at high reaction rates. In addition, a mixture of CO2 and a small amount of O2 was employed as plasma gases to selectively produce fatty alcohols from polyolefins. Based on this atmospheric pressure, non-solvent, and non-catalyst process, up to 97.6% of fatty alcohols could be produced within minutes. In this article, the co-conversion approach was demonstrated using common polyolefins and real-world mixed waste plastics to obtain comparable results. The techno-economic analysis estimates the internal rate of return to be 42.2% and 43.5% for the plasma-based conversion of waste plastics, depending on the plasma gas composition. Lifecycle assessment indicates the global warming potential is between −3.33 and −3.07 kg CO2e per kg of plastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method concerning re-use of the main greenhouse gases: CO 2 and CH 4 at the same time producing value-added chemicals (H 2 + CO) is presented in this paper. The method involves the methane dry reforming using an atmospheric pressure operated 915 MHz microwave plasma source with a swirl gas flow. The effect of the CO 2 to CH 4 flow rates ratio, the total gas flow rate and the absorbed microwave power on the volume concentration of the gaseous plasma component in the outlet gas (%), CO 2 and CH 4 conversion rate (%), hydrogen production rate (g h−1) and energy yield of hydrogen production (g kWh−1) was investigated experimentally. The recorded results of the CO 2 and CH 4 conversion rate were about 82% and 88%, respectively. The best results in terms of the hydrogen production rate and energy yield of hydrogen production were equal to 156 g h−1 and 24 g kWh−1, respectively. [Display omitted] • Dry methane reforming using 915 MHz microwave plasma of high gas flows was studied. • Recorded CO 2 and CH 4 conversion rates were up to 82% and 88%, respectively. • Achieved hydrogen production and energy yield of 156 g h−1 and 24 g/kWh, respectively. • CO 2 and CH 4 conversions are comparable with the results obtained at 2.45 GHz plasma. • Results promising for industrial DRM of high gas flow and 915 MHz microwave power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a technique to obtain wavelength tuning for a fiber laser with a nonthermal plasma‐based temperature regulator system and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The plasma effect was generated in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor filled with helium as the carrier gas for plasma generation. The temperature characterization of the DBD reactor had shown that the nonthermal heating mechanism of plasma could manipulate gas temperature from 25°C to around 145°C in ~10 min. By exploiting the rapid temperature change of plasma, the reflected wavelength of the FBG can be tuned accordingly. At a discharge voltage of 3 kV, the fiber laser was tuned within a range of 2 nm with 11.9 pm/°C tuning resolution. The fiber laser exhibits a thermally stable emission with very low shifting at a constant temperature value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overtaking collision of unidirectional dust acoustic waves in the Thomas-Fermi dense magnetoplasma has been investigated. The system consists of classical negatively charged dust particles with degenerate electrons and ions. Nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation that characterizing the dust acoustic solitons in such a plasma model is derived. The system admits only rarefactive solitary waves. Hirota's bilinear method is used to investigate the overtaking collision of two and three-soliton solutions. The exchange of energies due to the overtaking collisions is affected by physical parameters such as the electron equilibrium density, the dust temperature, and the obliquity angle. This causes the solitons behavior to be alternated. The amplitude, and width increase as the dust temperature and electron density decrease or when the dust density increases. The magnetic field affects only the soliton's width. The phase shifts are also affected by the system parameters. The current study is an attempt to illuminate the properties of N-soliton in Thomas-Fermi dense magnetoplasma that are applicable in compact astrophysical objects such as white dwarfs and high-intensity laser-solid matter interaction experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear electrostatic waves on the ion time scale have been studied in a quantum magnetoplasma in the presence of relativistically degenerate electrons. In this regard, Zakharov Kuznetsov (ZK) equation has been derived using the reductive perturbation technique. The single and two soliton solutions of the ZK equation have been obtained by employing Hirota formalism. The nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic limits of the relativistically degenerate electrons have been studied and discussed in detail for important plasma parameters both for the single and two soliton solutions of the ZK equation. We have applied our study for the plasma parameters that are found in the white dwarfs. It has been noticed that the interaction of the ZK solitons depends on the propagation vectors in the predominant direction of propagation. Importantly, it has been found that the spatial and temporal scales over which the interaction of solitons occur are different for the nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post‐microwave plasma catalysis combines plasma preactivation of the gas phase followed by a fixed bed catalyst. This process has the potential to be energy efficient, modular, versatile and to generate high numbers of active species compared with other plasma generation technologies. Specific applications of these post‐microwave plasma systems include the dissociation and activation of stable molecules and the modification of catalyst materials. This concept article will address the current findings in microwave plasma catalysis research and propose future questions that need to be addressed to further develop the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma is highly efficient in the inactivation of microorganisms and is tried to be applied to the treatment of wounds. The gas activated by plasma, named plasma-activated gas, can also effectively inactivate microorganisms and get rid of the limitations of direct plasma treatment. However, the details of the interaction of plasma-activated gas on the tissue are still unclear. In this study, the agarose gel models in the presence of microorganisms to simulate the infected tissues were used to study the inactivation effects and mechanisms of plasma-activated gas. The inactivation depths in the gel models in the presence of microorganisms were related to the types of plasma-activated gas and the species of microorganisms. The Mixed-gas exhibited the strongest inactivation effects, and the inactivation depths in the gel models in the presence of bacteria were deeper than those in the presence of fungi. The long-lived species in the plasma-activated gas penetrated to more than 5.2 mm while the short-lived species only penetrated less than 2.3 mm, demonstrating the distinct roles of reactive species in the inactivation process. Moreover, the pig muscle was covered on the gel models to assess the penetration depths of the plasma-activated gas in muscle tissue and the focused plasma-activated gas could penetrate 1–1.5 mm of pig muscle. This study explored the inactivation effects and mechanisms on the gel models and the penetration depths in the real tissues of plasma-activated gas, which supplied the theoretical basis for the further application of plasma-activated gas in biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two kinds of fluorides are proposed innovatively to modulate the dielectric property of the plasma by reducing the electron density. There is a maximum of 74.41% electron density reduction after the fluorides are injected into the plasma at a magnitude of 1019 m−3, and the corresponding plasma frequency reduction is 49.42%. The fluorides proposed in this paper exhibit a wider modulation range, a faster modulation speed, and a longer maintenance time compared with SF6. The electromagnetic (EM) wave transmission characteristics in plasma are modulated correspondingly. The attenuation of S21 is reduced by 15.11–20.11 dB in 6–18 GHz, and an enhancement in the whole experimental frequency range is observed compared with SF6. The results of the paper can be applied in the mitigation of reentry vehicle's EM wave attenuation induced by the over-dense plasma sheath covering the vehicle. In addition, it also has a potential in broad applications of EM wave and plasma interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The biological effects of atmospheric plasma (cold plasma) show its applicability for controlling the etiological factors that involve tissue repair. Thus, the study evaluated the effect of atmospheric plasma therapy in the control of tissue inflammation and bone remodeling in experimental periodontitis. Methods: Fifty‐six rats were subjected to ligation in the cervical region of the first maxillary molars (8 weeks). The animals were divided into two groups (n = 28): periodontitis without treatment group (P group), and periodontitis with atmospheric plasma treatment group (P + AP group). Tissue samples were collected at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment to analyze the inflammation and bone remodeling by biochemical, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. Results: Inflammatory infiltration in the gingival and periodontal ligament was lower in the P + AP group than in the P group (p <.05). The MPO and NAG levels were higher in the P + AP group compared to P group (p <.05). At 4 weeks, the TNF‐α level was lower and the IL‐10 level was higher in the P + AP group compared to P group (p <.05). In the P + AP group, the IL‐1β level increased in the second week and decreased in the fourth week (p <.05), the number of blood vessels was high in the gingival and periodontal ligament in the second and fourth week (p <.05); and the number of fibroblasts in the gingival tissue was low in the fourth week, and higher in the periodontal tissue in both period (p <.05). Regarding bone remodeling, the RANK and RANKL levels decreased in the P + AP group (p <.05). The OPG level did not differ between the P and P + AP groups (p >.05), but decreased from the second to the fourth experimental week in P + AP group (p <.05). Conclusions: The treatment of experimental periodontitis with atmospheric plasma for 4 weeks modulated the inflammatory response to favor the repair process and decreased the bone resorption biomarkers, indicating a better control of bone remodeling in periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) is designed and simulated using COMSOL software. The 2.45 GHz microwave is injected through a coaxial cable into a cylindrical chamber with a diameter of 9 cm and a length of 10 cm. Two coils are employed to produce a flat-B magnetic field profile and two resonance zones on both sides of the chamber. Hydrogen gas plasma is simulated by considering H+, H+2 and H+3 ions, and H and H2 as neutrals. Finally, electron density and temperature are reported as a function of gas pressure. It is observed that as the gas pressure increases, the electron temperature decreases and the electron density decline following an initial increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processes of recharging, heating and evaporation of a positively charged microparticle (MP) introduced into the plasma with an injected high-energy electron beam are considered. It is assumed that the MP is charged outside the plasma and then introduced into the plasma by an accelerating field, where plasma and beam electrons hitting the MP heat and evaporate it. In addition to introducing the MP into the plasma, the positive MP charge provides an additional source of energy needed to heat and evaporate it. Using the OML theory, the system of current and energy balance equations was numerically solved and the conditions, under which the MP is heated to the boiling point of its substance, resulting in its intense evaporation, were determined. The influence of the energy of the electron beam on the process of MP recharging, as well as on the rate of its heating and evaporation, has been studied. An estimate of the particle entry velocity into the plasma has been made; the distances at which its recharging, heating to the boiling point and complete evaporation occur are determined. The work is carried out in order to creating plasma of a given elemental composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the one-dimensional fluid code SIGLO-rf was used to study the internal parameters of RF capacitive discharge in carbon dioxide, focusing mainly on time-averaged and spatio-temporal distributions of discharge parameters. With the help of this code, in the range of distances between electrodes d = 0.04 – 8 cm, RF frequencies f = 3.89 – 67.8 MHz, and values of carbon dioxide pressure p = 0.1 – 9.9 Torr, averaged over the RF period axial profiles of the density of electrons, positive and negative ions were calculated as well as potential and electric field strength. It is shown that the discharge plasma in CO2 contains electrons, positive ions, as well as negative ions. The negative ions of atomic oxygen are formed by the dissociative attachment of electrons to CO2 molecules. Studies of the spatio-temporal dynamics of plasma parameters (electron density, potential and electric field strength, as well as ionization and attachment rates) in RF capacitive discharge in CO2 showed that during half of the RF period, 1 to 3 ionization bursts are usually observed. They correspond to stochastic heating in the near-electrode sheath and the formation of passive and active double layers near the sheath boundaries. The passive double layer appears in the cathode phase and maintains the discharge plasma. The active layer is formed in the anodic phase and ensures a balance of positive and negative charges escaping to the electrode during the RF period. It was found that when the conditions pd = 2 Torr cm and fd = 27.12 MHz cm are met simultaneously, during half of the RF period, 4 intense ionization peaks are observed: resulting from stochastic heating, passive, active, and additional (auxiliary) double layers. The auxiliary double layer helps bring electrons to the surface of the temporary anode and occurs near its surface inside the near-electrode sheath. Using the similarity law, the conditions for the existence of these 4 ionization peaks in a wide range of RF frequencies, carbon dioxide pressures, and distances between electrodes were verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decomposition of a body, and the associated gaseous and liquid discharges emanating from it, attract gravid female blow flies which lay their eggs in or on the body. After the eggs have hatched, the emerging larvae start feeding on the body. As decomposition progresses, the blow fly larvae often migrate away, typically in a random manner in search of favourable conditions for pupation. In this paper, we report on a rarely described phenomenon of unidirectional mass migration of blow fly larvae and postulate on the factors which may drive this process. A decomposition trial utilising a 60-kg pig carcass, deployed in the summer months in Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town, South Africa, was conducted in 2022. On the fifth day of the trial, simultaneous unidirectional mass dispersal of blow fly larvae was observed. The larvae moved downhill in a southeasterly direction, following the flow of decomposition fluids oozing out from the pig carcass. The 'larval migration stream' had a length of approximately 1.5 m with a width of 40 cm, tapering to 17 cm at the terminal point. The larval migration stream consisted of the larvae of Chrysomya albiceps and Chrysomya chloropyga. This study demonstrates the importance of understanding the timing and pattern of dispersal of post-feeding blow fly larvae in each geographical region. This is crucial as the minimum post-mortem interval can be miscalculated if older immature insects dispersing from the corpse are not considered and collected during crime scene investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optimal system of Lie infinitesimals has been used in an investigation to find a solution to the (2+1)-dimensional Bogoyavlensky-Konopelchenko equation (BKE). This investigation was conducted to characterize certain fantastic characteristics of plasma-particle dispersion. A careful investigation into the Lie space with an unlimited number of dimensions was carried out to locate the relevant arbitrary functions. When developing accurate solutions for the BKE, it was necessary to establish an optimum system that could be employed in single, double, and triple combination forms. There were some fantastic wave solutions developed, and these were depicted visually. The Optimal Lie system demonstrates that it can obtain many accurate solutions to evolution equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Medical gas plasma is a new modality in cancer treatment showing favorable results in preclinical and clinical trials; however, the cascade of molecular events underlying selective killing of cancer cells has not been fully elucidated. This study examines the hypothesis that cell death induced by gas plasma is mediated by a universal molecular mechanism. Using high-throughput data from eight transcriptomic studies on patient-derived prostate cultures, melanoma, breast, lymphoma, and lung cancer cells, we implemented two computational methodologies for re-analysis of single cohorts as well as meta-analysis of multi-cohort gene expression data. The results provide converging insights into the induction of immunogenic cell death in human tumors, reinforcing the potential of plasma treatment as an emerging immunotherapeutic approach in oncology. The therapeutic potential of cold physical gas plasma operated at atmospheric pressure in oncology has been thoroughly demonstrated in numerous preclinical studies. The cytotoxic effect on malignant cells has been attributed mainly to biologically active plasma-generated compounds, namely, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species interferes strongly with the antioxidant defense system of malignant cells, activating multiple signaling cascades and inevitably leading to oxidative stress-induced cell death. This study aims to determine whether plasma-induced cancer cell death operates through a universal molecular mechanism that is independent of the cancer cell type. Using whole transcriptome data, we sought to investigate the activation mechanism of plasma-treated samples in patient-derived prostate cell cultures, melanoma, breast, lymphoma, and lung cancer cells. The results from the standardized single-cohort gene expression analysis and parallel multi-cohort meta-analysis strongly indicate that plasma treatment globally induces cancer cell death through immune-mediated mechanisms, such as interleukin signaling, Toll-like receptor cascades, and MyD88 activation leading to pro-inflammatory cytokine release and tumor antigen presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Fibroblasts are among the most critical connective tissue cells in almost all tissues and organs. Enhancement of fibroblast differentiation, proliferation, and morphogenesis is of paramount importance in tissue regeneration and wound healing. The non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma technology has recently gained interest due to its extensive applications and multiple biological effects. This review article outlines the applications of DBD plasma in dentistry, and its biological effects on human fibroblasts. Materials and Methods: Relevant keywords were searched in PubMed, Ovid, and Google Scholar online databases. The search strategy resulted in selection of 7 studies according to the eligibility criteria. Results: Most studies reported increased cell proliferation and viability after the application of DBD plasma. Four studies that focused on the development of adhesion-related appendages examined the morphology of fibroblast cells, including the creation of vinculin, protrusion, and actin cytoskeleton. Expression of cyclin D1/P27 genes and genes associated with adhesion and cell attachments was also reported in two studies. Conclusion: This narrative review discussed the effects of DBD plasma technology on proliferation and behavior of human fibroblasts, and reviewed the available articles in this regard. More in vivo studies are required to understand the exact effects of this emerging technology on human mesenchymal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]