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The plant's proclivity to grow close to the water and its profusion of thorns are what give it the name "Sea buckthorn." It was discovered that feeding the leaves of this plant to horses enhanced their health and made their hair shine, leading to the genus name Hippophae, which in Latin means "Shining Horse." It is a powerful source of several bioactive substances, particularly polyphenols and carotenoids that have beneficial effects on the human body. We aim to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) and its effect on protecting DNA from damage. Total phenolic content in different extracts of H. rhamnoides was determined by using Folin–Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging method. Reducing power was estimated by Fe3+- Fe2+ transformation method. Hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activities were also determined besides measuring the effect of different extracts on Fenton's reaction induced DNA damage of calf thymus DNA. Results indicate that methanolic extract of H. rhamnoides was having higher phenolic content, higher free radical scavenging activity and stronger reducing capacity as compared to aqueous and ethyl acetate extract. Also, it was found to be a better scavenger of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and more potent in preventing DNA damage as compared to aqueous and ethyl acetate extract. The neutralization or destruction of free radicals by antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of H. rhamnoides makes it a promising therapeutic candidate for prevention and/or treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during oxidative metabolism in aerobic organisms. Under normal conditions, ROS production and elimination are in a relatively balanced state. However, under internal or external environmental stress, such as high glucose levels or UV radiation, ROS production can increase significantly, leading to oxidative stress. Excess ROS production not only damages biomolecules but is also closely associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as skin photoaging, diabetes, and cancer. Antioxidant peptides (AOPs) are naturally occurring or artificially designed peptides that can reduce the levels of ROS and other pro‐oxidants, thus showing great potential in the treatment of oxidative stress‐related diseases. In this review, we discussed ROS production and its role in inducing oxidative stress‐related diseases in humans. Additionally, we discussed the sources, mechanism of action, and evaluation methods of AOPs and provided directions for future studies on AOPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in regulating various physiological functions by activating specific ion channels to mediate cell growth, proliferation, regeneration, and apoptosis. ROS sensitive ion channels in the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family are closely related to oxidative stress-related diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to regulate ROS levels and their related ion channels. This review summarizes the role of five ROS sensitive ion channels, transient receptor potential M2 (TRPM2), transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1), transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1), transient receptor potential M7 (TRPM7) and transient receptor potential C5 (TRPC5), in oxidative stress-related diseases. In addition, the recent research progress of using nanomaterials to regulate oxidative stress-related diseases by targeting ROS-sensitive ion channels is summarized. It is hoped that this review will provide insights for researchers to regulate ROS-sensitive ion channels to alleviate related diseases.

Bicarbonate is one of the major anions in mammalian tissues and fluids, is utilized by various exchangers to transport other ions and organic substrates across cell membranes and plays a critical role in cell and systemic pH homoeostasis. Chloride/bicarbonate (Cl−/HCO3−) exchangers are abundantly expressed in erythrocytes and epithelial cells and, as a consequence, are particularly exposed to oxidants in the systemic circulation and at the interface with the external environment. Here, we review the physiological functions and pathophysiological alterations of Cl−/HCO3− exchangers belonging to the solute carriers SLC4 and SLC26 superfamilies in relation to oxidative stress. Particularly well studied is the impact of oxidative stress on the red blood cell SLC4A1/AE1 (Band 3 protein), of which the function seems to be directly affected by oxidative stress and possibly involves oxidation of the transporter itself or its interacting proteins, with detrimental consequences in oxidative stress‐related diseases including inflammation, metabolic dysfunctions and ageing. The effect of oxidative stress on SLC26 members was less extensively explored. Indirect evidence suggests that SLC26 transporters can be target as well as determinants of oxidative stress, especially when their expression is abolished or dysregulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in physiological and pathological processes in biological systems has been widely reported. It has been recently suggested that the regulation of RONS levels under physiological and pathological conditions is a potential therapy to promote health and treat diseases, respectively. Injectable hydrogels have been emerging as promising biomaterials for RONS-related biomedical applications owing to their excellent biocompatibility, three-dimensional and extracellular matrix-mimicking structures, tunable properties and easy functionalization. These hydrogels have been developed as advanced injectable platforms for locally generating or scavenging RONS, depending on the specific conditions of the target disease. In this review article, the design principles and mechanism by which RONS are generated/scavenged from hydrogels are outlined alongside a discussion of their in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Additionally, we highlight the advantages and recent developments of these injectable RONS-controlling hydrogels for regenerative medicines and tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is a biochemical process that disrupts the redox balance due to an excess of oxidized substances within the cell. Oxidative stress is closely associated with a multitude of diseases and health issues, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory conditions, and aging. Therefore, the developing of antioxidant treatment strategies has emerged as a pivotal area of medical research. Hydrogels have garnered considerable attention due to their exceptional biocompatibility, adjustable physicochemical properties, and capabilities for drug delivery. Numerous antioxidant hydrogels have been developed and proven effective in alleviating oxidative stress. In the pursuit of more effective treatments for oxidative stress-related diseases, there is an urgent need for advanced strategies for the fabrication of multifunctional antioxidant hydrogels. Consequently, the authors' focus will be on hydrogels that possess exceptional reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species scavenging capabilities, and their role in oxidative stress therapy will be evaluated. Herein, the antioxidant mechanisms and the design strategies of antioxidant hydrogels and their applications in oxidative stress-related diseases are discussed systematically in order to provide critical insights for further advancements in the field., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

• This review article offers an in-depth overview of significant advances in the field of antioxidative nanotechnology. • The pathology and molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress, as well as conventional antioxidants, are concluded. • The activities and mechanisms of diverse antioxidative nanomaterials are summarized. • Recent advances in antioxidative nanomaterials and their applications in antioxidant therapy are reviewed. • Current challenges and future perspectives on antioxidative nanomedicine for clinical translation are discussed. Oxidative stress, as results of deregulated production and accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, is a common hallmark in a multitude of human diseases. Enormous studies have demonstrated that such imbalance of redox homeostasis is implicated in both disease initiation and progress. The development of antioxidants to target overexpressed reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species, which is referred to as antioxidant therapy, has thus represented an important therapeutic option for the oxidative stress relevant diseases. Over the past decade, antioxidative nanotechnologies have been emerging as an alternative strategy and have shown many unique advantages over conventional antioxidants (such as enzymes and small molecules), owing to their advantageous pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, stable antioxidative activity, and more importantly, intrinsic multiple radicals scavenging properties. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on antioxidative nanomaterials in terms of the category, their antioxidative activities and underlying mechanisms, and the potential biomedical applications. In addition, the challenges in this exciting field and future perspectives are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in physiological and pathological processes in biological systems has been widely reported. It has been recently suggested that the regulation of RONS levels under physiological and pathological conditions is a potential therapy to promote health and treat diseases, respectively. Injectable hydrogels have been emerging as promising biomaterials for RONS-related biomedical applications owing to their excellent biocompatibility, three-dimensional and extracellular matrix-mimicking structures, tunable properties and easy functionalization. These hydrogels have been developed as advanced injectable platforms for locally generating or scavenging RONS, depending on the specific conditions of the target disease. In this review article, the design principles and mechanism by which RONS are generated/scavenged from hydrogels are outlined alongside a discussion of their in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Additionally, we highlight the advantages and recent developments of these injectable RONS-controlling hydrogels for regenerative medicines and tissue engineering applications., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) has both dehydrogenase and esterase activity; its dehydrogenase activity is closely related to the metabolism of aldehydes produced under oxidative stress (OS). In this review, we recapitulate the enzyme activity of ALDH2 in combination with its protein structure, summarize and show the main mechanisms of ALDH2 participating in metabolism of aldehydes in vivo as comprehensively as possible; we also integrate the key regulatory mechanisms of ALDH2 participating in a variety of physiological and pathological processes related to OS, including tissue and organ fibrosis, apoptosis, aging, and nerve injury-related diseases. On this basis, the regulatory effects and application prospects of activators, inhibitors, and protein post-translational modifications (PTMs, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, S-nitrosylation, nitration, ubiquitination, and glycosylation) on ALDH2 are discussed and prospected. Herein, we aimed to lay a foundation for further research into the mechanism of ALDH2 in oxidative stress-related disease and provide a basis for better use of the ALDH2 function in research and the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under physio-pathological conditions, cells release membrane-surrounded structures named Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), which convey their molecular cargo to neighboring or distant cells influencing their metabolism. Besides their involvement in the intercellular communication, EVs might represent a tool used by cells to eliminate unnecessary/toxic material. Here, we revised the literature exploring the link between EVs and redox biology. The first proof of this link derives from evidence demonstrating that EVs from healthy cells protect target cells from oxidative insults through the transfer of antioxidants. Oxidative stress conditions influence the release and the molecular cargo of EVs that, in turn, modulate the redox status of target cells. Oxidative stress-related EVs exert both beneficial or harmful effects, as they can carry antioxidants or ROS-generating enzymes and oxidized molecules. As mediators of cell-to-cell communication, EVs are also implicated in the pathophysiology of oxidative stress-related diseases. The review found evidence that numerous studies speculated on the role of EVs in redox signaling and oxidative stress-related pathologies, but few of them unraveled molecular mechanisms behind this complex link. Thus, the purpose of this review is to report and discuss this evidence, highlighting that the analysis of the molecular content of oxidative stress-released EVs (reminiscent of the redox status of originating cells), is a starting point for the use of EVs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in oxidative stress-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]