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We describe the case of a 7-year-old girl with repeated vaginal Enterobius vermicularis infection, never detected as a digestive tract infection. Two-dose pyrantel pamoate or 2-dose albendazole could not suppress recurrence. Finally, 3-dose albendazole after 2-week intervals was successful in preventing relapse.

Polygonum cognatum Meissn. (Polygonaceae) is a wild edible plant known locally as "solucanotu, madimak" in Turkey and it has been used for various purposes, such as diuretic and antidiabetic, as well to treat oxyuris and worms internally in humans. The present study was carried out to investigate the anthelmintic activity of various extracts were obtained from the aerial parts of P. cognatum in order to justify its traditional usage in Turkish folk medicine. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were prepared from the aerial parts of the plant, successively. The anthelmintic potentials of these extracts were evaluated on mice naturally infected with Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera. Cellophane perianal tape test and fecal flotation test were used for the activity screening. The results were compared with control and reference groups. In addition to all these experiments, the total amount of phenolic compounds and tannin contents thought to be responsible for the activity were evaluated for all extracts. According to the results, it has been found that the methanolic extract reduced the number of S. obvelata (66.8%) and A. tetraptera (73.4%) eggs. Moreover, the methanolic extract include higher amount of total phenolic compound (48.75 ± 0.82 mg of GA/g of extract) and tannin (30.04 ± 0.22 mg TA/g of extract) than n-Hexane (17.21 ± 0.75 mg of GA/g of extract; 6.82 ± 0.41 mg TA/g of extract) and ethyl acetate (25.06 ± 0.94 mg of GA/g of extract; 10.29 ± 0.34 mg TA/g of extract); therefore the anthelmintic activity could be related to these constituents. The present study explored the anthelmintic potential of P. cognatum. Further studies should be conducted into the mechanism of these compounds' against helminths. This study can be an important step in the discovery of new anthelmintic agents., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

This study presents a new method for visualization of Oxyuris equi eggs collected by means of a clear adhesive tape applied to the perianal region of horses. The obtained results indicate that this protocol permits a quick, easy, clear and selective visualization of Oxyuris equi eggs even in the presence of feces and other material. Another advantage of this method is that it can be used with fluorescent dyes solubilized in water, which will stain biologic material without dissolving or altering the adhesive tape and is also environmentally safe. Other dyes currently used for staining biologic materials use organic solvents, which may be combined with acids or bases in their formulation, preventing their use with the tape method., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The results of this study show that the oral administration of ivermectin (48 mg/L) repeatedly for 72 h used in accordance with the present protocol is a safe and highly effective treatment for Giardia spp. and Hymenolepis nana in laboratory rat colonies. The drug can be easily and safely administered using drinking water. This simple regimen should control pinworm infection (Syphacia muris), a problem that can be endemic in laboratory colonies. Experiments using healthy animals are likely to generate more consistent results, thereby requiring a reduced number of animals per group., (© The Author(s) 2014.)

Pinworm infection (oxyuriasis) is a common problem in rodent colonies. Facility-wide prophylactic treatment of all mice with a diet containing therapeutic levels of fenbendazole for several weeks is often used to control pinworm outbreaks. We examined the effect of feeding a therapeutic diet containing 150 ppm fenbendazole on the growth of EMT6 mouse mammary tumors implanted into BALB/c Rw mice. Mice were randomized to receive either a fenbendazole-containing or control diet for 1 wk before tumor cells were injected intradermally in the flanks and throughout tumor growth. Tumor growth was monitored by serial measurements of tumor diameters from the time tumors became palpable until they reached 1000 mm3. The medicated diet did not alter tumor growth, invasion, or metastasis. When tumors reached volumes of approximately 100 mm3, some were irradiated locally with 10 Gy of X-rays. Irradiation significantly delayed tumor growth; fenbendazole did not alter the radiation-induced growth delay. However, cell culture studies showed that fenbendazole concentrations not far above those expected in the tissues of mice on this diet altered the growth of the tumor cells in culture. Recent data from other laboratories also have demonstrated effects of fenbendazole that could complicate experiments. Care should therefore be exercised in deciding whether chow containing fenbendazole should be administered to mouse colonies being used in cancer research.

Mites of 3 genera-Myobia, Myocoptes, and Radfordia -continue to plague laboratory mouse facilities, even with use of stringent biosecurity measures. Mites often spread before diagnosis, predominantly because of detection difficulty. Current detection methods have suboptimal sensitivity, are time-consuming, and are costly. A sensitive serodiagnostic technique would facilitate detection and ease workload. We evaluated whether total IgE increases could serve as a serodiagnostic marker to identify mite infestations. Variables affecting total IgE levels including infestation duration, sex, age, mite species, soiled-bedding exposure, and ivermectin treatment were investigated in Swiss Webster mice. Strain- and pinworm-associated effects were examined by using C57BL/6 mice and Swiss Webster mice dually infested with Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera, respectively. Mite infestations led to significant increases in IgE levels within 2 to 4 wk. Total IgE threshold levels and corresponding sensitivity and specificity values were determined along the continuum of a receiver-operating characteristic curve. A threshold of 81 ng/mL was chosen for Swiss Webster mice; values above this point should trigger screening by a secondary, more specific method. Sex-associated differences were not significant. Age, strain, and infecting parasite caused variability in IgE responses. Mice exposed to soiled bedding showed a delayed yet significant increase in total IgE. Treatment with ivermectin reduced total IgE levels within 2 wk. Our data suggest that increases in total IgE in Swiss Webster and C57BL/6 mice warrant investigation, especially because mite infestations can rapidly elevate total IgE levels. We propose that using total IgE levels routinely in serologic panels will enhance biosecurity.

Verbascum L. (Scrophulariaceae) species are used for desiccating wounds and as a fish poison in Anatolia as well as for diarrhea and dysentery of animals in several countries. To further evaluate their activity, methanolic extracts obtained from 13 Verbascum species growing in Turkey, including V. chionophyllum Hub.-Mor., V. cilicicum Boiss., V. dudleyanum (Hub.-Mor.) Hub.-Mor., V. lasianthum Boiss., V. latisepalum Hub.-Mor., V. mucronatum Lam., V. olympicum Boiss., V. pterocalycinum var. mutense Hub.-Mor., V. pycnostachyum Boiss. & Heldr., V. salviifolium Boiss., V. splendidum Boiss., V. stachydifolium Boiss. & Heldr. and V. uschackense (Murb.) Hub.-Mor. were evaluated for their in vivo anthelmintic activity. The extracts from V. lasianthum, V. latisepalum, V. mucronatum and V. salviifolum showed the highest inhibitory rates against Aspiculuris tetraptera at 100mg/kg in mice. Additionally, extracts from V. dudleyanum and V. pterocalycinum var. mutense were found generally highly effective. The remaining species did not show any activity. Results of the present study support the utilization of these plant species employed in Turkish folk medicine., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study was performed to determine the effects of levamisole and levamisole+vitamin C against Syphacia muris naturally infection in rats and to detect its effect on the oxidative parameters in blood and tissues of host. For this purpose, natural infection was diagnosed using the cellophane tape method on the perianal region of rats. Infected rats (total 18) were divided into three groups. On the other hand six without helminth rats were used in this study as negative control group. Group 2 was given an orally levamisole HCl treatment with gastric gavage at a dose level of 20mg/kg body weight in distilled water, every alternate day. Group 3 was given levamisole HCl via gastric gavage at a dose level of 20mg/kg and vitamin C was given 1g/L added to the drinking water. All the treatments continued for a period of 7 days. As a result; levamisole administered to rats at dose of 20mg/kg orally 98.34% was found to be effective against adult S. muris in the rats. In addition to levamisole+vitamin C is effective to alleviate the oxidative damage in rats infected with S. muris., (Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study was designed to determine the acute effects of a single-dose of orally administered doramectin, eprinomectin and selamectin on Syphacia muris infection in rats. Rats, naturally infected with S. muris, were divided into four groups: three different treatment groups (n=7) and one positive control (n=7). Cellophane tape preparations were obtained from the treated rats on day 0 pre-treatment and on days 2, 4 and 6 post-treatment. Syphacia sp. eggs were counted. Eprinomectin was found to be 100% effective in eliminating eggs on two post-treatment. However when egg counts on day 6 post-treatment were compared with pre-treatment egg counts, doramectin and selamectin were found to be 99.32 and 98.77% effective in eliminating eggs, respectively. On day 7 post-treatment, blood samples were obtained from all groups, and then the rats were necropsied. Doramectin, eprinomectin and selamectin were found to be 100% effective in eliminating adult S. muris, when compared with the positive control group.

Rodent pinworm infestations are common in modern animal facilities, and treatments to eradicate these nematodes are often costly and labor-intensive. The authors describe a method they developed to treat rodents with ivermectin using the automatic watering system available at their facility. This delivery method proved an efficacious and cost-effective means of eradicating Aspiculuris tetraptera from a large colony of mice. The system might also be used to provide other orally administered agents to mice and other species.

This study was performed to investigate the anthelmentic (nematodes) effect of garlic in Swiss albino mice naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera. Natural infection was determined by the use of cellophane tape method on the perianal region and by the technique of centrifugal flotation of stool samples. The infected mice were divided into three groups; namely, Group 1: garlic treatment groups (n: 18), Group 2: positive control (treated with ivermectin, n: 19) and Group 3: untreated control group (n: 19). The mice in Group 1 were given orally freshly crushed garlic homogenates every day for 7 days. The animals in Group 2 were treated with ivermectin intramuscular at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. The mice in Group 3 received only serum physiologic orally. After 8 days of administrations, all mice were killed humanely using inhalation anaesthesia and then the parasites in the intestine were counted. It was observed that garlic and ivermectin were 91.24 % and 78.03 % effective against A. tetraptera in naturally infected mice, respectively. Results obtained from this study were compared statistically and differences were found to be significant (p<0.001). It was found that garlic was efficient along the duration of the treatment in mice. Garlic may be useful as an alternative treatment against nematode parasites in animals and human. This article includes a new research using Allium sativum anthelmentic effect on mouse and has been patented.

Objective: To investigate the antiparasitic effect of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on Aspiculuris tetraptera (A. tetraptera) and Hymenolepis nana (H.nana) in mice in January 2005., Methods: Mice were obtained from the animal house facility of the Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey. The natural infections were determined by the cellophane tape method and the centrifugal flotation method of stool samples. The infected mice with A. tetraptera and H.nana were divided into 4 groups; 2 treatment and 2 control groups. Nigella sativa oil was given at the dose of 250 ul/kg body weight orally for 2 consecutive days in the 2 treatment groups. All the mice were sacrificed on the seventh day after the last treatment. Gastrointestinal tract of the sacrificed animals was opened and washed with a serum physiologic. The contents were examined under a stereo microscope for counting and identifying of the parasites. The treatment and the control groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U-Test., Results: Nigella sativa oil reduced both A. tetraptera and its eggs. The difference was significant between Group 1 and Group 3 (p<0.05). Nigella sativa oil reduced H.nana eggs starting from second day of the treatment until necropsy day during 5 days, but it was not significant between Group 2 and Group 4 (p>0.05)., Conclusion: Antiparasitic effect of NSO is related to its stimulating immune system.

Trypanoxyuris microon is a pinworm that infects New World nonhuman primates, including Aotus nancymae. Although it typically is clinically insignificant, infection may serve as a significant variable during experimental data analysis. In this study we sought to determine the most effective anthelmintic therapy for eradication of T. microon infection in A. nancymae. Animals confirmed to be infected with T. microon by perianal tape test were treated twice (on days 0 and 14) with pyrantel pamoate, ivermectin, or thiabendazole and evaluated for eggs by daily perianal tape test throughout the entire 28-d period. Successful clearance of eggs was defined as 5 consecutive negative perianal tape tests. Pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin were significantly more effective at egg clearance than were thiabendazole and no treatment. Overall, 100% of the pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin treatment groups were cleared of infection after 2 treatments, whereas only 60% of the thiabendazole group became negative for pinworm eggs. In addition, the time after treatment until clearance was 1 to 2 d for pyrantel pamoate, 2 to 4 d for thiabendazole, and 4 to 6.5 d for ivermectin. These results indicate that pyrantel pamoate was the most effective and rapidly acting anthelmintic for the treatment of adult T. microon infection, with ivermectin as a suitable alternative. However because of the potential for continued development of immature stages or reinfection, anthelmintic doses should be repeated after 1 to 2 wk, in combination with effective environmental sanitation.

This study was performed to compare effectiveness of two levamisole preparations prepared in two different countries (Iran and Turkey) in mice naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera. For this purpose, natural infection was diagnosed using the cellophane tape method on the perianal region and centrifugal flotation technique on the feces of mice obtained from the experimental Animal Unit of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Yüzüncü Yil, Van. Mice naturally infected with A. tetraptera were then divided in three groups. Animals in Group 1 (8 animals) received levamisole prepared in Iran, animals in Group 2 (8 animals) received levamisole prepared in Turkey and animals in Group 3 (6 animals) were used as untreated controls. Both levamisole preparations were used in a 10 mg/kg dose. After drug administrations, stool samples of the animals in all groups were examined for seven days. On the eighth day, the animals were humanely destroyed using inhalation anesthesia. After euthanasia, parasites in the intestine were also counted. As a result; levamisole coming through uncontrolled border trade from Iran was 69.3% effective against A. tetraptera and the levamisole prepared in Turkey was 91.7% effective in naturally infected mice. Results obtained from this study compared statistically and the differences were found to be significant (p < 0.001).

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of topical selamectin, a novel avermectin, in eliminating naturally acquired Syphacia muris infections in rats and S. obvelata infections in mice. S. muris-positive rats were assigned randomly to 4 groups: selamectin (0.6 mg/kg), selamectin (6.0 mg/kg), fenbendazole-medicated (150 ppm) chow, and untreated. S. obvelata-positive mice were allocated into 4 groups similar to those for rats. Animals not exposed to pinworm-contaminated bedding were designated as negative controls. Treatment success was assessed weekly by anal tape impressions and by necropsy examinations at the end of week 9. Evaluations of intestinal contents at necropsy revealed that, although safe, topical selamectin was 100% ineffective in eliminating Syphacia spp. infections in rats and mice. Treatment with fenbendazole-medicated chow resulted in negative anal tape impressions beginning at week 2 in rats and week 1 in mice. Negative anal tape impressions in fenbendazole-treated animals were confirmed by negative intestinal content evaluations. Of the 2 treatments evaluated, fenbendazole-medicated chow remains an effective and practical method to eliminate pinworm infections in mice and rats.

Pinworm infections are common in rodent colonies, but the effect of pinworms on the host hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis had not been investigated. Other parasites stimulate, inhibit, or have no effect on the HPA axis of their hosts. We studied the effect of Syphacia obvelata infection on plasma corticosterone concentrations in Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood samples were taken from male, female, and pregnant rats during an active infection, when all 21 rats examined harbored worms, and after 4 weeks of treatment with piperazine and ivermectin, when only 2 of the 23 rats examined harbored worms. Plasma corticosterone concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay, and all pinworms in the cecum and colon were counted. Plasma corticosterone concentration did not differ between infected and uninfected rats in any group of rats. Pinworms were much more abundant in pregnant rats than in male or nonpregnant female animals. Corticosterone was highest in pregnant females and lowest in males. In conclusion, infection with S. obvelata did not affect plasma corticosterone concentration in male, female, or pregnant rats, suggesting that such an infection does not invalidate studies of the HPA axis in these animals.

The pinworm Syphacia muris was eradicated from rats after treatment with fenbendazole-medicated chow (150 ppm) and without environmental decontamination for > 54 months. However, this regimen was successful only when the treatment was delivered and efficacy monitoring was done by personnel of the institutional animal resources program. The same pinworm elimination program failed 7 to 24 months after the cessation of treatment in a satellite colony in which animal care, including provision of medicated diet and sample collection for efficacy monitoring, was provided by research personnel. A failure to uniformly deliver adequate therapeutic doses or reinoculation of rats with pinworm eggs from the contaminated environment could not be excluded as causes of the failure. However, there were risk factors, and animal care practices unique to the satellite colony that may have facilitated the re-emergence of pinworms. These risk factors included hand-washing of cages, storage of contact bedding in areas that were not vermin-proof, and animal care provided by personnel having contact with rodents of pet-store origin.

Syphacia sp. is a common intestinal parasite in conventionally-housed laboratory rodents. Although gross lesions are rare in oxyuriasis, it is possible that more subtle changes may develop, which may affect research results. In this study, we analysed the responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol (ISO) of left atria isolated from Syphacia-infested (SYPH) and control, non-infested adult male Wistar rats (CONT). In the non-infested animals, ISO pD(2) was not significantly changed by ivermectin treatment. Whereas the maximal inotropic response to ISO was not significantly affected, the pD(2) value was decreased in SYPH (7.61 +/- 0.09, n = 7, vs 8.21 +/- 0.25 in CONT, n = 5, P < 0.05), indicating lower sensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation. This change was similar to that caused by a classic stressor, namely repeated immobilization, in non-infested rats (IMMO). In this group, ISO pD(2) was 7.62 +/- 0.14, n = 6 (P < 0.05 with relation to CONT). The results indicate that infestation with Syphacia sp. is as effective as immobilization at diminishing cardiac reactivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation. It is thus possible that oxyuriasis may affect the response of other tissues to physiological modulators.

A spray administration of ivermectin was evaluated for the treatment of pinworm infection in mice. In this study, a spray of 0.1% ivermectin injectable solution over the entire cage once a week, for three consecutive weeks (one cycle treatment), was effective in eradicating both Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera from mice under experimental conditions. In addition, no acute toxicity was observed in 105 mothers or 687 neonates treated with ivermectin, indicating that ivermectin does not affect murine reproduction. Finally, we attempted to eradicate pinworms from infected mice in our institute using this method. Two cycles of treatment were administered, with a two-week pause between cycles, resulting in complete eradication for at least one year. Treating mouse colonies with spray ivermectin is inexpensive, safe, requires very little labor and is very effective at eradicating pinworms from mice.

In this study, the effect of doramectin, moxidectin and netobimin was investigated in naturally infected Syphacia muris in rats. The natural infection was determined by the use of cellophane tape method on the perianal region and by the technique of centrifugal flotation of feces. The infected rats were divided into three treated and one control group (N = 10). Doramectin and moxidectin at the dose of 0.2 mg/kg per day and netobimin at the dose of 7.5 mg/kg per day were given in the diet for 4 days. Cellophane tape preparations were performed in all groups on 4th and 7th day after the last treatment. The rats of treated groups were necropsied on 7th day after the last treatment together with that of control group. While doramectin and netobimin were highly effective against S. muris, moxidectin was not found to be effective for eradication of S. muris.

An oral combination of piperazine and ivermectin was used over a 6-week period for treating three different colonies of mice or rats infested with Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia muris or Aspiculuris tetraptera. No acute toxic effect was found in transgenic lines of mice or rats with these products in a preliminary trial. The colonies were treated with piperazine, 2.1 mg/ml in tap water for 2 weeks, then with ivermectin, 0.007 mg/ml, in tap water for the third and fourth weeks, and finally with piperazine for two further weeks. Hygiene measures such as a complete cage change, thorough disinfection and cleaning of the rooms were associated with the treatment. All examinations subsequent to completion of treatment have proved negative for further parasites.

Pinworm infection, a common problem in laboratory rodent colonies, is difficult to control because anthelmintics like ivermectin eliminate adult worms but have no effect on ova, which can survive ex vivo for prolonged periods. On the premise that repeated treatments with ivermectin would keep rodents parasite-free until all ova matured into ivermectin-susceptible worms in vivo or died in vivo or ex vivo, 80 rats and 25 mice heavily infected with pinworms (Syphacia obvelata and S. muris) were randomized to receive two to five courses of ivermectin 3 days apart or no treatment. During each treatment, ivermectin was given for 4 days in the drinking water; based on water consumption, the mean ivermectin dose was 2.9 and 4.0 mg/kg of body weight per day in rats and mice respectively. Ova production was monitored by weekly cellophane tape tests; 29 to 32 weeks after treatment ended, all rodents were euthanized, and their evacuated large intestinal contents were examined for adult pinworms and ova. Despite intermittently negative cellophane tape test results in untreated rodents (10 rats and 5 mice), all were infected with parasites at the end of the follow-up period. These findings underscore the limitations of the tape test for diagnosis of pinworm infection. After two courses of ivermectin, 1 of 10 rats and four of five mice were infected, whereas after three courses only 1 of 40 rats and one of five mice had parasites. In contrast, none of the 20 rats or 10 mice given either four or five courses of ivermectin had parasites at 30 to 32 weeks of follow-up evaluation. This simple and well-tolerated ivermectin regimen may help to treat and control pinworm infection in laboratory rodent colonies.

115 patients with non-immune (IgE-negative) urticaria, related to parasitic (lambliasis, oxyuriasis, ascaridiasis) or fungal (candidiasis) associations were investigated-both before and one month after specific and antihistaminic therapy-concerning different percentage levels of blood lymphocyte sets and subsets, by means of flow cytometry. Before therapy, three kinds of immune deficiency patients were obtained, one in lambliasis and oxyuriasis, the second in ascaridiasis, and the third in candidiasis, respectively. Clinical, biological and immunological recovering after therapy exhibited some differences related to the presumed non-allergic etiology, i.e. better in lambliasis and oxyuriasis and worse in ascaridiasis and candidiasis.

Moxidectin was tested as an oral gel formulation during a controlled test performed to evaluate dosages against equine gastrointestinal parasites. Four groups of ten ponies were used. Ponies ranged from 1 to 20 years of age and were naturally infected in southern Louisiana or Mississippi. Fecal exams and fecal cultures were performed on all ponies to determine the strongyle egg counts and the percent distributions of large and small strongyles. Following these determinations, ponies were allocated to replicates of four ponies to provide an even distribution of strongyle infection, age, weight and gender. Members of each replicate were then randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. The doses tested were 300, 400 and 500 micrograms kg-1 body weight. The oral gel vehicle alone served as control. Treatments were administered behind the tongue and the ponies were observed continuously for 4 h for any adverse reactions; thereafter, ponies were observed at least twice daily. Necropsy examinations were performed 14 days post-treatment for the recovery and identification of any parasites present. Moxidectin, at all doses tested, was 100% efficacious against adults of Strongylus vulgaris, Strongylus edentatus, Triodontophorus spp. and 22 species of small strongyles. Moxidectin was also 100% efficacious against larvae of Strongylus edentatus and Oxyuris equi, greater than 94% efficacious against Strongylus vulgaris larvae and Oxyuris equi adults at 14 days post-treatment. Moxidectin proved highly efficacious against luminal small strongyle larvae (> 99.9% against L4 and > 92% against L3) and moxidectin demonstrated some efficacy against encysted small strongyle larvae as well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The study covers the study of three antinematodal agents: the original national drug medamine with albendazole and embovin (pyrathel pamoate), which have been reproduced at the E. I. Martsinovskiĭ Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, with murine Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera infection models. The quantitative parameters of the anthelmintic action of medamine, albendazole and embivin were comparatively defined for the first time.

Salicylanilides containing quinoline moiety were synthesized and examined for acute toxicity and antinematodal activity. All the compounds were shown to possess a low toxicity. In the trials on a nematodal model (Aspiculuris tetraptera, white mice), 2 compounds--G-1570 and G-1575--were shown to be highly effective.

The efficacy of metiasole, a new Russian analog of albendasole, reproduced at the E. I. Martsinovskiĭ Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, was studied in mice with Aspiculuris tetraptera invasion. Metiasole efficacy and acute toxicity were comparable to those of embovin and superior to those of medamin. Relationship between the drug efficacy and its doses and number of injections was analyzed.

Studies using rats that were naturally infested with Syphacia muris and kept in forced-air, individually ventilated cages showed that ivermectin given orally at a dose of 2 mg/kg for three treatments at 7- or 9-day intervals was eradicative. Paired ivermectin treatments given at 7- or 9-day intervals were ineffective in eliminating parasitism. Pinworm eggs persisted on the perianal region of rats for up to 17 days and eggs were also present in soiled contact bedding within cages and on surfaces within the animal room. Anal tapes as a diagnostic test had 88% sensitivity in detecting pinworms.

In a search for new anthelmintic compounds, a,beta-unsaturated ketones and amides were synthetized. Their anthelmintic activity was tested against two gastrointestinal worms, a nematode Syphacia obvelata and a cestode Hymenolepis nana. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.

The efficacy of hygienic measures and drug therapy of patients with enterobiasis has been compared in different organized groups of children in various regions of Lithuania. Nondrug measures and drug therapy were of similar efficacy. Vermox administration twice a year decreased the incidence of enterobiasis in children 1.9-fold, while nondrug measures decreased it 1.5-6.1-fold.

The pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis, is the most common intestinal parasite in the primary care setting, regardless of race, socioeconomic or cultural circumstances. This article discusses symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

Children with enterobiasis in nursery schools and kindergartens were treated with medamine according to a one-day scheme. A satisfactory tolerance to and high efficacy of medamine have been demonstrated during treatment of enterobiasis according to the above scheme.

The Soviet anthelminthic agent medamine has been synthesized at the Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, USSR Ministry of Public Health and the Institute of Plant Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR and is produced at the Tashkent Chemical Pharmaceutical Plant. It is used for one-day treatment of enterobiasis which is to be repeated in 2-3 weeks. A daily drug dose is 10 mg per kg body weight, given 3 times a day after meals. The efficacy of therapy was 92 +/- 4% and 100 +/- 2% after the first and second course of treatment, respectively.

This communication reports on generalized papular eruption in Man, coinciding with infestation due to dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana), pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) and whipworm (Trichuris trichiura). The assumed allergic-hyperergic reaction was evident from itching, blood and tissue eosinophilia, increased serum IgE and clearing up after focus of infestation therapy. Pinworm and whipworm therapy was initially accompanied by Jarisch-Herxheimer phenomenon.

We recently saw 5 young girls with the sudden onset of frequency and enuresis secondary to enterobius vermicularis. All children had sterile urine and 4 had been unjustly considered neurotic. Anthelmintic therapy resulted in an immediate cure in all 5 cases. More frequent diagnosis and treatment of this common ailment would do a great service to affected girls and their families.

General descriptions and monographs of the five parasites most likely to be seen in U. S. patients are presented. The appended monographs are designed to be a starting reference for answering drug information questions regarding these parasites. The drugs covered in the monographs are listed in the order of suggested use.