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This mini-review represents a brief, disorder-centric consideration of the interplay between order and disorder in proteins. The goal here is to show that inside the cell, folding, non-folding, and misfolding of proteins are interlinked on multiple levels. This is evidenced by the highly heterogeneous spatio-temporal structural organization of a protein molecule, where one can find differently (dis)ordered components that can undergo local or global order-to-disorder and disorder-to-order transitions needed for functionality. This is further illustrated by the fact that at particular moments of their life, most notably during their synthesis and degradation, all proteins are at least partially disordered. In addition to these intrinsic forms of disorder, proteins are constantly facing extrinsic disorder, which is intrinsic disorder in their functional partners. All this comprises the multileveled protein disorder cycle.

Order and disorder are important principles in materials science in which entropy is a measure of disorder in a system. For example, recently developed high-entropy alloys and amorphous alloys have drawn interest based on the ability to design their disorder to bring out different material characteristics. High-entropy alloys are controlled by chemical disorder, whereas amorphous alloys are governed by topological disorder. There is often a need to increase disorder or entropy in these materials to satisfy certain complex performance requirements. Here, we examine the roles of order, disorder, and entropy in amorphous and high-entropy alloys. Several key research topics are summarized, including high-entropy films, high-entropy ceramics, and high-entropy alloys. Moreover, there remain questions about the role of entropy stabilization in high-entropy ceramics. Here, we also report three novel porous light-weight high-entropy nitrides based on the NbTiAlSi system. Our findings clarify the general role of entropy in high-entropy ceramics.

Many different types of artworks mimic the properties of natural fractal patterns – in particular, statistical self-similarity at different scales. Here, we describe examples of abstract art create...

This article presents a case study of life and work at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich (1835–1933) which reveals tensions between the lived reality of the observatory as a social space, and the attempts to create order, maintain discipline and project an image of authority in order to ensure the observatory's long-term stability. Domestic, social and scientific activities all intermingled within the observatory walls in ways which were occasionally disorderly. But life at Greenwich was carefully managed to stave off such disorder and to maintain an appearance of respectability which was essential to the observatory's reputation and output. The article focuses on three areas of management: (1) the observatory's outer boundaries, demonstrating how Greenwich navigated both human and environmental intrusions from the wider world; (2) the house, examining how Greenwich's domestic spaces provided stability, while also complicating observatory life via the management of domestic servants; and (3) the scientific spaces, with an emphasis on the work and play of the observatory's boy computers. Together, these three parts demonstrate that the stability of the observatory was insecure, despite being perpetuated via powerful physical and social boundaries. It had to be continually maintained, and was regularly challenged by Greenwich's occupants and neighbours.

The edge of chaos has been constantly viewed as a metaphor for the current state our world: a constant coexistence of order and disorder. [...] Several authors working within education and organizational environments have highlighted that creators must perform at the ‘edge of chaos’ in order to produce creative and adaptive solutions. [...] This paper aims to discuss the dichotomy between order and disorder in the creative environment (socio- physics aspects) of architecture students from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Particularly, this paper focuses on students who are working on their Final Graduation Work (FGW), because, unlike other tasks, this activity is completed away from the classroom, in a space 'in-between' – in-betweenwork and home spaces, in-between the collective and the individual, in-between order and chaos.

Structural disorder is widespread in eukaryotic proteins and is vital for their function in diverse biological processes. It is therefore highly desirable to be able to predict the degree of order and disorder from amino acid sequence. It is, however, notoriously difficult to predict the degree of local flexibility within structured domains and the presence and nuances of localized rigidity within intrinsically disordered regions. To identify such instances, we used the CheZOD database, which encompasses accurate, balanced, and continuous-valued quantification of protein (dis)order at amino acid resolution based on NMR chemical shifts. To computationally forecast the spectrum of protein disorder in the most comprehensive manner possible, we constructed the sequence-based protein order/disorder predictor ODiNPred, trained on an expanded version of CheZOD. ODiNPred applies a deep neural network comprising 157 unique sequence features to 1325 protein sequences together with the experimental NMR chemical shift data. Cross-validation for 117 protein sequences shows that ODiNPred better predicts the continuous variation in order along the protein sequence, suggesting that contemporary predictors are limited by the quality of training data. The inclusion of evolutionary features reduces the performance gap between ODiNPred and its peers, but analysis shows that it retains greater accuracy for the more challenging prediction of intermediate disorder.

This article addresses Lucy Hutchinson’s Order and Disorder, an epic, twenty-canto retelling of Genesis. Scholars have often considered Hutchinson’s poem an inferior version of Paradise Lost insofar as it does not transgress biblical narrative. Attending to the poem’s portrayal of childbearing in relation to seventeenth-century birthing prayers and affect theory, this article demonstrates how Hutchinson’s figuration of the body belies any notion of her poem as “Christian cliché.” The article argues that the political value of Order and Disorder stems not from Hutchinson’s depiction of motherhood as a prototype of self-possessed, liberal political agency, but from her account of affective feeling as unbinding woman from any fixed position or category. Finally, the article shows how Hutchinson’s depiction of childbearing, as an ongoing process rather than a teleological event, parallels her understanding of both poetry and providence.

The article is focused on genre peculiarities of a comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream by W. Shakespeare and its essential features within the genre of the drama. It is defined that an important aspect of combining such factors as characters and structure, themes and motifs of the play under the analysis makes the plot interesting and catching. Due to some innovative approach the author, on the one hand, tries to separate themes from motifs but at the same time shows how they are entwined and merge when the structure needs it. The author assumes that the major themes of the play are: love and marriage, fantasy and reality, order and disorder. It is also proved that a comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream offers intrepid contrasts, diverse plot components, climatic atmosphere and colourful characters.

In this paper, we highlight the connection between the local structure and collective dynamics of the defective fluorites La2Ce2O7 and Nd2Ce2O7. The local and average structure is explored by investigating a large number of different structural models and snapshots from Born-Oppenheimer Molecular dynamics calculations. Both compounds show a strong preference for local oxygen vacancy order similar to that found in the C-type structure. This suggests that previous studies, where Nd2Ce2O7 and La2Ce2O7 are viewed as disordered defective fluorites, or as a pyrochlore for the latter, did not capture the nature of local order in the disordered phase. We observe more collective chains of migrating oxygen in Nd2Ce2O7 - a manifestation of a stronger preference for a dynamic local oxygen vacancy order - than in La2Ce2O7. The stronger preference for 210 vacancy-vacancy alignments can explain why long range ordering is identified by distinct C-type like superlattice peaks in neutron diffraction patterns for Nd2Ce2O7 whereas they appear to be almost invisible in La2Ce2O7.

Calcium oxalate minerals are broadly present in nature. They form through biogenic, geogenic, and pathogenic processes that lead to different pseudopolymorphs. Being the most common solid phase in human nephrolithiasis, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) in particular has been the focus of much investigation. It exists in several crystalline forms, two of which appear to be of biological and medical relevance: the low- and high-temperature forms (COM-LT and COM-HT, respectively). While there is broad consensus on the ordered structure of COM-LT, which possesses the P21/n space group symmetry, for COM-HT controversy remains. Experimental results suggest that there is a certain degree of structural disorder in the high-temperature form. However, the exact character of disorder in COM-HT is yet an open question. Here, we examine the effect of the disorder of water molecules on the structure of COM using first-principles calculations based on dispersion-augmented density functional theory (DFT). Such calculati...

Purpose of Review Neighborhood disorder has received attention as a determinant of health in urban contexts, through pathways that include psychosocial stress, perceived safety, and physical activity. This review provides a summary of data collection methods, descriptive terms, and specific items employed to assess neighborhood disorder/order. Recent Findings The proliferation of methods and terminology employed in measuring neighborhood disorder (or neighborhood order) noted over the past two decades has made related studies increasingly difficult to compare. Following a search of peer-reviewed articles published from January 1998 to May 2018, this rapid literature review identified 18 studies that described neighborhood environments, yielding 23 broad terms related to neighborhood disorder/order, and a total of 74 distinct measurable items. Summary A majority of neighborhood disorder/order measurements were assessed using primary data collection, often relying on resident self-report or investigatory observations conducted in person or using stored images for virtual audits. Items were balanced across signs of order or disorder, and further classification was proposed based on whether items were physically observable and relatively stable over time.

A host of collective dynamics are observed at all scales in Nature when living creatures and cells interact, forming swarms, herds and flocks. From a physicists' perspective, assemblies of self propelled bodies propelling along a common direction can be either thought as ordered condensed matter or as spontaneously flowing fluids. This experimental thesis is based on the realization ofsynthetic active liquids flowing spontaneously in microfluidic geometries. I use this model system toaddress the self-organisation of polar active matter and its robustness to geometric disorder. Inert colloids are motorized taking advantage of the Quincke rotation mechanism. When confined in microfluidic devices, interacting colloidal particules self-organize into synthetic flockswhere millions of rollers propel coherently and display long-range orientational order. I first show how the coupling between topological defects and active flows control theordering dynamics of polar liquids. To do so I provide a quantitative description of the geometry and dynamics of topological defects in polar active matter. I demonstrate the atypical existence of domainwalls emanating from -1 topological charges and explain their stabilisation as a result of a competition between density gradients and self-advection. I explain how topological defects annihilate along adomain wall network and account for the self-similar kinetics leading to the emergence of an ordered liquid devoid of any topological singularity or geometric distortions. I then address the flow of active liquids in heterogeneous environments. How is collectivemotion destabilized when challenged by geometric disorder ? To answer this question, I combine active-microfluidic experiments based on a colloidal polar liquid flowing through microfluidic devices patterned with controlled but random distributions of repelling isotropic obstacles Beyond a critical fraction of obstacles, long-range orientational order is destroyed: the stationary flows are tortuous and organized around a finite density of frozen topological defects. I reveal a new emerging state of active matter with no counterpart in equilibrium: a dynamic vortex glass, analogous to vortex glasses in dirty superconductors.; Une multitude de comportements collectifs s’observent à toutes les échelles dans la nature, lorsque des animaux ou des cellules interagissent, formant des troupeaux, des essaims ou des colonies. Du point de vue des physiciens, les assemblées d’individus auto-propulsés se déplaçant dans une direction commune peuvent être considérées soit comme de la matière condensée ordonnée, soit comme des fluides s'écoulant spontanément. Cette thèse expérimentale est basée sur la réalisation de liquides actifs synthétiques s'écoulant spontanément dans des géométries micro-fluidiques. J'utilise ce système modèle pour aborder l'autoorganisation de la matière active polaire et sa robustesse face au désordre géométrique. Des colloïdes inertes sont motorisés en profitant du mécanisme de rotation de Quincke. Lorsqu'elles sont confinées dans des dispositifs micro-fluidiques, les particules colloïdales en interaction s'auto-organisent en troupeaux synthétiques où des millions de rouleurs se propulsent de manière cohérente et affichent un ordre orientationnel à longue portée. Je montre d'abord comment le couplage entre défauts topologiques et écoulements actifs contrôle la dynamique d’auto-organisation des liquides polaires. Pour ce faire, je fournis une description quantitative de la géométrie et de la dynamique des défauts topologiques dans la matière active polaire. Je démontre l'existence atypique de murs de domaine émanant de charges topologiques -1 et j’explique leur stabilisation comme le résultat d'une compétition entre gradients de densité et auto-advection. J'explique comment les défauts topologiques s'annihilent le long d'un réseau de murs de domaines et rendent compte de la cinétique auto-similaire conduisant à l'émergence d'un liquide ordonné dépourvu de toute singularité topologique ou distorsion géométrique. J'aborde ensuite l'écoulement de liquides actifs dans des environnements hétérogènes. Comment le mouvement collectif est-il déstabilisé face au désordre géométrique ? Pour répondre à cette question, je combine des expériences basées sur un liquide polaire colloïdal circulant à travers des dispositifs micro-fluidiques modelés avec des distributions contrôlées mais aléatoires d'obstacles isotropes répulsifs. Au-delà d'une fraction critique d'obstacles, l'ordre orientationnel à longue portée est détruit : les écoulements stationnaires sont tortueux et organisés autour d'une densité finie de défauts topologiques gelés. Je révèle ainsi un nouvel état émergent de la matière active, sans contrepartie à l’équilibre : un verre de vortex dynamique, analogue aux verres de vortex dans les supraconducteurs désordonnés.

Continuous switching between internal and external modes in the brain appears important for generating models of the self and the world. However, how the brain transitions between these two modes remains unknown. We propose that a large synchronization fluctuation of brain networks, emerging only near criticality (i.e., a balanced state between order and disorder), spontaneously creates temporal windows with distinct preferences for integrating the network’s internal information or for processing external stimuli. Using a computational model, electroencephalography (EEG) analysis, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis during alterations of consciousness in humans, we report that synchronized and incoherent networks, respectively, bias toward internal and external information with specific network configurations. In the brain network model and EEG-based network, the network preferences are the most prominent at criticality and in conscious states associated with the bandwidth 4−12 Hz, with alternating functional network configurations. However, these network configurations are selectively disrupted in different states of consciousness such as general anesthesia, psychedelic states, minimally conscious states, and unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. The network preference for internal information integration is only significant in conscious states and psychedelic states, but not in other unconscious states, suggesting the importance of internal information integration in maintaining consciousness. The fMRI co-activation pattern analysis shows that functional networks that are sensitive to external stimuli–such as default mode, dorsal attentional, and frontoparietal networks–are activated in incoherent states, while insensitive networks, such as global activation and deactivation networks, are dominated in highly synchronized states. We suggest that criticality produces a functional platform for the brain’s capability for continuous switching between two modes, which is crucial for the emergence of consciousness.

Higher education system is not only a complex nonlinear system, but also a complex adaptive system; Order and disorder is one of the most important concepts, the system works from disorderly to orderly is also an adaptive result. In this paper, the characteristics of higher education system are analyzed from the point of view of complex adaptive system, and the order and disorder existing in higher education system and the transformation between them are analyzed by combining the theory of dissipative structure in complexity science and the thought of synergetics, in order to understand the operation law of higher education system more clearly.

Complex dynamical fluctuations, from intracellular noise, brain dynamics or computer traffic display bursting dynamics consistent with a critical state between order and disorder. Living close to the critical point has adaptive advantages and it has been conjectured that evolution could select these critical states. Is this the case of living cells? A system can poise itself close to the critical point by means of the so-called self-organized criticality (SOC). In this paper we present an engineered gene network displaying SOC behaviour. This is achieved by exploiting the saturation of the proteolytic degradation machinery in E. coli cells by means of a negative feedback loop that reduces congestion. Our critical motif is built from a two-gene circuit, where SOC can be successfully implemented. The potential implications for both cellular dynamics and behaviour are discussed., This work was supported by the Botin Foundation by Banco Santander through its Santander Universities Global Division, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, grant AEI-PID2019-111680GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, an AGAUR FI 2018 grant, and the Santa Fe Institute (where the key idea was conceived). J.S. and A.G. have been partially funded by the CERCA Programme of the Generalitat de Catalunya. J.S. acknowledges support from Agencia Estatal de Investigación grant RTI2018-098322-B-I00 and Ramón y Cajal contract RYC-2017-22243. A.G. has been funded by the AGAUR grant 2017-SGR-1049 and by the MINECO-FEDER-UE grants PGC-2018-098676-B-100 and RTI2018-093860-B-C21.

Colours in natural systems, e.g. bird feathers, butterfly wings or the peacock, are often created by scattering of nanostructured materials, rather than the common absorption mechanism of dyes. Bacterial colonies of Flavobacterium strain IR1 were discovered to possess incredibly bright structural colouration [1] . The 2D hexagonal crystalline arrangement of the cells is found to be a distinctive fingerprint of the colony organisation [2] . By combining analytical analysis of the angle-resolved scattering response of in-vivo bacterial colonies with numerical modelling, we show that we can access to the inter-cells distance and cell diameter with a resolution below 10 nm, far better than what can be achieved with conventional electron microscopy, suffering from preparation artefacts. Retrieving the role of disorder at different length scales from the salient features in the scattering spectra enables to obtain a precise understanding of the structural organisation of the bacteria in three dimensions and to gather insights into their metabolism relevant for inter-cellular communication. These measurements of intercellular distances within Flavobacterium colonies enable to study the physical interactions of cells during adaptation of the colony structure to environmental conditions, such as nutrient content and allows the use of their structural colour for biosensing applications.

Among biological macromolecules, proteins hold prominent roles in a vast array of physiological and pathological processes [...]

This chapter spotlights the role of the state (via the army) in enforcing urban security and in creating professional policing for the capital city. It begins by describing the greatest building project in Dublin, the Royal Barracks. The creation within a capital city of such a vast military establishment was a consequence of the agreement by the (all Protestant) Irish Parliament to house and maintain on Irish soil the bulk of the English standing army during peacetime. The chapter then turns to study the logic behind the increased concentration of the military in the cities. It argues that the permanent presence of military manpower, albeit in largely open residential barracks, helped make the case for continuing the gradual process of urban de-fortification. The chapter also looks into the three collective threats to urban order: faction fights, scarcity riots and artisan protests. It focuses more on the severe food shortages across Ulster and the food protests in 1729 in which civic authorities turned to the military for help. Finally, the chapter reviews the implications of industrial protest — a collective action by producers taken against their masters, other traders or workers, or even against consumers.

This article contributes to debates about how capitalist corporations ‘see’, and how they concurrently relate to the places where they are located. It argues that an analytical focus on ‘seeing’ illuminates how internal organization and outward relation making are tied together in complex ways. Even so, corporations of the extractive industries in particular cannot be assumed to encompass a single coherent view. The empirical case is a critical examination of how a gas project employed strict health, safety, and security measures to generate order when encountering alterity in an unfamiliar environment in Papua New Guinea. It reveals how the project was organized around two conflicting ways of seeing its host country—trying to separate itself from it while simultaneously having to engage and provide benefits for it.

Metasurfaces enable the manipulation of light’s disorder strength in a two-dimensional photonic system. Here we report on the spectral interleaving of an ordered and a disordered system within a geometric phase metasurface. The efficiency of prevalent interleaving techniques is limited by the number of functions incorporated within the metasurface. We present a shared-aperture extinction cross-section approach relying on interleaving of spectrally selective nanoantenna arrays, each having a large extinction cross-section, thus allowing to overcome this limitation. Using this approach, we realize a silicon-based spectral interleaving metasurface for spectrum-dependent disguise, holographic tagging, and imaging of a target object. The shared-aperture extinction cross-section concept opens the path for the generation of multiple, efficient, and spectrally resolved functions in a two-dimensional photonic system. The presented order–disorder interleaving approach offers new prospects for the manipulation of li...

Science advances 7(27), eabh3805 (1-19) (2021). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh3805, Because of its small size (70 kilodalton) and large content of structural disorder (>50%), the human growth hormone receptor (hGHR) falls between the cracks of conventional high-resolution structural biology methods. Here, we study the structure of the full-length hGHR in nanodiscs with small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) as the foundation. We develop an approach that combines SAXS, x-ray diffraction, and NMR spectroscopy data obtained on individual domains and integrate these through molecular dynamics simulations to interpret SAXS data on the full-length hGHR in nanodiscs. The hGHR domains reorient freely, resulting in a broad structural ensemble, emphasizing the need to take an ensemble view on signaling of relevance to disease states. The structure provides the first experimental model of any full-length cytokine receptor in a lipid membrane and exemplifies how integrating experimental data from several techniques computationally may access structures of membrane proteins with long, disordered regions, a widespread phenomenon in biology., Published by Assoc., Washington, DC [u.a.]

All things we create with our ingenuity go through a life cycle, even if not formally defined. This cycle is a mixture of divergence and convergence, construction and destruction, order and disorder, in cycles that are visited and revisited, over and over. Nothing engineered is automatically nor magically created, but incrementally realized by the execution of a variety of activities, bringing objects from just abstract ideas to an operative device, which performs a job to fulfill a need. To achieve this, a set of factors must be surely taken care of: the business factor, the social factor, and the technical factor. In order to organize the huge task of turning rather fuzzy ideas into an operable space system on scarce resources and without clear requirements, NewSpace organizations must carefully break the work down into smaller pieces they can manage, and then put the pieces back together. The social interactions while designing those systems, and the inescapable connection between the way people interact and the systems they design, shape the journey from beginning to end.

This research is based on explaining the dynamics that led the Iran, Russia and Turkey to initiate Astana Process within the framework of the Syrian Civil War’s changing dynamics. The article intends to combine power politics with the “complexity” paradigm. Linear ontology is problematic in explaining the changing dynamics. On the other hand, the complexity paradigm explains non-linear processes derived from its ontological foundation. Especially the variety and diversity of actors, their interconnection, interdependence, and co-adaptation to the situation can be a solution against the reductionism of this phenomenon. Actors in the Syrian crisis are very diverse, and it can be observed that actors like ISIS can profoundly affect the policies in this process, and the Syrian issue can affect varied actors’ security and foreign policies that are also based on power competition. Complexity paradigm assumes system as complex, more dynamic and living that many actors (which are not exogenous as closed units) interact with many feedback loops; thus the outcome of the events may not be predicted. IR is also impacted by many various parameters and variables which are interconnected and interdependent, indeed, also the main actors in the system cannot be limited by only states which are socializing and affected by the structure in their interactions considering the critical impact of the substate factors, transnational terrorist groups, and many other variable causes as well as their interactions in the international changing and co-evolutionary dynamics. Russia, Turkey, and Iran (the guarantors of the Astana Process) have followed different policies and demonstrated divergent outlooks regarding the crisis. Indeed the priorities and set agendas differed from one another as well as objectives to pursue in the disorder occurred by fragmented and diversified dynamics in Syria. However “unpredictable” events of changing dynamics resulted in diversification of states’ agendas. The prolongation of the civil war led to the introduction of new actors along with it, and especially the states sharing the border with Syria were also exposed to new threats. It can be seen that with the emergence of ISIS and Russian activism in the Syrian complexity, especially her intervention in Syria as well as other actors’ policies on this complexity, the regional and global powers have also co-adapted their policies on the changing dynamics. This co-adaptation also derives from the intertwined causalities in the complexity which is between the order and disorder. The Astana process is also an expression of this co-adaptation in Iranian, Russian and Turkish policies in Syrian Complexity. The complexity paradigm offers an alternative framework in order to understand the process-oriented interconnected power struggle in disorder. The characteristics of the “processes” in the Syrian disorder symbolizes the fracturing component in the power struggle that brings non-linear orientation. The power struggle shaped by the non-linear dynamics by the time and processes in the changing dynamics brings about flexibility in the behaviors of the actors in order to maintain their initial priorities in their foreign policies or their main objectives in the changing dynamics. That results in the co-evolutionary dynamics in the interactions between the relative power distributed actors restrained or allowed activism in structure, and between the actors and structure that co-shaped each other in the area.

The chapter outlines genealogically the shortcomings of traditional theories and concepts of order and disorder in sociology, political science, and IR theory by analyzing how the question of ontology with regard to thinking global order remains largely unexplored in traditional theories of social order and IR. It asserts that mainstream IR theory precludes the exploration of global normative order(s).

This work presents a discussion about the application of the Kolmogorov; López-Ruiz, Mancini, and Calbet (LMC); and Shiner, Davison, and Landsberg (SDL) complexity measures to a common situation in physics described by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. The first idea about complexity measure started in computer science and was proposed by Kolmogorov, calculated similarly to the informational entropy. Kolmogorov measure when applied to natural phenomena, presents higher values associated with disorder and lower to order. However, it is considered that high complexity must be associated to intermediate states between order and disorder. Consequently, LMC and SDL measures were defined and used in attempts to model natural phenomena but with the inconvenience of being defined for discrete probability distributions defined over finite intervals. Here, adapting the definitions to a continuous variable, the three measures are applied to the known Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution describing thermal neutron velocity in a power reactor, allowing extension of complexity measures to a continuous physical situation and giving possible discussions about the phenomenon.

La teoría del caos está orientada a comprender y gestionar maquinas vivientes no triviales, que son impredecibles, que originan un nuevo orden de vida y gestión; nos prepara para reaccionar de manera rápida, ágil, ante situaciones inesperadas, ante hechos disruptivos. Para ello, el trabajador debe optar por un pensamiento no parcelado, no reduccionista, no dividido; debiendo reconocer que todo es probable, que todo es posible, que no existe un solo futuro, que nada está acabado y completo, que la realidad no es absoluta, que cada persona manifiesta su realidad en función a sus percepciones, que el orden y el desorden coexisten, que todo sucede por algo, que el caos es necesario para pensar de manera diferente y que la crisis es una fuente inagotable de creatividad y oportunidad para hacer las cosas diferentes. Que el desorden se incrementa si la ilusión y el error nos gobiernan; que, a mayor nivel de entropía, se consume más energía ineficaz, creando un orden desorganizado y obstaculizando el logro del atractor.

Complex dynamical fluctuations, from molecular noise within cells, collective intelligence, brain dynamics or computer traffic have been shown to display noisy behaviour consistent with a critical state between order and disorder. Living close to the critical point can have a number of adaptive advantages and it has been conjectured that evolution could select (and even tend to) these critical states. One way of approaching such state is by means of so called self-organized criticality (SOC) where the system poises itself close to the critical point. Is this the case of living cells? It is difficult to test this idea given the enormous dimensionality associated with gene and metabolic webs. In this paper we present an alternative approach: to engineer synthetic gene networks displaying SOC behaviour. This is achieved by exploiting the presence of a saturation (congestion) phenomenon of the ClpXP protein degradation machinery in E. coli cells. Using a feedback design that detects and then reduces ClpXP congestion, a critical motif is built from a two-gene network system, where SOC can be successfully implemented. Both deterministic and stochastic models are used, consistently supporting the presence of criticality in intracellular traffic. The potential implications for both cellular dynamics and designed intracellular noise are discussed.

We demonstrate that the KullbackLeibler Divergence emerges in a natural manner from a theory of entropy inside of BB84 protocol under the assumption that the sending and receiving of data are governed by polarized photons without any explicit law that defines the coincidence of bits in both parties. More than an analysis that explore the concepts of encryption, in this paper we focus on the possible apparition of events of order and disorder. In this manner we built a formalism entirely based on the entropy from random events that are generated as part of the strategy of security. For a photon linear polarization, the entropy might be high enough that would be a source of errors as reflected on the lost of information by a 10% due to polarization superposition of states.

© The Author(s) 2020. In this essay we reflect on the relationship between aesthetic practices and racialised conceptions of belonging. In particular, we explore attributions of beauty and ugliness, order and disorder, as these are made in relation to local space, and we consider how these attributions can be linked to proprietorial claims about who is welcome in those spaces. Our focus is thus on the everyday aesthetics of location: the ways in which aesthetic judgements are tied to the inhabitation of space and, in this case, the exclusionary potential of ‘ways of looking’ at such spaces and at the social relations which exist within them. Drawing on data from qualitative research in two adjoining neighbourhoods in Glasgow’s Southside, we make three analytical contributions. First, we consider the racialising potential of everyday aesthetic responses to local space. Second, we explore the ways in which local social relations themselves can be aesthetically interpreted. Third, we reflect on forms of everyday aesthetic resistance.

Despite the many physiological and pathophysiological functions of the human growth hormone receptor (hGHR), a detailed understanding of itsmodus operandiis hindered by the lack of structural information of the entire receptor at the molecular level. Due to its relatively small size (70 kDa) and large content of structural disorder (>50%), this membrane protein falls between the cracks of conventional high-resolution structural biology methods. Here, we study the structure of the full-length hGHR in nanodiscs with small angle-X-ray scattering (SAXS) as the foundation. We developed an approach in which we combined SAXS, X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy obtained on the individual domains and integrated the data through molecular dynamics simulations to interpret SAXS data on the full-length hGHR in nanodiscs. The structure of the hGHR was determined in its monomeric state and provides the first experimental model of any full-length cytokine receptor in a lipid membrane. Combined, our results highlight that the three domains of the hGHR are free to reorient relative to each other, resulting in a broad structural ensemble. Our work exemplifies how integrating experimental data from several techniques computationally, may enable the characterization of otherwise inaccessible structures of membrane proteins with long disordered regions, a widespread phenomenon in biology. To understand orchestration of cellular signaling by disordered chains, the hGHR is archetypal and its structure emphasizes that we need to take a much broader, ensemble view on signaling.