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Organizational culture in sports affects well-being, performance, and overall success. Although team culture has been explored within able-bodied teams, little is known about culture development within parasport. Using a descriptive case study approach, our study examined the culture development and experiences of an elite parasport team. Two semistructured individual telephone interviews were conducted with nine participants (athletes and staff), and one athlete-participant completed one interview. An inductive thematic analysis revealed two themes: approach to culture development and team culture components. Culture development was linked with facilitative leadership and important resources. This supported the team to create their shared values and mechanisms, including a behavioral framework, other artifacts (e.g., shared language and team motto), and a relaxed environment. These helped to maintain their agreed culture and benefited their well-being, progress, and team cohesion. Our results offer a starting point regarding research into the culture of elite parasport and have practical implications for managers, coaches, and psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of conventional scan bodies (SBs) with an intraoral scanner (IOS) to capture the position of a complete arch of dental implants has proven to be challenging. The literature is unclear about the accuracy of intraoral scanning techniques using SBs that are connected vertically to multiunit abutments (MUAs) for numerous adjacent implants in the same arch. Recently, there has been a paradigm shift from vertical SBs to horizontal SBs, which are positioned perpendicular to the long axis of the MUAs. Most IOSs available today can capture these horizontal SBs, called scan gauges (SGs), with better accuracy and consequently acquire the position of multiple adjacent implants using an effective scan path, thus reducing stitching and the number of images. The key to implementing this novel technology is to strategically arrange the SGs to optimize horizontal overlap of multiple adjacent SGs without touching each other. By superimposing two high-resolution intraoral scans of the SGs, an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm is employed to produce a calibrated digital best-fit model on which a passive complete-arch prosthesis can be designed and fabricated. The advantages and disadvantages of SBs and SGs are discussed, and a case report using a digital workflow is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of employers' attitudes to, knowledge about, and policies relating to employing someone with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine employers located in Australia from a range of backgrounds and different sized businesses. The interviews were thematically analysed. Results: Three themes were identified: Organisational policies (sub-themes: Recruitment - inherent requirements of the role vs risk mitigation; Recruitment strategies and targets; Disclosure; Accommodations needed or offered); Barriers & facilitators (sub-themes: Lack of knowledge about SCI; Physical accessibility; Workplace culture); Personal attitudes (sub-themes: Personal attitudes don't align with organisational policy; Personal experiences informed understanding). Conclusions: Organisational policies and practices of the employers' organisations, and workplace culture impact the likelihood of someone with a SCI being employed, particularly in relation to recruitment, employment targets, and available accommodations. Individual staff attitudes and knowledge also influence this process. Multi-faceted approaches are needed to increase the employment of people with SCI. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Barriers to employing someone with spinal cord injury (SCI) include lack of knowledge about SCI, and lack of knowledge about workplace laws Organisational policies and practices of organisations impact the likelihood of someone with an SCI being employed Individual staff attitudes influence employment of people with SCI Employers' knowledge about and confidence in employing people with SCI, is an important area to target interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Digital health transformation may enhance or impede person‐centred care and interprofessional practice, and thus the provision of high‐quality rehabilitation and nutrition services. We aimed to understand how different elements and factors within existing digital nutrition and health systems in subacute rehabilitation units influence person‐centred and/or interprofessional nutrition and mealtime care practices through the lens of complexity science. Methods: Our ethnographic study was completed through an interpretivist paradigm. Data were collected from observation and interviews with patients, support persons and staff. Overall, 58 h of ethnographic field work led to observing 125 participants and interviewing 77 participants, totalling 165 unique participants. We used reflexive thematic analysis to analyse the data with consideration of complexity science. Results: We developed four themes: (1) the interplay of local context and technology use in nutrition care systems; (2) digitalisation affects staff participation in nutrition and mealtime care; (3) embracing technology to support nutrition and food service flexibility; and (4) the (in)visibility of digitally enabled nutrition care systems. Conclusions: While digital systems enhance the visibility and flexibility of nutrition care systems in some instances, they may also reduce the ability to customise nutrition and mealtime care and lead to siloing of nutrition‐related activities. Our findings highlight that the introduction of digital systems alone may be insufficient to enable interprofessional practice and person‐centred care within nutrition and mealtime care and thus should be accompanied by local processes and workflows to maximise digital potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a paradigmatic case for childhood medicalisation. Critical studies of medicalisation have pointed to the increasing clinical role of schools, with teachers tending to rely on medical treatment of students with ADHD and are perceived as a primary source of diagnostic information. Based on 27 semi‐structured interviews with teachers working in two Israeli elementary and middle schools, this research explored how teachers mediate the medicalisation process and understand their responsibilities in the classroom amidst the emphasis on inclusion in contemporary Israel. We found that teachers offer a wide range of explanations of the disorder and its prevalence, and their attitudes to medication are ambivalent. We argue that teachers develop pedagogical (lay) expertise in the field of ADHD in parallel with and in opposition to medical solutions. Such expertise is based on practical experience and close interaction with students. A top‐down ideological imperative of inclusion, combined with uncertainty about ADHD, has generated a bottom‐up set of preformative practices of 'containment' of troubled students. Teachers' emerging knowledge and practices raise questions about the relationship between medicalisation, policy, expertise and the pragmatic value of medical categories when applied outside the medical establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether the motivations and experiences of 'anti-diet' dietitians and psychologists represent a paradigm shift in healthcare. We conducted four 2-hour, discipline-specific focus groups with a total of 16 female participants residing in Australia. Our reflexive thematic analysis generated four themes that we consider to be stages of a weight-neutral paradigm shift: (1) a recognition of a mismatch between one's weight-centred training and one's lived experience of diet culture, which subsequently informs (2) gut feelings that influence their decision to reject the weight-centric paradigm, thereby leading to (3) exploring the anti-diet knowledge base and then subsequently (4) promoting or advocating for the weight neutral paradigm. Our findings represent a four-stage paradigm shift in action; emphasising the significance of lived experience in the weight-neutral turn, as well as differences in symbolic power between health professionals. Future research should focus on potential ruptures or conflicts within the weight-neutral paradigm itself, and look more deeply into the experiences of other health professionals who are critical of the weight-centred approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human milk feeding has generally been described using a heteronormative and cisnormative paradigm focusing on a mother and child dyad with the child nursing at the mother's breast and the father in a supportive role. However, there has been a paradigm shift that has emerged from the LGBTQI+ community that recognizes dynamic gender identities, gender roles, sexual orientations, and diverse family structures. Social workers can best provide support to people with dynamic and diverse gender roles and a variety of family structures. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of social work best practices, including de-sexed and gender-inclusive language, gender-affirming, and trauma-informed care in supporting lactation and infant feeding for LGBTQI+ families. This paper acknowledges and describes terminology that promotes equity and inclusivity in human milk feeding and provides examples of information and anticipatory guidance that social workers can use to protect, promote, and support human milk feeding in the LGBTQI+ community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the role of phonological decoding on the reading skills of Turkish beginning readers with reading disabilities. Participants were 80 second graders with and without reading disabilities educated in general education classes at public elementary schools in Ankara, Turkey. In the assessment process, to test the participants' phonological decoding skills, we used a pseudoword decoding paradigm, and to determine reading fluency and comprehension skills reading texts were used. Data were collected in individual sessions and analyzed by running a series of GLM analyses of variance and Pearson correlation analyses. Findings showed the reading fluency and comprehension performances of participants varied depending on their phonological decoding processing level and thus suggested phonological decoding is one of the most important indicators of reading fluency and comprehension in a highly transparent language, Turkish. The acquisition of adequate reading comprehension seems to be modified by particularities of phonological decoding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menstrual health represents an interdisciplinary concern that necessitates a broad, integrated understanding beyond its biological foundations, encompassing social, psychological, and cultural dimensions. This study examines whether the corpus of scientific literature from 1970 to 2023 aligns with this holistic perspective by exploring the evolving paradigms within menstrual health. Grounded in Kuhn's theoretical framework, the research delves into thematic shifts, author collaborations, and international partnerships that have emerged over the decades. Utilizing advanced text-mining methodologies, we analyzed a dataset of 34,854 documents obtained from Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science and PubMed in September 2023. These documents were processed through deduplication and data cleaning to ensure accuracy. The study employs a combination of univariate analyses, correspondence factor analyses, hierarchical cluster analyses, and network analyses to uncover insights into thematic evolution and collaborative dynamics within menstrual health research. Thematic analysis reveals three distinct periods in menstrual health research, depicting evolving paradigms. In the first period (1970–1996), the focus was on reproductive health, infertility treatments, hormonal regulation, and epidemiology. The second period (1997–2017) witnesses a transition, emphasizing menstrual health and social inequalities, gynecological studies, and contraception. The third period (2018–2023) maintains a focus on contraception and reproductive health but introduces a pronounced psychological dimension, emphasizing menstrual disorders, gynecological surgery, and socioeconomic concerns. Collaboration analysis indicates increased connectivity, consolidation of researcher communities, and a shift toward interdisciplinary approaches. While international collaborations demonstrate global commitment, geographical concentration prompts questions about paradigm universality. The study shows the existence and evolution of the menstrual health paradigm. Findings suggest a trajectory toward paradigmatic inscription, marked by heightened collaboration and global commitment. Acknowledging the pivotal role of biological aspects, the study underscores the need for a balanced, holistic understanding of menstrual health. Continued efforts are essential to tailor interventions, foster inclusivity, and honor diverse cultural and psychological realities related to menstruation. Plain language summary: Menstrual health isn't just about biology—it also touches on social, emotional, and cultural aspects. But how have researchers addressed this complex topic over the years? What did the researchers do ? In this study, the researchers examined research on menstrual health from 1970 to 2023. They used special tools to analyze how this research has changed over time, what themes were explored, and how scientists around the world have worked together. Why does this matter ? The researchers wanted to see if there's a clear and consistent way that menstrual health is approached in research. If there is, it can help improve health policies and medical practices. But if not, it could mean that different approaches are scattered, leading to less effective solutions. What did the researchers find ? After analyzing over 34,000 documents, the researchers identified three main phases in menstrual health research: • From 1970 to 1996, the focus was mostly on reproductive health. • Between 1997 and 2017, researchers started to look more at social inequalities and contraception. • Since 2018, there has been a new focus on the psychological aspects of menstruation. They also noticed that researchers are collaborating more than before, which is a good sign for a more integrated approach to menstrual health. However, even though interest in this topic is global, certain regions are more active in this research than others. This raises the question: is there a shared vision worldwide? Why is this important ? This work highlights how menstrual health research has evolved and suggests that a more comprehensive approach is needed to guide future studies and health policies. By better understanding the different dimensions of menstrual health, policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers can create more inclusive and effective solutions for women everywhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Metastatic disease is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality, accounting for over 80% of cancer deaths. Recent studies have introduced and refined several theories on cancer metastasis, including ghost mitochondria (GM), vasculogenic mimicry (VM), and the formation of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs). Understanding the complex processes of cancer metastasis is crucial for developing effective treatment options. The capacity of cancer cells to migrate from a primary tumor, disseminate throughout the body, and eventually establish secondary tumors is a fundamental aspect of metastasis. A detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning this multifaceted process would facilitate the rational development of therapies aimed at treating metastatic disease. Although various hypotheses and models have been proposed, no single concept fully explains the mechanism of metastasis or integrates all observations and experimental findings. Recent advancements in metastasis research have refined existing theories and introduced new ones. This review evaluates several novel/emerging theories, focusing on ghost mitochondria (GM), vasculogenic mimicry (VM), and polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative to decolonise health disciplines underscores the need for a critical examination of the coloniality of nursing knowledge development. Decolonising nursing requires epistemic resistance aimed at exposing and dismantling epistemological hierarchies that marginalise indigenous knowledges. This paper introduces the 'Pluriverse of Nursologies' as paradigm to guide decolonial theorising in nursing. Through a four‐part exploration, I first elucidate the coloniality embedded in mainstream nursing knowledge. Next, I offer a decolonial critique of Fawcett's nursing metaparadigm as an exemplar of pyramidal epistemology. I then discuss pluriversality as an approach to decolonising nursing knowledge. Finally, I introduce the Pluriverse of Nursologies (PoN) as a meta‐theoretical paradigm for theory and knowledge development that decentres and dismantles the pyramidal epistemology of colonial/modern nursing, and relinks diverse nursologies from marginalised communities to the centre of intellectual nursing discourse, thereby revitalising the theoretical landscape of the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We examine age-related differences in recollection and test the impact of words with high vs low sensory experience ratings (SER) in older and younger adults. We expected that the recollection of words with high SER would be similar in older and young adults, as they depend on knowledge, unlike recollection of words with a low SER, which would depend on executive functions. Methods: We manipulated the sensory experience of words (high vs. low) in encoding in young and older adults. The participants then took a word-recognition test using the Remember/Know paradigm (Gardiner, 1988). We also evaluated executive functions using several measures. Results: Results show that the age-related difference in recollective experience was eliminated under the high SER encoding condition. Moreover, Remember (R) responses in the low SER condition seem to be related to executive functioning, unlike R responses in the high SER condition and Know (K) responses in both low and high SER conditions. Discussion: Our study shows that the memory benefit of high-SER words is greater for older than younger adults. The study also supports the observation that older adults can compensate for their deficits by using sensory experience to consciously recollect information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: User participation is a prerequisite for receiving research funding in healthcare in Norway. Despite many positive benefits, studies report challenges from users' and researchers' perspectives. Limited knowledge exists concerning researchers' experiences in scenarios where the users are professionals within healthcare and research. The aim of this retrospective study was to explore and reflect on personal experiences as researchers from a process of planning and developing research questions for a PhD project, following the James Lind Alliance guidelines, which were a requirement for funding. We focused on how the process of collaboration with a specific group of users influenced the researchers' sense of selves. Design and Method: We used a qualitative design based on collaborative autoethnography, exploring personal experiences from a sociocultural point of view. Two of the three researchers in the team recollected their experiences from the user involvement process while applying the James Lind Alliance guidelines. We used different data sources to develop two autoethnographic narratives. The narratives were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The autoethnographic narratives demonstrate the complexity of user involvement from the researchers' perspectives. We identified four themes in the analysis: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, competing paradigms, hierarchy and dual roles. The accounts illustrated the researchers' ambivalence within the process, indicating that they feared a loss of control over the direction of the research project. The narratives visualised a struggle to appear as credible researchers, illustrating how the involvement of a specific group of users and adherence to a specific guideline for user involvement influenced the researchers' experiences of their roles and identities in the collaboration. Conclusion: The results point to the relevance of the sociocultural backdrop; researchers might become frontline providers of policy implementation in research, balancing tensions between regulatory constraints, user involvement and researchers' professional identity and research ideals, when a specific, detailed procedure for user involvement is required. Patient or Public Contribution: Two user panels comprising participants from clinical practice, education and research, along with a service user, collaborated in the planning and development of research questions for a PhD project. This autoethnographic study elaborates this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a multidisciplinary framework (Digital Rhetorical Ecosystem or DRE3) for scaling up qualitative analyses of image memes. First, we make a case for applying rhetorical theory to examine image memes as quasi‐arguments that promote claims on a variety of political and social issues. Next, we argue for integrating rhetorical analysis of image memes into an ecological framework to trace interaction and evolution of memetic claims as they coalesce into evidence ecosystems that inform public narratives. Finally, we apply a computational framework to address the particular problem of claim identification in memes at large scales. Our integrated framework answers the recent call in information studies to highlight the social, political, and cultural attributes of information phenomena, and bridges the divide between small‐scale qualitative analyses and large‐scale computational analyses of image memes. We present this theoretical framework to guide the development of research questions, processes, and computational architecture to study the widespread and powerful influence of image memes in shaping consequential public beliefs and sentiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a growing body of research in positive epidemiology has sought to expand the traditional focus of epidemiologic research beyond risk factors for disease and towards a more holistic understanding of health that includes the study of positive assets that shape well-being more broadly. While this paradigm shift holds great promise for transforming people's lives for the better, it is also critiqued for showcasing decontextualized perspectives that could cause great harm to the public's health if translated uncritically into population-based interventions. In this commentary, we argue for orienting positive epidemiology within a human rights and economic justice framework to mitigate this threat, and we discuss two examples of previously proposed health assets (religious involvement and marriage) that demonstrate the urgent need for positive epidemiologic research to center health equity. Finally, to advance the field, we provide recommendations for how future research can address shortcomings of the extant literature by moving from individual-level to societal-level applications. In doing so, we believe that positive epidemiology can be transformed into a powerful force for health equity. This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer chemotherapy is dominated by cytotoxic drugs that non-selectively kill proliferating cells by blocking DNA replication and inducing apoptosis. Some natural anticancer products are less toxic to normal, slow-replicating cells but kill aggressive tumor cells. The combination of two structural isomers of pentacyclic triterpenes, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, showed potent cytotoxic activity in human breast cancer cells in vitro by inducing cytotoxic autophagy at a significantly lower dose than previously reported. They were nontoxic to breast epithelial cells. Their activity was mainly due to the inhibition of AKT-mediated cell survival and the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, and proliferation. The compounds were equally effective against ER+ and triple-negative breast cancer cells. Combining low doses of nontoxic inhibitors of PI3k kinase increased the activities of these compounds. In contrast, inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyl adenine annulled their activity, demonstrating that cytotoxic autophagy may be the dominant mechanism of cell death. These compounds have potential for cancer therapy in neoadjuvant or adjuvant settings. Background: Oleanolic acid (OA) and Ursolic acid (UA) are bioactive triterpenoids. Reported activities vary with the dose used for testing their activities in vitro. Studies using doses of ≥20 µM showed apoptosis activities in cancer cells. However, reported drug levels in circulation achieved by oral administration of UA and OA are ≤2 µM, thus limiting their use for treatment or delivering a combination treatment. Materials and Methods: The present report demonstrates the efficacy of OA, UA, and OA + UA on tumor cell-specific cytotoxicity at low doses (5 µM to 10 µM) in breast cancer (BrCa) cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB231. Results: The data show that both OA and UA killed BrCa cells at low doses, but were significantly less toxic to MCF-12A, a non-tumorigenic cell line. Moreover, OA + UA at ≤10 µM was lethal to BrCa cells. Mechanistic studies unraveled the significant absence of apoptosis, but their cytotoxicity was due to the induction of excessive autophagy at a OA + UA dose of 5 µM each. A link to drug-induced cytotoxic autophagy was established by demonstrating a lack of their cytotoxicity by silencing the autophagy-targeting genes (ATGs), which prevented OA-, UA-, or OA + UA-induced cell death. Further, UA or OA + UA treatment of BrCa cells caused an inhibition of PI3 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Akt/mTOR, the key pathways that regulate cancer cell survival, metabolism, and proliferation. Discussion: Combinations of a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) with OA, UA, or OA + UA synergistically inhibited BrCa cell survival. Therefore, the dominance of cytotoxic autophagy by inhibiting PI3K-mediated autophagy may be the primary mechanism of PTT-induced anticancer activity in BrCa cells. Conclusion: These results suggest it would be worthwhile testing combined OA and UA in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalisation emerged as a central problem in global social governance in the past decade. 'Digital transformation' was expected to bring new social risks, requiring a redesign of the welfare state. This study examines the social policy responses of international actors on the digitalisation agenda in the 2010s and early 2020s. Inspired by sociological institutionalism, it shows different trajectories followed by UN agencies, the OECD and the World Bank in terms of addressing the social implications of this transformation. Despite these divergent organisational agendas, the article reveals the emergence of a new transnational policy paradigm, the 'Schumpeterian consensus', overcoming the antagonism between 'economic' and 'social' institutions from previous decades. In this paradigm, the 'Schumpeterian investment state' is seen as a mediator between the creative and destructive potential of technological change. Its social model encourages governments to invest in skills, universal social protection and flexicurity for the digital era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is thought-provoking to reflect on the ways in which the idea of family arises within many leading-following situations, especially within work settings where coworkers may refer to each other as or name each other their "work family." In this paper, the author explored the ways in which the humanbecoming paradigm (Parse, 2021) and its models may be used to lead with others from a family view. There are many meaning-making moments within leading-following professional relationships that shape all constituents (families) over time. As in all unique disciplines, such as nursing, that have leadership and practice components, it is important that there is a theoretical framework serving as the foundation to co-build professional relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

See related articles by Trammell et al. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple studies have explored the factor structure of working memory (WM) tasks, yet few have done so controlling for both the domain and category of the memory items in a single study. In the current pre-registered study, we conducted a large-scale latent variable analysis using variant forms of n-back and backward recall tasks to test whether they measured a single underlying construct, or were distinguished by stimuli-, domain-, or paradigm-specific factors. Exploratory analyses investigated how the resulting WM factor(s) were linked to fluid intelligence. Participants (N = 703) completed a fluid reasoning test and multiple n-back and backward recall tasks containing memoranda that varied across (spatial or verbal material) and within (verbal digits or letters) domain, allowing the variance specific to task content and paradigm to be assessed. Two distinct but related backward recall and n-back constructs best captured the data, in comparison to other plausible model constructions (single WM factor, two-factor domain, and three-factor materials models). Common variance associated with WM was a stronger predictor of fluid reasoning than a residual n-back factor, but the backward recall factor predicted fluid reasoning as strongly as the common WM factor. These data emphasise the distinctiveness between backward recall and n-back tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different initiatives have been implemented along with the results from and recommendations of multiple international meetings to improve breastfeeding. The most common interventions to improve breastfeeding are education and counseling. Although studies are reporting that breastfeeding education and counseling programs improve breastfeeding results, the lack of breastfeeding rates to reach the targeted levels suggests that there is a requirement for a different approach. In addition to these results, a paradigm shift in education and counseling, which are the most frequently used methods to improve breastfeeding, is necessary. Hence, the philosophy of HypnoBreastfeeding has emerged. This study addresses the origin and development of HypnoBreastfeeding philosophy, its concepts, and the correlations between the concepts and the relevant philosophical claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dementia often manifests with profound alterations in perception, but it is unclear if and to what extent time perception is altered among people living with dementia compared to those experiencing normal aging. Thus, this scoping review aimed to answer the following research questions: (1) What study designs, participants, time intervals, paradigms, tests, and scores have been employed and in which countries were these methods employed to study time perception in dementia? (2) In which ways do time perception differ across individuals living with and without dementia? (3) In which ways do time perception differ across individuals living with different types of dementia? After deduplication, title and abstract screening, and full-text review, a total of 12 studies were included in this scoping review. Findings generally indicated that people living with dementia perceive time differently than people living without dementia, and that some differences across dementia diagnoses may exist, but the body of literature on time perception in dementia was quite limited. Future research should focus on replicating findings while extending the research to look beyond the dementia versus non-dementia dichotomy as differences across dementia diagnoses may exist. Moreover, if people living with dementia (and, in particular, living with different dementia diagnoses) experience time differently from those experiencing normal aging, we need to begin to address these differences in dementia-friendly initiatives to improve well-being for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body image disturbance (BID) is central to eating disorders (EDs), yet the role of self‐face perception has received limited empirical attention despite rising sociocultural pressures emphasizing facial appearance through technologies such as social media. Emerging evidence suggests impairments in self‐face recognition accuracy and distorted perceptions of facial appearance among individuals with EDs. Enfacement illusions, involving the experimental induction of perceived ownership over another's face, offer a novel paradigm to comprehensively investigate the perceptual multisensory integration processes underlying self‐face perception disturbances in ED populations. Such an approach may hold promise for elucidating core pathological mechanisms contributing to BID and ED psychopathology. We discuss how rigorous investigation of self‐face perception through the enfacement illusion paradigm represents an innovative direction of research and/or clinical application that may advance etiological models of EDs and possibly inform interventions targeting the potentially multidimensional nature of body and facial image disturbances characterizing EDs. Public Significance Statement: Body image disturbance is central to eating disorders (EDs), yet, the role of face‐related disturbances remains critically under‐investigated. After summarizing findings on face‐related disturbances in EDs we propose how enfacement illusions (i.e., the experimental induction of ownership over another's face) may elucidate self‐face perception disturbances in EDs, and their underlying mechanisms. Enfacement illusions may also offer an intervention to potentially address multifaceted face and body image disturbances characterizing EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Care for community‐dwelling people with dementia is frequently delegated to relatives, who find themselves in the role of informal caregivers with no practical management knowledge. This situation exposes caregivers to increased risk for emotional wellbeing. The current study aims to test whether the integration of the efficacy of an immersive virtual reality (VR) experience into an online psychoeducational program impacts caregiver empathy and therefore emotional wellbeing. Methods: One‐hundred informal caregivers of mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients will be enrolled and randomly assigned to (i) an online psychoeducational program (control arm); or (ii) an online psychoeducational program integrated with VR (experimental arm). VR will consist of 360‐degree videos involving the caregivers to an immersive experience of dementia symptoms from the patient's perspective. Before, after the intervention and after 2 months, all participants will complete validated clinical scales for caregiver burden and anxiety (primary outcomes) and sense of competence and dispositional empathy (secondary outcomes). A subsample of 50 participants will also undergo MRI exam, including structural and functional (resting‐state and task‐functional MRI [fMRI]) sequences. The fMRI task paradigm will use emotional stimuli to evaluate the neural correlate of empathy, by stressing its cognitive and affective components. The main outcome will be the change in the clinical assessment; the secondary outcome will be the change in brain connectivity of networks subserving the empathic and emotional functioning. Results: We expect that the psychoeducational program will decrease anxiety and stress, enabling caregivers to perceive themselves capable of managing AD patients at home, educating them on symptom handling and boosting their cognitive empathy. In the experimental intervention, the VR‐based experience will act as an add‐on to psychoeducation, leading to greater improvement in the assessed clinical dimensions. VR should, in fact, enable a deeper understanding of disease symptoms and improve caregivers' cognitive empathy. We expect that the experimental intervention will result in deeper comprehension of disease symptoms and further strengthen caregivers' cognitive empathy. At the neural level, we expect to observe increased activation in circuits subserving cognitive empathy and decreased activation in circuits underlying affective empathy. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of combining psychoeducational interventions with VR‐based experience in caregivers, and assessing both clinical and imaging outcomes. Trial Registration: Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05780476) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: It is known that there are sex differences in adverse events experienced following cancer treatment. However, little is known about sex differences in adverse events experienced in individuals with metastatic cancer. Here, using SEER-Medicare data, we investigate sex differences in adverse events in lung cancer individuals with brain metastasis who are 66 years old and older. Sex differences in adverse events were observed and were dependent on lung cancer histology, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis and treatment as well as potential interplay between these variables. Sex differences are evident in adverse events (AEs) related to brain tumors, yet sex differences in AEs specific to brain metastases (BrMs) are underexplored. Lung cancer BrMs dominate among BrM, comprising over half of cases. This study examined sex differences in AEs associated with lung cancer BrMs in individuals aged 66 or older using the SEER-Medicare dataset. Multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for demographic factors and comorbidities, stratified by histological subtype, treatment, age, and year of diagnosis were used to analyze AEs among those with BrMs from primary lung tumors. Year of diagnosis was grouped into prior/post-2013, to account for shifts in treatment paradigms. The results showed nuanced sex-specific AEs. Females diagnosed post-2013 with small-cell, squamous-cell, or other non-small-cell carcinoma BrMs had a higher headache likelihood than males. Males with adenocarcinoma post-2013 were more likely to experience brain herniation. Females aged 76 and older with small-cell BrM exhibited increased vision difficulty risk compared to males of the same age, with no significant difference in other age groups. Males treated for adenocarcinoma faced heightened hemorrhagic stroke risk. This study reveals sex-specific disparities in AEs among older individuals with lung cancer BrMs, varying by histological subtype, age, diagnosis year, and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article concerne les défis actuels pour la psychanalyse que constituent le genre et les incongruences de genre. En effet, bien que le terme genre soit de plus en plus utilisé, il reste un concept plus difficile à définir et à circonscrire qu'il n'y paraît au premier abord. Afin d'apporter un éclairage sur ces sujets, il sera exposé le changement au combien important, qu'est le passage du paradigme du syndrome transsexuel à celui de la santé transgenre. Cet exposé sera alors étayé par deux vignettes cliniques : celle de Claudia dont la transition s'inscrit dans un parcours transsexuel et celle de Rose dont la transition paraît plus s'apparenter à un parcours transgenre. Les vignettes cliniques de Claudia et de Rose permettent d'illustrer ce qui se rapporte à une manière différente d'appréhender la différence des sexes : entre une abstraction qui épouse les contours d'une différence des sexes conçue comme binaire pour Claudia, et un genre fluide pour Rose. Suite à ces remarques, il est proposé de revenir sur le concept de genre afin de mieux le cerner et de le concevoir, notamment dans sa rencontre clinique et théorique avec la psychanalyse. Le genre est alors conçu comme un concept frontière, renvoyant à un troisième corps social au croisement du sentiment personnel et subjectif et du sociopolitique. En référence à la narratologie, le genre est défini comme une construction personnelle et/ou collective visant à donner une cohérence à la différence des sexes, et étayé par une réalisation par la perception, aide possible à la liaison de l'excitation sexuelle associée aux questions relatives à la différence anatomique des sexes d'un point de vue psychanalytique, qui concerne autant l'analysant que le psychanalyste. This article is concerned with the current challenges to psychoanalysis that gender and gender discordance represent. Indeed, although the term gender is increasingly used, it remains a concept that is more difficult to define and circumscribe than it first appears. In order to shed light on these issues, the important shift from the transsexual syndrome paradigm to the transgender health paradigm will be discussed. This presentation will then be supported by two clinical vignettes: that of Claudia, whose transition is part of a transsexual journey, and that of Rose, whose transition seems to be more akin to a transgender journey. Claudia's and Rose's stories allow us to illustrate a different way of apprehending the difference of the sexes: for Claudia, an abstraction that follows the contours of a difference of the sexes considered as binary, and, for Rose, a conception of gender as fluid. Following these reflections, it is suggested that we return to the concept of gender in order to better define and conceptualize it, particularly in its clinical and theoretical encounter with psychoanalysis. Gender is thus considered as a frontier concept, referring to a third social body at the crossroads of personal and subjective feeling and the socio-political. In reference to narratology, gender is defined as a personal and/or collective construction aiming to give coherence to the difference of the sexes and supported by a realization through perception. Gender can be thought of as an aide to the binding of sexual excitation associated with questions relating to the anatomical difference of the sexes from a psychoanalytical point of view, which concerns both the analysand and the psychoanalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A core assumption in the current neurosemantic research is that meanings of concrete words (object nouns, action verbs) are at least partially grounded in modality-specific representations implemented by perceptual and motor cortices. Nevertheless, increasing evidence from the multisensory research suggests that extensive portions of what are traditionally considered modality-specific cortices are in fact supramodal in nature – that is, they can process specific information in multiple sensory modalities and in both normal and sensory-deprived individuals. My central argument in this paper is that the amount of data collected within the supramodal paradigm, although certainly not conclusive, is already robust enough to foster reflections about the role of modality-specificity in the semantic brain and to prompt considerations about the possibility of promoting a property-specific and modality-invariant turn in neurosemantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, specific mutations in WT1 gene have been associated with distinct syndromes based on phenotypic characteristics, including Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS), Frasier syndrome (FS), Meacham syndrome, and WAGR syndrome. DDS is classically defined by the triad of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) onset in the first year of life, disorders of sex development (DSD), and a predisposition to Wilms tumor (WT). Currently, a paradigm shift acknowledges a diverse spectrum of presentations beyond traditional syndromic definitions. Consequently, the concept of WT1-related disorders becomes more precise. A genotype–phenotype correlation has been established, emphasizing that the location and type of WT1 mutations significantly influence the clinical presentation, the condition severity, and the chronology of patient manifestations. Individuals presenting with persistent proteinuria, with or without nephrotic syndrome, and varying degrees of kidney dysfunction accompanied by genital malformations should prompt suspicion of WT1 mutations. Recent genetic advances enable a more accurate estimation of malignancy risk in these patients, facilitating a conservative nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) approach in select cases, with a focus on preserving residual kidney function and delaying nephrectomies. Other key management strategies include kidney transplantation and addressing DSD and gonadoblastoma. In summary, recent genetic insights underscore the imperative to implement individualized, integrated, and multidisciplinary management strategies for WT1-related disorders. This approach is pivotal in optimizing patient outcomes and addressing the complexities associated with these diverse clinical manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to collect relevance judgment has long been an important problem in Information Retrieval (IR). A popular method is to collect relevance judgment in a point‐wise manner, in which assessors examine and give an absolute relevance score for each item independently of the others. As an alternative, pair‐wise relevance judgment, also named preference judgment, allows an assessor to compare two items side‐by‐side and express their preference for one over the other. Previous work has explored the differences between these two paradigms of relevance judgments from many different aspects. Most of these works are conducted through explicit/implicit feedback. However, few works investigate the underlying neurological mechanisms of the two paradigms. In this paper, we conduct a lab study to investigate and compare point‐wise and pair‐wise relevance judgment in image search scenarios. We study the neurological mechanisms of the two paradigms through an event‐related potential (ERP) analysis of the users' brain signals while viewing images during a search process. We have obtained several observations, such as search engine users tend to pay more attention to preferred items in the point‐wise paradigm but unpreferred items in the pair‐wise paradigm. Furthermore, we test the adoption of brain signals as implicit feedback for predicting pair‐wise relevance judgment, highlighting the feasibility of leveraging brain signals to understand users' relevance judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will briefly introduce the traditional disability studies project through the social model of disability and how its inherent theoretical limitations became the impetus to perpetuate a need to adopt critical disability theory (CDT) to expand the intellectual arsenal of the discipline. Being a reflexive inquiry that resists domination that oppresses people with disabilities, CDT's reach produced work in conversation with other areas of critical social thought and inspired this paper to explore how post-colonial work – particularly Homi Bhabha's hybridity theory – can be incorporated into CDT's paradigmatic views of power. This paper concludes by addressing some of the debates and cultural implications that stem from conceptually merging CDT and post-colonial hybridity theory to frame how it can reimagine the possibilities and trajectories of a global disability movement. Points of interest: This article addresses the two main ideas in disability studies, starting with the social model of disability, which helped put forth critical disability theory. Critical disability theory suggests that people with disabilities are controlled by others using the idea of 'impairment' to justify their power. The article suggests that critical disability theory can benefit from an approach called post-colonial hybridity, which combines global North and South ideas to help represent people with disabilities in the Southern part of the world. The article also concludes by exemplifying how mental health and traditional healing practices are combined to support well-being. The authors encourage people studying disability to listen to different voices worldwide to understand how the world is changing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rampant use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug resistance and is often coupled with gut dysbiosis. To circumvent the harmful impact of antibiotics, probiotics have emerged as an effective intervention. However, while the new probiotics are being added to the list, more recently, the nature and role of their counterparts, viz. prebiotics, postbiotics and parabiotics have also drawn considerable attention. As such, intricate relationships among these gut-biotics vis-à-vis their role in imparting health benefits is to be delineated in a holistic manner. Prebiotic dietary fibers are selectively fermented by probiotics and promote their colonization in the gut. The proliferation of probiotics leads to production of fermentation by-products (postbiotics) which affect the growth of enteropathogens by lowering the pH and producing inhibitory bacteriocins. After completing life-cycle, their dead remnants (parabiotics e.g. exopolysaccharides and cell wall glycoproteins) also inhibit adhesion and biofilm formation of pathogens on the gut epithelium. These beneficial effects are not just endemic to gut but a systemic response is witnessed at different gut-organ axes. Thus, to decipher the role of probiotics, it is imperative to unravel the interdependence between these components. This review elaborates on the recent advancements on various aspects of these gut-biotics and the mechanism of potential attributes like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, anti-lipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare inequity is a persistent systemic problem, yet many solutions have historically focused on "debiasing" individuals. Individualistic strategies fit within a competency‐based medical education and assessment paradigm, whereby professional values of social accountability, patient safety, and healthcare equity are linked to an individual clinician's competence. Unfortunately, efforts to realise the conceptual linkages between medical education curricula and goals to improve healthcare equity fail to address the institutional values, policies, and practices that enable structural racism. In this article, we explore alternative approaches that target collective and structural causes of health inequity. We first describe the structural basis of healthcare inequity by identifying the ways in which institutional culture, power and privilege erode patient‐centred care and contribute to epistemic injustice. We then outline some reasons that stereotypes, which are a culturally supported foundation for discrimination, bias and racism in healthcare, cannot be modified effectively through individualistic strategies or education curricula. Finally, we propose a model that centres shared values for leadership by individuals and institutions with consistency in goal setting, knowledge translation, and talent development. Figure 1 summarises the key recommendations. We have provided cases to supplement this work and facilitate discussion about the model's application to practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revitalization has emerged as an innovative treatment approach for immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of revitalization, focusing on its principles, clinical protocols and outcomes. The article highlights the importance of thorough diagnosis and assessment of the pulp and peri-apical condition to determine the suitability of revitalization. Various factors influencing the success of revitalization, such as the use of scaffolds, growth factors and stem cells, are discussed. Additionally, a case that was treated with a PRP scaffold is also presented. Overall, revitalization shows promise in promoting pulp regeneration and improving treatment outcomes in selected cases of pulp necrosis. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To introduce research-based knowledge to GDPs about the procedure and prognosis of tooth revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) encompasses metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver (MASL) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), with MASH posing a risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The global prevalence of MASLD is estimated at approximately a quarter of the population, with significant healthcare costs and implications for liver transplantation. The pathogenesis of MASLD involves intrahepatic liver cells, extrahepatic components, and immunological aspects, particularly the involvement of macrophages. Hepatic macrophages are a crucial cellular component of the liver and play important roles in liver function, contributing significantly to tissue homeostasis and swift responses during pathophysiological conditions. Recent advancements in technology have revealed the remarkable heterogeneity and plasticity of hepatic macrophage populations and their activation states in MASLD, challenging traditional classification methods like the M1/M2 paradigm and highlighting the coexistence of harmful and beneficial macrophage phenotypes that are dynamically regulated during MASLD progression. This complexity underscores the importance of considering macrophage heterogeneity in therapeutic targeting strategies, including their distinct ontogeny and functional phenotypes. This review provides an overview of macrophage involvement in MASLD progression, combining traditional paradigms with recent insights from single-cell analysis and spatial dynamics. It also addresses unresolved questions and challenges in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Appreciative Paradigm, as any paradigm in social sciences, has an original and distinctive way of valuing (Axiology) what is most important in human beings and the social and natural world in which we live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article uses the Ubuntu paradigms to reflect on the ways in which community-level values and frameworks can be recognised, strengthened and used to promote children's welfare. We present a literature review and documented practical examples from African Ubuntu communities in Global South that strongly emphasise the collectivist approach in their ways of life. With a further examination of the Ubuntu philosophy, we identify common values and patterns that can be instrumental in fostering child welfare. These are volunteerism, solidarity, vigilance, morality and hospitality. We underline these informal standards as not only crucial to social workers providing interventions for children that belong to families and communities that are interdependent in nature, but as well present an Ubuntu social work model that can be a benchmark for social work practice with children and families in multicultural communities in Global North. The result is the humanisation of child protection systems and the development and strengthening of informal community protection networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This communication summarizes our single-center experience with the use of anti-IL-1 biologic response modifiers for treating autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions in children. Methods: We outline our rationale for the off-label use of anakinra and discuss emerging treatment paradigms that necessitate further research and validation. Results: Anakinra has enabled personalized treatment, whether used as a single agent on an as-needed basis, as part of a background treatment regimen, or in combination with colchicine. Our data also highlight the significance of anakinra in treating post-infectious inflammatory diseases, demonstrating its high efficacy in novel applications such as rheumatic fever and post-viral arthritis. Canakinumab, on the other hand, has provided long-term remission. Both medications were well-tolerated, with no serious adverse effects reported. Conclusions: Based on our observations and successful outcomes, we advocate for future collaborative efforts to improve access to anti-IL-1 medications to better manage excessive and harmful inflammation in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expectation of family members and society towards students has increased in recent years to perform well or achieve success in their life. But lack of job opportunities and increased competition among students has depressed the student community. The expectation without support has negatively impacted students which has catalysed suicide among the students in India. Students are committing suicide in Indian society due to failure in achieving families' expectations which is a matter of grave concern for social scientists. The current study has applied content analysis as a method to evaluate the cases of student suicide. The cases of student suicide have been collected from different newspapers, magazines, and news portals from July 2020 and April 2021. The study finds that most students are committed suicide due to depression. The study points out that students committed suicide due to failure to fulfil the expectations of a family member. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Geriatric fracture is a pressing global health issue, marked by elevated mortality and morbidity rates and escalating health care costs. The evolving health care system from fee-for-service to quality-based reimbursement has led to externally driven reward and reimbursement systems that may not account for the complexity of caring for older adults with fracture. Significance: The aim of this review is to highlight the need for a shift towards meaningful metrics that impact geriatric fracture care and to issue a call to action for all medical societies to advocate for national reimbursement and ranking systems that focus on metrics that truly matter. Results: Traditional metrics, while easier to capture, may not necessarily represent high quality care and may even have unintentional adverse consequences. For example, the focus on reducing length of stay may lead to older patients being discharged too early, without adequately addressing pain, constipation, or delirium. In addition, a focus on mortality may miss the opportunity to deliver compassionate end-of-life care. Existing geriatric fracture care metrics have expanded beyond traditional metrics to include assessment by geriatricians, fracture prevention, and delirium assessments. However, there is a need to further consider and develop patient-focused metrics. The Age-Friendly Health Initiative (4 Ms), which includes Mobility, Medication, Mentation, and what Matters is an evidence-based framework for assessing and acting on critical issues in the care of older adults. Additional metrics that should be considered include an assessment of nutrition and secondary fracture prevention. Conclusion: In the realm of geriatric fracture care, the metrics currently employed often revolve around adherence to established guidelines and are heavily influenced by financial considerations. It is crucial to shift the paradigm towards metrics that truly matter for geriatric fracture patients, recognizing the multifaceted nature of their care and the profound impact these fractures have on their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceived stress, a global health problem associated with various mental disorders, is assumed to be influenced by dysfunctional beliefs. It can be hypothesized that these beliefs can be modified with the help of approach‐avoidance modification trainings (AAMTs). In the present study (conducted 2020–2022), we aimed to clarify whether the efficacy of AAMTs can be enhanced by utilizing the expression of emotions to move AAMT stimuli. For this purpose, we tested the feasibility and acceptability of a new AAMT paradigm in which the expression of disgust is used to move stress‐increasing beliefs away from oneself and the expression of positive emotions is used to move stress‐reducing beliefs towards oneself (AAMT‐DP). Additionally, we explored the therapeutic potential of the AAMT‐DP intervention by comparing it to an inactive control condition and to a conventional AAMT in which stimuli are moved by swipe movements (n = 10 in each condition). The primary outcome was perceived stress 1 week after the training as assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale. Findings indicate sufficient feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and that the decrease in perceived stress in the AAMT‐DP condition was greater than in the inactive control condition (g = 0.72 [0.10, 1.72]) and than in the swipe control condition (g = 0.64 [0.01, 1.41]). In sum, findings provide preliminary evidence for the feasibility, acceptability, and the therapeutic potential of the AAMT‐DP intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To propose a paradigm change for the validation procedures of medication adherence questionnaires. Methods: A total of 121 validation procedures of unique questionnaires for medication adherence were analyzed. Results: "Construct validity" and "internal consistency" were most often assessed, and test results varied largely. A more in-depth analysis indicated that the assessment of medication non-adherence included distinct but related constructs, such as the extent to which doses are missed, and the attempt to identify different facets of medication-taking behavior. Consequently, each construct requires a different measurement approach with different psychometric tests for establishing its validity and reliability. Conclusion: Results show that assessing the validity and reliability of adherence questionnaires with standard procedures including statistical tests is inconclusive. Refinement of the constructs of non-adherence is needed in pharmacy and medical practice. We suggest a distinction between the (i) extent of missed doses over the past 2 weeks, (ii) modifiable reasons for non-adherence behavior, and (iii) unmodifiable factors of non-adherence. Validation procedures and corresponding statistical methods should be selected according to the specific single constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friendship is a unique and underexplored area of human sociality. Research suggests that humans have preferences for characteristics in their friends that maximize the benefits of these relationships. Yet, whereas more friends might increase friendship benefits, humans also have limited time, resources, and energy to invest in finding high-quality friends, making it likely that the nature of these preferences differs depending on the resources an individual has available to invest in this goal. Across two studies (total N = 693), we investigated how this trade-off may function by investigating the nature of friendship preferences. In Study 1, we utilized the budget paradigm method from behavioral economics to investigate the necessities and luxuries in friendship preferences. In Study 2, we replicated these preferences with a novel method and extended our investigation into understanding the hierarchical nature of these preferences. Taken together, our results provide a promising starting point for research investigating trade-offs between necessities and luxuries in friendship preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has examined the effectiveness of inclusion tools aimed at encouraging greater involvement of disadvantaged social groups in local deliberative institutions. Most research, quantitative and qualitative, tends to examine positive outcomes, although results are frequently ambivalent. This research begins by arguing that analytical frameworks should consider the limitations of inclusion tools and that greater attention should be given to alternative approaches to inclusion (material/symbolic, formal/informal, focused/general). Based on these theoretical points, the study focuses on the views and experiences of working-class people and smallholder farmers in relation to their participation in open rural assemblies (concejos abiertos) in the Basque Country (Spain). The research employed an ethnographic methodology involving 20 observations of assemblies/events and 55 in-depth interviews conducted between 2012 and 2015. Three inclusion tools were identified as key to the functioning of the assemblies: "administrative and technical support" for engaging with the bureaucratic processes, a legal "right to paid work leave" for board members, and the use of "multi-disciplinary boards." The study examines the effectiveness of these tools in motivating and facilitating the involvement of participants from disadvantaged social class positions, presenting novel findings in the case of paid work leave and multi-disciplinary boards. The importance of informal practices and procedures for reducing material constraints are emphasized as well as the identification of some limitations of inclusion tools in a context of predominant elitist paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key aim of diabetes management is to prevent complications, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. At an individual level, people with diabetes are less likely than they were several decades ago to experience classical macrovascular and microvascular complications as a result of improvements in modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and preventive healthcare. However, a significant burden of diabetes complications persists at a population level because of the increasing incidence of diabetes, as well as longer lifetime exposure to diabetes because of younger diagnosis and increased life expectancy. Trials have shown that the most effective strategy for preventing complications of diabetes is a multifactorial approach focussing simultaneously on the management of diet, exercise, glucose levels, blood pressure and lipids. In addition to the cornerstone strategies of addressing diet, exercise and lifestyle measures, the introduction of newer glucose‐lowering agents, including sodium‐glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 agonists, have brought about a paradigm shift in preventing the onset and progression of complications of type 2 diabetes, particularly cardiovascular and renal disease. The improvement in rates of classical complications of diabetes over time has been accompanied by a growing awareness of non‐traditional complications, including non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. These emerging complications may not respond to a glycaemic‐centred approach alone and highlight the importance of foundational strategies centred on lifestyle measures and supported by pharmaceutical therapy to achieve weight loss and reduce metabolic risk in patients living with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that social interaction enhances learning processes, improving abilities such as attention and memorization. However, it is not clear whether similar advantages may be obtained even in virtual environments. Here, we investigate whether virtual interactions in a video game, similarly to real-life social interactions, may improve individuals' performance in a subsequent implicit learning task. Twenty-one healthy participants were asked to play a cooperative video game for 20 minutes in three different gaming modalities: alone (Single-Player); together with someone without verbal interactions (Multi-Player −); and with someone with verbal interactions (Multi-Player +). After each gaming session, participants were presented with an EEG paradigm directed to measure mismatch negativity (MMN) responses, a well-validated index of implicit learning. MMN responses were significantly larger following Multi-Player +, as compared with Single-Player, and Multi-Player − conditions. No significant difference was found between Single-Player, and Multi-Player − conditions. These results indicate that implicit learning processes are enhanced following communicative virtual interactions. Verbal interaction in a virtual environment seems necessary to elicit social copresence and its positive effects on learning performances. This finding may have important implications for the design of virtual rehabilitation protocols and distance learning programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the criticisms of the operational/diagnostic criteria, generalised since DSM‐III, has been that they were shaped solely to achieve the best inter‐peer reliability with no considerations for validity. This does not fully reflect reality since throughout the development of the criteria, there was an effort to define and fulfil some validity requirements. However, despite several attempts to create alternative diagnostic systems, there is still a widespread misunderstanding of the epistemological foundations that support this paradigm. Methods: In this article, we intend to analyse the epistemological context in which the operational criteria (OC) emerged and some of the validation processes they have undergone since their conception. Results: On the epistemological basis of these operational criteria (OC) the influence of Hempel has been widely discussed. However, the group from St. Louis and, also the DSM‐III editors, never openly acknowledged his role and his contribution and revealed other influences such as other medical specialties (that used and validated several OC in the diagnosis of their diseases). On the other hand, contrary to what has often been mentioned there has been a continuous attempt to validate the OC since their conception. In the implementation and development of the operational paradigm, a more instrumental trend was followed, focused on utility, but with successive attempts to achieve realistic validity by searching for biological or psychological causality. The methodologies were initially expert‐driven and gradually more data‐driven and included some variables external to the construct itself, such as familial aggregation, diagnostic consistency over time, prognostic and other psychometric measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this exploratory study was to learn more about the social experiences of people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), with respect to diagnosis disclosure, communicating one's health risks to others in the context of COVID-19, and managing positive and negative support. Communication privacy management theory framed this study. Thirty-eight participants took part in interviews. Phenomenological analysis yielded 4 themes: strategizing disclosure; reconciling others' paradigms of cancer; living with CLL during the COVID-19 pandemic; and seeking, receiving, and managing support. By learning more about these experiences, cancer navigators, oncologists, and mental health professionals will be better equipped to support the psychosocial needs of patients and their families. Clinical and research implications are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]