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As an effective means to promote photoinduced carrier separation, the construction of Z‐scheme heterojunction photocatalysts can be widely used for the degradation of organic pollutants. In this work, an innovative peanut shell biochar/Ag3PO4/AgI ternary composite was prepared, and the chemical compositions, structural morphology, optical and photoelectrochemical properties of the photocatalyst were characterized. The peanut shell biochar/Ag3PO4/AgI composite delivered a high photodegradation efficiency of MB at 99.7 % in 60 min with kinetic constant of 0.0366 min−1, which is about 3.81, 9.89, and 1.17 times that Ag3PO4 (0.0096 min−1), AgI (0.0037 min−1) and Ag3PO4/AgI (0.0313 min−1), respectively. Meanwhile, the composite also exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity for methyl orange, rhodamine B, congo red, tetracycline and ofloxacin. Based on radical capture experiments and photoelectrochemical test, the possible photocatalytic mechanism was revealed. Compared with monomers, biochar/Ag3PO4/AgI exhibits higher photocatalytic degradation activity under visible light irradiation, which was due to the introduction of electron‐transporting biochar into the composite, and the formation of heterostructure between Ag3PO4 and AgI, which enhance the separation rate of photoinduced carriers. The excellent stability and photocatalytic activity make peanut shell biochar/Ag3PO4/AgI an ideal photocatalyst to solve environmental crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar, a solid material derived from a thermochemical process, has received significant attention due to its usefulness in various sectors. Previous studies have been conducted to improve the properties and quality of this material by altering the thermochemical processes, treating the feedstock, hybridizing the feedstock, and so forth, but little has been done on the effect of varying the reactor's configuration. This research aims to study the effect of varying the stainless‐steel‐based combustion compartment volume of a biomass‐fueled top‐lit updraft gasifier on the groundnut shell biochar. The biochar yields for reactors ranged from 34.9% to 51.2%. The sample produced in the smallest combustion compartment volume showed the highest carbon content, according to energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Potassium, another major element, decreased as the combustion compartment was reduced. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the biochar samples produced had an irregular shape and rough surfaces, and reducing the combustion compartment volume resulted in larger particles on the surface. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis showed similarities and differences in peaks observed for all the samples. The biochar samples produced can find applications in wastewater treatment, energy conversion and storage, and soil amendment, and the findings contribute to the design and optimization of biomass‐based gasifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis behaviors of peanut shells (PS) and tea plant branches (TPB) were explored with a focus on the physicochemical properties, thermal degradation behavior, synergistic effect, and thermo-kinetic analyses. The differences between individual biomass and the equivalent blend were also highlighted. Results showed that the blend sample showed an enhancement in fixed carbon content but a reduction in moisture and ash contents, when compared to those of the individual PS. The average activation energies (Ea) of the equivalent blend estimated by three isoconversional methods (i.e., Friedman, KAS, and Starink methods) were 181.65, 166.87, and 167.14 kJ/mol, respectively. The average Ea and ΔH of the blend were quite lower than those of the TPB but slightly higher than those of the PS. During pyrolysis, ΔH and ΔG exhibited positive values which showed the decomposition was endothermic and non-spontaneous. Negative ΔS values were first observed, followed by positive ΔS values at late conversion stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based hemp natural fibre-reinforced composites are sustainable in the view of the environment. However, these composites have not attracted many applications due to their less mechanical properties compared to the synthetic fibre-reinforced composites. The present work reports the hemp fibre-reinforced composite loaded with cellulose-based filler to improve their mechanical properties. At equal proportions of cellulose filler such as pistachio shell powder, teak wood powder, groundnut shell powder reinforced with the hemp fibre-reinforced epoxy composite, the improvement in the tensile strength, flexural strength, % of elongation and % of deformation is reported. The hemp fibre/epoxy composite loaded with 5 wt% of pistachio shell powder shows a 9.28% increment in tensile strength, 50.96 % increment in flexural strength compared to hemp fibre/epoxy composite. The hemp/epoxy composite loaded with 5 wt% teak wood powder particles shows enhancement in tensile, flexural by 31.56 %, 35.97%, respectively. The hemp/epoxy composite loaded with 5 wt% groundnut shell powder particles shows enhancement in tensile, flexural by 42.99 %, 83.99%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Investigating the inheritance and genetic variation of luteolin content in peanut shells is pivotal for developing improved cultivars with high luteolin content. In this study, we developed a genetic map spanning 976.8 cM using 115 highly advanced recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and the Axiom_Arachis array containing 58K single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was then performed using phenotype data from 2‐year field trials. From these analyses, we identified three significant QTLs with 4.1%–11.7% phenotypic variation explained (PVE) for luteolin content in peanut shells. We further identified five candidate genes with putative functions suggesting possible involvement in plant flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in peanut luteolin biosynthesis. Additionally, two new peanut inbreeding lines with high luteolin and oleic acid levels were selected and are expected to be used as multifunctional genomic backgrounds for future breeding and research programs. The information on the QTL regions and candidate genes from the present study could be very useful for developing new peanut cultivars with high luteolin content and for identifying the genetic/genomic determinants of luteolin content in peanut shells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach for the eco-friendly green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) using enzymatic mediation which is an environmentally benign alternative to conventional methods, offering control over particle size and shape. Anoxybacillus rupiensis BS1 thermophilic bacterium was isolated from Erzurum's Pasinler hot spring and lignin peroxidase enzyme production conditions (incubation time 96 h, 40 g/L shell amount, pH 8.5, 150 rpm, and 60 °C temperature) were used in the production of peroxidase enzyme using peanut waste which has been optimized. The characterization of the synthesized Cu NPs was performed using various analytical techniques, including UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming the successful production of stable and well-defined nanoparticles. Furthermore, the biological activities of the synthesized Cu NPs were explored, revealing their potential for antimicrobial applications. The antibacterial efficacy of the Cu NPs against some pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus cereus was examined. It was determined that Cu NPs were effective on all pathogens and had the highest effectiveness against the S. pyogenes pathogen (19.0 mm). This study not only presents an innovative and sustainable approach for the synthesis of Cu NPs but also highlights the multifaceted biological activities of these nanoparticles, opening avenues for diverse applications in the fields of medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation. The utilization of peanut shell wastes as a substrate for enzyme production adds value to agricultural by-products, contributing to the development of a circular and sustainable economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study is to develop surface-modified peanut shell granules by incorporating activated carbon to enhance the removal efficiency of Orange G dye (OGD) through adsorption. Activated carbon was prepared from Arachis hypogaea shell (Peanut shell) using a chemical activation method. Ultrasonic Activated Peanut Shell Powder (UAPSP) was characterised using FT-IR and SEM analysis to identify functional groups and assess surface morphology. To determine the optimal conditions, a batch adsorption study was conducted. The results indicated a maximum removal efficiency of 99.5% and a maximum adsorption capacity of 298.36 mg/g under the following parameters: pH 5, temperature 303 K, interaction period of 60 min, a dosage of 0.5 g/L for an OGD concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorption mechanism in the current system was evaluated using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, Temkin, and D-R isotherms models. Among these, the Langmuir isotherm exhibited the best fit with an R2 value of 0.997. UAPSP demonstrated a monolayer adsorption capacity of 1.9 mg/g for OGD removal. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the most effective fit with an R2 value of 0.998. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, as evidenced by the negative values of ΔG° (−1.497) and ΔS° (16.4052) at 303 K. Additionally, the mean free energy value (E) in the D-R isotherm increased to 10.58 KJ/mol with a temperature rise from 303 K to 343 K. The characterisation results confirmed that UAPSP is an effective, cost-free, and commercial alternative adsorbent for the removal of hazardous dyes from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This experimental study used peanut shell biochar and fermented cow manure as the main raw materials forming a substrate for tomato plants. Results: Substrates were created from peanut shell biochar, fermented cow manure, slag, and vermiculite mixed in volume ratios of 6:0:1:2, 5:1:1:2, 4:2:1:2, and 3:3:1:2, respectively. Comparisons were made to a control substrate composed of peat, slag, and vermiculite in a volume ratio of 6:1:2, respectively. As the proportion of biochar in the substrate increased, the bulk density showed a downward trend while the total porosity, aeration porosity, and water holding capacity showed upward trends. As the proportion of cow manure increased, the total N, available K, Ca, and Mg in the substrate increased. Tomatoes demonstrated similar or better growth than the control at experimental substrate composition ratios of 6:0:1:2 and 5:1:1:2. This was reflected in seedling strength index, seedling growth, chlorophyll content, root growth, plant carbohydrates, purine metabolism, caffeine metabolism, galactose metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The results of this study indicate the experimental substrate composition ratios of 6:0:1:2 and 5:1:1:2 were the most beneficial in terms of supporting the growth of tomato plants. Conclusions: The study confirms biochar in composite substrate promotes plant growth by improving the root environment and plant metabolism. This investigation provides new information to moderate the use of peat and support efforts to achieve carbon neutrality through the creative utilization of agricultural waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valorization of peanut shells has recently gained prominence in the context of thermally converting agricultural waste into biochar, a carbon-rich byproduct with significant potential as a soil amendment. The present study delves into understanding the influence of slow (450°C and 500°C) and fast (550°C and 600°C) pyrolysis temperatures with a resident time of 60 and 30 minutes, respectively, on the physico-chemical properties of peanut shell biochar produced in a low-cost kiln. Results of the Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis revealed that increased pyrolysis temperature increased porosity and surface roughness with crystalline deposits. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that increased temperatures contributed to enhanced thermal stability but reduced biochar yield. Pyrolysis temperatures of 450, 500, 550, and 600°C exhibited 32.19, 29.13, 21.8, and 19.43 percent conversion efficiency with organic carbon content of 11.57, 6.48, 8.64, and 7.76 percent, respectively. The intensities of functional groups (C-H and C-O) declined, whereas the intensity of C=C and stable carbon content increased with the rise in temperatures. The concentrations of heavy metals in all biochar samples were below permissible limits outlined by international biochar initiatives. The study concluded that slow pyrolysis at 450°C for 60 minutes resident time is an ideal pyrolytic condition for producing peanut shell biochar in terms of qualitative and quantitative characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the development of China's industry, the pollution problem of heavy metal wastewater in the country has become increasingly serious. In this paper, peanut shells modified with zinc chloride were selected as an adsorbent for the adsorption of Ag+ , and the optimal conditions for this adsorption were investigated. The results showed that the best adsorption effect was achieved at pH 4.0, an initial concentration of 250 μg/mL of Ag+ , a dosage of 0.10 g of peanut shell, a contact time of 40 min, and a temperature of 20°C. The prepared materials were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy and an X-ray diffraction analyzer. It was found that the skeleton did not change after the peanut shell treatment: the pores became larger; and the peanut shells had good adsorption capacity for Ag+ after being modified with zinc chloride. The kinetic, thermodynamic, and isothermal properties of the adsorption process were analyzed, showing that the adsorption conforms to the quasisecond-order kinetic equation and to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. By this method, the heavy metal Ag+ in wastewater can be absorbed at low cost and with high efficiency, providing protection to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of biochar, produced from different agricultural residues varying in lignin and cellulose content and subjected to different pyrolysis temperatures, in removing cadmium ions (Cd (II)) from an aqueous solution. This removal process is crucial for protecting human health and the environment. Specifically, the study focused on the adsorption behaviors of Cd (II) by the biochars made from rice husk biochar (RHB), maize straw biochar (MSB), peanut shell biochar (PSB), cottonseed shell biochar (CHB), and mulberry leaf biochar (MLB), which were prepared at 300 °C and 600 °C. The results indicated that the type of agricultural residue used to produce biochar significantly influenced the adsorption of Cd (II). Notably, mulberry leaf biochar prepared at 300 °C (MLB-300) demonstrated the highest adsorption efficiency, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 42.2 mg g−1. Batch adsorption experiments assessed the impact of various factors, including system pH, NO3− concentration, and adsorption duration. The adsorption kinetics were better described by the pseudo-second-order model than the pseudo-first-order model. Moreover, the study found that the lignin content of the biochar plays a major role in determining the adsorption capacity. The surface characteristics of biochar, influenced by the types of agricultural residues and preparation temperature, directly impact its adsorption mechanism and capacity. While biochar produced at 300 °C showed optimal Cd(II) adsorption, those processed at 600 °C were less effective, likely due to the loss of functional groups at higher temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luteolin (Lu), a compound with various biochemical and pharmacological activities beneficial to human health, has attracted researchers' attention. This study proposes an efficient and scalable method using ultrasound to intercalate graphene oxide (GO)-coated silica spheres (SiO2) into MXenes, resulting in a 3D conductive interconnected structural composite material. Characterization of the composite material was conducted using SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. MXenes exhibit excellent electrical conductivity, and the SiO2@GO surface with abundant hydroxyl and silanol groups provides high-binding active sites that facilitate Lu molecule enrichment. The formation of the 3D conductive interconnected structural composites enhances charge transport, significantly improving sensor sensitivity. Consequently, the sensor demonstrates excellent detection capabilities (detection range 0.03–7000 nM, detection limit 12 pM). Furthermore, the sensor can be applied to quantitative determination of Lu in real samples, including chrysanthemums, Jiaduobao, honeysuckle, purple perilla, and peanut shells, achieving recoveries between 98.2 and 104.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar-zero-valent iron composites are promising materials for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution, but further research is still required on the co-removal of multiple heavy metals. This paper presents the performance, effects and mechanisms of peanut shell biochar (BC)-supported zero-valent iron (ZVI) composites in the co-removal of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. Samples were subjected to the isotherm test, the kinetic test, the adsorption performance test and microscopic tests, and impact factors such as initial pH, reaction time, dosage and BC/ZVI mass ratios were considered. The results show that the removal efficiency of biochar-zero-valent iron composites for Cd(II) and Cr(VI) co-removal is significantly higher compared to individual applications of zero-valent iron and biochar. Under the condition of dosage of 0.2 g, initial pH = 4.0, and BC/ZVI mass ratio of 4:1, the removal efficiency of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) can reach 98.66% and 98.45%, respectively. In this case, the maximum adsorption capacity of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) can reach 20.44 mg/g and 3.70 mg/g. The removal of Cd(II) follows the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich model, whereas the removal of Cr(VI) is better fitted by pseudo-first order and Langmuir model. The co-removal process of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) can be divided two phase, and the mechanisms of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) are also remarkably distinct. The reduction, adsorption, complexation or co-precipitation are the dominant mechanisms for Cr(VI) removal, while the complexation of biochar and adsorption of the iron oxyhydroxide layer predominate for Cd(II) removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging of biochar can affect its stability and persistence of heavy metals immobilizing in soil, resulting in changes in its inertness. Using peanut shell(PS) as raw material, peanut shell biochar (PSB) was prepared by pyrolysis under the condition of 600 °C and hypoxia. Oxidized biochar(OPSB), leached biochar(LPSB) and acidified biochar (APSB) were prepared Y by simulated field oxidation, leaching and acidification of PSB. The effects of these three aging methods on the adsorption efficiency and mechanisms of Cd2+ by the biochar were investigated using isothermal adsorption models, kinetic models, FT-IR and XRD. The results show that oxidative aging process an significantly enhance the accumulation of oxygen-containing functional groups (--COOH, --OH, etc.) on the surface of the biochar, thereby increasing the adsorption capacity of OPSB for Cd2+ by 10.13%. Leaching aging process can not cause significant changes in functional group content but result in substantial loss of soluble minerals, leading to a significant decrease adsorption capacity of LPSB for Cd2+ by 13. 35%. Acidification aging process can affect the adsorptive activity of Cd2+ on the surface of the biochar, resulting in a reduction in adsorption capacity of APSB for Cd2+ by 26. 52%. All four types of biochar exhibite effective adsorption for Cd2+, the OPSB showing optimal affinity followed by PSB, LPSB, and APSB. The Langmuir isothermal adsorption model provides better fitting for describing the Cd2+ adsorption process by all four types of biochars under low pH conditions. Furthermore, the adsorptions processes by all four types of biochars are predominantly governed by physical electrostatic interactions, which is suitable to be described by quasi-first-order kinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBlack carbon was widely researched due to its significant role on the global carbon cycle and contaminant transport, and most people were concerned about the property of the dissolved black carbon from black carbon. In this work, we focused on the research of the residual those of black carbon. Two kinds of black carbon originated from peanut shell and bamboo were prepared and the corresponding residual black carbons were also obtained by the ultrasonic dissolution process. It was found the chemical and structure properties of residual black carbon changed a lot compared to black carbon. Using methylene blue as a target contaminant, the adsorption capacity of methylene blue by the residual black carbon was greater than that of black carbon. The adsorption capacity of black carbon-bamboo for methylene blue increased from 11.1 mg/g to 16 mg/g after the dissolution process, and the adsorption capacity of black carbon-peanut shell for methylene blue increased from 14 mg/g to 23 mg/g. The various influencing factors, such as the pH, initial concentration, temperature and adsorbent dosage, were systematically studied. The black carbons derived from peanut shell before and after the ultrasonic dissolution process both showed greater adsorption capacities for methylene blue. To further elucidate the methylene blue adsorption process, different kinds of isotherm and kinetics models were applied to simulate the experimental data. The results indicated that the Langmuir isotherm model was suitable to all the carbons before and after the ultrasonic dissolution process, and the pseudo-second-order model showed great simulation for the adsorption of methylene blue. In addition, the analysis of the thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption processes of methylene blue were endothermic and spontaneous. Overall, results obtained from this work revealed the black carbon after been dissolved showed better adsorption capacity for contaminant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doping of porous carbon materials with nitrogen is an effective approach to enhance the electrochemical performance of electrode materials. In this study, nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from peanut shells was prepared as an electrode for supercapacitors. Melamine, urea, urea phosphate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were employed as different nitrogen dopants. The optimized electrode material PA-1-1 prepared by peanut shells, with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as a nitrogen dopant, exhibited a N content of 3.11% and a specific surface area of 602.7 m2/g. In 6 M KOH, the PA-1-1 electrode delivered a high specific capacitance of 208.3 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. Furthermore, the PA-1-1 electrode demonstrated an excellent rate performance with a specific capacitance of 170.0 F/g (retention rate of 81.6%) maintained at 20 A/g. It delivered a capacitance of PA-1-1 with a specific capacitance retention of 98.8% at 20 A/g after 5000 cycles, indicating excellent cycling stability. The PA-1-1//PA-1-1 symmetric supercapacitor exhibited an energy density of 17.7 Wh/kg at a power density of 2467.0 W/kg. This work not only presents attractive N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitors but also offers a novel insight into the rational design of biochar carbon derived from waste peelings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three successive vegetable pot experiments were conducted to assess the effects on the long-term immobilization of heavy metals in soil and crop yield improvement after the addition of peanut shell biochar and an alkaline mineral to an acidic soil contaminated with lead and cadmium. Compared with the CK treatment, the change rates of biomass in the edible parts of the three types of vegetables treated with B0.3, B1, B3, B9, R0.2 and B1R0.2 were −15.43%~123.30%, 35.10%~269.09%, 40.77%~929.31%, −26.08%~711.99%, 44.14%~1067.12% and 53.09%~1139.06%, respectively. The cadmium contents in the edible parts of the three vegetables treated with these six additives reduced by 2.08%~13.21%, 9.56%~24.78%, 9.96%~35.61%, 41.96%~78.42%, −4.19%~57.07% and 12.43%~65.92%, respectively, while the lead contents in the edible parts reduced by −15.70%~59.47%, 6.55%~70.75%, 3.40%~80.10%, 55.26%~89.79%, 11.05%~70.15% and 50.35%~79.25%, respectively. Due to the increases in soil pH, soil cation-exchange capacity and soil organic carbon content, the accumulation of Cd and Pb in the vegetables was most notably reduced with a high dosage of 9% peanut shell biochar alone, followed by the addition of a low dosage of 1% peanut shell biochar blended with 0.2% alkaline mineral. Therefore, the addition of a low dosage of 1% peanut shell biochar blended with 0.2% alkaline mineral was the best additive in increasing the vegetable biomass, whereas the addition of 9% peanut shell biochar alone was the worst. Evidently, the addition of 0.2% alkaline mineral can significantly reduce the amount of peanut shell needed for passivating heavy metals in soil, while it also achieves the effect of increasing the vegetable yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of residues on the reproduction of E. foetida, the physicochemical characteristics and phytotoxicity of vermicompost. In this research, 8 treatments were analyzed: T1: bovine manure, T2: poultry manure, T3 corn chaff, T4: peanut shell, T5: bovine manure + corn husk, T6: bovine manure + peanut shell, T7: poultry manure + corn chaff and T8: poultry manure + peanut shell. Reproduction parameters such as number, size and weight of worms were evaluated. The physicochemical parameters of the vermicompost analyzed were yield, moisture, bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration, while phytotoxicity was analyzed against Lactuca sativa seeds. The results obtained showed that T1 was able to reproduce 912 units with an average length of 4,86 cm and generated 17,17 kg of vermicompost, T7 presented a higher concentration of nitrogen (2,64%) and organic matter content of 52,71%, the pH remained in neutral values (6,9-7,2), while the electrical conductivity was low (0,22-0,64 ds/m). None of the treatments showed toxicity to L. sativa seeds, but T1, T3, T4, T5, T7 and T8 showed phytostimulant activity on seed germination. Biological transformation of wastes is an important tool for waste management that influences E. foetida reproduction, yield, vermicompost quality and stimulates L. sativa germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cocopeat resources in Iran are limited and unsuitable, and they must be imported from abroad at a high cost. It is therefore essential to evaluate suitable growth media to replace cocopeat. Method: During this experiment, we conducted a completely randomized experimental design with seven types of growing media in a greenhouse with two layers of hexane coating, at the flower and ornamental plant research station in Lahijan city. Seven growth substrate treatments were investigated, including: (100% perlite), (75% cocopeat +25% perlite), (50% tea waste +25% peanut shells compost +25% perlite), (50% tea waste +25% Azolla +25% Perlite), (50% peanut shells compost +25% azolla +25% perlite), (50% peanut shells compost + +25% tea waste +25% azolla) and (25% peanut shells compost +25% tea Waste +25% azolla +25% perlite). Results: According to the results, growth media containing peanut shells, Azolla composts, and tea waste are effective and recommended, which can significantly reduce the use of cocopeat. A substrate containing compost had a better effect on the morphological and physiological characteristics of Gerber. Conclusion: The yield of Gerbera varied greatly among growth substrates, and flower performance was better in some substrates than in cocopeat. The favorable effect of composted substrates on Gerbera yield allows the selection of the growth substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the ability of peanut shell activated carbon (PSAC) to adsorb phenol from aqueous solutions. Phenolic wastewater in various industries and their release to the environment are environmental problems. Among the various separation methods, adsorption is an accepted method because of its efficiency, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and possibility to use different adsorbent materials to achieve maximum adsorption efficiency. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to minimize the required experiments, modeling, finding the optimal point, and variance analysis. Among the studied variables, pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration are important. The results show that it is possible to completely remove at 300 ppm of phenol concentration and 5 min. Characterization of PSAC was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), and size analysis. By examining the isotherm models, it was found that the adsorption follows the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 250 mg g−1 based on the Langmuir model. The three combined features of complete removal, ultra-fast adsorption, and high adsorption capacity are the unique features of this nano biocarbon for phenol removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut is an important oil crop and cash crop, with a wide range of applications in many fields such as the food industry, light industry, and chemical industry. Mechanized shelling is a necessary part of the post-production processing of peanuts, and it is also the key to determining the quality of peanut products. Reducing shelling damage is an effective way to improve the quality and comprehensive benefits of peanut products. Consequently, it is of great significance to strengthen the research on damage reduction in mechanized peanut-shelling. China is a large peanut producer, but the research on mechanized shelling started relatively late, and the existing technology is not compatible with the high-quality shelling requirements of farmers. This paper reviews the status of mechanized peanut-shelling technology, compares the technical characteristics and equipment development of the world's important peanut producing countries, it summarizes and proposes the suggestions to reduce loss from the aspects of varieties, agronomy, technology, and technical equipment; further deepen innovative research; and strengthen the construction of peanut-shelling socialized service systems. It is expected to provide reference for effectively reducing damage and improving quality of China's mechanized shelling, and promoting the sustainable development of peanut shelling industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using peanut shells, a sustainable agricultural waste product, as its raw material, the acid group-modified biochar (AMBC) was prepared through phosphoric acid activation, partial carbonization, and concentrated sulfuric acid sulfonation for efficient removal of lead ion from aqueous solutions. Characterization techniques such as N2 isothermal adsorption–desorption, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA, and acid–base titration were utilized to fully understand the properties of the AMBC. It was found that there were high densities of acidic oxygen-containing functional groups (-SO3H, -COOH, Ph-OH) on the surface of the AMBC. The optimal adsorption performance of the AMBC for Pb(II) in water occurred when the initial concentration of Pb(II) was 100 mg/L, the pH was 5, the dosage of the adsorbent was 0.5 g/L, and the contact time was 120 min. Under the optimal conditions, the removal ratio of Pb(II) was 76.0%, with an adsorption capacity of 148.6 mg/g. This performance far surpassed that of its activated carbon precursor, which achieved a removal ratio of 39.7% and an adsorption capacity of 83.1 mg/g. The superior adsorption performance of AMBC can be caused by the high content of acidic oxygen-containing functional groups on its surface. These functional groups facilitate the strong binding between AMBC and Pb(II), enabling effective removal from water solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon materials have been receiving considerable attention as effective green catalysts for peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation to degrade organic pollutants. Herein, the porous graphene-like carbons (PGCs) were synthesized by pyrolyzing a nitrogen-rich biomass (peanut shell, PS) in the eutectic mixture of FeCl3 and ZnCl2. The results suggested that involvement of molten salts attributed the biochar the amazing properties such as high specific surface area (SBET = 2529.4 m2 g−1), abundant structural defects, high nitrogen content (6.5%), and oxygen-containing functional groups on its surface. Especially when pyrolyzed at activation temperature of 800 °C, mass ratio of 1:3:15 (PS:ZnCl2:FeCl3), and activation time of 2 h, the optimized PGCs-op exhibited outstanding performance in the catalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB). Almost all of RhB (99.02%) was removed in 40 min and basically not influenced by initial pH in the range of 3.00 to 9.98. Although the RhB degradation was influenced by anions (Cl−, HCO3−, HPO42−), the inhibition would be significantly alleviated within 120 min unless these substances were high in concentration. Furthermore, the quenching tests revealed that the reactive species were involved in RhB degradation in the sequence of 1O2 > O2∙− > SO4∙− > ∙OH, among which singlet oxygen played a crucial role. Combined with characterization analysis, a possible mechanism of RhB degradation in PGCs-op/PDS system was proposed. Overall, this study provided a promising metal-free catalyst for the removal of organic pollutants while achieving reutilization of the waste biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut shells' adsorption performance in caffeine and triclosan removal was studied. Peanut shells were analyzed for their chemical composition, morphology, and surface functional groups. Batch adsorption and fixed-bed column experiments were carried out with solutions containing 30 mg/L of caffeine and triclosan. The parameters examined included peanut shell particle size (120–150, 300–600, and 800–2000 µm), adsorbent dose (0.02–60 g/L), contact time (up to 180 min), bed height (4–8 cm), and hydraulic loading rate (2.0 and 4.0 m3/m2-day). After determining the optimal adsorption conditions, kinetics, isotherm, and breakthrough curve models were applied to analyze the experimental data. Peanut shells showed an irregular surface and consisted mainly of polysaccharides (around 70% lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose), with a specific surface area of 1.7 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.005 cm3/g. The highest removal efficiencies for caffeine (85.6 ± 1.4%) and triclosan (89.3 ± 1.5%) were achieved using the smallest particles and 10.0 and 0.1 g/L doses over 180 and 45 min, respectively. Triclosan showed easier removal compared to caffeine due to its higher lipophilic character. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model provided the best fit with the experimental data, suggesting a chemisorption process between caffeine/triclosan and the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were well-described by the Sips model, with maximum adsorption capacities of 3.3 mg/g and 289.3 mg/g for caffeine and triclosan, respectively. In fixed-bed column adsorption tests, particle size significantly influenced efficiency and hydraulic behavior, with 120–150 µm particles exhibiting the highest adsorption capacity for caffeine (0.72 mg/g) and triclosan (143.44 mg/g), albeit with clogging issues. The experimental data also showed good agreement with the Bohart–Adams, Thomas, and Yoon–Nelson models. Therefore, the findings of this study highlight not only the effective capability of peanut shells to remove caffeine and triclosan but also their versatility as a promising option for water treatment and sanitation applications in different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current work was to synthesize and characterize ferromagnetic activated carbon from peanut shells (PSs) and apply it for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) following the heterogeneous Fenton process. PSs were activated with phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 solid/liquid activation ratios and different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 1.5 M) and pyrolized at 500°C. Based on the iodine indexes, KOH-activated carbon adsorbents exhibited higher porosity than the H3PO4-activated adsorbents. KOH-activated carbon at a 1:3 activation ratio (iodine value 591 mg/g) was selected for magnetization using iron (II) ions and catalytic mineralization of MO dye. The ferromagnetic activated carbon (AC-PS@FeII) was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and nitrogen-adsorption BET measurements. AC-PS@FeII contained ferromagnetite with a cubic spinel structure and a specific area of 181.96 m2·g-1. AC-PS@FeII degraded MO with a degradation efficiency of 99.22% at pH 2, 4 g/L of catalyst dosage, and a 50-min contact time. The results of recyclability tests, using distilled water, revealed a slight decrease in degradation capacity after four runs, indicating that the developed catalyst was appreciably stable. The hetero-Fenton catalyst from peanut shells could be an ideal catalyst for treating wastewater contaminated with dyes as a path toward a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined using peanut shells, rice husks, and cocoa husks as soil conditioners to boost yields in Allium cepa var. Alvara onions. Three types of biochar and four application rates (1%, 1.5%, 3%, and 5%) were compared to a control with no biochar. The biochars had different nutrient makeups, with cocoa husk biochar (CHB) containing the most essential elements. While overall plant growth (height, leaves, and roots) was not significantly affected (p > 0.05) by any biochar type compared to the control, some plant parts responded differently. CHB (5%) and peanut husk biochar (PHB) (1%) yielded the tallest onion plants (71 and 65 cm), while 1% rice and cocoa biochar resulted in the shortest (below 42 cm). PHB (3% and 5%) produced the longest roots (9 cm), while 1.5% rice husk biochar (RHB) had the shortest. Biochar application had no significant effect on leaf count. However, specific application rates of RHB and PHB increased the harvest index (HI), indicating more efficient yield allocation. HI values > 0.85 were obtained with specific biochar rates (e.g., 1.0–1.5% PHB, 1.5–5% RHB, or 5.0% CHB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut hulls are abundant waste with high bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and cell wall polysaccharides but low nutritional value. The aim of this study was to valorize this agricultural waste into alternative ruminant feed with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) produced by fermentation of mixture culture of Aspergillus strains (A. niger, A. tubingensis, A. oryzae, and A. sojae) and Neurospora intermedia. Peanut hulls were pretreated for 24 h with increasing EFE levels 0, 1, 2, and 4 mg/g dry matter. The results showed that the effectiveness of this additive depended on EFE level. The low EFE level did not affect their nutritional value. The moderate and high EFE levels converted part of their cell wall polysaccharide compound into non-fiber carbohydrates and solubilize their organic matter without altering their bioactive compounds and their antioxidant activity. Consequently, these two levels of EFE accelerate rumen fermentation process, reduce the time of onset of rumen fermentation, and improve cell wall polysaccharide digestibility, net energy lactation, and short-chain fatty acid production. However, only the high EFE level promoted the proliferation of rumen protozoa and the amount of fermentation and dry matter digestibility and reduced rumen ammonia nitrogen by conversion into microbial crude protein. In conclusion, this practical bioprocess with the highest EFE level can be used as an effective tool for bioconversion of these wastes into energy feeds with high bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity to substitute expensive ruminant feeds. This strategy can provide a new source of revenue for the peanut shelling and peanut oil industries and protect the environment from the pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid passivation and aggregation of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) seriously limit its performance in the remediation of different contaminants from wastewater. To overcome such issues, in the present study, nano-palladium/iron (nPd/Fe) was simultaneously improved by biochar (BC) prepared from discarded peanut shells and green complexing agent sodium citrate (SC). For this purpose, a composite (SC-nPd/Fe@BC) was successfully synthesized to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from wastewater. In the SC-nPd/Fe@BC, BC acts as a carrier with dispersed nPd/Fe particles to effectively prevent its agglomeration, and increased the specific surface area of the composite, thereby improving the reactivity and stability of nPd/Fe. Characterization results demonstrated that the SC-nPd/Fe@BC composites were well dispersed, and the agglomeration was weakened. The formation of the passivation layer on the surface of the particles was inhibited, and the mechanism of SC and BC improving the reactivity of nPd/Fe was clarified. Different factors were found to influence the reductive dichlorination of 2,4-DCP, including Pd loading, Fe:C, SC addition, temperature, initial pH, and initial pollutant concentration. The dechlorination results revealed that the synergistic effect of the BC and SC made the removal efficiency and dechlorination rate of 2,4-DCP by SC-nPd/Fe@BC reached to 96.0 and 95.6%, respectively, which was better than that of nPd/Fe (removal: 46.2%, dechlorination: 45.3%). Kinetic studies explained that the dechlorination reaction of 2,4-DCP and the data were better represented by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The reaction rate constants followed the order of SC-nPd/Fe@BC (0.0264 min−1) > nPd/Fe@BC (0.0089 min−1) > SC-nPd/Fe (0.0081 min−1) > nPd/Fe (0.0043 min−1). Thus, SC-nPd/Fe@BC was capable of efficiently reducing 2,4-DCP and the dechlorination efficiency of BC and SC synergistically assisted composite on 2,4-DCP was much better than that of SC-nPd/Fe, nPd/Fe@BC and nPd/Fe. Findings suggested that SC-nPd/Fe@BC can be promising for efficient treatment of chlorinated pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickens are a major source of meat and eggs in human food and have significant economic value. Cadmium (Cd) is a common environmental pollutant that can contaminate feed and drinking water, leading to kidney injury in livestock and poultry, primarily by inducing the generation of free radicals. It is necessary to develop potential medicines to prevent and treat Cd-induced nephrotoxicity in poultry. Luteolin (Lut) is a natural flavonoid compound mainly extracted from peanut shells and has a variety of biological functions to defend against oxidative damage. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate whether Lut can alleviate kidney injury under Cd exposure and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Renal histopathology and cell morphology were observed. The indicators of renal function, oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair, NAD+ content, SIRT1 activity, and autophagy were analyzed. In vitro data showed that Cd exposure increased ROS levels and induced oxidative DNA damage and repair, as indicated by increased 8-OHdG content, increased γ-H2AX protein expression, and the over-activation of the DNA repair enzyme PARP-1. Cd exposure decreased NAD+ content and SIRT1 activity and increased LC3 II, ATG5, and particularly p62 protein expression. In addition, Cd-induced oxidative DNA damage resulted in PARP-1 over-activation, reduced SIRT1 activity, and autophagic flux blockade, as evidenced by reactive oxygen species scavenger NAC application. The inhibition of PARP-1 activation with the pharmacological inhibitor PJ34 restored NAD+ content and SIRT1 activity. The activation of SIRT1 with the pharmacological activator RSV reversed Cd-induced autophagic flux blockade and cell injury. In vivo data demonstrated that Cd treatment caused the microstructural disruption of renal tissues, reduced creatinine, and urea nitrogen clearance, raised MDA content, and decreased the activities or contents of antioxidants (GSH, T-SOD, CAT, and T-AOC). Cd treatment caused oxidative DNA damage and PARP-1 activation, decreased NAD+ content, decreased SIRT1 activity, and impaired autophagic flux. Notably, the dietary Lut supplement observably alleviated these alterations in chicken kidney tissues induced by Cd. In conclusion, the dietary Lut supplement alleviated Cd-induced chicken kidney injury through its potent antioxidant properties by relieving the oxidative DNA damage-activated PARP-1-mediated reduction in SIRT1 activity and repairing autophagic flux blockade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of novel biomaterials as packaging material is an emerging approach for dealing with concerns about food safety and environmental pollution. Legislative compulsions have compelled the scientific community to think about other alternatives to non-biodegradable packaging. The demand for biodegradable materials; especially from non-conventional sources, has increased. In the present study, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin extracted from peanut shell were evaluated for the development of composite films. The effect of incorporation of lignin or hemicellulose or both in cellulose films was characterized to assess the functional properties of composite films. The inclusion of the aforementioned biopolymers enhanced the physiochemical properties including opacity, swelling index, water solubility and elongation at break while tensile strength and moisture contents were higher for the pure cellulose films. FTIR spectra and SEM images of the composite films revealed that there was no bonding between the lignin and cellulose in the composite films, on the contrary, the hemicellulose was attached to the surface of cellulose fibers with hydrogen bonds. All the composite films depicted more than 50% biodegradation after 15 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the utilization of peanut shell, this study investigates the combustion behavior, chemical kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of peanut shell using TGA under atmospheric air at the heating rates of 10, 20, and 30 K/min. Results indicate that increasing the heating rate leads to higher ignition, burnout, and peak temperatures, as observed in the TG/DTG curves shifting to the right. Analysis of combustion performance parameters suggest that higher heating rates can enhance combustion performances. Kinetic analysis using two model-free methods, KAS and FWO, shows that the activation energy (Eα) ranges from 93.30 to 109.65 kJ/mol for FWO and 89.72 to 103.88 kJ/mol for KAS. The data fit well with coefficient of determination values (R2) close to 1 and the mean squared error values (MSE) less than 0.006. Pre-exponential factors using FWO range from 2.19 × 106 to 8.08 × 107 s−1, and for KAS range from 9.72 × 105 to 2.25 × 107 s−1. Thermodynamic analysis indicates a low-energy barrier (≤±6 kJ/mol) between activation energy and enthalpy changes, suggesting easy reaction initiation. Furthermore, variations in enthalpy (ΔH), Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and entropy (ΔS) upon conversion (α) suggest that peanut shell combustion is endothermic and non-spontaneous, with the generation of more homogeneous or well-ordered products as combustion progresses. These findings offer a theoretical basis and data support for the further utilization of agricultural biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of COVID-19 has boosted growth in the takeaway and medical industries but has also generated a large amount of plastic waste. Peanut shells (PS) are produced in large quantities and are challenging to recycle in China. Co-pyrolysis of peanut shells (PS) and polypropylene (PP) is an effective method for processing plastic waste and energy mitigation. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted on PS, PP, and their blends (PS-PP) at different heating rates (10, 20, 30 °C·min−1). The results illustrated that the co-pyrolysis process of PS-PP was divided into two distinct decomposition stages. The first stage (170–400 °C) was predominantly linked to PS decomposition. The second stage (400–520 °C) resulted from the combinations of PS and PP's thermal degradations, with the most contribution from PP degradation. With the increase in heating rate, thermogravimetric hysteresis appeared. Kinetic analysis indicated that the co-pyrolysis process reduced the individual pyrolysis activation energy, especially in the second stage, with a correlation coefficient (R2) generally maintained above 0.95. The multi-level reaction mechanism function model can effectively reveal the co-pyrolysis process mechanism. PS proved to be high-quality biomass for co-pyrolysis with PP, and all mixtures exhibited synergistic effects at a mixing ratio of 1:1 (PS1-PP1). This study accomplished effective waste utilization and optimized energy consumption. It holds significance in determining the interaction mechanism of mixed samples in the co-pyrolysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are often exposed to multiple stresses, including heavy metals (HM) and drought, which limit the plant growth and productivity. Though biochar or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been widely used for alleviating HM or drought stress in plants, the study of the effects of combined treatment with biochar and PGPR under simultaneous HM and drought stress is limited. This study investigated individual and combined effects of groundnut shell biochar (GS-BC) and PGPR Bacillus pseudomycoides strain ARN7 on Zea mays growth, physiology, and HM accumulation, along with their impact on soil enzymes under HM (Ni and Zn), drought, or HM+drought stress. It was observed that even under HM+drought stress, Z. mays growth, total chlorophyll, proteins, phenolics, and relative water contents were increased in response to combined GS-BC and ARN7 treatment. Furthermore, the combined treatment positively influenced plant superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase activities, while reducing electrolyte leakage and phenolics, malondialdehyde, and proline under HM, drought, or HM+drought stress. Interestingly, the combined GS-BC and ARN7 treatment decreased HM accumulation and the bioaccumulation factor in Z. mays, highlighting that the combined treatment is suitable for improving HM phytostabilization. Additionally, GS-BC increased soil enzymatic activities and ARN7 colonization irrespective of HM and drought stress. As far as we know, this study is the first to illustrate that combined biochar and PGPR treatment could lessen the adverse effects of both HM and drought, suggesting that such treatment can be used in water-deficient HM-contaminated areas to improve plant growth and reduce HM accumulation in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, microwave-assisted activated carbon (MW-AC) was fabricated from peanut shells using a ZnCl2 activator and utilized for the first time to eliminate benzene vapor as a volatile organic compound (VOC). During the MW-AC production process, which involved two steps—microwave treatment and muffle furnace heating—we investigated the effects of various factors and achieved the highest iodine number of 1250 mg/g. This was achieved under optimal operating conditions, which included a 100% impregnation ratio, CO2 as the gas in the microwave environment, a microwave power set at 500 W, a microwave duration of 10 min, an activation temperature of 500 °C and an activation time of 45 min. The structural and morphological properties of the optimized MW-AC were assessed through SEM, FTIR, and BET analysis. The dynamic adsorption process of benzene on the optimized MW-AC adsorbent, which has a significant BET surface area of 1204.90 m2/g, was designed using the Box-Behnken approach within the response surface methodology. Under optimal experimental conditions, including a contact duration of 80 min, an inlet concentration of 18 ppm, and a temperature of 26 °C, the maximum adsorption capacity reached was 568.34 mg/g. The experimental data are better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while it is concluded that the equilibrium data are better described by the Langmuir isotherm model. MW-AC exhibited a reuse efficiency of 86.54% for benzene vapor after five consecutive recycling processes. The motivation of the study highlights the high adsorption capacity and superior reuse efficiency of MW-AC adsorbent with high BET surface area against benzene pollutant. According to our results, the developed MW-AC presents itself as a promising adsorbent candidate for the treatment of VOCs in various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, most studies have shown that biochar has great potential in carbon sequestration and reduction, as well as soil quality improvement. However, there is limited knowledge of its effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions in tropical farmland. This study aimed to determine the impact of different types and rates of biochar applied in tropical farmlands on so SOC and its active fractions. The SOC, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and soil mineralizable carbon (SMC) in the 0–30 cm soil layers under rice hull (R) and peanut shell (P) biochar treatments were measured. The results showed that the application of R and P biochar increased the contents, stocks, and cumulative stocks of SOC, MBC, and DOC in the 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm soil layers. The contents, stocks, and cumulative stocks increased with increasing biochar application rates. Compared with CK, the ranges of the increased SOC, MBC, and DOC cumulative stocks were 10.76–46.36%, 30.04–195.65%, and 0.02–17.03%, respectively. However, the R60 and P60 had the lowest cumulative stocks of SMC, decreasing by 14.69% and 8.05%, respectively. The biochar treatment of more than 20 t ha−1 reduced the ratio of SMC:SOC and active fractions:SOC. Therefore, it can be inferred that the application of biochar improved the levels of SOC, MBC, and DOC, and the application of more than 20 t ha−1 biochar could decrease soil carbon mineralization, thus improving the stability of SOC in tropical farmlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the impact of pulsed electric fields (PEFs) combined with three-phase partitioning (TPP) extraction methods on the physicochemical properties, functional properties, and structural characterization of the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) derived from peanut shells (PS). The findings of this study indicated that the application of a PEF-TPP treatment leads to a notable improvement in both the extraction yield and purity of SDF. Consequently, the PEF-TPP treatment resulted in the formation of more intricate and permeable structures, a decrease in molecular weight, and an increase in thermal stability compared to SDFs without TPP treatment. An analysis revealed that the PEF-TPP method resulted in an increase in the levels of arabinose and galacturonic acid, leading to enhanced antioxidant capacities. Specifically, the IC50 values were lower in SDFs which underwent PEF-TPP (4.42 for DPPH and 5.07 mg/mL for ABTS) compared to those precipitated with 40% alcohol (5.54 mg/mL for DPPH, 5.56 mg/mL for ABTS) and PEF75 (6.60 mg/mL for DPPH, 7.61 mg/mL for ABTS), respectively. Notably, the SDFs which underwent PEF-TPP demonstrated the highest water- and oil-holding capacity, swelling capacity, emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, glucose adsorption, pancreatic lipase inhibition, cholesterol adsorption, nitric ion adsorption capacity, and the least gelation concentration. Based on the synthesis scores obtained through PCA (0.536 > −0.030 > −0.33), which indicated that SDFs which underwent PEF-TPP exhibited the highest level of quality, the findings indicate that PEF-TPP exhibits potential and promise as a method for preparing SDFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the adsorption effect of peanut shell as adsorbent on dye wastewater in industry, the optimum adsorption conditions of peanut shell for methylene blue were explored in this article. The decolorized peanut shell was activated by zinc chloride and the adsorption rate of methylene blue dye was improved. Through the research of different conditions such as pH value, contact time, adsorption temperature, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage, the optimal adsorption conditions of methylene blue dye were obtained. The adsorption effect achieved was the best at pH 10. Kinetics, thermodynamics, adsorption isotherm properties of the adsorption of methylene blue onto the peanut shell activated by zinc chloride were studied. The adsorption satisfied the Freundlich isothermal adsorption equation and the adsorption process was exothermic. The present adsorption system is a heterogeneous adsorption. The adsorption of methylene blue onto peanut shell accorded with a quasi-second-order adsorption kinetics. This adsorption was a physicochemical adsorption. Finally, the involved adsorption materials prepared were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. This method can effectively adsorb the methylene blue pollutants in water and solves the problem of the environmental pollution caused by the direct discharge of dye wastewater, which has certain economic and social benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work focused on the intermediate pyrolysis of Bambara Groundnut Shells (BGS-G1), Sweet Sorghum Stalk (SSS), and Shea Nutshells (SNS). These feedstocks are readily available as wastes or by-products from industrial and agricultural activities. The thermo-gravimetric analysis of the biomass samples exhibited decomposition and devolatilization potentials in the temperature range of 110–650°C. The kinetic modelling resulted in the activation energy of BGS G1 being the lowest as 20.43 kJ/mol and SNS as the highest 24.89 kJ/mol among the three biomass samples. Intermediate pyrolysis was conducted in a vertical tube reactor at a temperature of 600°C, with nitrogen flow at 10 ml/min and heating rate ≥ 33.0℃/min. The yield of pyrolysis bio-oil was 38.0 ± 6.4, 44.2 ± 6, and 39.7 ± 5.2 wt.% for BGS-G1, SSS, and SNS, respectively. The HHV of bio-oil varied as 23.7 ± 1.8, 23.8 ± 1.8, to 26.5 ± 2.0 MJ/kg for BGS-G1 SSS and SNS respectively. The biochar recorded the lowest HHV for BGS-G1 as 18.8 ± 1.2 MJ/kg and the highest for SNS as 26.4 ± 1.8 MJ/kg. The FTIR of bio-oil revealed significant functional groups, and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry) analysis categorized the compounds in bio-oils as ketones, furans, phenolics, acids, phenols and benzene derivatives. The physicochemical analysis of the feedstocks and the products (bio-oil and biochar) showed their potential for bioenergy and biochemical (green chemicals) production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyes provide a notable environmental issue as a result of their intrinsic poisonous and carcinogenic characteristics. An estimated 60,000 metric tons of dyes has been discharged into the environment, leading to a substantial increase in water pollution. The mitigation of these dyes is a substantial and intricate challenge. The primary objective of this research is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the adsorption of cationic dyes containing positively charged groups such as sulphonates, amines, and triphenylmethanes. The adsorption study was carried out using four different low-cost adsorbents derived from biowaste, specifically Groundnut Shell (GS), Mosambi Peel (MP), Mango Bark (MBARK), and Mango Leaves (ML). The adsorbent materials were characterized using FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), point-of-zero charge (PZC), and BET techniques. The adsorption capacity was found to be between 1.5 and 2.2 mg/gm for Groundnut Shell, Mosambi Peel, Mango Bark, and Mango Leaves for individual dye removal (Crystal violet, Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, and Malachite green). It was observed that adsorbent derived from mango bark showed excellent adsorption (%) in a mono-component dye system and, thus, was explored for the simultaneous removal of a mixture of the same dyes. MBARK exhibited an excellent overall dye removal efficiency of 94.44% (Qe = 2.7 mg/g) for the dye mixture in 60 min. From a detailed kinetic investigation, it was concluded that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model (R2= 0.99963 to 1 for different dyes and adsorbents) hinting at chemisorption. The effect of the pH of the analyte solution and the dosage of adsorbent was also studied for simultaneous removal. The isothermal studies demonstrated that the Langmuir adsorption model (R2 = 0.99416) was the best-fitted model, suggesting monolayer adsorption. The adsorption process was predicted to be governed by ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, pi–pi interaction, etc., based on charge, functional groups, and pH of dyes and adsorbent. Thus, this study highlights the application of low-cost biowaste as a potential adsorbent for the mitigation of toxic industrial dyes present in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Effluents from tanneries are considered to be one of the major environmental pollutants from industries. The challenge from leather processing arises from the nature and quality of the chemicals used along with the amount of wastes generated and discharged. Heavy metals present in tannery wastewater pose a significant risk to both the environment and public health. This study investigates the use of activated Carbon produced from Composite of Groundnut shell and Rice husk (GR-AC) to remove heavy metals (Pb, Cr and Cd) from tannery wastewater. The raw material was carbonized at temperature of 400 ͦC for 1 hour to obtain bio char. The obtained char was impregnated with NaOH and H3PO4 for 24 hours thereafter, filtered and washed several times until a neutral pH was obtained. A measured amount of the adsorbent, 0.5g was introduced into 250mL vessel with 50mL wastewater, it was stirred at 250rpm for 60minutes and later subjected to centrifugation and the concentrations of residual Lead, Chromium and Cadmium was determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The produced adsorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental composition analysis. The effects of adsorbent dosage and contact time on the adsorption process were studied in a batch system. From the research conducted, it shows that pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial Concentration and temperature plays a vital role in the uptake of heavy metals. Optimal conditions for effective adsorption were determined at a pH range of 7 to 8, an adsorbent dosage of 0.5g, contact time of 60 min and a temperature of 40 0C. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pb, Cr and Cd adsorbed onto GR-AC were found to be 98.2, 82.4 and 75.2 mg/g respectively. Therefore, the GR-AC can be effectively utilized as agricultural waste to remove heavy metals in tannery effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether low-cost pozzolanic materials such as rice husk ash, groundnut shell ash can improvement soil used in the study that are classified as Lowplasticity clays (cl) and activity of it equal to 1.05 as a replacement for traditional, costly additives. the percentage are used be 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of weight soil for each additive. chemical properties were studied for rice husk ash, groundnut shell ash, and cement Portland such as CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, and Na2O. Also, preand post-mixture soil was tested for Atterberg's Limit, Activity, Shrinkage Limit, Clay value, Proctor Standard Compaction, and Unconfined Compressive Strength. Untreated soil samples were compared to treated ones. Adding 8% cement OPC, 10% groundnut shell ash, and 10% rice husk ash enhanced soil cohesiveness from 21 to 57.5, 52, and 45 kPa, respectively, also the optimal soil moisture content dropped from 15% to 8%, 10.5%, and 10% for mixes. Increased mixer percentages lead to reduced maximum dry unit weight and optimized water content. Based on these observations aims to develop effective solutions for treatment expensive soil in engineering and construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the synthesis of biochar through the direct pyrolysis of pre-roasted sunflower seed shells (SFS) and peanut shells (PNS) and compared their application for the effective removal of textile dyes from wastewater. Biochar prepared at 900 °C (SFS900 and PNS900) showed the highest adsorption capacity, which can be attributed to the presence of higher nitrogen content and graphite-like structures. CHNS analysis revealed that PNS900 exhibited an 11.4% higher carbon content than SFS900, which enhanced the environmental stability of PNS biochar. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the produced biochar indicated the degradation of cellulosic and lignin moieties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed a 13.8% and 22.6% increase in C-C/C=C mass concentrations in the SFS900 and PNS900, respectively, and could be attributed to the condensation of polyaromatic structures. Batch experiments for dye removal demonstrated that irrespective of dye species, PNS900 exhibited superior dye removal efficiency compared to SFS900 at similar dosages. In addition to H-bonding and electrostatic interactions, the presence of pyridinic-N and graphitic-N can play a vital role in enhancing Lewis acid-base and π-π EDA interactions. The results can provide valuable insights into the biochar–dye interaction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing, which has become popular in recent years, is the process of joining materials through the deposition of layers to form parts based on data from a 3D model and fused deposition modeling. The search for biodegradable materials for the production of filaments for 3D printing is increasing and opening up possibilities for the development of new sustainable products, including the use of lignocellulosic waste in the formulation. Therefore, the present work aims to develop polymeric filaments based on polybutylene adipate terephthalate and low content (2.5 and 5 wt%) of peanut and soybean shells and evaluate their potential for 3D printing. The charges were characterized in terms of chemical composition. Tensile and dimensional variation tests were performed on samples manufactured from two different filling orientations: -45/45° and 0/90°. The printability of the filament was based on the manufacture of prototypes of agricultural tubes that were also characterized by thermogravimetry and their morphology through scanning electron and optical microscopy. Both natural residues significantly (p < 0.05) affected the sample dimensions and mechanical properties. However, the filling orientation difference was insignificant (p > 0.05). The filaments produced showed good processability, thermal and dimensional stability. The samples produced showed a satisfactory surface finish without exposing load agglomerates. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using lignocellulosic fillers, such as peanut and soybean shells, in additive manufacturing and indicate the possibility of producing parts with varied geometries. Highlights • Use of lignocellulosic residues in biodegradable filaments. • The filament produced with fillers of peanut and soybean shells showed good processability. • Filament fracture depends on the raster angle. • It was possible to produce tubes with good surface quality and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of peanut shell as a precursor to produce activated carbon by chemical activation with ZnCl2, and the effect of activation variables were investigated using response surface methodology. Activation variables examined were temperature, hold time and impregnation ratio; among these, impregnation ratio and temperature were found to most affect the final characteristics of the produced activated carbon. The activation process was mapped, using design of experiments, and the optimum activation conditions were found to be a temperature of 485 °C, with a hold time of 15 min and an impregnation ratio of 1.7. Under the optimised conditions, an activated carbon with a relatively high surface area of ~ 1700 m2/g was produced, at a yield of 47%. Moreover, the carbon exhibited a relatively high density, ranging from 1.455 g/cm3 to 1.750 g/cm3, as well as a low ash content below 1% and a high fixed carbon content above 86%. SEM analysis and FTIR characterisation revealed the heterogenous nature of the produced carbon materials. The developed materials, with potential as adsorbents, removed up to 99.8% of a target dye (methyl orange) depending on their available surface area. Hence, through the insights gained, an optimised carbon is produced, demonstrating the potential to tailor activated carbon materials produced from waste biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased gasification potential of bulk density agricultural residues such as groundnut shell (GS) and rice husk (RH) could aid in the effective implementation of bioenergy for a wider range of applications. Mixing high-carbon biomass with such feedstocks is an appealing option for improving producer gas (PG) quality. Though spent tea waste (STW) has a high-carbon content due to its small particle size and high-moisture levels, it is not directly used in gasifiers for PG generation. However, it could be a promising secondary biomass in the gasification of GS and RH. To establish this strategy, an appropriate mixing method and a study on the gasification potential of the mixture as feedstock for downdraft gasifiers is essential. In this study, STW was mixed with GS and RH at various mixing ratios and tested in a downdraft gasifier. The experimental results showed that, up to a 40% weight ratio of STW with the primary biomasses, the gasifier could operate continuously without any incomplete gasification. The calorific value, cold gas efficiency and hot gas efficiency improvements for GS/STW blends at the best equivalence ratio (ER) were 19.3%, 19.61% and 18.04%, respectively, whereas for the RH/STW blend, the improvements were 16.2%, 14.5% and 13.81%. The best performance of GS/STW and RH/STW blends was found for ERs of 0.3 and 0.25, respectively, which are different from the optimum ERs for the gasification of primary feedstocks alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]