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Linker-assisted Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite (NC)-based photocatalysts have been successfully synthesized using thioglycolic acid (TGA) and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as bifunctional linker molecules (LMs). The Ag–LMs–TiO2 composites showed greatly improved photocatalytic performance for the degradation of an organic dye mixture under direct sunlight over bare Ag–TiO2 NCs. The efficiencies estimated from the degradation curves for Ag–TiO2, Ag–MPA–TiO2, and Ag–TGA–TiO2 are found to be 82.9%, 90.2%, and 96.1%, respectively. Compared to Ag–MPA–TiO2, Ag–TGA–TiO2 NCs exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic activity, which can be attributed to the TGA molecule's shorter chain length and, hence, faster and more charge transfer, which is duly confirmed by photoluminescence (PL) quenching and TRPL decay curves. Furthermore, higher Stern–Volmer quenching constant values (Ksv) have been obtained for Ag–TGA–TiO2 NCs compared to the bare Ag–TiO2 and Ag–MPA–TiO2 NCs from the PL quenching and estimated Ksv values for Ag–TiO2, Ag–MPA–TiO2, and Ag–TGA–TiO2 are 1400, 1950, and 2560 l−1, respectively. Interestingly, the Ag–TGA–TiO2 recycling analysis confirmed high stability and fast photodegradation up to 40 cycles. From the obtained results, it is concluded that the interfacial electron transfer kinetics in Ag–LM–TiO2 assemblies rely on the length of the alkyl-containing molecular linkers; the shorter the length, the more the charge transfer will be, thereby improving the photocatalytic behavior of the NCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor-based photocatalysts have become increasingly used in the removal of pollutants from wastewater, especially antibiotics. A series of composite-based cuprous oxide and bismuth vanadate (Cu2O/BiVO4) composite-based photocatalysts were synthesized by using the chemical method. The structure of the Cu2O/BiVO4 composite was verified by using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–visible spectra. The degradation of methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline (TC) was investigated to check the photocatalytic activity of the Cu2O/BiVO4 composite series. The quantity of Cu2O was varied from 1% to 7% by weight to prepare the series of Cu2O/BiVO4 composites. The analysis of results verified that 5% Cu2O/BiVO4 exhibits an outstanding photocatalytic activity as compared to 1%, 3%, and 7% Cu2O/BiVO4, pure Cu2O, and pure BiVO4 under visible light irradiation. The optimum value of photocatalytic degradation achieved with 5% Cu2O/BiVO4 was 97% for MB dye and 95% for TC in 120 min, which is greater than the photocatalytic degradation of pure BiVO4 (MB 45% and TC 72%), pure Cu2O (MB 57% and TC 80%), 1% Cu2O/BiVO4 (MB 72% and TC 85%), 3% Cu2O/BiVO4 (MB 83% and TC 88%), and 7% Cu2O/BiVO4 (MB 87% and TC 91%). The stability and reusability of Cu2O/BiVO4 were also investigated. To check the major role of trapping in degradation, a trapping experiment was also performed by using three trapping agents: BQ, EDTA, and tBuOH. The results showed that Cu2O/BiVO4 exhibits an improved photocatalytic activity in the degradation of antibiotics in polluted water because the recombination rate of the electron–hole pair decreased and the surface area increased, which increased the active sites for redox reactions. Such a photocatalytic composite with high efficiency has various applications, such as energy production, environmental remediation, and water remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removing persistent organic effluents from water through photocatalytic using visible light is a promising avenue of research. However, due to its broad band gap, BiPO 4 can only respond to ultraviolet radiation. In this work, we have succeeded in forming a novel type II p-Bi 3 O 4 Cl/n-BiPO 4 heterojunction by a simple solid-state reaction. This heterojunction enhances the efficiency of migration and separation of photogenerated charge carriers and subsequently improves the photocatalytic activity of BiPO 4 under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic activities of BiPO 4 and Bi 3 O 4 Cl increased by 61- and 4-fold, respectively, during 2 h of visible light irradiation for RhB degradation. The decomposition mechanism behind the improved rates is discussed based on trapping experiments, optical, electrochemical and photoluminescent findings. Furthermore, we assessed the stability and regeneration efficiency of the p-Bi 3 O 4 Cl/n-BiPO 4 heterojunction photocatalyst through five photocatalytic cycles. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The agricultural growth of the nation resulted in the elevated amount of agricultural toxic contaminants in water. It is a promising technique for the degradation of agricultural pollutants. Photocatalysis is termed the utilization of light energy as an inexhaustible and green energy source for degrading organic pollutants through reactive oxygen species generation. The agricultural pollutants mainly comprise pesticides, herbicides, and certain veterinary contaminants. This paper aims to discuss the prevalence of various photocatalytic agents in the degradation process of agricultural pollutants in water. Considering this, the present review has attempted to look back at the existing research based on applying chemical agents as photocatalysts to treat contaminated water systems. Literature that falls within the period from 2018 to 2023 is chosen, and the effects of various photocatalytic agents on agricultural pollutants have been explored. The categorization of the existing literature is highly relevant for future research that aims to recognize the role of photocatalytic agents and their contribution toward the purification of water systems and the eradication of agricultural pollutants. It also highlights the challenges and benefits of incorporating photocatalytic agents for the degradation process of agricultural pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalyst would be a promising method for easing energy crisis and improving ecological environment. However, the high photo-generated carrier recombination and photocorrosion would be the core issue for restricting its actual applications, and can be ameliorated by the surface heterojunction modification. The Bi 2 WO 6 /CdS hollow core-shell S-scheme nano-heterojunction is synthesized via chemical-hydrothermal method. Bi 2 WO 6 /CdS nano-heterojunction (Bi 2 WO 6 /CdS-3) exhibits signally enhanced visible light HER (∼1250.33 μmol g−1·h−1)/degradation ciprofloxacin (∼85.0%/24 min, ∼0.07580 min−1) than monomer CdS (∼36/5.9-folds) and monomer Bi 2 WO 6 (∼50/12.7-folds), including decent stability (average HER ∼1225.28 μmol∙g−1 h−1 and photodegradation ∼83.3%). It mainly attributes to the Bi 2 WO 6 /CdS S-scheme heterojunction with appropriate potential gradient can promote interface carrier driving to optimize efficiency and provide strong stronger reduction/oxidation, including increasing carrier transport, extending carrier lifetime, and reducing recombination. Additionally, the hollow core-shell structure can increase numerous active sites for decreasing overpotential and promoting electron diffusion, and improve solar efficiency (multiple reflections), including shorting carrier pathway for photocorrosion optimization, while enhancing structural stability. [Display omitted] • S-scheme heterojuction optimize carrier efficiency via greater Fermi levels gradient. • S-scheme heterojuction provide strong stronger reduction/oxidation. • Hollow core-shell structure increase active sites to promote electron diffusion. • Template auxiliary can regulate size accurately and form hollow structure easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanum doped MgTiO 3 (La–MgTiO 3 ; n (La): n (Mg) = 0.05:0.95) was synthesized using a sol–gel method, and a layer of this material was supported on quartz microspheres to produce La–MgTiO 3 (x%)/SiO 2 microspheres (LMTO(x%)/SiO 2 ; where x% represents the weight fraction of La–MgTiO 3 in the microspheres). The crystal size of MgTiO 3 decreased from 43.4 nm in La–MgTiO 3 to 29.2 nm in LMTO(20 %)/SiO 2 , and the bandgap energies increased from 3.34 eV (La–MgTiO 3) to 3.91 eV (LMTO(20 %)/SiO 2). The supported La–MgTiO 3 contributed the most to the total surface area of the LMTO(x%)/SiO 2 microspheres; further, the specific surface area of the microspheres decreased with decreasing La–MgTiO 3 content. The photoluminescence intensity of the microspheres was significantly lower than that of La–MgTiO 3. The activity of La–MgTiO 3 was enhanced after loading onto the quartz microspheres. The maximum photocatalytic activity was obtained using LMTO(40 %)/SiO 2 , while the azophloxine degradation efficiency slightly decreased after five reaction cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this work, visible light was used for the photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and it was modified as a photocatalyst. Modification of g-C3N4 was performed using SDS, MIL-101, and TiO2. The UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, and FTIR spectrometry were applied for characterization. The photodegradation of pyrene and anthracene was investigated using the photocatalyst. Results indicated that the modified photocatalytic has better photocatalytic properties than that unmodified due to the more surface area and better optical properties of the former. Results also revealed that the photodegradation efficiency significantly improved by using g-C3N4@TiO2 so that it degrades about 95% of the pyrene molecules within 12 h. While g-C3N4@ SDS and g-C3N4@ MIL-101 are degraded very low (below 10%) under the same circumstances. The LED lamp (8 W) was used as a source of radiation. Photodegradation of anthracene was also investigated; results revealed that the anthracene is degraded more quickly than the pyrene, so that after 6 h about 98% of anthracene is decomposed. The mechanism of photodegradation was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an effective means to promote photoinduced carrier separation, the construction of Z‐scheme heterojunction photocatalysts can be widely used for the degradation of organic pollutants. In this work, an innovative peanut shell biochar/Ag3PO4/AgI ternary composite was prepared, and the chemical compositions, structural morphology, optical and photoelectrochemical properties of the photocatalyst were characterized. The peanut shell biochar/Ag3PO4/AgI composite delivered a high photodegradation efficiency of MB at 99.7 % in 60 min with kinetic constant of 0.0366 min−1, which is about 3.81, 9.89, and 1.17 times that Ag3PO4 (0.0096 min−1), AgI (0.0037 min−1) and Ag3PO4/AgI (0.0313 min−1), respectively. Meanwhile, the composite also exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity for methyl orange, rhodamine B, congo red, tetracycline and ofloxacin. Based on radical capture experiments and photoelectrochemical test, the possible photocatalytic mechanism was revealed. Compared with monomers, biochar/Ag3PO4/AgI exhibits higher photocatalytic degradation activity under visible light irradiation, which was due to the introduction of electron‐transporting biochar into the composite, and the formation of heterostructure between Ag3PO4 and AgI, which enhance the separation rate of photoinduced carriers. The excellent stability and photocatalytic activity make peanut shell biochar/Ag3PO4/AgI an ideal photocatalyst to solve environmental crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a common indoor air pollutant. Due to its proven carcinogenicity, reducing indoor HCHO levels is a significant issue. In this study, a composite material consisting of zinc manganese oxide and BiVO4 was used as a photocatalyst for HCHO degradation. ZnMn2O4‐BiVO4 has efficient photocatalytic performance, wide application areas, high stability, and low‐cost advantages, making the substance a potentially useful photocatalyst that can be applied in fields such as energy conversion and environmental protection. BiVO4 was prepared by a hydrothermal method. It was further compounded with zinc manganese oxide to form composite as catalysts of different wt % ratios for photodegradation of HCHO using a fluorescent lamp as light source. The samples were characterized by using XRD, UV‐visible spectrometer, TEM, SEM, and photoluminescence spectrometry. The experimental data showed that 5.0 wt % zinc manganese oxide‐BiVO4 as catalyst had the highest HCHO degradation rate. The release of carbon dioxide and water increased the irradiation time. The degradation rate of HCHO was higher than that achieved with commercially available titanium oxide. The highest HCHO degradation rate was 66 % within 4 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MIL‐88 MOFs have gained considerable attention as photocatalysts in environmental remediation due to their advantages such as stability, reusability, efficient light absorption, and charge separation capabilities. This study explores the potential of MIL‐88A, MIL‐88B, and NH2‐MIL‐88B for degrading the reactive orange 16 (RO16). MIL‐88 s were synthesized via solvo(hydro)thermal method and characterized using FTIR, PXRD, SEM, zeta potential, and UV‐DRS techniques. Photocatalytic degradations were conducted under UVA radiation, revealed a remarkable 93 % degradation rate. MIL‐88 s demonstrated exceptional performance and reusability, maintaining high efficiency even at 300 mg/L catalyst concentration. The photodegradation efficiencies of MIL‐88 A, MIL‐88B and NH2‐MIL‐88B for RO16 reach nearly 85 % within 120 minutes, 92 % within 60 minutes, 90 % within 75 minutes respectively. Even at a high initial concentration of 15 mg/L, the results underscore the significance of evaluating both initial efficiency and stability over multiple cycles, with MIL‐88B initially exhibiting the highest efficiency declining to 77 % by the fifth cycle, while MIL‐88 A maintained 54 % efficiency and NH2‐MIL‐88B sustained 72 % efficiency over the same period. Mechanistic elucidation identified O2⋅− and ⋅OH as the primary reactive radicals. This study is unique in being the first to explore the photocatalytic removal of RO16 using MIL‐88 s, providing a pioneering approach to sustainable water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance and photocatalytic degradation of dye molecules absorbed on Ag nanoparticle-decorated ZnO microrods are investigated at 20 and 50 °C. The role of temperature in the mechanism is elucidated. This work provides insight into the optimization of temperature-dependent plasmon-induced catalysis using similar materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilising the solution combustion technique, nanocrystalline photocatalysts that included both pristine TiO2 and doped TiO2 with various La (III) dopant percentages (1, 3, 5, and 7 mol%) were created. Different methods, including thermal analysis, high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), were used to investigate the prepared nanostructures. The XRD results indicated the anatase form and the crystalline nature of the products (pristine and doped TiO2) in the size range of a crystallite (5–16.5) nm. The photocatalytic assessment of the prepared nano-photocatalysts was carried out by crystal violet (CV) decolourisation under ultraviolet (UV) light. The findings revealed that 3% La-TiO2 showed the highest degradation efficiency (95.98%) in 70 min with a pseudo-first-rate constant of k = 4.73 × 10−2 min−1, compared to pristine TiO2 and the other TiO2 nanostructures with various La (III) dopant ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution has always been an inescapable challenge in the development of human society. Photocatalytic technology is regarded as a promising strategy for water pollution control. In this work, a novel Cu2O/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx MXene photocatalyst is constructed to create diverse electron transport pathways, thereby promoting charge separation and achieving superior photocatalytic performance. The synergistic effects of composite photocatalytic materials are instrumental in degrading organic dyes under visible light. The successful construction of a heterojunction structure between Cu2O and in situ generated TiO2 mitigates charge recombination post-separation, significantly extending the lifetime of photogenerated carriers. Additionally, the incorporation of Ti3C2Tx serves as an effective conductive medium, facilitating the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges within the material. Therefore, the Cu2O/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx MXene composites exhibit exceptional photocatalytic activity, showcasing the best performance, achieving a degradation rate of 71.5% after 3 h of visible light irradiation. These findings underscore the potential of this new compound in enhancing photocatalytic organic degradation, highlighting the promising application prospects of photocatalytic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent studies we have reported on the near-UV light-induced degradation of iron complexes of various pharmaceutical excipients, such as Fe(III)-citrate and Fe(III)-amino acid complexes. Mechanistic studies revealed a common photo-degradation pattern, i.e. the formation of carbon dioxide radical anion, a potent reducing agent, via an alkoxyl/amino radical intermediate generated by light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) involving α-hydroxycarboxylates or amino acids. Herein, we confirm the proposed general photo-degradation pathways through the study of the iron complexes of other α-hydroxycarboxylates that may be present in protein formulations, such as lactate and glycolate. The results indicate that lactate generates even higher yields of •CO 2 − as compared to citrate, suggesting a significant potential of lactate for the promotion of photo-degradation in pharmaceutical formulations. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Cobalt(II)‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) with composition [Co2(μ2‐OH)(L)(bib)·H2O·2DMA]n(1) (H3L = 5‐[4′‐carboxylphenoxy] isophthalic acid, bib = 1, 4‐bis[1‐imidazolyl]benzene, DMA = dimethylacetamide) has been solvothermally synthesized and characterized. The MOF exhibits unprecedented topology with Schläfli symbol (43)2(4.66.1686) and display optical band gap of 3.68 eV and hence utilized as photocatalyst to photodegrade antibiotics such as metronidazole, tinidazole, nitrofurantoin, and dimetridazole. Among these antibiotics, it displays exceptional photocatalytic degradation of nitrofurantoin. Additional studies suggest that at pH 5 and 5 mg/L dosage of 1, 99.66% of nitrofurantoin decomposes at its 40 ppm concentration. Further, mechanistic pathway for light‐driven nitrofurantoin decomposition has been explored by utilizing experimental, namely, radical trapping experiments and computational techniques employing density of states and Hirshfeld surface analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is urgent to remove various pollutants from the water environment. Therefore, an inorganic–organic hybrid polyoxometalate (POM) [PMoVI6MoV2VIV8O44{Co(2,2′‐bipy)2(H2O)}4]‐[PMoVI4MoV4VIV8O44{Co(2,2′‐bipy)2(H2O)}2]·4H2O (PMoVCo) was fully characterized by XRD, XPS, FTIR, SEM, BET and zeta potential techniques, and applied for the catalytic reduction of hazardous methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), Cr (VI) and 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) in aqueous media over NaBH4 under mild condition. The removal ratios were 99.6% (MB, 2.5 min), 97.0% (MO, 3.0 min), 92.5% (RhB, 2.0 min), 89.2% (Cr (VI), 2.0 min) and 89.6% (4‐NP, 2.5 min), respectively. The pseudo‐first‐order rate constants of the reactions were 1.992 min−1 (MB), 0.810 min−1 (MO), 1.768 min−1 (RhB), 1.186 min−1 (Cr (VI)) and 0.934 min−1 (4‐NP), respectively. Additionally, PMoVCo exhibited satisfactory catalytic activity for the photo‐Fenton‐like degradation of MB at neutral pH under visible light irradiation with a degradation rate up to 99.9% in 480 min. The results of the recycling experiment prove that PMoVCo has high catalytic reusability. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of the catalytic reduction and degradation processes were proposed. The catalytic activities of PMoVCo are better than other inorganic–organic hybrid POMs. All the results of this study indicate that PMoVCo has the potential to be a satisfactory catalyst for wastewater remediation via reduction or photocatalytic degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of the Pd@TMU-16 to act as a photocatalyst in degrading the Acid Red 88 (AR88) dye from an aqueous solution, via photocatalysis process, using UV irradiation. The synthesis of this catalyst was performed under conditions of thermal solvent and its characteristic parameters were confirmed using the XRD, Band gap, SEM, BET, pHPCZ, and FTIR methodologies. The influence exerted by the operative parameters on the AR88 degradation, which included the pH, reaction time, radiation intensity, catalyst mass, and initial dye concentration was examined. At the optimum condition of photocatalysis and utilising only 0.75 g of Pd@TMU-16, total degradation of 10 mg/L dye concentration was performed. From the kinetic studies, the dye degradation indicated that it was similar to the pseudo-first-order model, and the dye degradation mechanism had taken place through the hydroxyl (•OH) and superoxide radicals (•O⁻₂). The adsorbent reusability was also studied, and from the results it was evident that the 18% decrease observed after six consecutive cycles of catalyst use, clearly indicated its stability. For radiation intensities of 8, 15, 24, and 36 W, the Energy Consumed per m3 of the treated wastewater was found 20.2, 28.8, 34.1, and 36.9 kWh, respectively. From these results, namely the low energy gap (2.3 eV) and high degradation capacity, it was evident that the Pd@TMU-16 can be useful, under UV light, as a powerful catalyst in the elimination of dyes and other organic contaminants from polluted aqueous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesized a bismuth-MOFs@CNTs (BiBTC@CNTs) catalyst using a microwave-assisted solvothermal method. The mass ratios of CNTs and BiBTC varied from 0 to 2, 5, and 10% (denoted as BiBTC@CNTs-x, x = 0 to 2, 5, and 10). The characteristics of the catalyst were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). The catalytic activity of the material was tested by photodegradation of rhodamine B. The structure of BiBTC@CNTs-x displayed a UU-200 and CNT structure with rod-shaped interweaving between the CNT fibers. The results indicated that BiBTC@CNTs-2 had the most significant ability to degrade RhB, achieving 98% degradation in 180 min. The increased separation of electron-hole pairs via a built-in electric field between CNT and BiBTC is responsible for the improved photocatalytic degradation of RhB, as observed in the XPS spectrum, transient photocurrent response, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Mott-Schottky plots. In addition, the catalyst mass, dye concentration, pH of the medium, and radical scavengers were investigated. Furthermore, free radicals (O2−) and electrons (e-) played the primary and most influential role in the photocatalytic degradation of both dyes, with a minor contribution from the photogenerated holes (h+). Kinetic study of the dye degradation process followed a first-order kinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel photocatalyst comprising graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and tungsten oxide (WO3) in different weight ratios was fabricated through a facile synthesis method. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV–vis spectroscopy to elucidate their structural and optical properties. The photocatalytic performance of the g-C3N4/WO3 nanocomposite was evaluated for Rhodamine (RhB) degradation under visible light irradiation. Remarkably, the 3 wt % g-C3N4/WO3 nanocomposite exhibited a superior degradation efficiency of 96% (rate constant ~ 0.02714 min−1) compared to pure g-C3N4 and WO3. The major role was played by both holes (h+) and superoxide anion radicals (•O2−) in the degradation process. This performance is attributed to the synergistic effect between the two components, which facilitated efficient charge separation leading to decreased recombination of photo-generated electron–hole pairs, and improved light absorption. Additionally, the optimized nanocomposite was employed for electrochemical detection of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), showcasing remarkable sensitivity (limit of detection ~ 0.22 µM) and selectivity towards 2-NP. This positions it as a promising candidate for environmental monitoring applications. In summary, this study underscores the potential of the g-C3N4/WO3 nanocomposite in wastewater treatment as a visible light photocatalyst, alongside its utility in electrochemical sensing of organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, type-II heterojunction WO 3 /BaTiO 3 and Z-scheme WO 3 /SrTiO 3 or WO 3 /Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 nanocomposite photocatalysts were constructed for photodegradation of organic pollutants in wastewater under visible light. The photocatalytic performance of three WO 3 /titanate systems were estimated. Some influencing factors such as molar ratio of WO 3 and titanates, light irradiation time, catalyst dose, and initial concentration of organic pollutants on the photocatalytic activity were investigated. The stability and reusability of three WO 3 /titanates systems were examined. Moreover, the production of some radicals in the three WO 3 /titanates photocatalytic systems was demonstrated, and the three WO 3 /titanates photocatalytic reaction mechanisms were compared. The results reveal that the configurations of WO 3 /titanates photocatalytic systems are transformed from type-II heterojunction WO 3 /BaTiO 3 with lower activity to Z-scheme WO 3 /SrTiO 3 and WO 3 /Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 with higher activity via the change of titanates. The WO 3 /titanate nanocomposites show higher photocatalytic activity at 3.0:1.0 M ratio of WO 3 and titanates, and WO 3 /Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 nanoparticles have superior photocatalytic activity. The order of photocatalytic activity is as follows: WO 3 /Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 > WO 3 /SrTiO 3 > WO 3 /BaTiO 3. Several organic pollutants, such as rhodamine B, methyl parathion, direct brilliant yellow-4R, and methylene blue, can be efficiently degraded using WO 3 /Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 under visible light, and the RhB has higher degradation rate. After four cycles, WO 3 /titanate nanocomposites still have relatively high stability and reusability. •OH plays a major role in three WO 3 /titanates photocatalytic degradation. It is expected that the Z-scheme WO 3 /Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 photocatalytic technology creates a good foreground for disposing of dyes and pesticides in water and wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of ternary nanocomposites of BiFeO 3 -Graphene-KNbO 3 through simple solution method has been made at various concentrations of graphene ranging 0.025–0.1 % mole fraction. The obtained nanocomposite powders with varying content of graphitic phase were subjected to different characterization techniques such as XRD, Raman, SEM/EDX/Elemental mapping, HR-TEM, UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy, dielectric and photodegradation measurements. All above studies have provided the collective impression of the existence of all entities in the prepared ternary composites. Dielectric studies revealed that progressive loading of graphene content led to the increased pathway for the conduction of electrons in the sample. However, the loading of graphene at appropriate concentration has brought out increased dye degradation capacity of BiFeO 3 -Graphene-KNbO 3 ternary nanocomposites towards methylene blue dye. The results obtained from various studies have been discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes were obtained by the anodization process, applying a potential of 30 V for 2 h in an electrolyte composed of NH4F, H2O and ethylene glycol. The nitrogen doping of the obtained nanostructures was studied and the influence of the use of different temperatures during the thermal treatments 400, 500 and 600°C, on the formed nanotubes were evaluated. The morphology and crystalline structure of the obtained materials were determined by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The optical properties were evaluated by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and the photoelectrochemical properties by linear sweep voltammetry curves. The photocatalytic activity of nanotubes was evaluated by degradation of glycerol in aqueous medium using UV and visible radiation. TiO2 nanotubes developed photoactivity, photoelectrochemical behaviour and presented catalytic activity for glycerol degradation, which is more evident with UV radiation. The sample thermally treated at 500°C was the one that presented superior photoelectrochemical behaviour and superior photocatalytic activity when exposed to both UV and visible radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dyeing process in textile industries has significant environment implication, primarily due to the release of a large amount of water effluents. Photocatalyst is a perennially effective technique used for the degradation of toxic, low- biodegradable hazardous effluents from water bodies. This method is highly selective, cost-effective, straightforward synthesis, and environmentally friendly process. Semiconductor metal oxides-based photocatalysts have gained attraction due to their superior properties including less toxicity and environment applications. However, their widespread implementation has diminished because of the poor photocatalytic activity in the visible region. To address this limitation, incorporating a conducting polymer particularly Polyaniline, has proven more effective. The enhanced charge-carrying capacity and ability to change the optical band gap makes the semiconductor more efficient for the degrading the organic effluents from the water bodies. This review primarily focuses on degradation of poisonous dyes present in textiles wastewater, using the polyaniline-semiconductor nanocomposite as a photocatalyst material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, environmental pollutants have become more hazardous to both human health and eco-systems. One potential method for cleaning up the environment is eco-friendly semiconductor photocatalysis. There are several types of mechanism associated with semiconductor photocatalysis, in that, Step-scheme (S-scheme) photocatalysis (SSPC)grabbed plenty of interest in the domain of developing and transforming solar fuel due to their effective charge spatial separation and robust redox capabilities. Herein, this article highlights and summarizes the most recent advancements in S-scheme heterojunctions photocatalysis (SSHJPC); also, briefly encapsulate the process, reaction principle, Mechanism, Synthesis strategies, Frontier characterization techniques and their applications in solar energy conversion. Finally, conclusions are drawn and future prospects for solar energy conversion issues are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study successfully synthesized ZnO–CuO nanocomposite using the hydrothermal method with Carica papaya leaf extract. The incorporation of the leaf extract significantly enhanced the nanocomposite properties, a novel approach in scientific research. Characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transmission Infrared spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, confirmed a cubic crystal structure with an average size of 22.37 nm. The Fourier Transmission Infrared spectrum revealed distinctive vibrations at 627, 661, and 751 cm−1 corresponding to ZnO–CuO nanocomposite corresponding to stretching and vibration modes. SEM images confirmed a cubic-like and irregular structure. The nanocomposite exhibited outstanding photocatalytic activity, degrading methylene blue dye by 96.73% within 120 min under visible light. Additionally, they showed significant antimicrobial activity, inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) and Klebsiella pneumonia (17 mm). The results highlight the efficiency of Carica papaya leaf-derived ZnO–CuO nanocomposite for environmental and health challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent photocatalytic performance and recyclability are crucial for the long-term use of the photocatalyst. In this study, 5 mol% Fe doped zinc oxide (ZF5), was freeze-dried with bacterial cellulose (BC)/sodium alginate (SA) solution to fabricate a novel composite aerogel capable of degrading methylene blue (MB) under visible light. Ca2+ crosslinking and hydrophobic modifications were adopted to strengthen the aerogel skeleton and enhance the cycling photocatalytic activity, meanwhile, making the aerogel floatable persistently. The influences of pH, ZF5 dosage, and initial solution concentration on MB degradation were investigated. Benefiting from the synergy between the components and the combined modification, the optimum composite aerogel exhibits photocatalytic efficiency of up to 97.4% at an initial MB concentration of 20 mg/L within an irradiation time of 80 min. In addition, it exhibits a degradation efficiency of 79.7% even after 8 cycles, showing great potential in visible-light-driven degradation of MB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our study's scenario, flexible films were fabricated from TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers and silver selenide (CNF/Ag2Se) as efficient membranes for the degradation of methylene blue (MB). Different concentrations of Ag2Se particles were in situ prepared in the presence of CNF. The in-situ synthesis of Ag2Se nanoparticles in the presence of CNF was reported as efficient technique for the formation of submicrosize Ag2Se particles with a narrow size distribution and homogeneous dispersion onto CNF. TEM analysis revealed that the nanofibers had uniform width and diameter, while XRD demonstrated single-phase orthorhombic β-Ag2Se formation. 3D-FESEM showed tiny root measurer values of 28, 30, and 32.56 nm in polymeric films with 2.5, 5, and 10% Ag2Se-filled CNF. Polymeric films had visible-driven-light photocatalytic activity because the band gap fell from 4.61 eV (UV area) to 2.71 eV (visible region). The composite's photocatalytic performance was assessed by MB degradation. 10% of CNF/Ag2Se demonstrated maximal photocatalytic activity under simulated sunlight for 60 min, pH 9, and 3 g/L composite weight. The factorial design statistical analysis showed that MB dye photodegradation is mostly affected by irradiation time and dye concentration. Environmental, social, and economic factors are all considered, making this study suitable for implementing photocatalysis to large-scale water treatment systems, which is a key component of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic dyes are stable and persistent toxic compounds in the aquatic environment that are refractory to decompose by removal methods such as physico-chemical, optical and biological. Their presence in the aquatic media threatens human and wildlife. Herein, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) due to good chemical durability, low cost and good photocatalytic performance was anchored on biochar (ZnO@biochar) nanocomposites were synthesized towards activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the photocatalytic removal of methyl orange (MO) dye. Several methods were used to characterization of the nanocomposites including FESEM, XRD, PL, EDS, FT-IR spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption/desorption. The results of the techniques demonstrated that the well-dispersed ZnO NPs were loaded onto the biochar surface. According to the particle size distribution graph, the average particle size of 64 nm was obtained for the ZnO NPs. BET analyzes showed that pore volume, the specific surface area (SSA) and average pore size of the synthesized nanocomposite increased. The survey of effective operational parameters indicated that the highest photocatalytic activity for MO removal was in the pH 3 of solution, 5 ppm initial dye concentration, 30 mg ZnO/biochar nanocomposite, and 20 mg PMS dose under LED-50W lamp irradiation (97.03% in the reaction time of 80 min). During the process, the reduction of the total organic carbon (TOC) contents and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were observed. Moreover, the MO degradation kinetics under optimal operating conditions were determined. It is concluded that the ZnO@biochar nanocomposite/PMS process was an efficient degradation method for the decomposition of the dye pollutant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a pressing demand for the introduction of environmentally safe technologies for the industries that supply the basic needs of industrialized societies. Advanced Oxidation Processes may become one of the answers to these uprising pollution management problems in the near future. The present investigation aimed to reduce the refractory organics present in the biologically treated (Activated Sludge Process) tannery effluent using Photocatalysis. The optimum time, pH, dosage of H2O2, and mass of NPAC required for the effective treatment using photocatalysis were found to be 60 mins, 8, 0.2 mg.L-1, and 1g. 100 mL-1, respectively. Although the efficiency of homogeneous photocatalysis was found to be higher than that of heterogeneous photocatalysis, the biodegradability was higher in the latter, with a value of 0.26. The experimental results have proved that photocatalysis could be a promising technology to reduce the refractory organics present in the tannery effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of organic dye contaminations has been a major concern in recent years. Metal oxides and their composite have created a huge interest in the degradation of organic pollutants utilizing particularly direct sunlight has been investigated recently. This study demonstrated a facile sol-gel-assisted synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite for solar light-assisted removal of methylene blue (MB) dye and nanofluids applications. Transmission electron microscopic images displayed that the CuO NPs, which had a mean diameter of 30 nm, were dispersed on the rGO surface. The composite photocatalyst demonstrated a 92% degradation rate for MB dye. In addition, the study examined the impact of photocatalyst quantity, concentration of MB, and pH on MB degradation. A study on radical scavenging demonstrated that the generation of superoxide radicals was the main factor responsible for the degradation of MB. The stability test demonstrated that the degradation efficiency of the MB did not exhibit a substantial reduction after four consecutive cycles. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of CuO/rGO nanofluids depends on the particle concentration and temperature. The thermal conductivity enhancement of the nanofluids with a 0.07% volume fraction at 65 °C in deionized water and ethylene glycol was found to be 47.5% and 30.3%, respectively. Highlights: Sol-gel synthesis of CuO/rGO composite for photocatalysis and nanofluids. The composite photocatalyst degraded 92% of MB dye in 90 min under sunlight. The ROS study confirmed that O2–• was the reason for MB dye degradation. The highest thermal conductivity was observed with a volume fraction of 0.07%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of high‐efficiency magnetic composite photocatalyst by doping magnetic cobalt ferrite and compounding single semiconductor photocatalyst is a promising strategy to improve the oxidation ability of photocatalytic systems. In this paper, CoFe1.95Dy0.05O4 (CFDO) was prepared by doping Dy element into magnetic CoFe2O4, and Ag2S (AS)/CFDO with high‐efficiency magnetic photocatalyst was synthesized by compounding AS with CFDO as the substrate. The photocatalytic samples were characterized by different advanced characterization methods, and their photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) was studied. The results show that AS/CFDO exhibits higher visible light response, excellent photogenerated charge separation ability and migration efficiency, and excellent catalytic performance in the catalytic degradation system. The photocatalytic activity of AS/CFDO was the highest, and its photocatalytic degradation kinetic constant K was 2.48 and 1.54 times that of AS and CFDO, respectively. In addition, the catalyst contained in the catalytically contaminated solution can be effectively separated by an external magnetic field to achieve multiple cycles of degradation and recycling. The cyclic degradation experiments showed that AS/CFDO exhibited high degradation stability during the photodegradation process. After the fifth reuse, the degradation efficiency was still more than 88.0%. Finally, the possible photocatalytic mechanism of the samples was discussed. Therefore, this work provides an effective solution for the construction of photocatalysts with high efficiency, magnetic recovery, and cyclic degradation stability and avoids the secondary pollution of catalysts to organic wastewater. It is of great significance to create an environmentally friendly catalytic method for efficient cyclic degradation of organic wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Enhancing the efficiency of charge carrier separation is crucial for improving the performance of photocatalysts, thereby offering more effective solutions to energy and environmental pollution challenges. In this study, a carbon‐deficient ultra‐thin porous g‐C3N4 (Vc‐UPCN) was synthesized and subsequently was integrated with Bi2Fe4O9 (BFO) using a sonochemical self‐assembly technique, a Bi2Fe4O9/Vc‐UPCN (BC) photocatalyst featuring a Z‐scheme heterojunction. The BC catalyst was subjected to corona poling treatment to obtain BCp, which possesses an intrinsic electric field. Compared with pure BFO and Vc‐UPCN, the BC heterojunction exhibited higher photo‐generated electron–hole separation efficiency and photodegradation ability. Upon introduction of corona polarization, the photocatalytic performance of BC was further enhanced. Specifically, BCp‐15 (BFO/BC mass fraction = 15) achieved complete degradation of methylene blue (MB) within 30 min. BCp‐15 demonstrated that its degradation efficiency for MB was 1.28 times higher than that of BC‐15, 1.85 times higher than that of Vc‐UPCN, and impressive 7.69 times higher than that of pure BFO. The coupling effect of the heterojunction and ferroelectric polarization significantly improved the separation efficiency of photo‐generated carriers in BCp. This study is expected to provide a reference for the synergistic application of heterojunction and ferroelectric polarization in traditional semiconductor photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2@BiOCl‐BiOI heterostructure photocatalyst with high photocatalytic activity was prepared by the composite modification and sol‐gel procedure. TiO2 nanoparticles highly dispersed on the surface of TiO2@BiOCl‐BiOI, which provides sufficient active sites for the photocatalytic degradation process. The photodegradation performance of the photocatalyst was evaluated by the removal rate of Congo Red. The researches showed that the degradation effect of TiO2@BiOCl‐BiOI for Congo Red is significantly stronger than that of TiO2 and BiOCl‐BiOI, which is mainly due to the type‐II heterojunction structure of TiO2@BiOCl‐BiOI and its enhanced visible‐light response. The experiments of free radical capture indicated that ⋅O2- ${{{\rm O}}_{2}^{-}}$ and h+ ${{{\rm h}}^{+}}$ are the main active species in the photocatalytic degradation system. This study showed that TiO2@BiOCl‐BiOI can almost completely degrade Congo Red under simulated sunlight, making it the harmless substances such as H2O and CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of transition metal‐doped TiO2 was prepared by a simple sol‐solvothermal method. Mix an ethanol solution of tetrabutyl titanate and metal nitrate solution to obtain a homogeneous sol, which is then subjected to solvothermal treatment. After calcination, the metal‐TiO2 naoncomposite was obtained. Selected transition metal precursors, including Cu, Fe, Ag, Cr, Co and Zn, were doped into TiO2 nanocatalysts to assess photocatalytic degradation activities. The results show that 1 mol % Ag−TiO2 photocatalyst has a larger specific surface area, a stable anatase phase and the narrowest forbidden band energy (3.00 eV). In photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) tests, 1 mol % Ag−TiO2 could reach 100 % decolourisation after 70 min and 75.43 % mineralisation after 90 min. ESR analysis confirmed that Ag doping significantly increased the content of ⋅O2− and ⋅OH for the TiO2 catalyst, which are responsible for the oxidation reactions and consequently degradation of pollutants. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of MO was also proposed. The TOC analyses confirmed the mineralization of MO. The excellent thermal and chemical stability of 1 mol % Ag−TiO2 has also been demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis and cycling experiments. Electrochemical tests have also demonstrated the excellent electrochemical properties of 1 mol % Ag−TiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a NiAl-LDH with the characteristic structure of a hydrotalc-like compound was applied as a carrier in a two-step hydrothermal process, and a MnCdS/In2S3/NiAl-LDH composite material was successfully prepared by loading MnCdS and In2S3 on the flower spherical-like surface of NiAl-LDH. The combination of NiAl-LDH with In2S3 and MnCdS made the band gap smaller and the light absorption range larger, thus increasing the utilization rate of light. 50% MnCdS/In2S3/NiAl-LDH composites had the best photoinduced charge separation and highest surface enrichment of photogenerated electrons. In the degradation experiment of crystal violet (CV), 50% MnCdS/In2S3/NiAl-LDH composites showed superior photocatalytic degradation efficiency (>98.5%) under full spectrum light. Furthermore, the applicability and universality of photocatalysts were studied by observing the degradation of CV by MnCdS/In2S3/NiAl-LDH composites under different conditions. In addition, the composites showed excellent hydrogen production capacity in the photolysis of water, in which hydrogen production within 8 hours was about 7661.51 μmol g−1. By combining the results of active species capture experiments, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and photoelectrochemical experiments, the possible mechanism of double S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysis among NiAl-LDH, In2S3 and MnCdS was inferred, which is one of the main reasons for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide composites with graphene/graphene oxide have increasingly gained popularity in enhancing the photocatalytic degradation of several existing harmful dyes. Moreover, identifying the role of carbon networks and their interactions in composite formation would assist in the design and development of photocatalysts. In the present study, we investigated the role of carbon networks in improving photocatalytic properties. Electronic structure analysis of cobalt oxide–graphene (C2)/graphene oxide (C3) nanocomposites using XAS suggested possible charge transfer from cobalt oxide nanoparticles to the carbon network during composite formation. The photocatalytic degradation of C3 towards phenol dye (1 × 10−3 M) was >50% and improved the degradation rate with k = 0.231 h−1.In the quest to understand the mechanism unfolding on its surface, in situ XAS under UV–visible irradiation was performed, which shed light on delayed excitonic recombination in the synthesized nanocomposites. This enabled hydroxy radicals (˙OH) to play a preeminent role in the cleavage of the phenol ring and its intermediaries. Based on these observations, a detailed mechanism for charge transfer occurring during nanocomposite formation and the mechanism involved in the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite photocatalyst towards phenol degradation under the influence of UV–visible irradiation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The micro‐morphology of photocatalytic materials has a great influence on their photocatalytic performance. Quantum dots can provide the plasmon resonance effect and broaden the wavelength range of light absorption. In this study, a kind of 3D spherical flower‐like structure was constructed by self‐assembly of 2D nanosheets, the Bi2S3 particles with 5 ± 1 nm diameter were modified on the surfaces of Bi2O2CO3 nanosheets to prepare the Bi2S3/Bi2O2CO3 composite. The energy level difference (0.45 eV) between the conduction bands (CB) of Bi2S3 and Bi2O2CO3 led to which the e− was transferred to CB of Bi2O2CO3. The energy level difference (0.83 eV) between the CB of Bi2O2CO3 and the valence band (VB) of Bi2S3 was much smaller than the band gap (1.28 eV) of Bi2S3, and it led to which the electrons on the CB of Bi2O2CO3 were recombined with the holes on the VB of Bi2S3. A kind of innovative type heterojunction was constructed between Bi2S3 and Bi2O2CO3, which encouraged the photogenerated h+ and ·OH to be located on the VB of Bi2O2CO3 with the strongest oxidation potential, the prepared material showed excellent performance for the photodegradation of RhB, and the active groups were also controlled in the photocatalysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) deposited in ambient snowpack play key roles in regional carbon cycle and surface energy budget, but the impacts of photo‐induced processes on its optical and chemical properties are poorly understood yet. In this study, melted samples of the seasonal snow collected from northern Xinjiang, northwestern China, were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation to investigate the photolytic transformations of WSOC. Molecular characteristics and chemical composition of WSOC and its brown carbon (BrC) constituents were investigated using high‐performance liquid chromatography interfaced with a photodiode array detector and a high‐resolution mass spectrometer. Upon illumination, formation of nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing species with high molecular weight was observed in snow samples influenced by soil‐ and plant‐derived organics. In contrast, the representative sample collected from remote region showed the lowest molecular diversity and photolytic reactivity among all samples, in which no identified BrC chromophores decomposed upon illumination. Approximately 65% of chromophores in urban samples endured UV irradiation. However, most of BrC composed of phenolic/lignin‐derived compounds and flavonoids disappeared in the illuminated samples containing WSOC from soil‐ and plant‐related sources. Effects of the photochemical degradation of WSOC on the potential modulation of snow albedo were estimated. Apparent half‐lives of WSOC estimated as albedo reduction in 300–400 nm indicated 0.1–0.4 atmospheric equivalent days, which are shorter than typical photolysis half‐lives of ambient biomass smoke aerosol. This study provides new insights into the roles of WSOC in snow photochemistry and snow surface energy balance. Plain Language Summary: Seasonal snow is one of the largest terrestrial cryosphere components, its water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) constituents are highly dynamic and significantly affect the snowpack energy balance and carbon cycles. In this study, photolysis experiments were conducted in the laboratory to investigate the photochemical characteristics of WSOC in snowmelt collected from northwestern China. Impacts of ultraviolet (UV) light on the molecular composition of WSOC, its brown carbon (BrC) constituents, and the radiative effects of WSOC were analyzed. The results showed that WSOC and its BrC components in the samples collected from remote areas were less affected by the UV irradiation compared to the urban samples. The samples influenced by soil and plants were more photo‐active, majority of the chromophores disappeared upon irradiation, along with significant formation of nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing organic compounds. Furthermore, we found that WSOC in snowmelts have shorter lifetimes than the biomass burning aerosol. This study showed that photo‐induced processes substantially influence the molecular composition and radiative properties of WSOC in snowpack across the arid regions of northwestern China, where seasonal snow is the primary fresh water resource. Key Points: S‐ and N‐containing species with high molecular weight formed in the illuminated snowmelt samples containing soil and plant organicsBrown carbon (BrC) in the remote snowpack are photo‐resistant, however, those in the samples influenced by soil and plant organics are photo‐labileThe photochemical half‐lives of snow water‐soluble organic carbon showed 0.1–0.4 atmospheric‐relevant days, which are shorter than that of biomass smoke aerosol [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The BixOyIz and CoFe2O4 combination enhances photocatalytic degradation of tetracyclines (TCs). Three TC antibiotics including TC, oxytetracycline (OTC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) with high concentration (50 mg L−1) were utilized as target pollutant. Bi5O7I/Bi4O5I2, with its Z‐scheme, improves removal efficiency to 1.6 times that of Bi5O7I and 1.4 times that of Bi4O5I2. Ternary Bi5O7I/Bi4O5I2/CoFe2O4 (I/I/Co) composites further increase efficiency, with I/I/Co‐2 achieving 1.6 times that of I/I‐2. The improved performance is due to an optimized microstructure, which promotes light absorption and carrier transfer. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles on nanosheets create a double‐Z band structure, enhancing redox activity. Radical trapping experiments indicated the major active species (•O2−, OH−, and h+) in photocatalytic process of I/I/Co‐2. Based on their enhanced removal efficiencies for high‐concentration TCs, proper magnetic separation capacity, and recycling performance, the practical applications of I/I/Co composites to treat real TC wastewater might be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of submicron‐sized functional polymer particles poly(Sty‐co‐MAA) with variable methacrylic acid (MAA) content were prepared by soap‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene (Sty), methacrylic acid (MAA), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The number‐average diameters of polymer particles (Dn) were in the range of 0.11 to 0.19 μm. A decrease in particle size was observed with increasing the molar ratio of MAA comonomer in the recipe. ZnO/poly(Sty‐co‐MAA) hybrid polymer particles were prepared by seeded emulsion copolymerization in presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as seed particles synthesized using Citrus lemon aqueous leaf extract. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microsphere (TEM), X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transformed infra‐red (FT‐IR) analysis were performed to characterize polymer particles. The crystalline size of ZnO NPs and ZnO/poly(Sty‐co‐MAA) hybrid polymer particles calculated from XRD analysis were 20.75 and 29.85 nm, respectively. These hybrid polymer particles were applied as photocatalyst in the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under UV irradiation, which showed high catalytic activity with degradation efficiency of 85.70 % at room temperature compared to bare ZnO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium‐doped zinc oxide (Ce‐ZnO) nanocones with cerium concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 % were synthesized using a sol‐gel method. Their effectiveness as photocatalysts for degrading dyes such as Rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene Orange (MO), and Methylene Violet (MV) was evaluated. The optical and structural properties, particle size distribution, and morphology of these nanocones were examined using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) spectrophotometry. XRD results confirmed that the nanocones were highly crystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and a noticeable blue shift was observed in the Ce‐doped ZnO nanocones compared to pure ZnO. The photocatalytic performance under UV exposure showed that cerium doping significantly improved the degradation of RhB, MO, and MV. Notably, ZnO nanocones doped with 1 % cerium exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency, achieving 100 % degradation of RhB within 60 minutes. Additionally, 1 % Ce‐ZnO nanocones demonstrated degradation efficiencies of 86.3 % for MO and 74.9 % for MV within the same time frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we investigate the photocatalytic properties of a new Ag2MoO4/CuWO4 composite. Three different composites with 5, 10, and 15 weight percent of fine Ag2MoO4 nanostructures were precipitated on CuWO4 nanoparticles. Given the staggered valence and conduction band positions of the two components, the composite with the 10 % weight percent Ag2MoO4 loading on CuWO4 demonstrated the slowest recombination kinetics. The same composite also exhibited the best photocatalytic degradation of RhB under UV light irradiation. The photocatalytic turnover frequency of this composite was also among the best reported for RhB degradation reported in the literature. Photocatalytic kinetics, active species trapping, and various control experiments were carried out to get an insight into the photocatalytic mechanism. The optimum photocatalyst exhibited its highest activity at pH 3 and a RhB degradation turnover frequency (photocatalytic activity) comparable to the best values reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on enhancing the properties of kaolin (Kao) clay by incorporating Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and further functionalizing with agar biopolymer, resulting in the formation of Agar/Kao@ZnO nanocomposite (NC). The synthesized material underwent comprehensive composition, structure, surface, and optical properties analysis to confirm the formation. The material was evaluated as a photocatalyst for the degradation of 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP) under visible light irradiation. The optimized conditions for the photocatalytic degradation of DNP were determined as irradiation time 50 minutes, pH 4, catalyst dose 20 mg, and DNP concentration of 25 mg L−1, resulting in degradation efficiency of 99.63%. Trapping experiment validated the significant role of hydroxyl (•OH) radicals as reactive oxidant species (ROS) in the degradation of DNP in the presence of visible light. Through four consecutive cycles of reusability experiments, it was confirmed that the synthesized material is highly stable and efficient for DNP degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional composite coatings exposed to environmental conditions are prone to aging and potential functional failure due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This study investigates the impact of UV radiation on the structure and properties of low infrared emissivity composite coatings, comprising ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) as the matrix and antistatic carbon fiber (CF) and flaky floating aluminum powder as fillers. In addition to analyzing the photochemical degradation reactions of the composite coating under UV irradiation, the role of fillers in resisting UV aging is elucidated. The performance parameters examined include infrared (IR) emissivity, surface resistivity, mechanical properties, and dielectric properties. The results indicate that after UV aging, EPDM undergoes the most significant changes, leading to the formation of carbonyl groups. CFs experience mild UV aging and an increase in resistivity. Aluminum powder, on the other hand, remains largely unchanged after UV aging and its addition significantly reduces the UV aging rate of the composite coating, resulting in a low IR emissivity of as low as 0.2 after UV aging. Among them, Coating 4 exhibits the best overall performance after UV aging. Highlights: The UV aging mechanism of EPDM and the role of fillers were revealed.The UV aging of the coating significantly reduced the infrared emissivity (Reduced from 0.5 to 0.2).Al powder effectively reduced the UV degradation rate of the coating by reflecting UV light.The properties of the double‐formulated coating perform best after UV aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of unique compounds have been examined to accommodate the current demand for useful multi‐functional nanomaterials, copper‐based quaternary CZTS semiconductors are one of them. Due to their special characteristic features like non‐toxicity, cheap, and abundance, they have been recommended in recent literature for various applications. Apart from individual CZTS, different hetero‐structures have also been prepared with different compounds which is well discussed and elaborated in this article. Additionally, their preparation methods, properties, and application viability have also been discussed comprehensively. The application of CZTS such as photocatalytic dye degradation and hydrogen evolution reaction has been elaborated on in this article identifying their benefits and challenges to give readers a thorough visualization. Apart from that, challenges reported in studies, a few approaches are also mentioned to possibly counter them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPure and boron modified Ag3PO4 powders with different boron contents (0–5 wt.%) were prepared. XRD, ATR-FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDX, UV-Vis DRS and PL analyses were conducted for the characterization of the prepared powders. Characterization studies indicated the reduction in the band gap energy, the presence of boron and no change in the morphology due to boron modification. The results of photocatalytic experiments showed that boron modification increased the activity of Ag3PO4. The UV light dye degradation efficiency increased from 63% to 84% for methyl orange (MO) and from 41% to 65% for methyl red by 3% boron modification. The reaction rate constant for MO increased by a factor of 1.7. Under visible light, the activity was similarly enhanced by boron modification. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency increased from 31% to 58% and the reaction rate constant increased by a factor of 2.3 by boron modification for MO under low intensity visible light. These results showed that boron modification enhanced the photocatalytic dye degradation activity of Ag3PO4 under both UV and visible light. This enhancement was attributed to the decrease in the band gap energy and the increase in the interaction of the dye molecules with the photocatalyst surface through boron species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrathin hollow core–shell nano pn junction of Co3O4/CdS is fabricated by chemical-calcination method. The Co3O4/CdS nano pn junction (Co/Cd-3) exhibits prominently enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (∼6250.47 μmol·g–1·h–1) and photodegradation compared to those of Co3O4 (∼90-fold/∼35-fold) and CdS (∼60-fold/∼30-fold). Co3O4/CdS nano pn junction with greater potential gradient and Co3O4 with higher absorption can ameliorate the carrier efficiency, including transportation increasing, lifetime prolonging, and recombination decreasing. In addition, formed ultrathin hollow nanostructure can increase photocatalytic active sites and light reflections and shorten carrier pathway, while still maintaining good stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethiprole (ETH) is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is used worldwide as an alternative to fipronil (FIP). Research on the photodegradation of ETH in aquatic environments has been limited compared with that on FIP. In this study, to clarify the photodegradation of ETH in aquatic systems, the photodegradation pathway and products were investigated using liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We also determined the photochemical half-lives (t1/2) of ETH and its main degradation products. The primary photodegradation pathway was cyclization/dechlorination and hydroxylation/dechlorination of ETH to form the didechlorinated products (benzimidazole of des-chloro-hydroxy-ETH). Some newly identified photodegradation products and analogs of FIP photodegradation products were also detected as minor products. We compared the photodegradation of ETH with that of FIP under the same conditions. Didechlorinated products of ETH and FIP had the highest photostability. However, although the photochemical t1/2 of EHT was 2.7 times that of FIP, the photochemical t1/2 of the didechlorinated product of ETH was approximately one-third that of the didechlorinated product of FIP. This comparison of the photochemical processes of ETH and FIP provides new insight into the persistence and characteristics of both insecticides in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]