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The Gulf of Mexico pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, supports large fisheries in the United States and Mexico, with nearly 7,000 tons harvested from the region in 2016. Given the commercial importance of this species, management is critical: in 1997, the southern Gulf of Mexico pink shrimp fishery was declared collapsed and mitigation strategies went into effect, with recovery efforts lasting over a decade. Fisheries management can be informed and improved through a better understanding of how factors associated with early life history impact genetic diversity and population structure in the recruited population. Farfantepenaeus duorarum are short-lived, but highly fecund, and display high variability in recruitment patterns. To date, modeling the impacts of ecological, physical, and behavioral factors on juvenile settlement has focused on recruitment of larval individuals of F. duorarum to nursery grounds in Florida Bay. Here, we articulate testable hypotheses stemming from a recent model of larval transport and evaluate support for each with a population genomics approach, generating reduced representation library sequencing data for F. duorarum collected from seven regions around the Florida Peninsula. Our research represents the first and most molecular data-rich study of population structure in F. duorarum in the Gulf and reveals evidence of a differentiated population in the Dry Tortugas. Our approach largely validates a model of larval transport, allowing us to make management-informative inferences about the impacts of spawning location and recruitment patterns on intraspecific genetic diversity. Such inferences improve our understanding of the roles of non-genetic factors in generating and maintaining genetic diversity in a commercially important penaeid shrimp species.

This study establishes the season for the immigration (recruitment) of Penaeus setiferus and P. duorarum postlarvae into Términos Lagoon, México, as well as the hydrological conditions that occur during this event. The abundance of postlarvae of both species was used to infer the reproductive period for each species. The zooplankton collection was carried out monthly for three years. The nets used were 50 cm in diameter, 1.5 m in length and 505 µm mesh size, and temperature and salinity were measured with an YSI. The fluvial discharges were taken from Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The harmonic pattern variation (HPV) was analyzed for each variable (density of postlarvae, salinity, temperature and fluvial discharge). A cycle was analyzed and divided into two episodes (rise and descent) to estimate the HPV of each postlarval species. The entrance of both postlarval species starts from June to September, with higher density in August, which decreases from October to May, with the lowest density in March. The first episode was established from June to August and the second episode in September. During the first episode the hydrological conditions were: high salinity (34), a warm temperature (30°C) and low accumulated fluvial discharge (2,828 m³ s-1), while, in the second, they were low salinity (28), a moderately warm temperature (29°C) and high accumulated fluvial discharge (3,934 m³ s-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a considerable amount of work on the effects of Artemia enrichment on shrimp larvae. However, the effects on the subsequent growth performance have not been thoroughly investigated. From mysis I to eight day-old postlarvae (PL8), shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) were fed either newly hatched Artemia nauplii or Artemia enriched with an emulsion containing high levels of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA). Upon reaching PL8, shrimp were exposed to salinity and ammonia stress tests. Growth performance was assessed by further rearing shrimp for 40 days. Shrimp fed the enriched Artemia (named EG) had higher tolerance to both salinity and ammonia than those fed newly hatched Artemia (named CG). Weight of PL from EG was also significantly higher than in CG. Higher levels of n-3 HUFA, especially 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3, were found in the enriched Artemia. In the postlarvae, higher levels of n-6 and n-3 HUFA were observed in EG, while PL from CG presented higher levels of 18:3 n-3 and 18:4 n-3. At the end of the nursery rearing, no differences in survival were observed, but weight was higher in EG (1.08 g) than in CG (0.90 g). The supplementation of n-3 HUFA during larviculture increases the tolerance of F. paulensis postlarvae to salinity and ammonia, and positively affects growth performance after a 40 days long rearing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, we have tested the effect of seaweed stocking density in an experimental seaweed biofilter using the economically important red seaweed Hydropuntia cornea integrated with the cultivation of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis. Nutrient removal efficiency was evaluated in relation to seaweed stocking density (2.5, 4, 6 and 8 g fw L−1). Total ammonia nitrogen ( TAN) was the main nitrogen source excreted by F. brasiliensis, with concentrations ranging from 41.6 to 65 μM of NH4+-N. H. cornea specific growth rates ranged from 0.8 ± 0.2 to 1.4 ± 0.5% day−1 with lowest growth rates at higher seaweed stocking density (8 g fw L−1). Nutrient removal was positively correlated with the cultivation densities in the system. TAN removal efficiency increased from 61 to 88.5% with increasing seaweed stocking density. Changes in the chemical composition of the seaweed were analysed and correlated with nutrient enrichment from shrimp effluent. The red seaweed H. cornea can be cultured and used to remove nutrients from shrimp effluents in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system applied to a closed recirculation system. Recirculation through seaweed biofilters in land-based intensive aquaculture farms can also be a tool to increase recirculation practices and establish full recirculation aquaculture systems ( RAS) with all their known associated benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 45-day trial was performed to evaluate the effect of biofloc technology ( BFT) with or without fresh food ( FF) supplementation during pre-maturation period on Farfantepenaeus duorarum spawning performance, biochemical composition and fatty acid profile of eggs as compared with conventional clear-water system ( CW+ FF). Females raised in biofloc and that received FF supplementation ( FLOC+ FF) achieved better spawning performance in terms of number of eggs per spawn (49 × 103), number of eggs per spawn per g of spawner's body weight (2.1 × 103) and egg size (~275 μm) as compared with CW+ FF (23 × 103, 1.1 × 103 and 263 μm respectively), but both treatments did not vary from FLOC ( P > 0.05). High spawning activity was also observed in biofloc system as compared with clear-water system as shown in number of spawns per ablated female (2.2-3.0 versus 0.6) and percentage of females that spawn at least once (80-82 versus 25%). Biochemical composition of eggs presented no significant differences among treatments. FA profile of eggs indicated that high spawning activity performed by females in FLOC+ FF treatment was reflected in lower mean levels of EPA, DHA and sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3) and (n-6). The better reproductive performance demonstrated by females raised in biofloc justified the application of this technology in F. duorarum broodstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a 210d experiment, the potential of biofloc technology (BFT) was evaluated for Farfantepenaeus duorarum. Water quality parameters, microorganisms profile and proximate analysis of biofloc were also assessed. BFT did not improve the growth performance in F. duorarum when compared to conventional clear-water water exchange system (final weight and survival of 13.3 g and 63.2 %; and 13.9 g and 81.4 %, respectively). Microorganism assessment suggested a higher presence of filamentous cyanobacteria followed by protozoa, nematodes and copepods. Proximate analysis of biofloc showed crude protein and crude lipid means levels of 25 and 0.6 %, respectively, and these values varied during the experiment. F. duorarum seemed to be susceptible to high stocking density and high levels of suspended solids (>15 mL L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth patterns and biochemical analysis at laboratory conditions (temperature 28°C, salinity 22) were analyzed in juveniles wild pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum (Burkenroad, 1939), caught in the Gulf of Mexico compared with cultivated (F2) organisms. Shrimp were maintained for 55 days to monitor the molt frequency and weight gain over time. We determined the frequency of molting and wet weight gain per day over the experiment time. Wild shrimp had an average molting frequency of 10 ± 2.03 days with an increase in wet weight of 0.024 ± 0.001 g day-1; whereas cultivated shrimp had an average frequency of 11 ± 2.15 days and a growth rate of 0.084 ± 0.002 g day-1. Osmotic capacity was determined in wild shrimp at 154.85 ± 73.47 mOsm kg-1 and for cultivated at 128.67 ± 42.24 mOsm kg-1. Total protein concentration was 35.15 mg ml-1 for wild shrimp, while values for cultivated shrimp were significantly different at 112.22 mg ml-1 (ANOVA; p < 0.05). Also, an experiment was conducted to determine the amount of food consumed before and after ecdysis in wild and cultivated shrimp. No significant differences were found in the food consumption (F = 0.220, p = 0.641) between groups before and after ecdysis. We determined that food consumption rate fell by 30% during molt and that feeding did not cease when ecdysis occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in metabolite levels in hemolymph and hepatopancreas were used as indicators of physiological status of juvenile wild and cultivated Farfantepenaeus duorarurn (Burkenroad, 1939), during hyper-osmoregulatory conditions (salinity 22 ppt, 726 mOsm/kg). We analyzed the relationship between biochemical changes of wild and cultivated shrimp at different molt stages by measurement of Osmotic capacity, hemocyanin, acyiglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, glycogen and total protein. Biochemical analyses of hemolymph (blood) and hepatopancreas showed a decreasing trend in stages closer to molt and an increasing trend before intermolt. Osmotic capacity and blood proteins indicated a significant effect of the molt stage. Stages A, Dl' and Dl"' showed the greatest effect on the biochemical variables. Higher hemocyanin, cholesterol and glycogen concentrations were observed in wild shrimp than in cultivated shrimp. The effect of the molt cycle was associated with changes in cyclic ions and water balance that produced chemical changes in the hemolymph in both wild and cultivated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus is an abundant predator that is widely distributed throughout the estuarine ecosystems of the eastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico. The mortality rate of four epibenthic prey species was analysed over a 24 hour trial period in order to test the effect of prey mobility, prey density, and quantitative habitat complexity on the predation rate of adult blue crabs. Habitat complexity conditions included, from low to high complexity, unvegetated substrates, sparse seagrass (300 stems/m2), and dense seagrass (1200 stems/m2). Prey included low mobility species (hermit crabs), medium mobility species on the substrate (juvenile blue crabs), medium mobility species in the water column (pink shrimp), and high mobility species in the water column (assemblage of juvenile fish). Preys were analysed at low, medium-low, medium-high, and high densities. C. sapidus consumed more prey in the dense seagrass habitat than in the sparse seagrass habitat (F = 7.45; p = 0.007). Predation of pink shrimp was significantly greater than that of the other three prey species (F = 60.33; p < 0.0001), and was followed by fish. Also, mortality by blue crab predation was greatest at all four densities for the pink shrimp and at the medium-low density for the fish (F = 69.4; p < 0.0001), whereas the other density*prey combinations were similar. The predator C. sapidus used an ambush strategy for mobile prey in the more complex habitats, whereas it pursued the less mobile prey in the less complex habitats, as the hypothesis proposed. Mortality by predation by the adult blue crab was regulated more by the habitat complexity-prey type relationship than by the availability of prey in the various habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of different diets on spermatophore quality and tissue biochemical composition in male pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis. The experiment was carried out with the three following treatments: fresh food, commercial diet and a mix of fresh food and commercial diet. Spermatophore quality was evaluated by spermatophore weight, sperm count, melanization and spermatophore absence rates. Biochemical analyses of glucose, triacylglycerides and protein were completed for hemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle. Spermatophore weight and sperm count were not significantly different among treatments (P>0.05). At the end of the experiment, shrimp fed only with commercial diet showed highest melanization rate and spermatophore absence, 42.85% and 42.85%, respectively. To shrimp fed only with fresh food the values melanization and spermatophore absence were 15.38% and 0%, respectively and the mix 12.51% and 37.50%, respectively. Hemolymph glucose concentration was significantly higher in commercial diet treatment (31.19mg/dL) than fresh food (12.24mg/dL) and mix treatments (10.97mg/dL). Farfantepenaeus paulensis broodstocks fed only the commercial diet may present decrease spermatophore quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cross contamination of allergen to other food products is a serious problem in the food plant where many products shared the same equipment or processing lines. In order to decide a suitable cleaning method, understanding on adsorption of allergen onto the food-contact surface is required. In this study, the adsorption behavior of tropomyosin, a major allergen in shrimp, on stainless steel surface was investigated using shrimp extract as a sample food material. It was found that tropomyosin was adsorbed favorably on stainless steel surface than other proteins in the shrimp extract. Furthermore, the adsorption of proteins in the shrimp extract, including tropomyosin, was hardly removed by water. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effect of salinity on survival, growth, food consumption and haemolymph osmolality was determined for the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus subtilis in a series of independent experiments. The first experiment, shrimp at PL50 were transferred without salinity acclimation from 30‰ to the salinities of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35‰ for 96h. The tolerance of shrimp to abrupt changes in salinity (96h LS50) was estimated. The second experiment, growth and survival of shrimp were analyzed during 75days in the treatments corresponding to the salinities of 5, 15, 25 and 35‰, where the food consumption was measured during four consecutive days. Finally, haemolymph osmolality of juveniles (1.23g±0.26) maintained at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45‰ for 24h was evaluated. All PL50 transferred from 30‰ to 0‰ died within 24h, while survival after 96h of those transferred to 5 and 10‰ was 96.6 and 86.6%, respectively. PL50 transferred to salinities higher than 15‰ presented no mortality during the test. Based on these results, the lethal salinity (96h LS50) was estimated at 12‰. Final weight of shrimp reared at 25‰ was significantly higher than the other treatments, except for treatment 35‰, which did not differ from shrimp reared in salinity 15‰. Shrimp reared at 5‰ had the lowest weight. Survival of shrimp varied from 48% (15‰) to 65% (35‰), showing higher values at 25 and 35‰, but not differing significantly from 5‰. Shrimp reared at 25 and 35‰ had the highest food consumption values. The isosmotic point estimated from a regression between haemolymph and water osmolality was 377.07mosMkg−1, which is equivalent to salinity 14‰. Results indicate that F. subtilis presents higher growth in salinities higher than its isosmotic point, i.e., at salinities above 25‰. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Preference for a particular prey implies that a behavioral choice is made by the predator, requiring an experimental approach to separate process from observed patterns in nature. For example, pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) are dominant prey observed in the diet of juvenile gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) collected from natural habitats, but it is unclear whether their approximate equal representation is due to a lack of preference between the two. Furthermore, both prey are captured in high quantities as targeted (shrimp) and non-targeted (pinfish) components of a trawl fishery operating in the same seagrass habitats where juvenile gag are found, thus requiring examination as to whether reductions in prey densities affect consumption rates and preference. In the current study, I used laboratory feeding experiments and applied new analytical techniques derived in a series of recent papers published in this journal to examine preference by juvenile gag on these two morphologically and behaviorally different prey. Consumption rates were higher for shrimp than pinfish and were not related to the initial density of prey presented to gag. However, gag did not exhibit a feeding preference for either prey across 10 controlled comparisons. Experimental results in the laboratory therefore reflected patterns observed in the field for the diet of this predatory fish. Moreover, by examining the effects of reduced prey densities on food web processes, the approach used in this study may be applied to inform ecosystem-based management on indirect effects of fishing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the Gulf of Mexico constraints linked to the supply of post-larvae (PL) and legal pressures associated with the introduction of a non-native species have been the motives behind research on the aquaculture of the native shrimp. In the present study, the growth and survival of 25-day-post-larvae (PL-25) of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum in saline groundwaters were evaluated. During the experiment the shrimps were acclimated from 36psu to 5psu utilizing various acclimation times (T1=38h, T2=42h, and T3=45h) with a variable rate of salinity reduction (T1=9.9%h−1, T2=11.8%h−1, and T3=11.4%h−1). After a 1-day acclimation period there were no differences (P >0.05) in survival between treatments (80.7±3.5%). The salinity reduction rate of T1 (low acclimation time) was selected to acclimatize the PL for the nursery experiment due to the high survival rate recorded after the salinity stress test. During the nursery experiment, shrimp at a density of 80PLm−2 had the highest growth rate (20mgweek−1) (F (2,9) =10.73; P <0.05) and survival rate (79%) (F (2,9) =4.93; P <0.05) in comparison to other densities (150PLm−2; 250PLm−2). The PL growth was adjusted to a non-linear regression function (0.030* e (0.035* d)). Shrimp at 80PLm−2 (t =0.87) and 150PLm−2 (t =1.54) showed isometric growth (Ho= b =3). Temperature was the only environmental variable that explained the most consecutive additional variance (80.1%) in the PL weight. The temperature–growth response curve was fitted to a generalized additive model (GAM). Results from this research demonstrate that F. duorarum (PL-25) can be successfully acclimated to low-salinity (5psu) conditions with a high percentage of survival and an acceptable growth rate in the nursery phase (45days). In the future efforts should be made to improve survival at higher densities in order to make production profitable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In southeastern Brazil, slipper lobsters (Scyllarides deceptor and S. brasiliensis) are caught by fleets trawling for pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis) and pots-and-traps fishing for octopuses (Octopus vulgaris). Eight hundred fifty-six landings of shrimp trawlers and 28 of the octopus fleet were monitored in the Santos region from May 2006 to April 2007. Additional analysis was performed using a database covering the period from 1999 onwards. This study seeks to identify the recent patterns of exploitation of these lobsters with the goal of improving the way towards fishery sustainability. Scyllarides deceptor was the dominant lobster species with 1032 specimens collected, while only three specimens of S. brasiliensis were identified. The area known as the ‘Farol do Boi’ (23°01′S, 45°00′W to 25°00′S, 45°40′W at 60–135m deep) showed the highest Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE). A General Linearized Model (GLM) was used to investigate the factors influencing variations in CPUE in trawl fleets and led to the conclusion that year, month and depth were the most important factors. We detected a significant decrease in the relative abundance of lobsters in the fishing zone despite relatively low fishing effort. Recommendations to protect the lobster resources include taking special precautions in the natural refuge area of the ‘Farol do Boi’, as an exclusion zone for trawl fleets, and controlling the use of traps longlines to catch octopuses. Concerns about depensatory processes due to the over-exploitation of lobster populations around the world are raised. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on a study which examined the association of the spatio-temporal variation of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus (F.) paulensis to the seasonal overture of the sandbar in the Ibiraquera Lagoon in Brazil. The shrimps that were used for the sampling were collected monthly from February 2004 to February 2005 from 6 to 10 pm. It was found that F. paulensis was the most abundant shrimp species in the lagoon. Study findings indicated that throughout the year there was a predominance of subadult stages as in other southern Brazilian coastal lagoons and Conceição.

Abstract: This work deals with the effect that different cooking methods have on quality of shrimps (Parapenaeus longirostris) during the chilled storage. Vacuum-cooking (sous-vide) and steaming were compared with the traditional cooking process in boiling water. The effect of prior treatment with several melanosis-inhibiting agents (with a commercial sulphite- or 4-hexylresorcinol-based formula) was also tested. Neither the melanosis-inhibiting blends nor the cooking methods used significantly affected the water-holding capacity, firmness or moisture content of the cooked shrimps. Spraying with a 4-hexylresorcinol-based formula was effective in preventing microbial growth during storage. Vacuum-cooking was also shown to be the most effective way of preventing microbial growth although the TVB-N content of cooked shrimps increased significantly. By discriminant analysis, a combination of prior spraying with 4-hexylresorcinol-based formula followed by vacuum-cooking, proved to be the best method for obtaining shrimps with a very good appearance and high microbial quality. The foregoing may be very important for the cooking industries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Juvenile pink-shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis were exposed (75days) to NH3 (0.016–0.287mg L−1) under static condition with water renewal every 24h. Experiments were performed at 20°C, at a water salinity of 15ppt, and at pH 7.8. Endpoints analyzed were survival, growth and predation rates. After 75days of exposure, survival was ≥90% in all concentrations tested. However, growth (carapace length and wet body mass) was reduced after exposure to NH3 concentrations as low as 0.033mg L−1, while the relative growth (dry body mass and ash content) was reduced after exposure to the highest NH3 concentration (0.287mg L−1). Predatory activity was inhibited after exposure to 0.144 or 0.287mg L−1 NH3. Post-larvae exposed (75days) to 0.301mg L−1 NH3 under the same experimental conditions also showed a reduced growth (wet body mass) and relative growth (dry body mass). In addition, they showed decreased body lipids content and increased body glycogen and glucose contents. However, no changes in body protein, chitin and uric acid contents were observed. Also, NH3 did not affect post-larvae feeding response. Altogether, findings suggest that F. paulensis reduces its food intake to limit the internal accumulation of nitrogenous waste products when exposed for long time to high levels of ambient ammonia. As a consequence, shrimp show a marked change in energy metabolism, characterized by a decreased content of body lipids paralleled by an increased content of body carbohydrates, resulting in a significant reduction in growth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In Brazil, pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) is an important commercially exploited species and is an ideal animal for studying the impairment caused by the effects of heavy metals that are often detected in coastal areas. The main purpose of the present study was to detect the acute toxicity of cadmium and zinc to F. paulensis and investigate their effects on oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion, investigations that have not been carried out in this species before. First, the acute toxicity of zinc and cadmium to F. paulensis for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h-medium lethal concentration was examined, which resulted in the following values: 9.39, 6.00, 4.88, and 3.31 mg/l for zinc and 2.35, 1.67, 1.26, and 0.83 mg/l for cadmium. Furthermore, we also found that exposure of shrimp to zinc and cadmium caused an inhibition in oxygen consumption of 25 and 32.4%, respectively, relative to the control. In addition, after separate exposure to cadmium and zinc, elevations in ammonium excretion were obtained, which were 42.85 and 51.85% higher than the control, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared manual and electrical methods to extrude the spermatophore of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis aiming to analyze their influence on the number of spermatic cells and spermatophore regeneration. The males were extruded in the beginning (day zero) and in the end (43rd day) of the experiment to evaluate the efficiency of these methods in the regeneration process. For the extrusion, a gentle pressure was applied manually in the fifth pair of pereiopods or electrically by a 9 volt pulse in the same area. Both methods were efficient in removing the spermatophore and no significant differences were found (P>0.05) in the number of sperm cells. Nevertheless, significant decreases (P<0.05) in the body weight, spermatophore weight and spermatosomatic index (ESI) at the end of the experimental period were observed by using the electrical stimulation. The mean values (±SD) of the number of sperm cells were 1.46 (±0.84) and 3.25 (±2.12) millions for the electrical and manual treatments, respectively. Results indicate that both methods may be applied to collect initial samples of spermatophores as well as for sperm quality testing. However, when previously spermatophore-extruded males are to be used, the manual method is indicated as the number of spermatic cells, spermatophore weight, body weight, and ESI are maintained after regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The pink shrimp was a very important fishery in the southern Gulf of Mexico, but it is currently collapsed. In the early 1970s, fishery yields peaked at about 27,000t per year, of which the pink shrimp was 90%. At present, yields are around 3000t per year, and pink shrimp contributes less than 1000t of this. Several studies indicate the main cause is a continually decreasing recruitment rate over the last nearly 30 years, but particularly since the mid-1980s. Single species models cannot predict stock recovery: the best estimate indicates a recovery of almost 20% assuming a closure of 10 years and the current stable stock. An ecosystem approach, based on Ecopath with Ecosim software, is applied to explore harvesting strategies aimed at recovery of shrimp stock, and based on fleet control. To this end, an improved Ecopath mass-balanced model of the southern Gulf of Mexico ecosystem was used for simulations based on Ecosim. A time series of 25 years of biomass and fishing rate data for the pink shrimp, from an age-structured model, was used to calibrate previous model simulations. We also used monthly recruitment for the same period, and changes in vulnerability to predation as forcing factors. At this stage, the model fits independent data well. Harvesting strategies were simulated using different combinations of weighting factors for optimized criteria. These criteria included: net rent, jobs, mandate rebuilding shrimp stock, and conservation of ecosystem structure. Eighteen realistic outputs were obtained after simulations, but all of them resulted in similar conclusions (CV<7% among all cases). Results indicate that harvested shrimp could be 40% larger than the current size with specific control of fishing fleets. Shrimp fishing mortalities should be reduced by 63.7%, and those of traditional fleets based on hook-and-line, targeting demersal and pelagic fish, by 26.7% and 3.8%, respectively. Fishing mortality of the beach seine and octopus fleets should be increased by 13.6% and 56.5%, respectively. With this scenario, economic and social criteria are strongly and negatively impacted, while the ecological criterion indicates ecosystem structure can remain at least. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper demonstrates the presence of an active laccase-like enzyme from deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This enzyme was found in all anatomical parts of the deepwater pink shrimp, but particularly in the cephalothorax, and became active during the course of storage. Gel staining with laccase-specific substrates such as ADA, DMP and DAB was used to characterize a protein of around 44kDa as containing laccase activity. The enzyme was inhibited by a specific inhibitor, CTAB. 4-Hexylresorcinol, a specific inhibitor of polyphenoloxidase (PPO), did not inhibit the laccase-like enzyme. Low concentrations of antioxidants ascorbic acid or sodium metabisulphite were sufficient to inhibit the laccase-like enzyme. ABTS and DMP were subsequently used to characterize the enzyme. Given the evidence of this enzyme in deepwater pink shrimp, new melanosis-inhibiting compounds that are suitable for consumption need to be found to complement specific inhibitors of PPO activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aquaculture is perceived by governments and international agencies as an economic alternative for poor communities in developing countries. Nevertheless, aquaculture must address environmental issues as well as economic and social aspects to achieve a sustainable development. Aquaculture with native species under semi-intensive conditions is a sustainable production alternative that minimizes the impact on aquatic ecosystems. An aquaculture pilot project with pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) was tested in a protected lagoon in Uruguay (Laguna de Rocha). Shrimp were reared in pen enclosures within their native habitat, where natural currents drive water renewal, and the natural food supply was supplemented with commercial food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of F. paulensis aquaculture on the water and sediment quality and the benthic community, and to estimate the maximum number of pen enclosures that Laguna de Rocha can sustain while maintaining the minimal environmental impact. A Before, After, Control Impact (BACI) sampling design was followed and the results of abiotic and biological variables were compared between treatment site (control, pens, and two areas at 15 and 50 m from the pens) and timing (before shrimp addition, during culture and after harvest), through ANOVA. The most significant impact was found inside the pens, where ammonium levels increased and benthos species richness and abundance decreased. A nitrogen-based-model was used to estimate the maximum number of pens in relation to the minimal impact on the ecosystem. Simulation indicated that up to 13 pens could be installed in the southern area of Laguna de Rocha without increasing the usual concentration of total nitrogen in other areas of the lagoon. The BACI design, the statistical analysis and the modeling tools proved to be effective, simple and low cost instruments to assess the environmental impact in a protected area. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

He, P., and Balzano, V. 2007. Reducing the catch of small shrimps in the Gulf of Maine pink shrimp fishery with a size-sorting grid device. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1551–1557. Since implementation of the Nordmøre grid in the Gulf of Maine pink shrimp (Pandalus borealis) trawl fishery in the early 1990s, fish bycatch has been reduced drastically. However, the Nordmøre grid does not reduce the amount of small shrimps landed when the shrimps are on the fishing grounds. This paper reports on two designs of a new size-sorting grid system, one with a funnel and one without. The designs' main feature is the size-sorting grid's position, installed in front of the main Nordmøre grid. They were tested in the flume tank and at sea. Parallel tows involving two vessels and alternating tows using one vessel were made to compare the size-sorting grid system. Both size-sorting designs reduced the number of small shrimps in the catch significantly, by 38 and 45 kg−1 of catch, respectively. There was some reduction in shrimp catch rates, presumably from the release of small shrimps. There were no significant differences in the number or quantity of major bycatch species for the commercial grid and the two experimental grid designs. The designs were practical to operate and easy to install. Their application could reduce the catch of small shrimps in the pink shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Maine and in other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The use of artificial substrates (polyethylene screens) was investigated during the nursery rearing of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis cultured in fixed cages installed in a shallow estuarine inlet of the Patos Lagoon, southern Brazil. High water renewal rates during the experimental period kept water quality in the suitable range for penaeid shrimp culture. Although shrimp were fed a high quality artificial diet (40% protein) throughout the experiment, they were observed to occupy the substrates and actively graze on the biofilm. The bulk of the biofilm was composed of diatoms, filamentous cyanobacteria, protozoa and nematodes. Biofilm chlorophyll a concentration was significantly affected by shrimp grazing pressure and the composition of the diatom community suffered significant changes after shrimp introduction to the cages. At the end of the trial shrimp reared in the presence of artificial substrates achieved significant higher survival, growth and total biomass (p <0.05). Biofilm was likely an additional source of food for the reared animals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This work investigates how the treatment of thawed deepwater pink shrimp ( Parapenaeus longirostris) with several melanosis-inhibiting formulations, affects the quality of the shrimp during chilled storage. Formulations were as follows: a formulation containing 4-hexylresorcinol (0.1 and 0.05%), in combination with organic acids and chelating agents, a commercial formula based on sulphites, and a mixture of gluconic acid and commercial sulphites. No noticeable differences were observed for both trimethylamine and total volatile bases during chilled storage. pH evolution was irrespective of the treatment condition. Microbial load enlarged after the sixth day of chilled storage. Higher total bacteria counts were associated with the control and sulphite treatment conditions, while lactic acid bacteria growth seemed to be favoured under formulations based on 4-hexylresorcinol. The appearance of melanosis occurred more rapidly in control shrimp or in shrimp treated with commercial sulphites. 4-hexylresorcinol formulations preserved the quality of thawed shrimp and could replace traditional sulphites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contaminant input into the environment can affect the biochemical responses of exposed organisms. Activity of conjugation enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) has been proposed as a biomarker of susceptibility to the presence of potentially damaging xenobiotics. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the activity of total and Pi-class GST in the hepatopancreas of pink-shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis. The shrimp were caught at a single site at Conceição Lagoon and transplanted to another site (Canto da Lagoa — CA) in the same lagoon, and to the laboratory (LAB), where they were kept for 15 days. This experiment was carried out in winter 2003 and in summer 2004. Shrimp were sampled before the exposure, at a zero time (t0), and after 15-days at CA site and LAB. The activity of total GST and Pi-isoform were analyzed using CDNB and ethacrynic acid (EA) as substrates, respectively. Shrimp caught in winter showed higher levels of Pi-class GST than those caught in summer, for both t0 and CA groups. Moreover, differences in the activity of this GST isoform between groups were observed only in winter, where the animals from t0 and CA groups presented higher activity when compared to those kept in the laboratory. This difference could be associated either to changes in the contaminant input or to other water quality parameters in this ecosystem. The elevated GST Pi activity observed in the shrimp of both t0 and CA groups sampled in winter could be related to salinity, since it was higher in winter than in summer. We could also suggest a possible association of this finding to a seasonal metabolic variation in this penaeid. If that is the case, one should take into account these alterations when considering the use of this GST isoform as biomarker in F. brasiliensis in environmental monitoring programs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents quantitative and qualitative information that allows separation of the sympatric Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and Farfantepenaeus notialis in the range of 4-8 mm carapase length based on shrimp collected in the Río Lagartos and Yalahau coastal lagoons of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Constraints in studies of penaeid shrimp populations; Morphological features of the genus Farfantepenaeus; Groups of Farfantepenaeus according to the shape and position of the rostrum with respect to the segments and flagellum of the antennule.

The variability in the supply of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) postlarvae and the transport mechanisms of planktonic stages were investigated with field data and simulations of transport. Postlarvae entering the nursery grounds of Florida Bay were collected for three consecutive years at channels that connect the Bay with the Gulf of Mexico, and in channels of the Middle Florida Keys that connect the southeastern margin of the Bay with the Atlantic Ocean. The influx of postlarvae in the Middle Florida Keys was low in magnitude and varied seasonally and among years. In contrast, the greater postlarval influx occurred at the northwestern border of the Bay, where there was a strong seasonal pattern with peaks in influx from July through September each year. Planktonic stages need to travel up to 150 km eastward between spawning grounds (northeast of Dry Tortugas) and nursery grounds (western Florida Bay) in about 30 days, the estimated time of planktonic development for this species. A Lagrangian trajectory model was developed to estimate the drift of planktonic stages across the SW Florida shelf. The model simulated the maximal distance traveled by planktonic stages under various assumptions of behavior. Simulation results indicated that larvae traveling with the instantaneous current and exhibiting a diel behavior travel up to 65 km and 75% of the larvae travel only 30 km. However, the eastward distance traveled increased substantially when a larval response to tides was added to the behavioral variable (distance increased to 200 km and 85% of larvae traveled 150 km). The question is, when during larval development, and where on the shallow SW Florida shelf, does the tidal response become incorporated into the behavior of pink shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marination of deep water pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris, Lucas, 1846) was achieved using two different formulations (with and without antimicrobial agent) and quality changes of marinated shrimps during storage period at 1 °C were investigated. No significant differences were found between chemical and sensory analysis of two different marinated groups (p>0.05) during the storage period. TEA (mg malonaldehyde/kg) values of two groups reached the value of consumption limit and rancidity progressed intensely at the end of the 40th day at 1 °C. This was confirmed by sensory evaluation. There were significant differences in psychotropic bacteria and aerobic bacteria counts of two marinated groups by which lower bacterial counts were determined in marinated shrimp with antimicrobial agent at day 40. Although bacterial load of marinated shrimp without antimicrobial agent was lower than the consumption limits at the end of the 40th day of storage at 1 °C, TBA value determined the shelf life of marinated shrimps with or without antimicrobial agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A controlled atmosphere containing 48% CO2 and 7% O2 was used in association with refrigeration for storage of deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris). Shrimp were treated with two different concentrations of sodium metabisulfite or 4-hexylresorcinol and subjected to the controlled atmosphere immediately after capture onboard ship or on arrival in port. Total volatile basic nitrogen, total viable counts, enterobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and luminescent bacteria were determined, and black spot progression was evaluated. The combined effect of controlled atmosphere and melanosis inhibitors was used to delay black spot development as compared to the shrimp stored in ice alone. Storage under the controlled atmosphere without ice limited microbiological quality, namely, total viable counts, but enferobacterial growth was lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics of the recruitment of juvenile pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum in three nursery areas in Campeche Sound, southern Gulf of Mexico, were analysed from length-frequency data collected from 1992 through 1995, and from catch-per-unit-effort data from 1994 to 1995. Three juvenile size categories were determined: small (10-39 mm TL), medium (40-49 mm TL), and large (50-130 mm TL). The abundance was higher during the rainy and windy months, and was lower during the dry season, but there were differences in duration of the recruitment season and in the size of the shrimp recruiting to each area. Small juvenile pink shrimp were present all year, which gives evidence of continuous reproduction with different intensities. The 1995 recruitment season was shorter than that in 1994 and showed low abundance. The monthly size composition of juvenile pink shrimp was related to gear selectivity, but true values probably depend on environmental influences on recruitment. The size composition of juvenile F. duorarum can change by zone or season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein is the major component for shrimp feeds and must be nutritionally appropriate and readily digestible. In vitro protein digestibility of feeds and feed ingredients, and their inhibitory effect on the digestive proteases of juvenile Farfantepenaeus paulensis were examined. The analysis included animal (four types of fish meal, meat meal and blood meal) and plant (soybean meal and wheat flour) ingredients. Commercial shrimp feed from different sources were also assessed. The degree of hydrolysis of feedstuff with shrimp enzymes was determined through the pH-stat routine as well as monitored in SDS-PAGE over time. Enzyme inhibition of shrimp enzymes was verified by spectrophotometric and substrate-SDS-PAGE assays. Brazilian fish meal, meat meal and wheat flour presented higher digestibility either by in vitro degree of hydrolysis as in SDS-PAGE. Intermediate digestibility was found for Super Prime Chilean and Argentinean fish meals. Least digestible ingredients were soybean meal and blood meal that exhibited high inhibitory effects on shrimp proteinases. Commercial shrimp feeds also differed in terms of digestibility and inhibitory effects. The routine may be employed for quality control of feedstuffs for shrimp culture, being potentially applicable to different segments of the shrimp culture industry such as feed suppliers, feed manufacturers and farmers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Analysis of monthly recruitment of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum (Burkenroad, 1939), to the Campeche Sound in the southern Gulf of Mexico from 1969 to 1994 shows high recruitment from July to November and lower recruitment from December to June. Recruitment has declined since the late 1970s, plummeting since the mid-1980s and reaching particularly low values from 1991 to 1994. From 1970 to 1985, the recruitment pattern showed lower than average values from October to February and higher than average values during April to September. From 1986 to 1994, the opposite pattern was the norm. The results suggest that long-term environmental change is related to seasonal changes in the recruitment pattern of juveniles and to a long-term decline in recruitment and catch. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Culture potential of the native pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus paulensis, and exotic Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, was analyzed in extreme southern Brazil. The experiment was conducted at the Marine Aquaculture Station, University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State. After nursery, pink shrimp (0.16 g) and Pacific white shrimp (0.17 g) juveniles were transferred to a 450 m2 earthen pond internally divided into six circular (21 m2 each) experimental pens. Pens were randomly assigned to a treatment (pink shrimp or Pacific white shrimp) and stocked at 15 shrimp/m2. Shrimp growth was monitored during 102 days in the summer. Feed was composed of a commercial diet and a fresh frozen mixture (fish and crustacean). After 30 days of culture, Pacific white shrimp showed significantly higher increases in mean weight, reaching at-harvest weight of 12.52 g compared to 11.17 g for pink shrimp. Water quality parameters presented optimal growing conditions for both species, except for lower temperatures (19°C) during the last two weeks of culture, which resulted in a drastic decrease in the growth rate of Pacific white shrimp. These results indicated a better tolerance for lower water temperatures on the part of shrimp. Although the lower temperatures resulted in a reduced number of cycles (1 or 2 per year), the estimated yield for pink shrimp (1,451 kg/ha) and Pacific white shrimp (1,790 kg/ha) suggested that the production per cycle in extreme southern Brazil is comparable to that in the other Brazilian States. Despite the more favorable results for Pacific white shrimp, the culture of pink shrimp is also recommended, but further studies are necessary to improve its growth performance under culture. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present work discusses the microsatellite DNA structure of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus notialis, Pérez Farfante, 1969. This species, as other penaeids, presents a highly repetitive genome with a microsatellite approximately every 486bp. The perfect repeated motifs (65,5%) prevailed over the imperfect (19,69%) and the composite motifs (7,57%). The dinucleotide repeated types resulted the most abundant with the following order of appearance CT>GT>AT. The motif GC was not found. The longer microsatellites were those formed by the (CT)n and (GT)n units. The surrounding regions of most sequences were a degenerated version of themselves so it is difficult, in many cases, to find appropriate and specific primers for loci amplification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) postlarvae were collected monthly with moored channel nets from October 1997 to June 1999 at Whale Harbor (WH) and Long Key (LK) Channels, two channels at the east and west ends of the Middle Florida Keys that connect the Atlantic Ocean with Florida Bay, the main nursery ground of this species in south Florida. The density influx of pink shrimp postlarvae through these two channels differed in magnitude and seasonal patterns. The monthly influx of postlarvae at LK was lower in magnitude but steadier than at WH. LK showed the highest postlarval influx in late spring–summer. Postlarval influx through WH further downstream showed both spring–summer and winter peaks. The spring–summer peaks correspond with favorable wind and current conditions. In contrast, the winter peaks occurred when cyclonic eddies were detected passing through the Middle Florida Keys. These cyclonic eddies induced coastal countercurrent flow that favors onshore larval transport. The position of the leading edge of the eddy relative to the channels may cause the temporal variability observed in the temporal postlarval influx patterns between channels. A seasonal size variation in postlarvae was also observed at both sampling sites. Postlarvae captured during the winter months were significantly larger than those captured during the summer months. The number of rostral spines, a morphological feature generally correlating with the number of moults and age, also varied seasonally but with a trend opposite to that of the body size, which may indicate a lengthening of the intermoult period during wintertime. The reasons for the seasonal differences in growth rates and, possibly, different lengths of time in the currents, are yet to be resolved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The gnomonic model proposed by Caddy [Aquat. Living Resour. 9 (1996) 197] to estimate life history stage duration and natural mortality values (M) is applied to the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Estimates of life history stage duration and M were consistent with other estimates in the literature. Evidence from the literature suggests that M declines with age, which is also reflected by results through the gnomonic model. If the product of natural mortality and duration for gnomonic intervals is close to constant, as assumed by the model, then age specific natural mortality rates estimated in this study may be useful in modeling and managing the fishery for pink shrimp. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Analyzes the spawning stock-recruitment (SSR) relationships of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum in the Campeche Sound, southern Gulf of Mexico, based on abundance of adults and recruits from 1969 to 1994. Occurrence of reproduction for the pink shrimp during the year with the presence of two cohorts; Reflection of the natural variation in survival between egg to recruit developmental stages in the seasonal SSR relationship slopes.

Pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) is an important commercial species in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, with annual landings between 2300 and 4500 metric tonnes during the past decade. The adults are exploited by a trawl fishery in the Dry Tortugas region, while juveniles inhabit Florida Bay. The onshore–offshore ontogenetic migrations create many opportunities for disruption of cohorts. Potential linkage between the abundance of juveniles in nursery areas and of recruits to the fishery was examined by relating recruitment success to juvenile density spanning 123 months of data. The fitted recruitment success model predicts well the general trend in the ratio of recruitment to juvenile density. However, the full magnitude of the expected trends is not fully explained by the model, and environmental variables on recruitment may have a sizeable effect. However, the density dependence of recruitment to the fishery on juvenile density is significant. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effect of diets with different protein levels on the growth of pink shrimp juveniles Penaeus notialis under laboratory conditions was studied. Animals with initial average weight of 0.4 g were fed during 56 days using four isocaloric (350 kcal/100 g) and isolipidic (8.7 %) balanced diets, containing 30, 35, 40 and 45 % of protein. Shrimp fed with the diet containing 45 % of protein reached the highest growth and the best values for nutritional indixes under evaluation. The protein efficiency tended to increase when the protein level in food also increased. A significant relationship was verified between shrimp weight and in vitro digestibility of diets. No relationship was detected between enzimatic activity of trypsin and general proteases for the different levels of protein tested. The histological analysis of the hepatopancreas in shrimp fed with diet containing 30 % of protein showed degeneration and necrosis of the hepatopancreatic tubes in contrast with the remaining treatments where the usual structure of the tissue was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which analyzed the growth of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum in Campeche Sound, Mexico, from length frequency data. Difficulty in the estimation of the growth of shrimps; Materials and methods; Results of the study.

Focuses on a study that discussed the diet of juvenile pink shrimp from Long Key Bight, Florida Keys. Examination of stomach content; Information on pigment measurements; Details on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis; Results of the study.

The pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, fishery of Campeche Bank,Mexico, was analyzed in order to characterize it and to test the effect of different fishing intensities upon the stock. Catch data consisted of the number of shrimp per commercial class for the 1986-1993 period. A virtual population analysis structured by age was applied todetermine seasonal recruitment and fishing mortality patterns with respect to age, as well as the stock-recruitment relationship. With these results an age-structured deterministic simulation model was developed, which diagnosed the fishery and defined the effects of different exploitation scenarios by considering changes in fishing mortality. Results show that the decreasing catch tendency through the period of analysis is related to recruitment failures. The analysis indicated that a way to mitigate the low recruitment problem is to control and reduce fishing mortality, but stock density will continue to decrease if the current fishing intensity is maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article determines the feeding rates and hydrocarbon uptake of male pink shrimp exposed to oiled food. Shrimp larvae and adults are among the animals most sensitive to oil in water and show cumulative effects following long-term exposure. The major difference between various tanks was an increase in mortality correlated with oil concentration in the tissues. The results demonstrate that direct ingestion of oil-contaminated food can negatively affect the resistance of shrimp to parasitic infection, but rapid depuration of hydrocarbons may preclude some sublethal effects.

Studies spawning and larval survival of the pink shrimp in a small culture facility. Expansion of ovaries; Average daily spawn of viable eggs; Survival of shrimp from egg to postlarvae.

The structure of Thelohania duorara Iversen & Manning, 1959, a micro-sporidian parasite of pink shrimp. Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad, was examined with electron microscopy. Earliest developmental stages observed were limited to diplokaryotic cells. Both microtubutes associated with exospore formation, and hair- like filaments, projecting from the outer surface of the exospore, were observed during sporogony. The continuity of the cisternae of the polaroplast, the perinuclear cisterna, the outer membrane of the polar filament and membranes surrounding masses of secretion granules were noted. Mature spores had a granular endospore and hair-Like filamentous projections on the exospore surface. The polar filament made 13-14 turns, the most distal being slightly constricted. Information presented here indicates that T. duorarum should be retained within the genus Thelohania as it is now defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the effects of squid flesh, pelleted diets and starvation on the ammonia-N efflux rate of juvenile pink shrimp Penaeus paulensis. Biochemical composition of the pink shrimp; Protein composition of the pelleted diets; Dietary-related alterations in blood, muscle and midgut glands.