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Abstract To test for rates of inpatient palliative care (IPC) in metastatic testicular cancer patients receiving critical care therapy (CCT). Within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2008–2019), we tabulated IPC rates in metastatic testicular cancer patients receiving CCT, namely invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG), dialysis for acute kidney failure (AKF), total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or tracheostomy. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models addressing IPC were fitted. Of 420 metastatic testicular cancer patients undergoing CCT, 70 (17%) received IPC. Between 2008 and 2019, the rates of IPC among metastatic testicular cancer patients undergoing CCT increased from 5 to 19%, with the highest rate of 30% in 2018 (EAPC: + 9.5%; 95% CI + 4.7 to + 15.2%; p = 0.005). IPC patients were older (35 vs. 31 years, p = 0.01), more frequently had do not resuscitate (DNR) status (34 vs. 4%, p

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological disease that is strongly associated with the aging process and can lead to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). LUTS due to BPH can significantly affect the quality of life of many patients. Among the treatments available for BPH to improve symptoms and functional outcomes, drug therapy and surgical therapy are the options of choice. However, for most patients with symptomatic BPH, medical management remains the cornerstone of treatment. Pharmacologic interventions are often preferred as a first approach, being less invasive compared to surgery. Although the medical treatment of BPH is currently defined by the algorithms of international guidelines, the need for a more personalized approach is increasingly recognized given the wide and heterogeneous range of therapeutic options available. Materials and methods: A review of medical therapy for BPH was conducted using relevant articles in PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. In this review, all drug treatments currently available on the international market whose efficacy is scientifically proven are reviewed and described (phytotherapy, alpha-blockers, muscarinic receptor antagonists, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, combination therapies, etc.). Results: A total of 17 randomized clinical trials were selected for review. Further, 75 studies were included for analysis and discussion. Conclusions: As the treatment landscape continues to evolve, tailoring therapy to individual patient needs and preferences is likely to become increasingly important to ensure that treatment strategies are both effective and meet patient expectations.

Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic viral disease caused by the Monkeypox virus, traditionally confined to central and west Africa, which has recently spread to other regions worldwide, making it a global health concern...

To the Editor, Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in humans, representing the 7th and 17th type of neoplasm in both genders. Its incidence and mortality are quite heterogeneous in different countries and are due to different risk factors, quality and prevalence of healthcare and the possibility of early diagnosis and treatment of the tumor and its potential recurrences. [...]

Background: Guidelines recommend VENUSS and GRANT models for the prediction of cancer control outcomes after nephrectomy for nonmetastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC). Objective: To test the ability of VENUSS and GRANT models to predict 5-yr cancer-specific survival in a North American population. Design, setting, and participants: For this retrospective study, we identified 4184 patients with unilateral surgically treated nonmetastatic pRCC in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004–2019). Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The original VENUSS and GRANT risk categories were applied to predict 5-yr cancer-specific survival. A cross-validation method was used to test the accuracy and calibration of the models and to conduct decision curve analyses for the study cohort. Results and limitations: The VENUSS and GRANT categories represented independent predictors of cancer-specific mortality. On cross-validation, the accuracy of the VENUSS and GRANT risk categories was 0.73 and 0.65, respectively. Both models showed good calibration and performed better than random predictions in decision curve analysis. Limitations include the retrospective nature of the study and the absence of a central pathological review. Conclusion: VENUSS risk categories fulfilled prognostic model criteria for predicting cancer-specific survival 5 yr after surgery in North American patients with nonmetastatic pRCC as recommended by guidelines. Conversely, GRANT risk categories did not. Thus, VENUSS risk categories represent an important tool for counseling, follow-up planning, and patient selection for appropriate adjuvant trials in pRCC. Patient summary: We tested the ability of two validated methods (VENUSS and GRANT) to predict death due to papillary kidney cancer in a North American population. The VENUSS risk categories showed good performance in predicting 5-year cancer-specific survival.

Objective: Neuraxial anesthesia (NA) showed to reduce both morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. We aimed to investigate the use of NA in patients undergoing transperitoneal three-dimensional laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (t-3DLRP) and compare the intraoperative and postoperative outcomes with a control group of patients undergoing t-3DLRP under general anesthesia (GA). Methods: A prospective, double-center, double-surgeon study cohort of 84 consecutive patients undergoing t-3DLRP between June 2019 and June 2021 was analyzed. A study group of 42 patients undergoing t-3DLRP under NA was compared with a control group of 42 patients undergoing t-3DLRP under GA. Results: The two group were similar in all demographic, clinical, and pathological variables. Postoperative blood gas parameters were within physiologic limits in both groups. Muscle relaxation was adequate for surgery during both NA and GA. Median length of stay was 1 day shorter for NA group than GA group (5 days vs. 6 days, p=0.05). t-3DLRP under NA had a statistically lower rate of minor complications (4.8% vs. 19.0%, p=0.03) and less postoperative pain (median numeric rating scale 3 vs. 4, p=0.01) compared to GA. No major complications were observed in both groups. Significantly more patients were willing to undergo a similar intervention under NA than GA (p=0.04). Conclusion: t-3DLRP under NA is a feasible and safe procedure, with less postoperative pain and fewer minor complications than the same procedure under GA. NA allows the maintenance of muscle relaxation and respiratory excursions without interfering with surgery.

Purpose or Objective—The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SBRT on detectable prostate bed recurrence in RT-naïve prostate cancer patients. Materials and methods: Eighty-six patients who underwent SBRT for macroscopic bed recurrence after prostatectomy were retrospectively included. Patients were treated based on mpMRI or choline/PSMA PET. Results: The median time to biochemical relapse (BCR) after RP was 46 months, with a median PSA at restaging of 1.04 ng/mL. Forty-six patients were staged with mpMRI and choline/PSMA PET, while ten and thirty were treated based on PET and MRI only, respectively. Only one late G ≥ 2 GI toxicity was observed. With a median BCR follow-up of 14 months, twenty-nine patients experienced a BCR with a median PSA at recurrence of 1.66 ng/mL and a median survival free from the event of 40.1 months. The median time to BCR was 17.9 months. Twenty-seven patients had clinical relapse (CR), with a median CR follow-up of 16.27 months and a median time to CR of 23.0 months. Biochemical recurrence-free survival at one and two years was 88% and 66%, respectively, while clinical recurrence-free survival at one and two years was 92% and 82%, respectively. Regarding local relapses, seven were in the field of treatment, while eight of them were outside the field of treatment. Conclusions: Data showed that SBRT targeting only the macroscopic bed recurrence instead of the whole prostate bed is safe and effective. Additional data and longer follow-ups will provide a clearer indication of the appropriate treatment and staging methodology for these patients.

To the Editor, In recent years, alternative solutions have been proposed to obtain effective results comparable to TURP, which is currently considered the gold standard, and laser vapo-enucleation techniques (1, 2), but with the possibility of maintaining sexual functions. In recent years there has been a growing trend towards ejaculation preservation. Although the results of TURP (3), and most laser enucleation techniques are undoubted in the Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) management, they often lack in the preservation of ejaculation. All the alternative recently proposed interventions (Rezum, AquaBeam, Urolift, TPLA, i-TIND, LEST) are procedures considered by some authors to be promising in both managing BPO and preserving sexual functions. However, all these methods are limited by a lack of long-term follow-up that would evaluate the efficacy over time, possible complications related to the method and the correct patient selection for a specific method. The aim of this letter is to summarize the available evidence and provide clinicians with practical recommendations on the use of the brand new minimally invasive techniques for the management of BPO. [...]

Background: Head-to-head comparisons between ileal conduit (IC) and orthotopic neobladder (ONB) in terms of peri- and postoperative outcomes and complications, in the specific setting of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC), are not available. Objective: To address the impact of the type of urinary diversion (UD, IC vs ONB) on RARC morbidity, as well as operative time (OT), length of stay (LOS), and readmissions. Design, setting, and participants: Urothelial bladder cancer patients treated with RARC at nine high-volume European institutions between 2008 and 2020 were identified. Intervention: RARC with either IC or ONB. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Intra- and postoperative complications were collected and reported according to the Intraoperative Complications Assessment and Reporting with Universal Standards recommendations and European Association of Urology guidelines, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression models tested the impact of UD on outcomes, after adjustment for clustering at single hospital level. Results and limitations: Overall, 555 nonmetastatic RARC patients were identified. In 280 (51%) and 275 (49%) patients, an IC and an ONB were performed, respectively. Eighteen intraoperative complications were recorded. The rates of intraoperative complications were 4% in IC patients and 3% in ONB patients (p = 0.4). The median LOS and readmission rates were 10 versus 12 d (p

Abstract Background Contouring of anatomical regions is a crucial step in the medical workflow and is both time-consuming and prone to intra- and inter-observer variability. This study compares different strategies for automatic segmentation of the prostate in T2-weighted MRIs. Methods This study included 100 patients diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma who had undergone multi-parametric MRI and prostatectomy. From the T2-weighted MR images, ground truth segmentation masks were established by consensus from two expert radiologists. The prostate was then automatically contoured with six different methods: (1) a multi-atlas algorithm, (2) a proprietary algorithm in the Syngo.Via medical imaging software, and four deep learning models: (3) a V-net trained from scratch, (4) a pre-trained 2D U-net, (5) a GAN extension of the 2D U-net, and (6) a segmentation-adapted EfficientDet architecture. The resulting segmentations were compared and scored against the ground truth masks with one 70/30 and one 50/50 train/test data split. We also analyzed the association between segmentation performance and clinical variables. Results The best performing method was the adapted EfficientDet (model 6), achieving a mean Dice coefficient of 0.914, a mean absolute volume difference of 5.9%, a mean surface distance (MSD) of 1.93 pixels, and a mean 95th percentile Hausdorff distance of 3.77 pixels. The deep learning models were less prone to serious errors (0.854 minimum Dice and 4.02 maximum MSD), and no significant relationship was found between segmentation performance and clinical variables. Conclusions Deep learning-based segmentation techniques can consistently achieve Dice coefficients of 0.9 or above with as few as 50 training patients, regardless of architectural archetype. The atlas-based and Syngo.via methods found in commercial clinical software performed significantly worse (0.855 $$-$$ - 0.887 Dice).

Background: To optimize results reporting after penile cancer (PC) surgery, we proposed a Tetrafecta and assessed its ability to predict overall survival (OS) probabilities. Methods: A purpose-built multicenter, multi-national database was queried for stage I–IIIB PC, requiring inguinal lymphadenectomy (ILND), from 2015 onwards. Kaplan–Meier (KM) method assessed differences in OS between patients achieving Tetrafecta or not. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses identified its predictors. Results: A total of 154 patients were included in the analysis. The 45 patients (29%) that achieved the Tetrafecta were younger (59 vs. 62 years; p = 0.01) and presented with fewer comorbidities (ASA score ≥ 3: 0% vs. 24%; p < 0.001). Although indicated, ILND was omitted in 8 cases (5%), while in 16, a modified template was properly used. Although median LNs yield was 17 (IQR: 11–27), 35% of the patients had Tetrafecta cohort displayed significantly higher OS probabilities (Log Rank = 0.01). Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses identified age as the only independent predictor of Tetrafecta achievement (OR: 0.97; 95%CI: 0.94–0.99; p = 0.04). Conclusions: Our Tetrafecta is the first combined outcome to comprehensively report results after PC surgery. It is widely applicable, based on standardized and reproducible variables and it predicts all-cause mortality.

Abstract Objective Deploying an automatic segmentation model in practice should require rigorous quality assurance (QA) and continuous monitoring of the model’s use and performance, particularly in high-stakes scenarios such as healthcare. Currently, however, tools to assist with QA for such models are not available to AI researchers. In this work, we build a deep learning model that estimates the quality of automatically generated contours. Methods The model was trained to predict the segmentation quality by outputting an estimate of the Dice similarity coefficient given an image contour pair as input. Our dataset contained 60 axial T2-weighted MRI images of prostates with ground truth segmentations along with 80 automatically generated segmentation masks. The model we used was a 3D version of the EfficientDet architecture with a custom regression head. For validation, we used a fivefold cross-validation. To counteract the limitation of the small dataset, we used an extensive data augmentation scheme capable of producing virtually infinite training samples from a single ground truth label mask. In addition, we compared the results against a baseline model that only uses clinical variables for its predictions. Results Our model achieved a mean absolute error of 0.020 ± 0.026 (2.2% mean percentage error) in estimating the Dice score, with a rank correlation of 0.42. Furthermore, the model managed to correctly identify incorrect segmentations (defined in terms of acceptable/unacceptable) 99.6% of the time. Conclusion We believe that the trained model can be used alongside automatic segmentation tools to ensure quality and thus allow intervention to prevent undesired segmentation behavior.

Abstract Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. The standard non-surgical approach for localized PCa is radiotherapy (RT), but one of the limitations of high-dose RT is the potential increase in gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities. We present the protocol of the Microstyle study, a multicentre randomized two-arm crossover clinical trial. The primary outcome will be assessed at the end of 6-month intervention, by measuring the change in adherence to a healthy lifestyle score. The hypothesis is that modifying lifestyle we change microbiome and improve quality of life and decrease side effects of RT. Methods Study participants will be recruited among men undergoing RT in two Italian centers (Milan and Naples). We foresee to randomize 300 patients in two intervention arms: Intervention Group (IG) and Control Group (CG). Participants allocated to the IG will meet a dietitian and a physiotherapist before RT to receive personalized diet and exercise recommendations, according to their health status, to improve overall lifestyle and reduce side effects (bowel and/or urinary problems). Dietitian and physiotherapist will work together to set individualized goals to reduce or eliminate side effects and pain according to their health status. All participants (IG) will be given a pedometer device (steps counter) in order to monitor and to spur participants to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior. Participants included in the CG will receive baseline general advice and materials available for patients undergoing RT. According to the cross-over design, the CG will cross to the intervention approach after 6-month, to actively enhance compliance towards suggested lifestyle recommendations for all patients. Discussion This trial is innovative in its design because we propose a lifestyle intervention during RT, that includes both dietary and physical activity counselling, as well as monitoring changes in microbiome and serum biomarkers. The promotion of healthy behaviour will be initiated before initiation of standard care, to achieve long lasting effects, controlling side effects, coping with feelings of anxiety and depression and improve efficacy of RT. Trial registration ClincalTrial.gov registration number: NCT05155618 . Retrospectively registered on December 13, 2021. The first patient was enrolled on October 22, 2021.

Radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI) may increase the differentiation of benign from malignant kidney lesions, differentiation of angiomyolipoma (AML) from renal cell carcinoma (RCC), differentiation of oncocytoma from RCC, differentiation of different subtypes of RCC, to predict Fuhrman grade, to predict gene mutation through molecular biomarkers and to predict treatment response in metastatic RCC undergoing immunotherapy. Neural networks analyze imaging data. Statistical, geometrical, textural features derived are giving quantitative data of contour, internal heterogeneity and gray zone features of lesions. A comprehensive literature review was performed, until July 2022. Studies investigating the diagnostic value of radiomics in differentiation of renal lesions, grade prediction, gene alterations, molecular biomarkers and ongoing clinical trials have been analyzed. The application of AI and radiomics could lead to improved sensitivity, specificity, accuracy in detecting and differentiating between renal lesions. Standardization of scanner protocols will improve preoperative differentiation between benign, low-risk cancers and clinically significant renal cancers and holds the premises to enhance the diagnostic ability of imaging tools to characterize renal lesions.

Sexual disorders following retroperitoneal pelvic lymph node dissection (RPLND) for testis tumor can affect the quality of life of patients. The aim of the current study was to investigate several different andrological outcomes, which may be influenced by robot-assisted (RA) RPLND. From January 2012 to March 2020, 32 patients underwent RA-RPLND for stage I nonseminomatous testis cancer or postchemotherapy (PC) residual mass. Modified unilateral RPLND nerve-sparing template was always used. Major variables of interest were erectile dysfunction (ED), premature ejaculation (PE), dry ejaculation (DE), or orgasm alteration. Finally, fertility as well as the fecundation process (sexual intercourse or medically assisted procreation [MAP]) was investigated. Ten patients (31.3%) presented an andrological disorder of any type after RA-RPLND. Hypospermia was present in 4 (12.5%) patients, DE (International Index of Erectile Function-5 [IIEF-5]

Background: Phytotherapeutic agents aroused an increasing interest either as alternative or in addition to conventional therapy in the management of BPH. The aim of the article was to evaluate the clinical and functional changes after add-on treatment with Serenoa repens associated with Solanum lycopersicum, lycopene and bromelain in patients with BPH presenting with mild to moderate LUTS and previously treated only with Alfuzosin over a 6–12 months period. Materials and methods: Between January and July 2019, patients with symptomatic BPH already on treatment with Alfuzosin (Al) 10 mg for at least 6–12-month were enrolled at three academic referral centres, included in a prospective treatment group, and managed with a combination treatment of Al and 6-month daily oral single-tablet supplementation of Serenoa repens and Solanum lycopersicum + lycopene + bromelain (SeR + SL + Ly + Br). A retrospective control group with comparable baseline characteristics was obtained by performing a propensity score matching from a database of 434 patients managed with Alfuzosin 10 mg/day only over a 6–12 months period between March 2015 and December 2018. IPSS, QoL questionnaires, voiding diary assessment, postvoid residual volume (PVR), maximal (Qmax) and average (Qave) urinary flow rates were evaluated at baseline in the treatment group at the moment of patient accrual, in the control group after 6-month of treatment with alfuzosin, and thereafter at 3 and 6 months in both groups. Results: Overall, 250 patients entered the study (n = 125 treatment group; n = 125 control group). Total IPSS score significantly decreased at 6-month assessment from baseline in the treatment vs control group (17 [IQR: 12–20] vs 12 [IQR: 9–14], p = 0.02) with a significative storage symptoms improvement detected both at 3- (p = 0.03) and 6-month evaluation (p = 0.001). PVR significantly improved at each follow-up visit with the most relevant reduction at 6-month assessment (125 cc vs. 102 cc; p = 0.02). Moreover, a significative improvement in LUTS-related quality of life (QoL) was recorded at 3- and 6-month assessment with a median decrease of −1 and −2 (p = 0.05 and p = 0.001 respectively) from baseline. Conclusions: Combination treatment with AB and SeR + SL + Ly + Br led to meaningful improvements in LUTS severity compared to AB as monotherapy, after a 6-month treatment period in men with mild to moderate LUTS/BPH.

When researchers are faced with building machine learning (ML) radiomic models, the first choice they have to make is what model to use. Naturally, the goal is to use the model with the best performance. But what is the best model? It is well known in ML that modern techniques such as gradient boosting and deep learning have better capacity than traditional models to solve complex problems in high dimensions. Despite this, most radiomics researchers still do not focus on these models in their research. As access to high-quality and large data sets increase, these high-capacity ML models may become even more relevant. In this article, we use a large dataset of 949 prostate cancer patients to compare the performance of a few of the most promising ML models for tabular data: gradient-boosted decision trees (GBDTs), multilayer perceptions, convolutional neural networks, and transformers. To this end, we predict nine different prostate cancer pathology outcomes of clinical interest. Our goal is to give a rough overview of how these models compare against one another in a typical radiomics setting. We also investigate if multitask learning improves the performance of these models when multiple targets are available. Our results suggest that GBDTs perform well across all targets, and that multitask learning does not provide a consistent improvement.

Our objective was to develop a new, simple, and ablation-specific nephrometry score to predict peri-operative outcomes and to compare its predictive accuracy to PADUA and RENAL scores. Overall, 418 patients were treated with percutaneous thermal ablation (microwave and radiofrequency) between 2008 and 2021. The outcome of interest was trifecta status (achieved vs. not achieved): incomplete ablation or Clavien–Dindo ≥ 3 complications or postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate decrease ≥ 30%. First, we validated the discrimination ability of the PADUA and RENAL scoring systems. Second, we created and internally validated a novel scoring (SuNS) system, according to multivariable logistic regression models. The predictive accuracy of the model was tested in terms of discrimination and calibration. Overall, 89 (21%) patients did not achieve trifecta. PADUA and RENAL scores showed poor ability to predict trifecta status (c-indexes 0.60 [0.53–0.67] and 0.62 [0.55–0.69], respectively). We, therefore, developed the SuNS model (c-index: 0.74 [0.67–0.79]) based on: (1) contact surface area; (2) nearness to renal sinus or urinary collecting system; (3) tumour diameter. Three complexity classes were created: low (3–4 points; 11% of no trifecta) vs. moderate (5–6 points; 30% of no trifecta) vs. high (7–8 points; 65% of no trifecta) complexity. Limitations include the retrospective and single-institution nature of the study. In conclusion, we developed an immediate, simple, and reproducible ablation-specific nephrometry score (SuNS) that outperformed PADUA and RENAL nephrometry scores in predicting peri-operative outcomes. External validation is required before daily practice implementation.

Context: The optimal management of oligometastatic prostate cancer (PCa) is still debated. Objective: The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to collect the available evidence to date to better define the role of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in selected patients with oligorecurrent PCa. Evidence acquisition: Study methodology complied with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). All prospective studies including PCa patients with nodal and/or bone oligometastases (one to five lesions) were considered eligible. Heterogeneity between study-specific estimates was tested using chi-square statistics and measured with the I2 index. A pooled estimate was obtained by fitting both fixed-effect and DerSimonian and Laird random-effect model. Evidence synthesis: Overall, six works (two randomized and the remainder observational) published between 2013 and 2020 were considered eligible. Globally, data from 445 patients were incorporated, of whom 396 were treated with SBRT (329 in observational studies and the remaining 67 in randomized ones). Regarding local progression-free survival (PFS), five studies reported values close to 100%, while one reported a value of 80% in the observation arm. The benefit in terms of biochemical PFS brought by SBRT was evident in all considered studies. Such a difference in cumulative probabilities between the intervention arm and the comparator arm is maintained even 24 mo after the baseline. All studies but one considered toxicity among the endpoints of interest. Most events were classified as either G1 or G2, and the only G ≥ 3 adverse event was reported in one trial. Conclusions: SBRT is highly cost effective, safe, and with an almost inexistent toxicity risk that makes it the perfect candidate for the optimal management of PCa oligometastatic patients. However, more solid data and a higher level of evidence are needed to affirm its role in the management of these patients. Patient summary: In this work, we reviewed available evidence on the use of stereotactic body radiotherapy in treating oligometastatic prostate cancer patients. We found good evidence that radiotherapy brings important benefits in overall treatment efficacy without major side effects.

Artificial intelligence is highly regarded as the most promising future technology that will have a great impact on healthcare across all specialties. Its subsets, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial neural networks, are able to automatically learn from massive amounts of data and can improve the prediction algorithms to enhance their performance. This area is still under development, but the latest evidence shows great potential in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of urological diseases, including bladder cancer, which are currently using old prediction tools and historical nomograms. This review focuses on highly significant and comprehensive literature evidence of artificial intelligence in the management of bladder cancer and investigates the near introduction in clinical practice.

The aim is to evaluate the feasibility of ultra-hypofractionated (UH) SBRT with CyberKnife® (CK) radiosurgery (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) with a concomitant focal boost to the dominant intraprostatic lesion (DIL). Patients with intermediate/high-risk PCa, with at least one visible DIL on multi-parametric MRI, were included. For each, two CK-SBRT in silico plans were calculated using 95% and 85% isodose lines (CK-95%, CK-85%) and compared with the UH-DWA plan delivered with VERO®. All plans simulated a SIB prescription of 40 Gy to PTV-DIL and 36.25 Gy to the whole prostate (PTV-prostate) in five fractions every other day. Fifteen patients were considered. All plans reached the primary planning goal (D95% > 95%) and compliance with organs at risk (OARs) constraints. DVH metrics median values increased (p < 0.05) from UH-DWA to CK-85%. The conformity index of PTV-DIL was 1.00 for all techniques, while for PTV-prostate was 0.978, 0.984, and 0.991 for UH-DWA, CK-95%, and CK-85%, respectively. The CK-85% plans were able to reach a maximum dose of 47 Gy to the DIL while respecting OARs constraints. CK-SBRT plus a focal boost to the DIL for localized PCa appears to be feasible. These encouraging dosimetric results are to be confirmed in upcoming clinical trials such as the phase-II “PRO-SPEED” IEO trial.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common worldwide diagnosed malignancy in male population. The diagnosis, the identification of aggressive disease, and the post-treatment follow-up needs a more comprehensive and holistic approach. Radiomics is the extraction and interpretation of images phenotypes in a quantitative manner. Radiomics may give an advantage through advancements in imaging modalities and through the potential power of artificial intelligence techniques by translating those features into clinical outcome prediction. This article gives an overview on the current evidence of methodology and reviews the available literature on radiomics in PCa patients, highlighting its potential for personalized treatment and future applications.

IntroductionThe Italian Radical Cystectomy Registry (RIC) is an observational prospective study aiming to understand clinical variables and patient characteristics associated with short- and long-term outcomes among bladder cancer (BC) patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC). Moreover, it compares the effectiveness of three RC techniques - open, robotic, and laparoscopic.MethodsFrom 2017 to 2020, 1400 patients were enrolled at one of the 28 centers across Italy. Patient characteristics, as well as preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up (3, 6, 12, and 24 months) clinical variables and outcomes were collected.ResultsPreoperatively, it was found that patients undergoing robotic procedures were younger (p

Abstract Background Bladder cancer is the ninth most common type of cancer worldwide. In the past, radical cystectomy via open surgery has been considered the gold-standard treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer. However, in recent years there has been a progressive increase in the use of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy. The aim of the current project is to investigate the surgical, oncological, and functional outcomes of patients with bladder cancer who undergo radical cystectomy comparing three different surgical techniques (robotic-assisted, laparoscopic, and open surgery). Pre-, peri- and post-operative factors will be examined, and participants will be followed for a period of up to 24 months to identify risks of mortality, oncological outcomes, hospital readmission, sexual performance, and continence. Methods We describe a protocol for an observational, prospective, multicenter, cohort study to assess patients affected by bladder neoplasms undergoing radical cystectomy and urinary diversion. The Italian Radical Cystectomy Registry is an electronic registry to prospectively collect the data of patients undergoing radical cystectomy conducted with any technique (open, laparoscopic, robotic-assisted). Twenty-eight urology departments across Italy will provide data for the study, with the recruitment phase between 1st January 2017-31st October 2020. Information is collected from the patients at the moment of surgical intervention and during follow-up (3, 6, 12, and 24 months after radical cystectomy). Peri-operative variables include surgery time, type of urinary diversion, conversion to open surgery, bleeding, nerve sparing and lymphadenectomy. Follow-up data collection includes histological information (e.g., post-op staging, grading, and tumor histology), short- and long-term outcomes (e.g., mortality, post-op complications, hospital readmission, sexual potency, continence etc). Discussion The current protocol aims to contribute additional data to the field concerning the short- and long-term outcomes of three different radical cystectomy surgical techniques for patients with bladder cancer, including open, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted. This is a comparative-effectiveness trial that takes into account a complex range of factors and decision making by both physicians and patients that affect their choice of surgical technique. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT04228198 . Registered 14th January 2020- Retrospectively registered.

Perineal seeding of tumor cells from prostate cancer (PCa) is very rare, and no standard treatment exists for this atypical presentation with no evidence of distant metastases. Local excision or external beam radiotherapy are used as local salvage treatments for such perineal masses, including those occurring after biopsy, surgery, or interstitial brachytherapy. We report on a patient who presented no evidence of disease and no late urinary or gastrointestinal toxicities at 58 months after receiving high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) for perineal recurrence of PCa after radical prostatectomy and salvage external beam radiotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case treated with HDR-BT in this scenario.

Abstract Background The METastasis Reporting and Data System for Prostate Cancer (MET-RADS-P) guidelines are designed to enable reproducible assessment in detecting and quantifying metastatic disease response using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) in patients with advanced prostate cancer (APC). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the inter-observer agreement of WB-MRI examination reports produced by readers of different expertise when using the MET-RADS-P guidelines. Methods Fifty consecutive paired WB-MRI examinations, performed from December 2016 to February 2018 on 31 patients, were retrospectively examined to compare reports by a Senior Radiologist (9 years of experience in WB-MRI) and Resident Radiologist (after a 6-months training) using MET-RADS-P guidelines, for detection and for primary/dominant and secondary response assessment categories (RAC) scores assigned to metastatic disease in 14 body regions. Inter-observer agreement regarding RAC score was evaluated for each region by using weighted-Cohen’s Kappa statistics (K). Results The number of metastatic regions reported by the Senior Radiologist (249) and Resident Radiologist (251) was comparable. For the primary/dominant RAC pattern, the agreement between readers was excellent for the metastatic findings in cervical, dorsal, and lumbosacral spine, pelvis, limbs, lungs and other sites (K:0.81–1.0), substantial for thorax, retroperitoneal nodes, other nodes and liver (K:0.61–0.80), moderate for pelvic nodes (K:0.56), fair for primary soft tissue and not assessable for skull due to the absence of findings. For the secondary RAC pattern, agreement between readers was excellent for the metastatic findings in cervical spine (K:0.93) and retroperitoneal nodes (K:0.89), substantial for those in dorsal spine, pelvis, thorax, limbs and pelvic nodes (K:0.61–0.80), and moderate for lumbosacral spine (K:0.44). Conclusions We found inter-observer agreement between two readers of different expertise levels to be excellent in bone, but mixed in other body regions. Considering the importance of bone metastases in patients with APC, our results favor the use of MET-RADS-P in response to the growing clinical need for monitoring of metastasis in these patients.

Objective: to evaluate the feasibility of the intra-operative application of a specimen PET/CT imager in a clinical setting. Materials and methods: this is a pilot analysis performed in three patients who received an intra-operative administration of 68Ga-PSMA-11 (n = 2) and 68Ga-DOTA-TOC (n = 1), respectively. Patients were administrated with PET radiopharmaceuticals to perform radio-guided surgery with a beta-probe detector during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (PCa) and salvage lymphadenectomy for recurrent neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of the ileum, respectively. All procedures have been performed within two ongoing clinical trials in our Institute (NCT05596851 and NCT05448157). Pathologic assessment with immunohistochemistry (PSMA-staining and SSA immunoreactivity) was considered as standard of truth. Specimen images were compared with baseline PET/CT images and histopathological analysis. Results: Patients received 1 MBq/Kg of 68Ga-PSMA-11 (PCa) or 1.2 MBq/Kg of 68Ga-DOTA-TOC (NET) prior to surgery. Specimens were collected, positioned in the dedicated specimen container, and scanned to obtain high-resolution PET/CT images. In all cases, a perfect match was observed between the findings detected by the specimen imager and histopathology. Overall, the PET spatial resolution was sensibly higher for the specimen images compared to the baseline whole-body PET/CT images. Furthermore, the use of the PET/CT specimen imager did not significantly interfere with any procedures, and the overall length of the surgery was not affected using the PET/CT specimen imager. Finally, the radiation exposure of the operating theater staff was lower than 40 µSv per procedure (range 26–40 μSv). Conclusions: the image acquisition of specimens obtained by patients who received intra-surgery injections of 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 68Ga-DOTA-TOC was feasible and reliable also in a live-experience session and has been easily adapted to surgery daily practice. The high sensitivity, together with the evaluation of intra-lesion tumor heterogeneity, were the most relevant results since the data derived from specimen PET/CT imaging matched perfectly with the histopathological analysis.

Background and Objectives: The impact of pure histological subtypes in testicular non-seminoma germ cell tumors on survival, specifically regarding pure embryonal carcinoma, is not well established. Therefore, this study aimed to test for differences between pure embryonal carcinoma and mixed germ cell tumor patients within stages I, II and III in a large population-based database. Materials and Methods: We relied on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (2004–2019) to identify testicular pure embryonal carcinoma vs. mixed germ cell tumor patients. Cumulative incidence plots depicted cancer-specific mortality that represented the main endpoint of interest. Multivariable competing risks regression models tested for differences between pure embryonal carcinoma and mixed germ cell tumor patients in analyses addressing cancer-specific mortality and adjusted for other-cause mortality. Results: Of 11,223 patients, 2473 (22%) had pure embryonal carcinoma. Pure embryonal carcinoma patients exhibited lower cancer-specific mortality relative to their mixed germ cell tumor counterparts for both stage III (13.9 vs. 19.4%; p < 0.01) and stage II (0.5 vs. 3.4%, p < 0.01), but not in stage I (0.9 vs. 1.6%, p = 0.1). In multivariable competing risks regression models, pure embryonal carcinoma exhibited more favorable cancer-specific mortality than mixed germ cell tumor in stage III (hazard ratio 0.71, p = 0.01) and stage II (hazard ratio 0.11, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Pure embryonal carcinoma exhibits a more favorable cancer-specific mortality profile relative to mixed germ cell tumor in stage II and III testicular cancers. Consequently, the presence of mixed germ cell tumor elements may be interpreted as a risk factor for cancer-specific survival.

PurposeThis study represents a descriptive analysis of preliminary results of a Phase II trial on a novel mixed beam radiotherapy (RT) approach, consisting of carbon ions RT (CIRT) followed by intensity-modulated photon RT, in combination with hormonal therapy, for high-risk prostate cancer (HR PCa) with a special focus on acute toxicity.MethodsPrimary endpoint was the evaluation of safety in terms of acute toxicity. Secondary endpoints were early and long-term tolerability of treatment, quality of life (QoL), and efficacy. Data on acute and late toxicities were collected according to RTOG/EORTC. QoL of enrolled patients was assessed by IPSS, EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-PR25, and sexual activity by IIEF-5.ResultsTwenty-six patients were enrolled in the study, but only 15 completed so far the RT course and were included. Immediately after CIRT, no patients experienced GI/GU toxicity. At 1 and 3 months from the whole course RT completion, no GI/GU toxicities greater than grade 2 were observed. QoL scores were overall satisfactory.ConclusionsThe feasibility of the proposed mixed treatment schedule was assessed, and an excellent acute toxicity profile was recorded. Such findings instil confidence in the continuation of this mixed approach, with evaluation of long-term tolerability and efficacy.

Robots for minimally invasive surgery introduce many advantages, but still require the surgeon to alternatively control the surgical instruments and the endoscope. This work aims at providing autonomous navigation of the endoscope during a surgical procedure. The autonomous endoscope motion was based on kinematic tracking of the surgical instruments and integrated with the da Vinci Research Kit. A preclinical usability study was conducted by 10 urologists. They carried out an ex vivo orthotopic neobladder reconstruction twice, using both traditional and autonomous endoscope control. The usability of the system was tested by asking participants to fill standard system usability scales. Moreover, the effectiveness of the method was assessed by analyzing the total procedure time and the time spent with the instruments out of the field of view. The average system usability score overcame the threshold usually identified as the limit to assess good usability (average score = 73.25 > 68). The average total procedure time with the autonomous endoscope navigation was comparable with the classic control (p = 0.85 > 0.05), yet it significantly reduced the time out of the field of view (p = 0.022

Various definitions are currently in use to describe high-risk prostate cancer. This variety in definitions is important for patient counseling, since predicted outcomes depend on which classification is applied to identify patient’s prostate cancer risk category. Historically, strategies for the treatment of localized high-risk prostate cancer comprise local approaches such as surgery and radiotherapy, as well as systemic approaches such as hormonal therapy. Nevertheless, since high-risk prostate cancer patients remain the group with higher-risk of treatment failure and mortality rates, nowadays, novel treatment strategies, comprising hypofractionated-radiotherapy, second-generation antiandrogens, and hadrontherapy, are being explored in order to improve their long-term oncological outcomes. This narrative review aims to report the current management of high-risk prostate cancer and to explore the future perspectives in this clinical setting.

Aim: To investigate the prognostic role of neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and radical cystectomy (RC). Patients & methods: 213 patients were included. Inclusion criteria: Nonmetastatic, MIBC (cT2-T4aN0M0), at least three cycles of NAC, undergone RC and with blood count within 30 days before NAC. Results: Five-years overall survival (OS) with NPAR >18 was 34.06% (95% CI: 18.3–50.5) and 65.37% (95% CI: 52.4–75.6) with NPAR 18 was 42.9% (95% CI: 23.9–60.7) and 74.5% (95% CI: 62.6–83.1) with NPAR

Abstract Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men. New imaging-modalities have increased the diagnosed patients with limited number of metastasis after primary curative therapy, introducing so-called oligometastatic state. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is emerging as a low-toxicity treatment to erase PCa localizations and postpone androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). A deeper understanding of the predictive role of biomarkers is desirable for a targeted treatment selection and surveillance programs. The aims of the RADIOSA trial are: 1.Compare SBRT +/− ADT for oligorecurrent-castration-sensitive PCa (OCS-PCa) in terms of efficacy, toxicity and Quality of Life (QoL).2.Develop biology/imaging based prognostic tool that allows identifying OCS-PCa subclasses. Methods This is a randomized phase II clinical trial, recruiting 160 OCS-PCa in 3 years, with progression-free survival (PFS) as primary endpoint. Three tasks will be developed: 1.Randomized clinical study (3 years for accrual and 2 years for follow-up and data analysis);2.Imaging study, including imaging registration and METastasis Reporting and Data System (MET-RADS) criteria;3.Pre-clinical study, development of a biobank of blood samples for the analysis of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and preparatory for a subsequent miRNA profiling. We aim to determine which arm is justified for testing in a subsequent Phase III trial. A decision-tree algorithm, based on prognosis, biological phenotype and imaging profile, will be developed. Discussion Recruiting will start in July 2019. SBRT will allow obtaining excellent PFS, local control, QoL and low toxicity. In SBRT arm, ADT deferral will allow for a drug-holiday, delaying the detrimental impact on QoL. A sufficient number of blood samples will be collected to perform biological patient profiling. A stratification tool will be established with an analysis of morphological and functional imaging, based on the use of MET-RADS criteria. So, in conclusion, RADIOSA aims to define the optimal management of bone/nodal PCa relapses in a SBRT regimen. This study will increase our knowledge on low-burden metastatic PCa in the era of high precision and high technology personalized medicine, offering highly effective therapy in terms of clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness. Trial registration The RADIOSA study was prospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03940235, May 2019).

In this paper, we aim to evaluate the entity of inter-fraction organ motion and deformation in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) treatments for nodal oligometastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Thirty-three patients with lymph nodes showing oligometastatic PCa treated with SBRT were included. Organs at risk (OARs) were delineated using both simulation computer tomography (s-CT) and daily cone beam CTs (CBCTs) using the Raystation planning system. For each OAR, the union volume (UV) between all the CBCTs and s-CT was computed. An expanded volume (EV) of the s-CT OARs was applied using six different margins (3, 5, 8, 10, 15, and 20 mm). A percentage volume (V%) was computed to assess the intersection between each EV and UV. The OAR deformation and motion were further evaluated using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and mean distance to agreement (Mean_DA). The percentage maximum dose variations for all the OARs were estimated. A recalculation with higher dose prescriptions was performed by prescribing 36 Gy/3 fx, as well as 45 Gy/3 fx. The cauda showed the highest matching (DSC = 0.72; Mean_DA = 0.14 cm), and the colon showed the lowest one (DSC = 0.37; Mean_DA = 0.44 cm). The minimum margin, which ensured a V% > 95%, was 3 mm (97.5%) for the cauda and 15 mm (96.6%) for the colon. All the OARs reached the compliance of the constraints in each session. Regarding 36 Gy-plans, the ileum punctual compliance Dmax failed in 58.8% of patients, and it failed in 70.6% of the patients for the ileum, 7.14% for the colon, and 12.5% for the bladder in the case of 45 Gy-plans. This study is an ancillary study of the RADIOSA clinical trial (AIRC IG-22159) and can be used as a benchmark for dose escalation.

Background and aims: Prostatic urethral lift (Urolift™) is a minimally invasive technique to treat male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The aim of the present study was to assess safety and medium- to long-term outcomes in the relief of urinary symptoms. Methods: We included 35 men, affected by severe symptomatic BPH evaluated by International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), with normal erectile function (EF) and ejaculatory function (EjF) evaluated by the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF-5) and Male Sexual Health Questionnaire for Ejaculatory Dysfunction (MSHQ-EjD-SF). Exclusion criteria were prostate larger than 70 cm 3 , bladder neck sclerosis, concomitant third prostatic lobe, and/or other cervical urethral obstruction or cancer. All patients, preoperatively, performed uroflowmetry (UFM) with peak flow (Q-max) and post void residual volume (PVR), digital rectal exam, transrectal prostate ultrasound to measure prostate volume, PSA, and cystoscopy. Follow-up was scheduled at 1–3–6 months, then yearly, evaluating UFM, IPSS, IIEF-5, and MSHQ-EjD-SF. Results: All procedures were performed by a single senior surgeon and follow-up was 33.8 ± 12 months. Preoperative PSA was 0.82 ± 0.4 ng/ml and mean operative time was 19.6 ± 10 min and 3 (2–4) implants per patient were used. Parameters reported at last follow-up schedule were: Q-max increase of 68% ( p = 0.001), PVR reduction 68% ( p = 0.005), and IPSS reduction 55% ( p 45 cm 3 were aware of the possible failure.

BackgroundThree or four cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the standard neoadjuvant treatment prior to cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Although NCCN guidelines recommend 4 cycles of cisplatin-gemcitabine, three cycles are also commonly administered in clinical practice. In this multicenter retrospective study, we assessed a large and homogenous cohort of patients with urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) treated with three or four cycles of neoadjuvant cisplatin-gemcitabine followed by radical cystectomy, in order to explore whether three vs. four cycles were associated with different outcomes.MethodsPatients with histologically confirmed muscle-invasive UBC included in this retrospective study had to be treated with either 3 (cohort A) or 4 (cohort B) cycles of cisplatin-gemcitabine as neoadjuvant therapy before undergoing radical cystectomy with lymphadenectomy. Outcomes including pathologic downstaging to non-muscle invasive disease, pathologic complete response (defined as absence of disease -ypT0), overall- and cancer-specific- survival as well as time to recurrence were compared between cohorts A vs. B.ResultsA total of 219 patients treated at 14 different high-volume Institutions were included in this retrospective study. Patients who received 3 (cohort A) vs. 4 (cohort B) cycles of neoadjuvant cisplatin-gemcitabine were 160 (73,1%) vs. 59 (26,9%).At univariate analysis, the number of neoadjuvant cycles was not associated with either pathologic complete response, pathologic downstaging, time to recurrence, cancer specific, and overall survival. Of note, patients in cohort B vs. A showed a worse non-cancer specific overall survival at univariate analysis (HR= 2.53; 95 CI= 1.05 - 6.10; p=0.046), although this finding was not confirmed at multivariate analysis.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that 3 cycles of cisplatin-gemcitabine may be equally effective, with less long-term toxicity, compared to 4 cycles in the neoadjuvant setting.

Introduction: Radical cystectomy (RC) is the gold standard treatment for patients with muscle-invasive or refractory non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. It is estimated that approximately 64% and 13% of RC patients experience any complication and major complications, respectively. Specialized immunonutrition (SIM) aims to reduce the rates of complications after RC. We reported surgical complication rates in RC patients who received (SIM group) versus who did not receive (no-SIM group) perioperative SIM. Moreover, we investigated factors associated with complications after RC. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 52 patients who underwent RC between April 2016 and December 2017. Overall, 26 (50%) patients received perioperative SIM. We recorded age, gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), body mass index (BMI), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) score, unintentional weight loss (UWL), SIM drinks consume, surgical approach, urinary diversion, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), final pathology, length of stay (LOS), and complications. Results: SIM was associated with higher rates of documented infections ( P = .03). Conversely, post-operative ileus was associated with higher rates of overall infections ( P = .03). Median LOS was comparable within the 2 groups. Overall, 4 (15.38%) versus 0 (0%) patients in SIM versus no-SIM group were readmitted to hospital ( P = .03). Age, CCI, NAC, and TPN were not associated with complication rates. Conclusions: SIM is not associated with lower rates of post-operative complications in RC candidates. Moreover, higher rates of documented infections were observed in the SIM group. Patients with post-operative ileus experienced more infections. Age, CCI, NAC, and TPN were not predictive of complications.

The COVID-19 outbreak, in a few weeks, overloaded Italian hospitals, and the majority of medical procedures were postponed. During the pandemic, with hospital reorganization, clinical and learning activities performed by residents suffered a forced remodulation. The objective of this study is to investigate how urology training in Italy has been affected during the COVID-19 era. In this multi-academic study, we compared residents' training during the highest outbreak level with their previous activity. Overall 387 (67.1%) of the 577 Italian Urology residents participated in a 72-h anonymous online survey with 36 items sent via email. The main outcomes were clinical/surgical activities, social distancing, distance learning, and telemedicine. Clinical and learning activity was significantly reduced for the overall group, and after categorizing residents as those working only in COVID hospitals, both “junior” and “senior” residents, and those working in any of three geographical areas created (Italian regions were clustered in three major zones according to the prevalence of COVID-19). A significant decrease in outpatient activity, invasive diagnostic procedures, and endoscopic and major surgeries was reported. Through multivariate analysis, the specific year of residency has been found to be an independent predictor for all response modification. Being in zone 3 and zone 2 and having “senior” resident status were independent predictors associated with a lower reduction of the clinical and learning activity. Working in a COVID hospital and having “senior” resident status were independent predictors associated with higher reduction of the outpatient activity. Working in zone 3 and having “senior” resident status were independent predictors of lower and higher outpatient surgical activity, respectively. Working in a COVID hospital was an independent predictor associated with robotic surgical activity. The majority of residents reported that distance teaching and multidisciplinary virtual meetings are still not used, and 44.8% reported that their relationships with colleagues decreased. The COVID-19 pandemic presents an unprecedented challenge, including changes in the training and education of urology residents. The COVID era can offer an opportunity to balance and implement innovative solutions that can bridge the educational gap and can be part of future urology training.

Background: Inguinal lymphadenectomy remains the gold standard for the treatment of inguinal lymph node metastases from penile carcinoma, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This procedure is associated with significant complications. In order to reduce morbidity, minimally invasive approaches have been described. We report our preliminary experience with robot-assisted inguinal lymphadenectomies (RAIL). Methods: RAIL was performed according to the Sotelo technique. When indicated, a robot-assisted pelvic lymphadenectomy (RAPLND) was performed. We recorded age, sex, comorbidities, baseline oncologic diagnosis, operative time, hospital stay, lymph node yield, complications, time to drain removal, and oncologic outcomes. Results: From December 2016 to February 2019, 13 patients underwent RAIL. Median age was 65 years (range: 31–85 years). Primary malignancy was melanoma in five patients, Merkel cell carcinoma in four, dermal duct tumor in one, penile cancer in two, and SCC in one. RAIL was monolateral in 12 cases and bilateral in 1 case. A total of 10 monolateral RAPLNDs were performed; median operative time was 279 min (range: 169–320). Median lymph nodes yield was 11 (range: 2–24) for monolateral RAIL and 9 for monolateral RAPLND (range 2–24). Median hospital stay was 4 days (range: 2–5). No procedure was converted to open. Median follow up was 16 months (range: 5–31). Five Clavien-Dindo grade I complications were recorded. Median time to drain removal was 32.5 days (range 7–65). Three recurrences and two cancer-related deaths were recorded. Conclusions: RAIL is feasible and associated with a short hospital stay, with little incidence of perioperative complications.

Background: SFRS1 is a member of the splicing factor protein family. Through a specific sequence of alteration, SRSF1 can move from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it can work autonomously as a splicing activator, or as a silencer when interacting with other regulators. Alternative splicing (AS) is a fundamental biological process that ensures protein diversity. In fact, different proteins, produced by alternative splicing, can gain different and even antagonistic biological functions. Methods: Our review is based on English articles published in the MEDLINE/PubMed medical library between 2000 and 2021. We retrieved articles that were specifically related to SRSF1 and cancers, and we excluded other reviews and meta-analyses. We included in vitro studies, animal studies and clinical studies, evaluated using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI) and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale-Education (NOSE). Result: SRSF1 is related to various genes and plays a role in cell cycle, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, nucleotide excision repair, p53 pathway, apoptosis, DNA replication and RNA degradation. In most cases, SRSF1 carries out its cancer-related function via abnormal alternative splicing (AS). However, according to the most recent literature, SRSF1 may also be involved in mRNA translation and cancer chemoresistance or radio-sensitivity. Conclusion: Our results showed that SRSF1 plays a key clinical role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression in several types of cancer (such as Prostate, Lung, Breast, Colon, Glioblastoma), through various mechanisms of action and different cellular pathways. This review could be a starting point for several studies regarding the biology of and therapies for cancer.

Background: A systemic inflammatory marker, the modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), could predict outcomes in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NIMBC). We aimed to investigate the predictive power of mGPS in oncological outcomes in HG/G3 T1 NMIBC patients undergoing Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) therapy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patient’s medical data from multicenter institutions. A total of 1382 patients with HG/G3 T1 NMIBC have been administered adjuvant intravesical BCG therapy, every week for 3 weeks given at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months. The analysis of mGPS for recurrence and progression was performed using multivariable and univariable Cox regression models. Results: During follow-up, 659 patients (47.68%) suffered recurrence, 441 (31.91%) suffered progression, 156 (11.28%) died of all causes, and 67 (4.84%) died of bladder cancer. At multivariable analysis, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio [hazard ratio (HR): 7.471; p = 0.0001] and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (HR: 0.706; p = 0.006 were significantly associated with recurrence. mGPS has no statistical significance for progression (p = 0.076). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed a significant difference in survival among patients from different mGPS subgroups. Five-year OS was 93% (CI 95% 92–94), in patients with mGPS 0, 82.2% (CI 95% 78.9–85.5) in patients with mGPS 1 and 78.1% (CI 95% 60.4–70) in mGPS 2 patients. Five-year CSS was 98% (CI 95% 97–99) in patients with mGPS 0, 90% (CI 95% 87–94) in patients with mGPS 1, and 100% in mGPS 2 patients. Limitations are applicable to a retrospective study. Conclusions: mGPS may have the potential to predict recurrence in HG/G3 T1 NMIBC patients, but more prospective, with large cohorts, studies are needed to study the influence of systemic inflammatory markers in prediction of outcomes in NMIBC for a definitive conclusion.

The robotic surgical systems and computer-assisted technologies market has seen impressive growth over the last decades, but uptake by end-users is still scarce. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive and informed list of the end-user requirements for the development of new generation robot- and computer-assisted surgical systems and the methodology for eliciting them. The requirements were elicited, in the frame of the EU project SMARTsurg, by conducting interviews on use cases of chosen urology, cardiovascular and orthopaedics procedures, tailored to provide clinical foundations for scientific and technical developments. The structured interviews resulted in detailed requirement specifications which are ranked according to their priorities. Paradigmatic surgical scenarios support the use cases.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common neoplasm in men and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide [...]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of computer science that aims to build smart devices performing tasks that currently require human intelligence. Through machine learning (ML), the deep learning (DL) model is teaching computers to learn by example, something that human beings are doing naturally. AI is revolutionizing healthcare. Digital pathology is becoming highly assisted by AI to help researchers in analyzing larger data sets and providing faster and more accurate diagnoses of prostate cancer lesions. When applied to diagnostic imaging, AI has shown excellent accuracy in the detection of prostate lesions as well as in the prediction of patient outcomes in terms of survival and treatment response. The enormous quantity of data coming from the prostate tumor genome requires fast, reliable and accurate computing power provided by machine learning algorithms. Radiotherapy is an essential part of the treatment of prostate cancer and it is often difficult to predict its toxicity for the patients. Artificial intelligence could have a future potential role in predicting how a patient will react to the therapy side effects. These technologies could provide doctors with better insights on how to plan radiotherapy treatment. The extension of the capabilities of surgical robots for more autonomous tasks will allow them to use information from the surgical field, recognize issues and implement the proper actions without the need for human intervention.

Background: circulating levels of lymphocytes, platelets and neutrophils have been identified as factors related to unfavorable clinical outcome for many solid tumors. The aim of this cohort study is to evaluate and validate the use of the Prostatic Systemic Inflammatory Markers (PSIM) score in predicting and improving the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) in men undergoing robotic radical prostatectomy for low-risk prostate cancer who met the inclusion criteria for active surveillance. Methods: we reviewed the medical records of 260 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for active surveillance. We performed a head-to-head comparison between the histological findings of specimens after radical prostatectomy (RP) and prostate biopsies. The PSIM score was calculated on the basis of positivity according to cutoffs (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) 2.0, platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) 118 and monocyte-to-lymphocyte-ratio (MLR) 5.0), with 1 point assigned for each value exceeding the specified threshold and then summed, yielding a final score ranging from 0 to 3. Results: median NLR was 2.07, median PLR was 114.83, median MLR was 3.69. Conclusion: we found a significantly increase in the rate of pathological International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) ≥ 2 with the increase of PSIM. At the multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSA density, prostate volume and PSIM, the latter was found the sole independent prognostic variable influencing probability of adverse pathology.