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Les études cliniques génèrent une quantité croissante de données, mais il n’y a pas de standard de qualité suffisamment pratique, réaliste et en accès libre pour leur traitement par les structures académiques. European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network (ECRIN) a publié un référentiel pour la certification de centres de gestion de données. Nous publions une version française du référentiel.

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.2515/therapie/2015042. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.

Silver phytoavailability in exposure scenarios close to predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) has rarely been studied. The ISO-standardized RHIZOtest, based on a root mat technique, was used to expose tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) to silver at a concentration close to 0.0015 mg kg−1and 100 times higher (0.15 mg kg−1) than PEC in soils (the PEC of Ag nanoparticulate in the soil range from 6 × 10−6to 1.4 × 10−3mg kg−1). Silver was supplied in the form of nanoparticles with organic (PVP) or inorganic (SiO2) coating, or as dissolved Ag (AgNO3), in different soil types, with contrasting properties, including pH, cationic exchange capacity, and carbonate, organic matter, and clay contents. The Ag concentration was quantified in plant roots and leaves and in soil solutions using ICP-MS spectrometry. Multivariate analyses showed that the form of Ag, nanoparticulate or ionic, had no impact on either the flux or the translocation of Ag in plants (p-value > 0.05). At a silver concentration close to PEC, Ag phytoavailability from Ag NPs or AgNO3was indistinguishable from that of geogenic Ag. At 100× PEC, the type of soil, mainly clay and carbonate contents, controlled the Ag flux. While both decreased Ag in soil solution, clays and carbonates showed antagonistic actions in modulating the Ag flux. We hypothesize that proton root exudation locally dissolves carbonates and releases phytoavailable Ag, while immobilizing Ag on the edges of clays.

Les centres d’investigation clinique (CIC) sont des structures publiques françaises dédiées à la recherche clinique. Le groupe de travail QUALI-CIC consacré à l’amélioration et à l’harmonisation des pratiques dans les CIC, a proposé un manuel de bonnes pratiques professionnelles (MBPP CIC). Depuis sa mise en application en 2010, la révision du manuel s’est imposée dans le but de le clarifier, de le compléter, de le renforcer sur les aspects de sécurité des participants et des données, et de l’ouvrir aux recherches sur l’innovation technologique. Dans sa seconde version, présentée ici, le MBPP CIC comporte 255 exigences réparties en 15 chapitres. Un document explicatif en cours de développement doit venir le compléter pour faciliter sa mise en application.

Jusqu’à une époque récente, les structures d’expertise des pays développés ont réalisé leur travail d’analyse du risque sanitaire des aliments selon un modèle « standard », élaboré pour l’analyse d’autres risques technologiques et dont nous rappellerons tout d’abord les caractéristiques et les principales options. Depuis le début des années 80, l’observation d’un certain nombre de dysfonctionnements dans la chaîne de l’alimentation a suscité dans l’opinion publique de plusieurs pays un scepticisme croissant sur la valeur de ce modèle. Le principe de précaution a donc été proposé comme un nouveau fil conducteur pour améliorer l’analyse du risque alimentaire. Nous en présenterons tout d’abord les conséquences sur la gestion du risque, en nous basant sur la définition « proportionnée » du principe de précaution qui émerge actuellement en Europe. Nous remonterons ensuite au niveau de l’évaluation des risques, pour montrer comment les nouvelles demandes des gestionnaires pour une bonne application du principe de précaution ont des conséquences importantes sur la démarche d’évaluation elle-même. Enfin, nous interrogerons la vision « standard » de la communication du risque, conçue comme la dernière phase du processus d’analyse de risque. Nous montrerons en quoi une contribution active de représentants de la société civile dès les phases d’évaluation et de gestion peut permettre à la fois d’améliorer la qualité et l’acceptabilité de l’analyse de risque. L’application du principe de précaution a donc des conséquences non pas sur une seule mais sur les trois phases de l’analyse du risque. L’ensemble de ces modifications permet de proposer un modèle alternatif, dit « constructiviste », qui, dans le cas du risque alimentaire, peut contribuer à une meilleure acceptabilité par la société des rares, mais inévitables, dysfonctionnements de la production de nos aliments.

Growth rate is the main breeding goal of fish breeders, but individual selection has often shown poor responses in fish species. The PROSPER method was developed to overcome possible factors that may contribute to this low success, using ([see full textsee full text]) a variable base population and high number of breeders ($Ne >100$), ([see full textsee full text]) selection within groups with low non-genetic effects and (3) repeated growth challenges. Using calculations, we show that individual selection within groups, with appropriate management of maternal effects, can be superior to mass selection as soon as the maternal effect ratio exceeds 0.15, when heritability is 0.25. Practically, brown trout were selected on length at the age of one year with the PROSPER method. The genetic gain was evaluated against an unselected control line. After four generations, the mean response per generation in length at one year was 6.2% of the control mean, while the mean correlated response in weight was 21.5% of the control mean per generation. At the 4th generation, selected fish also appeared to be leaner than control fish when compared at the same size, and the response on weight was maximal ($\approx$130% of the control mean) between 386 and 470 days post fertilisation. This high response is promising, however, the key points of the method have to be investigated in more detail.

The correlated responses in feed intake and G:F ratio with selection for increased growth rate were evaluated by comparing selected (S) and control (C) brown trout (Salmo trutta) reared under conditions known to affect feed efficiency: feed restriction and periods of compensatory growth. Nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance and growth were also measured. Trout were allotted at comparable BW (3.7 ± 0.06 and 3.8 ± 0.04 g, for C and S respectively) to triplicate groups per treatment. The experiment lasted a total of 198 d, during which animals were successively submitted to a 116-d feeding phase and fed 10, 30, 50, 70, 100, and 140% of their usual daily ration (UDR), a 35-d phase of food deprivation, and a 47-d refeeding phase. The G:F of C and S were comparable in all experimental conditions tested. During the feeding phase, S grew better than C only when fed 100 and 140% UDR (P< 0.001). This was explained by a higher feed intake capacity. The requirements for growth and maintenance were similar among the lines, which is in agreement with their comparable loss of weight (mean energy loss of −53 and −55 kJ/(kg•d) for C and S, respectively; P> 0.38) observed during the feed deprivation phase and the lack of differences in carcass composition (fat, P> 0.35; protein, P> 0.54). During the refeeding phase, growth performance and G:F were high in all groups. The daily growth coefficient was higher in S than in C (P< 0.001) because of a higher feed intake (P< 0.001). An increase in absolute individual variability in final BW and length was associated with the level of food restriction in both lines; however, it always remained lower in S than in C. In conclusion, fish selected for growth under ad libitum conditions will only exhibit growth superiority when fed diets close to ad libitum, and there was no evidence that selection was associated with an improvement in efficiency of maintenance nor in retention of body tissues.

Agri‐Food Exports to the CEECs: Winners and Losers from EU Enlargement