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The student population has been highly vulnerable to the risk of mental health deterioration during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to reveal the prevalence and predictors of mental health among students in Poland, Slovenia, Czechia, Ukraine, Russia, Germany, Turkey, Israel, and Colombia in a socioeconomic context during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted among 2349 students (69% women) from May-July 2020. Data were collected by means of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Gender Inequality Index (GII), Standard & Poor's Global Ratings, the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), and a sociodemographic survey. Descriptive statistics and Bayesian multilevel skew-normal regression analyses were conducted. The prevalence of high stress, depression, and generalized anxiety symptoms in the total sample was 61.30%, 40.3%, and 30%, respectively. The multilevel Bayesian model showed that female sex was a credible predictor of PSS-10, GAD-7, and PHQ-8 scores. In addition, place of residence (town) and educational level (first-cycle studies) were risk factors for the PHQ-8. This study showed that mental health issues are alarming in the student population. Regular psychological support should be provided to students by universities., Projekt DEAL, Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

This study aimed to reveal differences in exposure to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the first (W1) and the second (W2) waves of the pandemic in six countries among university students and to show the prevalence and associations between exposure to COVID-19 and coronavirus-related post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) risk during W2. The repeated cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from Germany, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, and Ukraine (W1: n = 1684; W2: n = 1741). Eight items measured exposure to COVID-19 (regarding COVID-19 symptoms, testing, hospitalizing quarantine, infected relatives, death of relatives, job loss, and worsening economic status due to the COVID-19 pandemic). Coronavirus-related PTSD risk was evaluated by PCL-S. The exposure to COVID-19 symptoms was higher during W2 than W1 among students from all countries, except Germany, where, in contrast, the increase in testing was the strongest. Students from Poland, Turkey, and the total sample were more frequently hospitalized for COVID-19 in W2. In these countries, and Ukraine, students were more often in quarantine. In all countries, participants were more exposed to infected friends/relatives and the loss of a family member due to COVID-19 in W2 than W1. The increase in job loss due to COVID-19 was only noted in Ukraine. Economic status during W2 only worsened in Poland and improved in Russia. This was due to the significant wave of restrictions in Russia and more stringent restrictions in Poland. The prevalence of coronavirus-related PTSD risk at three cutoff scores (25, 44, and 50) was 78.20%, 32.70%, and 23.10%, respectively. The prediction models for different severity of PTSD risk differed. Female gender, a prior diagnosis of depression, a loss of friends/relatives, job loss, and worsening economic status due to the COVID-19 were positively associated with high and very high coronavirus-related PTSD risk, while female gender, a prior PTSD diagnosis, experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, testing for COVID-19, having infected friends/relatives and worsening economic status were associated with moderate risk.

The mental health of young adults, particularly students, is at high risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in mental health between university students in nine countries during the pandemic. The study encompassed 2349 university students (69% female) from Colombia, the Czech Republic (Czechia), Germany, Israel, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Participants underwent the following tests: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Exposure to COVID-19 (EC-19), Perceived Impact of Coronavirus (PIC) on students’ well-being, Physical Activity (PA), and General Self-Reported Health (GSRH). The one-way ANOVA showed significant differences between countries. The highest depression and anxiety risk occurred in Turkey, the lowest depression in the Czech Republic and the lowest anxiety in Germany. The χ2 independence test showed that EC-19, PIC, and GSRH were associated with anxiety and depression in most of the countries, whereas PA was associated in less than half of the countries. Logistic regression showed distinct risk factors for each country. Gender and EC-19 were the most frequent predictors of depression and anxiety across the countries. The role of gender and PA for depression and anxiety is not universal and depends on cross-cultural differences. Students’ mental health should be addressed from a cross-cultural perspective.

Students have been highly vulnerable to mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic, and researchers have shown that perceived stress and mental health problems have increased during the pandemic. The aim of this study was to reveal the prevalence of perceived stress and mental health among students during the pandemic and to explore predictors of stress levels. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 358 undergraduates from 14 universities in Turkey, including 200 female students (56%). The measurements used in the study were the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Perception of COVID Impact on Student Well-Being (CI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Physical Activity Scale (PA), and a sociodemographic survey. Students reported high perceived stress, mild generalized anxiety, and low satisfaction with life. More than half of the students met the diagnostic criteria of GAD (52%) and depression (63%). Female and physically inactive students had higher PSS-10 levels. A hierarchical linear regression model showed that after controlling for gender and negative CI, anxiety and physical inactivity significantly predicted high perceived stress. The study shows that students&rsquo, mental health during the pandemic is at high risk.

Bu çalışmada Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenliği Bölümü öğrencilerinin siber aylaklık düzeyleri araştırılmaktadır. Öğrencilerin ders esnasında daha çok hangi siber aylaklık davranışlarını gösterdiklerinin belirlenmesi, bu davranışların öğrencilerin demografik özelliklerine göre farklılaşma durumunun tespit edilmesi ve buna karşı nasıl tedbirler alınacağı hususunda önerilerde bulunulması bu araştırmanın temel amacını oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak “Siber Aylaklık Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alpha Katsayısı 0,87 olarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma evreni Atatürk Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenliği Bölümü öğrencileridir. Araştırmanın örneklemi ise anketleri eksiksiz dolduran 112 öğrencidir. Veriler SPSS paket programı ile istatistiksel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Öğrencilerin siber aylaklık davranışları sıralamasının başında anlık mesajlaşma gelmektedir. İkinci sırada spor içerikli sitelerin ziyareti ve üçüncü sırada telefonla konuşma gelmektedir. Öğrencilerin siber aylaklık davranışı düzeyi orta olarak bulunmuştur. Demografik özelliklere göre yapılan karşılaştırmalara göre kız öğrenciler internet üzerinden daha fazla dosya müzik, yazılım, video gibi indirmekte ve daha fazla alışveriş yapmaktadırlar, In this study, the level of cyberloafing of the students enrolled in Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department was investigated. The main purpose of this research was to determine the students' cyberloafing behaviors during the lesson, to compare these behaviors according to the demographic characteristics of the students, and to make suggestions about how to take measures against this issue. “Cyberloafing Scale” was used to gather data. The Cronbach Alpha Coefficient of the scale was 0,87. The population of the study was comprised of the students enrolled in the Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department of Atatürk University. The sample consisted of 112 students who responded the questionnaires thoroughly. The data were analyzed using SPPS package program. When we ranked students’ cyberloafing behaviors, instant messaging was at the top, visiting web sites with sports context was the in second place, and talking by phone was in third place. The level of cyberloafing behaviors of the students was found as moderate. Female students downloaded more files e.g., music, software, video and shop online more than male students.

Turkish universities lack innovative capabilities for being leaders of a society with their scientific knowledge and experiences. One way to make universities more productive is to create an innovation system involving the surrounding environment. This study aims to measure the effectiveness and technological innovation capabilities of Bingol University, a new university established 10 years ago, and Ataturk University, one of the oldest universities in Turkey, established about 61 years ago. Therefore, past research results are included and an evaluation survey is conducted, consulting 450 participants from both universities. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and regression methods are applied to analyse the survey and determine both social and innovative capabilities as well as differences between universities, faculties, ages, genders and departments. The main objective is therefore to find factors which affect innovations and to determine the degree of differences between both universities. It is found that, according to the participants, Ataturk University has higher innovative capabilities and that the university’s institutionalisation is better in comparison to Bingol University. However, Bingol University has lost the chance of being new and universal with less innovative capabilities of students: Having 3.7 innovations mean from all respondents shows that students are well at innovations at both universities.

The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between cyber loafing and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The data for this study was gathered from 360 public workers in the province of Erzurum/Turkey. As a result of the study, we found out that there was no relationship between cyber loafing and organizational citizenship behavior. The level of cyber loafing was found as low and the level of OCB was found as high . We observed that there were statistically significant differences between the levels of cyber loafing and OCB according to the demographic characteristics of workers.

Turkey has been undergoing structural changes since 2005 in healthcare and these changes force Turkey to reorganize its developing healthcare system. Based on the observations done in Turkey, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore, interviews and surveys in some hospitals and articles published in healthcare, this study is prepared. SWOT Analysis of Turkish healthcare is drawn. From SWOT Analysis, the TOWS matrix to deploy strategies is developed in order to be successful at global environment in future. Turkey has great potential of internationalism of healthcare with its geographical location, historical places, beaches and geysers. Malaysia and Singapore have got great benefits by internationalizing their healthcare by private sector. Turkey needs both assistant and specialized doctors to meet the needs of increasing population. Nursing homes can be opened to decrease the load hospitalization on public hospitals mainly concentrated on old and chronic illness with U-Health. Moreover, it is expected that medicines and devices used in healthcare are to be produced in Turkey to prevent money outflows to other countries and decrease budget deficits. A more transparent and objective performance system focusing on quality and satisfaction of both staff and patients are to be developed in order to maturate the healthcare with increasing share of healthcare in GDP in Turkey.

The main objective of this study is to find out the relationships between institutionalization level, strategic management level and human resource management level in family businesses. Secondly it is investigated whether the demographic characteristics of family businesses affect their levels of institutionalization, strategic management and human resource management. We gathered data from owner or authorized staff of family businesses located in the northeast Anatolia sub economic region of Turkey.

Today, sport is a phenomenon that almost everyone deals with. Athletics is the oldest sport of history and accepted as the base of all other sports. By establishing Turkish Republic athletics has continually grown up in our country, and it has been become locus of interest of a large number of people both dealing actively and following by. The purposes of this article are to share knowledge about the history of athletics in Agri province, to take attention to the importance and place of the contributions of this province in Turkish sport, and finally to make suggestions on improving athletics for this province. There is no written source containing detailed information about the history of athletics in Agri. We obtained the data by interviews with athletes, managers and workers. Athletics has been the most influential branch of sports and almost become a passion in Agri from 1930s to now. Almost everyone from 7 to 70 has great interest in athletics in Agri. The province has had very significant success at athletics and it has been a special region that caused athletics to gain successful sportsmen/sportswomen both nationally and internationally up to now. In brief we recommend that scientific methods should be used in detection and training of athletes and collaboration of institutions and organizations is needed to improve athletics in the province. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file . Ozet Spor, bugun hemen herkesi ilgilendiren bir fenomendir. Atletizm ise dunyanin en kadim sporu ve diger tum sporlarin temeli olarak kabul edilmektedir. Turkiye’de Cumhuriyet Doneminden sonra gelisen atletizm, bir yandan bireylerin aktif olarak yaptigi diger taraftan toplumun buyuk bir kesimi tarafinda ilgiyle izledigi bir spordur. Bu calismanin amaci Agri’da atletizm tarihi hakkinda bilgi vermek, Agri’nin atletizme yaptigi katkilarin Turk sporundaki yeri ve onemine dikkat cekmek ve ayrica Agri’da atletizm sporunun daha ileriye goturulmesi hususunda oneriler sunmaktir. Agri’da atletizm tarihi ile ilgili olarak detayli bilgi iceren yazili kaynaga rastlanmamistir. Bu calismadaki bilgiler mulakat teknigi ile elde edilmistir. Cesitli donemlerde spor yoneticiligi yapan sahislar, sporcular ve calisanlar veri kaynagini olusturmuslardir. Agri'da atletizm 1930’lu yillardan gunumuze gelinceye kadar en etkili spor dali olmus ve neredeyse bir tutku haline donusmustur. Yediden yetmise hemen herkes Agri'da atletizme buyuk bir ilgi duymaktadir. Gerek ulusal gerekse uluslararasi duzeyde Agri ili atletimde onemli basarilara imza atmis ve cok onemli sporcular yetistirmistir. Bolgede atletizmin ilerlemesi icin sporcu tespiti ve yetistirilmesinde bilimsel yontemler kullanilmali, kurum ve kuruluslar arasinda isbirligi saglanmalidir.

This study was carried out in 19 governmental offices located in the province of Agri, Eastern Anatolia, aiming to find out the job satisfaction level of public sector workers. Using descriptive survey design, the sample of the study was 267 public sector workers. To collect the data a scale including 20 items and two factors with five-point Likert was used. It was generated by three Turkish researchers in 1998 and based on Herzberg’s two factor theory. As a result of the study it was found out that the level of workers’ job satisfaction was middle also the same result remained valid for the other two factors. Another result was that there had been some differences according to workers’ characteristics. It was observed that the higher the position or academic qualification, the higher the job satisfaction level. The strong side of the study was that it was considerably comprehensive because it was held in all offices of the province and the number of responses was quiet adequate. On the other hand such a study was firstly done in public sector in the province. Thus it can be said that this study was worthwhile for the governance of the province. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.17.2.2203

The aim of this study is to develop new strategies for sustainable development of a group and to establish a holding from several companies by considering the regulations in the World Trade, recent developments in textile sector and raising conflicts among stakeholders. In this study, internal analysis of the group was carried out with interviews, observations and surveys. To prepare external analysis, the economical situation of Turkey and the World was researched and categorized under standard PEST (Political – Economic – Sociocultural – Technological) categories. Later, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis of the group was prepared and most significant factors were chosen. Important problems were identified and the purposes and objectives of the firm were determined by focusing on opportunities. In the light of these factors, TOWS (Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, and Strengths) matrix was prepared to combine external and internal factors of the enterprise in order to deploy strategies. A new organization structure of the group was determined and presented based on these strategies. Santrauka Šio straipsnio tikslas – pateikti Turkijos Kipas grupės, veikiančios tekstilės ir aprangos pramonėje, darnaus vystymosi strategijas, reorganizuojant grupę į holdingą. Tokiam organizacijos apsisprendimui įtakos turėjo pasaulio prekybos reguliavimo tekstilės sektoriaus pokyčiai, auganti Kinijos tekstilės produkcijos pasiūla ir vidinių konfliktų tarp suinteresuotų asmenų grupės viduje augimas. Šiame tyrime pristatoma vidinė Kipas grupės aplinkos analizė. Ji atlikta remiantis interviu, stebėjimo ir apklausos rezultatais. Išorinė aplinkos analizė ir Turkijos bei pasaulio ekonominė situacija analizuota remiantis PEST analize. Vėliau parengta SSGG (stiprybių, silpnybių, galimybių, grėsmių) grupės analizė ir išskirti reikšmingiausi veiksniai, darantys poveikį. Orientuojantis į išskirtas galimybes, buvo nustatyti strateginiai organizacijos tikslai ir uždaviniai. Kitu žingsniu, remiantis atlikta analize, buvo atlikta dar viena – šį kartą GGSS (galimybių, grėsmių, silpnybių, stiprybių) analizė. Ji sujungė išanalizuotus išorinius ir vidinius organizacijos aplinkos veiksnius, siekiant sudaryti darnaus vystymosi strategijas. Dėl to Kipas grupei buvo pasiūlyta nauja organizacinė struktūra. Reikšminiai žodžiai:strateginis valdymas,GGSS,PEST,reorganizacija,pokyčių valdymas,organi-zacinė struktūra

The scope of this article is to select, monitor, improve, and reward new suppliers' performance. The firm's management has decided to extend its suppliers activities in Far East and Turkey. Supplier Quality Engineering Team evaluates all new suppliers. The new suppliers should provide necessary documents (Quality Survey, Financial Statements, Assessment Report, and other requested documents) to the Supplier Assessment Team. Then, possible suppliers are evaluated and ranked with the firm's Sup- plier Assessment criteria. After evaluation, information will be set and used. Asian and European suppli- ers are evaluated in district manner. European suppliers were examined to create new suppliers data sys- tem. The new ranking system will be used by headquarter and sub-firms.

Straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti atotrūkio tarp esminių visuotinės kokybės vadybos vertybių ir organizacijos vertybių Turkijoje ir Lietuvoje dydį. Tyrimo rezultatai leido nustatyti atotrūkio tarp esminių visuotinės kokybės vadybos vertybių ir organizacijos vertybių Turkijoje ir Lietuvoje dydį. Taikant šį požiūrį pripažįstama, kad atskiros organizacijos susiduria su savitais iššūkiais diegiant visuotinę kokybės vadybą (VKV). Straipsnyje pateikiamas labiau niuansuotas požiūris į VKV diegimą ar atmetimą. Jame taip pat siūlomas būdas nustatyti būsimus diegimo iššūkius iš anksto, kad tai galėtų padėti diegiant VKV. Tirtose Lietuvos organizacijose vertybės yra artimesnės VKV dviejų dimensijų atžvilgiu „Orientacija ir koncentravimasis – vidinis ir/ar išorinis“ ir „Valdymas, koordinavimas ir atsakomybė“. Kita vertus, analizuotose Turkijos organizacijose vertybės yra artimesnės VKV skatinamoms „Teisybės ir racionalumo pagrindas organizacijoje“, „Laiko pobūdis ir laiko horizontas“, „Motyvacija“ ir „Orientacija į darbą, užduotis ir bendradarbius“ dimensijoms. Tirtos Lietuvos organizacijos labiau orientuotos į darbo procesą, o ne į darbą kaip rezultatą, ką skatina VKV. Todėl dėl šios dimensijos dar yra teorinių prieštaravimų. E.W. Deming teigė, kad orientacija į procesą yra svarbesnė, nei orientacija į rezultatą, nors šiuolaikiniai tobulumo modeliai smarkiai akcentuoja orientaciją į rezultatus. Orientacija į trumpalaikius terminus, kuri nesiderina su VKV skatinama orientacija į ilgą laikotarpį bus kitas didelis iššūkis Lietuvos organizacijoms, diegiančioms VKV. The research is centred on potentially existing gap between present organizational values and values essential to TQM. The values essential to TQM are fixed and encoded in its internal logic. Therefore each organization has different values which may be more or less compatible with values essential for TQM. The gap between TQM values and organisational values is measured according 8 dimensions of organizational culture suggested by Detert et al (2000) in Turkish and Lithuanian organizations. The results of research show that organizations from these countries will face different challenges when implementing TQM. Studied Turkish organizations are less oriented externally and less ready to delegate decision making as TQM would promote. Studied Lithuanian organizations are characterized by short-term orientation which is not compatible with TQM value. Such approach recognizes that individual organizations have individual challenges related with TQM adoption. It provides more nuanced, contingent view of TQM adoption or defection. It constitutes a mean to diagnose future implementation challenges in advance which could help change agents to prepare targeted attractors or interventions when implementing TQM.

Kipaş Group decided to change its management structure due to internal problems and changing environmental conditions. Thus, we have carried out some surveys to gather information about the organization. In this article, the results of surveys conducted at the reorganization project of Kipaş Group are presented with some important findings. 40 questions about the group were asked to 38 persons from the top management. Moreover, interviews were carried out after they filled the survey. The questions are grouped according to their related field. The attributes of survey were analyzed to compare the departments and check the validity of the survey. Reliability analysis is used to see the internal consistency of survey. To improve the internal consistency, some items were deleted from groups.

Purpose: Traditional hospital management focuses on stock control and orders system based on cost, time and image of hospital. Many patients cannot get effective treatment due to lack of quality in services and lack of medicines in healthcares. The main purpose of the article is to find reasons behind lack of efficiency in healthcare services in 8 big hospitals in the province of Erzurum. Design/methodology/approach: The method is used in this article to analyze the system of hospitals located in the province of Erzurum, eastern part of Turkey by asking open questions with some options. Forms were filled by top management of hospitals. Findings: It is found that they mainly depend on government policies and have low efficiency and high regulatory stock level. Moreover, there is a big bureaucracy in all operations found as the biggest obstacle behind lack of efficiency. Research limitations/implications: This work can be generalized by comparing hospitals in different part of Turkey. Improving Stock Management In Healthcares To Increase Efficiency 90 Originality/value: This paper brings beneficial results to see the profiles and problems of hospitals located in the province of Erzurum and analyze their last 5 years.

Bu çalısmanın temel amacı, örgütsel iletisim ile is tatmini arasındaki iliskiyi belirlemektir. Bu çalısma iki ana bölümden olusmaktadır. Birinci bölüm; örgüt, örgütsel iletisim ve is tatmini kavramlarının açıklandığı kuramsal çerçeveden olusmaktadır. İkinci bölüm ise arastırma kısmından olusmustur. Çalısmanın 247 hemsire üzerinde gerçeklestirilen uygulama bölümünün sonucu; örgütsel iletisimin is tatmini ile doğru yönlü bir iliskiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymustur. Veri toplama aracı olarak; İs ve İletisim Tatmini ve Önemi (JCSI) ölçeğinden yararlanılmıstır. Sonuç olarak; etkili bir örgütsel iletisime sahip örgütlerin, isgören üzerinde daha fazla is tatmini sağladığı ortaya çıkmıstır. Buna ilaveten sağlık sektöründe çalısan hemsirelerde is tatminsizliğine neden olan faktörler ifade edilmistir., Basic aim of this study is to determine relations between organizational communication and job satisfaction. This study composed of two main parts. The first part consists of theoretical framework which explains the concepts of organization, organizational communication and job satisfaction. Finally the second one is devoted to empirical analysis. Results of the application, which was held on 247 nurses showed that job satisfaction was positively related to organizational communication. The participants completed a survey consisting of the Job- Communication Satisfaction-Importance (JCSI) Questionnaire. According to the analyze results organizations, which have an effective organizational communication, cause more employee job satisfaction than the others. Furthermore, it has been implied to determine causes of dissatisfaction factors of nurses that working healthcare sector.

Bu çalışmada günlük hayatın ve sosyal uyumun çok önemli bir parçası olan problem çözme becerisinin öğretmenlerdeki düzeyi araştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini 2008 yılında Ağrı il merkezinde görev yapan 163 ilköğretim okulu öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Heppner ve Petersen (1982) tarafından geliştirilen, Şahin, Şahin ve Heppner (1993) tarafından Türkçe’ye uyar-lanan “Problem Çözme Envanteri” kullanılmıştır. Analizlerde yüzde, frekans, orta-lama, t testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre öğretmenler kendilerini yüksek düzeyde (ortanın biraz üzerinde) problem çözücü olarak algılamaktadırlar., In this study the level of teachers’ problem solving skills which is an important part of daily life and social adaptation is investigated. The sample of the study is 163 primary school teachers working in the city center of Ağrı in 2008. The data were collected using Problem Solving Inventory which was initially developed by Heppner and Petersen (1982) and then adapted to Turkish by Şahin, Şahin and Heppner (1993). In order to analyze the data, percentage, frequency, mean, t test and One Way Anova were used. As a result of the study it is found out that teachers perceived their problem solving skill levels as “high” (a bit higher than medium).

Son yıllarda yapılandırmacı yaklaşım eğitim alanında oldukça etkili olmaya başlamıştır. Yapılandırmacılık, birçok düşünür, psikolog ve eğitimcinin çalışmalarına dayanan bir bilgi kuramıdır. Yapılandırmacı yaklaşıma göre kişi yeni bilgileri kendisi yaratır. Bu yaratma kişinin mevcut bilgi, inanç ve değerleri ile yeni düşünce, sorun ve deneyimlerinin etkileşimi sonucu ortaya çıkar. Türkiye’de daha iyi bir eğitim modeli geliştirmek için yoğun çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı 2005–2006 eğitim öğretim yılından itibaren yapılandırmacı yaklaşımı ülke genelindeki tüm ilköğretim okullarında uygulama kararı almıştır. Yeni yapılandırmacı programlar hazırlanmış ve 2004–2005 eğitim öğretim yılı sonunda ilköğretim okulu öğretmenlerine tanıtılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ilköğretim okulu öğretmen ve yöneticilerinin yapılandırmacı eğitim yaklaşımı ve yeni programlar hakkındaki görüşlerini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın örneklemini 2005 yılında Ağrı ilinde görev yapan ve yeni programların tanıtım eğitimine katılan rastgele seçilmiş 195 ilköğretim okulu öğretmeni ve yöneticisi oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplamak amacıyla araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen “Yapılandırmacı Eğitim Yaklaşımı Değerlendirme Anketi” kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel analizlerde aritmetik ortalama, t testi ve varyans analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre öğretmen ve yöneticiler yapılandırmacı eğitim yaklaşımı hakkında genel olarak olumlu görüş bildirmektedirler. Yeni programların önündeki en önemli engel olarak da okullardaki altyapı eksiklikleri gösterilmektedir., In recent years the constructivist approach has had increasing influence over teaching and learning. Constructivism is a theory of the nature of knowledge based on the work of a variety of philosophers, psychologists, and educators. Constructivism holds that people create new knowledge as a result of the interaction of their existing knowledge, beliefs, and values with new ideas, problems, or experiences. It has been tried to found a better model for education in Turkey. The Ministry of Education decided to apply constructivist approach in primary education all over the country in the 2005-2006 scholastic year. New constructivist programs were prepared and introduced to primary school teachers at the end of the 2004-2005 scholastic year. The aim of this study is to determine the view of primary school teachers and administrators about constructivist education approach and the new constructivist programs. Subjects for this study were randomly selected 195 primary school teachers and administrators (after attending the introduction of new programs) working in the province of Ağrı in 2005. A questionnaire developed by researchers was used to gather data. Data were tabulated by means; t test and one way ANOVA were used in statistical analysis. Findings indicated that teachers and administrators generally had a positive view about constructivist education approach. On the other hand they thought that the most important handicap for the new constructivist program was the problems of infrastructure in our schools.

Although employees are regarded as sources of change, creativity, learning and innovation which are strategic factors to achieve organizational goals, many of them choose to be silent and not to convey their valuable opinions and concerns about the problems in their organizations. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is determined as a set of discretionary workplace behaviors that exceed one's basic job requirements. From this point of view it could be said that organizational silence (OS) and OCB are very vital for organizations. In this study the relationship between OS and OCB is investigated. The data gathered from employees of two medicine firms and two hospitals located in the province of Erzurum, Turkey.

The data for this study was gathered from call-center workers in the province of Erzurum/Turkey. In this study, it is aimed to find out firstly the relationships between organizational cynicism, perceived job insecurity and turnover intention. As a result of the study, we found out that there are strong relationships among those concepts. The higher the level of organizational cynicism results in the higher level of perceived job insecurity and the higher level of turnover intention. Secondly, it is investigated whether the demographic characteristics of workers affect the levels of organizational cynicism, job insecurity and turnover intention or not. We observed that there were statistically significant differences between the levels of those concepts according to the demographic characteristics of workers.