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Gli accorgimenti per una corretta gestione del processo produttivo. L’imbrunimento dei bianchi è uno degli inconvenienti più temuti

Crescono le esportazioni anche verso i Paesi extra europei. Come garantire durante il trasporto le condizioni migliori per preservare la qualità del prodotto

3D sequential integration is a promising candidate for the scaling sustainability for technological nodes beyond 14 nm. The main challenge is the development of a low temperature process for the top transistor level that enables to avoid the degradation of the bottom transistor level. The most critical process step for the top transistor level fabrication is the dopant activation that is usually performed at temperature higher than 1000 °C. In the frame of this Ph.D. work, different solutions for the dopant activation optimization at low temperature (below 600 °C) are proposed and integrated in FDSOI and TriGate devices. The technique chosen for the dopant activation at low temperature is the solid phase epitaxial regrowth. First, doping conditions have been optimized in terms of activation level and process time for low temperatures (down to 450 °C) anneals. The obtained conditions have been implemented in FDSOI and TriGate devices leading to degraded electrical results compared to the high temperature process of reference (above 1000 °C). By means of TCAD simulation and electrical measurements comparison, the critical region of the transistor in terms of activation appears to be below the offset spacer. The extension first integration scheme is then shown to be the best candidate to obtain high performance low temperature devices. Indeed, by performing the doping implantation before the raised source and drain epitaxial growth, the absence of diffusion at low temperature can be compensated. This conclusion can be extrapolated for TriGate and FinFET on insulator devices. Extension first integration scheme has been demonstrated for the first time on N and PFETs in 14 nm FDSOI technology showing promising results in terms of performance. This demonstration evidences that the two challenges of this integration i.e. the partial amorphization of very thin films and the epitaxy regrowth on implanted access are feasible. Finally, heated implantation has been investigated as a solution to dope thin access regions without full amorphization, which is particularly critical for FDSOI and FinFET devices. The as-implanted activation levels are shown to be too low to obtain high performance devices and the heated implantation appears a promising candidate for low temperature devices if used in combination with an alternative activation mechanism., L’intégration 3D séquentielle représente une alternative potentielle à la réduction des dimensions afin de gagner encore en densité d’une génération à la suivante. Le principal défi concerne la fabrication du transistor de l’étage supérieur avec un faible budget thermique; ceci afin d’éviter la dégradation du niveau inférieur. L’étape de fabrication la plus critique pour la réalisation du niveau supérieur est l’activation des dopants. Celle-ci est généralement effectuée par recuit à une température supérieure à 1000 °C. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse propose des solutions pour activer les dopants à des températures inférieures à 600 °C par la technique dite de recristallisation en phase solide. Les conditions de dopage ont été optimisées pour améliorer le niveau d’activation et le temps de recuit tout en réduisant la température d’activation jusqu’à 450°C. Les avancées obtenues ont été implémentées sur des dispositifs avancés FDSOI et TriGate générant des dispositifs avec des performances inférieures aux références fabriquées à hautes températures (supérieures à 1000 °C). En utilisant des simulations TCAD et en les comparant aux mesures électriques, nous avons montré que la région la plus critique en termes d’activation se trouve sous les espaceurs de la grille. Nous montrons alors qu’une intégration dite « extension first » est le meilleur compromis pour obtenir de bonnes performances sur des dispositifs fabriqués à faible température. En effet, l’implantation des dopants avant l’épitaxie qui vise à surélever les sources et drains compense l’absence de diffusion à basse température. Ces résultats ont par la suite été étendus pour des dispositifs TriGate et FinFETs sur isolants. Pour la première fois, l’intégration « extension first » a été démontrée pour des N et PFETs d’une technologie 14 nm FDSOI avec des résultats prometteurs en termes de performances. Les résultats obtenus montrent notamment qu’il est possible d’amorphiser partiellement un film très mince avant d’effectuer une recroissance épitaxiale sur une couche dopée. Finalement, une implantation ionique à relativement haute température (jusqu’à 500 °C) a été étudiée afin de doper les accès sans amorphiser totalement le film mince, ce qui est critique dans le cas des dispositifs FDSOI et FinFET. Nous montrons que les niveaux d’activation après implantation sont trop faibles pour obtenir des bonnes performances et que l’implantation ionique « chaude » est prometteuse à condition d’être utilisée avec un autre mécanisme d’activation comme le recuit laser.

Il binomio tappo-vino assume sempre più rilevanza grazie alla disponibilità/impiego di nuovi materiali finalizzati alla corretta conservabilità dei vini. In questo contesto una sperimentazione effettuata su Müller Thurgau ha monitorato l’evoluzione del vino imbottigliato con tre diverse tipologie di tappo nei nove mesi successivi all’imbottigliamento evidenziando peculiarità fisico-chimiche e sensoriali.

BACKGROUND: Malolactic fermentation (MLF) is a critical step in modern winemaking and the co-inoculation of lactic acid bacteria with yeasts represents an emerging approach to improve the quality of wine. This study aims to evaluate the effect of inoculation timing on the chemical and sensory characteristics of two commercial Cabernet Franc wines: (i) a control wine in which MLF was inoculated after the completion of alcoholic fermentation (AF); and (ii) a co-inoculated wine where simultaneous alcoholic andmalolactic fermentations occurred. RESULTS: Besides the expected full conversion of malic acid into lactic acid, the MLF with co-inoculum of yeast/bacteria at initial AF allowed for reduced fermentation times, i.e. faster winemaking process. Although important changes in the chemical parameters of wineswere found, especially color intensity and volatile compounds, therewas a trend on the sensory evaluation of wines with a greater perception of red and ripe fruits in the case of co-inoculation wine, while the control winewas dominated by notes of spice and herbs. The results of GC/MS analysis showed the largest differences for the 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin, the reduced formof diacetyl) andisoamyl alcohol concentrations, the formerwas 3.2 timeshigher under co-inoculum conditions, whereas the latter showed the opposite behavior. CONCLUSION: The co-inoculation protocol proposed is a valuable choice for innovative winemaking of Cabernet Franc wines, and results from a large-scale winemaking process are provided for the first time.

Fusarium verticillioides is the causal agent of ear rot in most maize-growing areas of southern Europe. F. verticillioides produces fumonisins commonly found at biologically significant concentrations in maize grain; the molecular interaction between the fungus and the plant is not well known, and little information is currently available about the defense response of maize against F. verticillioides infection. We attempted to identify genes that may be involved in Fusarium ear rot resistance using resistant and susceptible maize genotypes. Kernels of the resistant inbred showed significantly reduced incidence of infection by F. verticillioides, limited amounts of total fumonisin content and reduced fungal growth, as indicated by a lower copy number of β-tubulin 2 and FUM 21 genes of F. verticillioides. Gene expression data were obtained from microarray hybridizations using maize seeds infected with F. verticillioides, by comparing seeds at 0 and 48 h after infection. Differentially expressed sequences were identified and classified into 11 functional categories. Most of the differentially expressed genes were assigned to the category “cell rescue, defense and virulence” in both resistant and susceptible maize lines. These genes encode for PR proteins, detoxification enzymes and β-glucosidases. Most of the pathogenesis-related genes were differentially activated after F. veticillioides infection, depending on the resistance level of the maize genotypes. In kernels of the resistant line, the defense-related genes assayed were transcribed at high levels before infection and provided basic defense against the fungus. In the susceptible kernels, the defense-related genes were induced from a basal level, responding specifically to pathogen infection. The qRT-PCR in infected silks showed that PR1, PR5, PRm6 and thaumatin genes had lower expression ratios in the resistant line compared to the susceptible one.

Buon corpo, forte intensità colorante, buon contenuto in alcol e acidità, note aromatiche tipiche (caffè, peperone, vegetale) anche in annate con condizioni climatiche non ottimali, rendono questa varietà molto interessante in purezza o per completare l’uvaggio dei Lambruschi della dop Colli di Scandiano e Canossa

Di sughero, sintetico, a vite o in vetro. Qual'è il modo migliore di tappare una bottiglia di vino e verso quali scelte si stanno orientando i produttori? Il dibattito si è fatto più acceso negli ultimi anni, da quando il sughero non è più l’unica alternativa e si arricchiscono le conoscenze sulle potenzialità (ad esempio esenzione da difetti, minor costo, facilità di estrazione) di altri materiali da impiegare per la chiusura delle bottiglie.

Aims: The induction of apoptosis in the human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cell line mediated by three Bifidobacterium longum strains, which displays different adhesion properties, was investigated. Methods and Results: The three strains tested were defined for their adhesion properties using adhesion and autoaggregation assays. Strain B12 shows strong autoaggregation and strong adherence to Caco-2 cells; strain B18 shows strong autoaggregation and intermediate adherence; strain B2990 shows poor autoaggregation and poor adherence. Cocultures of Caco-2 cells with B. longum resulted in the induction of apoptosis, determined by DNA fragmentation test, only when autoaggregating or strongly adherent strains were used (B12 and B18). Conclusion: These results indicate that the interaction with aggregating/adherent probiotics can induce apoptosis of human colon epithelial cells, suggesting a role for these bacteria in the regulation of the cellular homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract. Significance and Impact of the Study: B. longum as a probiotic is known for his beneficial effects to the human gut; the knowledge of its immunomodulatory and antitumor activities can be crucial for the healthcare and the prevention of cancer.

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