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The current study was designed to investigate the effect of dried orange pulp inclusion (OP diet), natural zeolite addition (Z diet), or both (OPZ diet) compared to control (CON diet) on digestibility, growth performance, nitrogen utilization, blood biochemical, antioxidative status, and cecum microbiota of growing rabbits. Seventy-two V-line male rabbits (6 weeks old) were divided into 4 balanced experimental groups. Results showed that administration of dried orange pulp or zeolite especially the OPZ diet significantly improved nutrient digestibility and nutritive values. Rabbits fed the experimental diets (OP, Z, or OPZ) recorded significantly higher values of average daily gain, N-retention, and N-balance compared with those fed the CON diet. Data on blood biochemical, showed non-significant differences in globulin concentrations, and significant decreases in levels of cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoproteins), triglycerides, and MDA (malondialdehyde) as an antioxidant biomarker with OP, Z, or OPZ diets. Moreover, the incorporation of orange pulp or zeolite in diets significantly decreased the cecal count of E. coli, with no significant difference in total bacterial count among the experimental groups. It could be concluded that a combination between dried orange pulp and natural zeolite in the diet can enhance the growth performance, antioxidant and health status of rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, the agro-industrial by-products (AIBP) have received considerable attention. In this context, we aimed to investigate the effect of AIBP as a source of non-fiber carbohydrates on biogas production kinetic, methane emission, and fermentation characteristics. Experimental treatments were (1) sugar beet pulp (SBP) (control), (2) apple pomace (AP), (3) orange pulp (OP, (4) 33% AP + 66% OP, (5) 50% AP + 50% OP, and (6) 66% AP + 33% OP. Field emission scanning electron microscope was used to show the nano structural differences of the AIBP. Results of proximate analyzes, demonstrated significant differences of the crude protein among the treatments (P < 0.05). Biogas production and methane emission were significantly higher in SBP and OP treatments (P < 0.05). The highest and the lowest amounts of acetate were observed for AP and OP (61.84 mmol/L, 58.15 mmol/L), respectively. More broken edges were obvious in OP images. Yet, particle size was rather smaller in SBP. Images of AP showed a sleek surface which may act as a shield preventing more digestion. To conclude, utilization of AIBP, as non-fiber energy source, not only could contribute towards reducing environmental contamination but could also positively affect degradation, biogas kinetics, methane emission and in vitro fermentation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study orange pulp, dried in hot air, was replaced at control, 7.5, 15 and 22.5% levels (DM basis) with ground corn in the concentrate feeds of dairy goats. Considering the milk yield, average live weight and age of the animals, a total of 24 animals were used in 4 groups with 6 animals in each. Goats with 1375±330 ml milk yield, 2.45±0.17 years of age and 55.40±0.91 kg body weight were chosen for the trial. The animals were housed in individual compartments of 2x2 m during the study. In 2 weeks of adaptation, 8 weeks data collection of the trial, feed and water were provided ad libitum. Orange pulp utilisation increased dry matter intake, did not change milk yield and feed conversion rates, and negatively affected the body weight changes. Somatic cell counts were found to be lower in the control group in the middle of the study. Blood glucose and cholesterol levels were reduced, NEFA and BHB increased due to the treatments.

After orange processing, different by-products are generated, i.e., peels, seeds and pulps. The pulp is highly perishable, being an unstable food matrix that needs a preservation process to be stored and used again in the food production chain. Pasteurization is the technique of choice before aseptically packaging and storing under refrigerated conditions. In this study, the effect of pasteurization has been evaluated on the chemical, functional and sensorial profiles. Ash content decreased (p < 0.05) after the thermal treatment. Indeed, magnesium, calcium and zinc diminished, although copper was found to be higher (p < 0.05) in the pasteurized product. Total dietary fiber decreased (p < 0.05), but soluble dietary fiber raised (p < 0.05) due to hydrolysis caused by pasteurization. SDF:IDF ratio, hydration properties, and fat binding capacity were improved. Total soluble phenolic compounds remained similar but FRAP and DPPH scavenging activity decreased (p < 0.05) in the pasteurized by-product. Regarding the sensorial profile, pasteurization produced darkening, appearance of a cooked smell and an increase in bitterness. Therefore, pasteurization deteriorates the sensorial profile being able to change the attributes of an added-pasteurized-pulp juice; however, it is a good choice to preserve the orange pulp by-product to formulate food products different from juices or other beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment investigated the effect of dietary orange pulp (OP) with or without enzymes supplementation on the performance parameters, chemical composition, serum biochemistry, and some liver gene expression in tilapia for twelve weeks. The studied fish (n = 300) were allotted into six groups according to OP level (0%, 10%, and 20%) with or without enzymes supplementation (+/-). The performance results indicated that the inclusion level of OP by 20% negatively affected FCR and decreased final body weight. The dietary enzymes did not alleviate the unfavorable effect of OP on the final body weight. Higher dietary replacement levels of OP reduced serum lipid profile, serum proteins, and carcass fat, but increased carcass protein and ash compared to the control. The dietary enzymes produced higher serum lipids and proteins as compared to non-supplemented groups. Fish-fed the control diet supplemented with enzymes (G2) expressed higher RNA levels of GHR and IGF1 genes compared to the other groups. Excess dietary OP lowered the RNA level of FAS and LPL genes but improved simultaneously when supplemented with enzymes. Overall, the higher dietary OP (20%) with or without enzymes supplementation, did not benefit the tilapia performance, metabolic, and genetic indices, and the chemical composition of the carcass. But, the lower level of OP (10%) supplemented with enzymes could be used in tilapia diets without adverse effects on performance, health, and carcass composition.

Forty Afshari male lambs (body weight = 28 kg ± 2.2 kg) were used to assess the effects of ensiled mixture based on orange pulp (EMOP) on intake, average daily gain, nitrogen (N) balance, digestibility, estimated microbial N synthesis (EMNS), rumen variables, blood metabolites, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and in vitro methane (CH 4) emission. The EMOP contained (per kg dry matter; DM) 320 g fresh orange pulp, 300 g wheat straw, 110 g beet pulp, 82 g corn flour, 82 g corn gluten, 82 g rice bran, 20 g urea, 2 g ammonium sulfate, and 2 g vitamin-mineral premix. This homogenous mixture was packed into 40-L plastic containers and ensiled for 90 days. The experimental diets contained different levels (0, 180, 360, or 540 g/kg DM) of EMOP, which were individually assigned to four groups of fattening lambs (10 replicates) in a randomized trial. Lambs were fed with the diets twice daily for 74 days (10-d adaptation and 64-d recording period). Animal performance, rumen fermentation, EMNS, N balance, and blood metabolites were determined and data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Increasing the dietary level of EMOP improved the digestibilities of organic matter and ash-free neutral detergent fiber, and feed efficiency (FE) (L, P = 0.04). The EMOP inclusion in the diet decreased rumen ammonia-N concentration (L, P = 0.04), total protozoa count (L, P = 0.03), in vitro CH 4 emission (L, P < 0.001), and blood urea-N concentration (L, P = 0.02), but increased total ruminal volatile fatty acids content (P = 0.03), cellulolytic bacteria population (L, P = 0.01), the amount of EMNS (L, P = 0.02), N retention (L, P = 0.01), and blood TAC level (L, P = 0.01). Overall, feeding EMOP, up to 540 g/kg of diet DM, improved FE, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and general health of Afshari lambs. Ensiling fresh orange pulp in combination with dry feeds can be a valuable way to preserve this by-product as a feedstuff, particularly in the arid and semi-arid areas, which may reduce the ration cost of lamb-meat production, without negative effects on fattening performance. • The mixture based on orange pulp made high-quality silage. • Ensiled mixture based on orange pulp improved lamb performance, nutrient digestibilities, and ruminal and blood variables. • Ensiled mixture based on orange pulp decreased in vitro methane production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After orange processing, different by-products are generated, i.e., peels, seeds and pulps. The pulp is highly perishable, being an unstable food matrix that needs a preservation process to be stored and used again in the food production chain. Pasteurization is the technique of choice before aseptically packaging and storing under refrigerated conditions. In this study, the effect of pasteurization has been evaluated on the chemical, functional and sensorial profiles. Ash content decreased (p < 0.05) after the thermal treatment. Indeed, magnesium, calcium and zinc diminished, although copper was found to be higher (p < 0.05) in the pasteurized product. Total dietary fiber decreased (p < 0.05), but soluble dietary fiber raised (p < 0.05) due to hydrolysis caused by pasteurization. SDF:IDF ratio, hydration properties, and fat binding capacity were improved. Total soluble phenolic compounds remained similar but FRAP and DPPH scavenging activity decreased (p < 0.05) in the pasteurized by-product. Regarding the sensorial profile, pasteurization produced darkening, appearance of a cooked smell and an increase in bitterness. Therefore, pasteurization deteriorates the sensorial profile being able to change the attributes of an added-pasteurized-pulp juice; however, it is a good choice to preserve the orange pulp by-product to formulate food products different from juices or other beverages.

Among the numerous agrochemicals in use today, the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), has been widely applied to control broad-leaved weeds in gardens and farming. 2,4-D is commonly preferred because of its low cost and good selectivity. On the other hand, 2,4-D is a poorly biodegradable pollutant. Therefore, this study has focused on the adsorption of 2,4-D from aqueous solutions by using activated carbon. The activated carbon was produced from the orange (Citrus sinensis L.) pulp by chemical activation with zinc chloride. The morphological and chemical characteristics of the activated carbon were investigated by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N2-adsorption techniques. Then, the effect of adsorption parameters was researched for 2,4-D adsorption on activated carbon. The experimental data indicated that the adsorption isotherms were well described by the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm equation and the calculated adsorption capacity was 71.94 mg g−1 at 298 K. The adsorption kinetic of 2,4-D obeys the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters indicated a feasible, spontaneous and exothermic adsorption. These results show that the prepared activated carbon has good potential for the removal of 2,4-D from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) pulp, solid waste resulting from the production of citrus juice, was developed into activated carbon using zinc chloride at a 3:1 impregnation ratio with an activation temperature of 500°C. To determine the adsorption capacity, the prepared activated carbon was then utilized for the removal of dyestuff (Reactive Orange 13) from aqueous solutions. The resulting activated carbon had a high specific surface area of 1,779.48 m2 g-1. The experimental isotherm data were evaluated using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The experimental kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, and Elovich models. The results obtained from the isotherm and kinetic studies were well explained, respectively, by the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models. Thermodynamic parameters were computed, and the results obtained revealed that the present adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process. These findings indicate that orange pulp activated carbon can be effectively utilized as an inexpensive adsorbent to remove dyestuff from an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donuts are a sweet snack that is typically fermented and dipped in fry. Therefore, its problems include absorbing a large amount of oil, which must decrease by inventing of some methods. In this study, the effect of orange pulp powder in the range of 0 to 12.5 percent and xanthan hydroquinone in the range of 0 to 1.5 percent on Donut characteristics were investigated using response surface method. The results represented that by increasing the amount of orange pulp powder as a source of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, which contains pectin and cellulose and xanthan gum, the moisture content, ash, fiber, density, yellowness and redness of donuts crust and crumb of the product, contrast, correlation, entropy, hardness, gumminess, chewiness, total acceptance increased , however, fat absorption, lightness of donuts crust and crumb, homogenecity, softness, cohesiveness, porosity significantly decreased. The result indicated that replacing 10.73 percent of orange pulp powder and 0.04 percent of xanthan gum will reduce the absorption of oil, increase fiber and produce healthy donuts.

This study evaluated the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri (LAB) and orange pulp (OP) supplementation on chemical composition, in vitro and in situ degradability, dry matter (DM), pH and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage. Treatments were 1) alfalfa without any additive (control), 2) alfalfa + OP (70% alfalfa mixed with 30% fresh OP, LAB0), 3) treatment 2 with 1.5 g LAB/ton (LAB1), 4) treatment 2 with 3 g LAB/ton (LAB2) and 5) treatment 2 with 4.5 g LAB/ton (LAB3). Treatments were replicated three times in laboratory mini silos for 90 d in a closed barn with a ambient temperature (15 to 18 oC). As a result of this study, the experimental treatments did not affect on DM of silage at the end of the ensiling period. Control treatment had the highest pH (4.5) among the experimental treatments ( P<0.05). Supplementation alfalfa with OP resulted in significant increase in water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) ( P<0.05). Treating alfalfa silage with OP and LAB improved aerobic stabilities of treatments significantly, as compared to LAB0. Supplementation of silage with OP and bacterial inoculant increased DM digestibility. These findings indicated that LAB can improve the aerobic stability and quality of silage in laboratory silos and also, OP and LAB might improve silage quality and cause better silage management in the farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biogas production was carried out from apple pulp (EP), orange pulp (PP) and chicken manure (TG) mixtures under anaerobic working conditions. Operating temperature (outside temperature) was selected as 40°C for all experiments. The dry matter content was taken as 10 % by mass for all experiments. In the first stage of anaerobic digestion experiments, optimum mixture ratios were determined. The reactor where the highest biogas production was 215 ml / g UK for EP:PP:TG values prepared in different ratios was determined as the optimum reactor. In this reactor the mixture ratio of EP:PP:TG by mass was determined as 1:1:3. Thermal pretreatments were applied to this optimum reactor at temperatures of 100 and 120°C and 30, 60 and 90 min for each temperature. The highest biogas production as a result of 100°C thermal pretreatment was 338 ml / g VS and 368 ml / g VS at 120°C thermal pretreatment. Biogas production was controlled by measuring the removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). The highest SCOD removal in the untreated reactor was 58%, while the highest SCOD removal in the 100°C and 120°C thermal pretreated reactors was 85.1% and 92.9%, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to document the effects of supplementation alfalfa silage with molasses, orange pulp and Lactobacillus buchneri on in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production. The treatments included: 1) alfalfa hay (control); 2) alfalfa hay with bacterial additive 3×108 cfu/g; 3) alfalfa hay with orange pomace; 4) alfalfa hay with orange pomace and bacterial additive 3×108 cfu/g; 5) alfalfa hay with 5% molasses; 6) alfalfa hay with 5% molasses and bacterial additive 3×108 cfu/g. Alfalfa hay harvested at flowering stage and after 24 hours wilted and mixed orange pomace with a ratio of 2100 g and 760 g, respectively, and was ensiled for 90 days. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 24 h incubation, treatments AO (alfalfa + orange pulp) and CON (without additive) had the highest and lowest in vitro gas production (p

The inclusion of orange pulp (OP) in pig diets may promote the circular economy, but drying procedures might influence its nutritional value and environmental impact. The purpose of this study was to determine the energy value and nutrient digestibility of dehydrated (DOP) and ensiled sun dried (ESDOP) orange pulp. The potential ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) emissions derived from slurry were also measured. Digestible energies of 14.2 and 13.2 MJ/kg DM for DOP and ESDOP, respectively, were estimated by difference after a 500 g/kg substitution of a basal diet with OPs. A high fiber digestion efficiency was observed for both OPs. Pigs fed the basal diet showed a higher intake and a greater excretion of urine N than pigs fed with OP, but fecal N excretion did not differ among diets. A higher benzoic and hippuric acid content in urine was observed in OP than in basal diet. Altogether, these findings explained a lower pH in slurry of OP diets and a reduction of potential NH3 emissions. The biochemical CH4 potential also decreased, especially with ESDOP. Overall, both OP are relevant sources of energy for pig diets. Their inclusion in feeds generate favorable changes of slurry characteristics that reduce potential NH3 and CH4 emissions.

In this study, the use of activated carbon prepared from orange (Citrus sinensis L.) pulp by chemical activation has been investigated as an ideal alternative to the current expensive methods of removing phosphate ions. The effects of initial pH, initial concentration, contact time, temperature and other ions on adsorption were studied. The surface area and micropore volume of the obtained activated carbon were 1779.48 m² g-1 and 1.1 cm³ g-1, respectively. The results indicated that the adsorption of phosphate ions followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and fitted the Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models better than other isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir equation was 4.61 mg g-1. The calculated thermodynamic parameters were showed that the adsorption of phosphate ions onto activated carbon was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic at 298-318 K. The results suggest that the activated carbon prepared from orange pulp has potential in remediation of phosphate ions contaminated waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of the partial replacement of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) with fresh orange pulp ( Citrus sinensis ) in a diet fed to guinea pigs on their mortality, growth performance, slaughter traits and sensory characteristics during the fattening period. A total of 450 guinea pigs were housed in collective pens of ~10 animals. Animals were divided into three groups: Control group (CG), supplied with fresh alfalfa as forage and treatment groups (G15 and G30), in which 15 and 30% of alfalfa was replaced by orange pulp, respectively. No significant differences were found between CG and G15 for traits studied. However, G30 showed the lowest values for growth and carcass traits. No significant differences were found for sensory characteristics. In conclusion, a moderate inclusion of orange pulp could contribute to diminishing dependence of alfalfa on guinea pig meat production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analysed how replacing cereal concentrates with dehydrated orange pulp (DOP) in the diet of mother goats affects the meat quality of suckling kids. Three experimental diets for mother goats were designed. The DOP-0 diet contained commercial concentrates and alfalfa hay. In the DOP-40 and DOP-80 diets, 40% and 80% (respectively) of the cereal in the concentrate was replaced with pellets of DOP (the alfalfa hay component was unchanged). We evaluated the chemical composition, texture, water holding capacity, colour, fatty acids (FAs) profile, volatile compounds, and sensorial appraisal of the meat from 30 male suckling kids (cold carcass weight 4.74 kg, 4.82 kg, and 4.65 kg for DOP-0, DOP-40, and DOP-80, respectively) of the Payoya breed (n = 10 for each diet). Meat from kids in the DOP-40 and DOP-80 groups exhibited characteristics favourable for human health, including the meat’s thrombogenicity index, PUFA/SFA ratio (0.60 index), and n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratio (approximately 7.50). The meat also exhibited reduced MUFA content (around 460 mg/100 g fresh meat). An increase in ethyl furan, dimethyl disulphide and heptane was observed in grilled meat from goats that were fed using DOP. The inclusion of DOP in goat feed improved consumers’ sensory appreciation of the kid’s meat.

Highlights • Orange pulp improved egg yolk oxidative stability of both fresh and stored eggs. • Performance and egg quality traits were negatively affected by orange pulp. • Impairment of performance and egg quality were attributed to decreased feed intake. Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with dried orange pulp on antioxidant capacity of egg yolk and the possible side effects on performance and egg quality of laying hens. A total of 189 animals, reared in 21 replicate enriched cages with 9 hens each, were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups: control group (C) that was offered a basal diet without orange pulp addition, group (OP) that was offered a diet supplemented with dried orange pulp (Citrus sinensis) at 9% and group EN that was offered the basal diet further supplemented with 0.767 g hesperidin and 0.002 g naringin per kg of feed (levels of hesperidin and naringin that are contained in dried orange pulp of OP group). The diets were offered for 30 days and were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Oxidative stability of egg, expressed as ng malondialdehyde (MDA) per g of yolk, performance and egg quality parameters were determined throughout the 30 d experimental period. Oxidative stability of fresh and stored eggs for 30 and 90 d was improved when hens were fed a diet supplemented with OP in comparison with controls (P < 0.05). Ten days of dietary supplementation with OP were enough for apparent beneficial effects on yolk oxidative stability and consequently egg shelf life. However, feed intake and laying rate were decreased whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR) was increased in group of hens supplemented with OP in comparison with both controls and hens fed with hesperidin and naringin (P < 0.05). The reduced values of feed intake may be attributed to the low palatability of OP and not only negatively affected performance but also resulted in deterioration of egg quality parameters. Hens fed with OP produced slightly lighter eggs with a lower eggshell percentage, thickness and strength and a less orange yolk color in comparison with controls (P < 0.05). The negative effects of dietary supplementation with OP on egg production and quality may be alleviated by a gradual increase of OP levels in hens’ diet that could offer an adaptation to OP incorporation in the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and peels are the main by-products during juice extraction of citrus fruits. Typically, they contain large amounts of cell wall polysaccharides and can be a source of dietary fibres which are rich in pectin. In the past, numerous studies have focussed on hydration properties of fruit derived dietary fibres but very limited information is available on their gelling properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate both water binding and gelling properties of two orange fibre preparations from pulp and peel with a galacturonan content >27% and a degree of methoxylation >65%. The water retention capacity (WRC) of these fibres was significantly increased by mechanical pre-treatment but decreased by high temperatures (80 °C) during soaking. Moreover, intrinsic factors of the soaking solution significantly affected the water binding properties: a raising pH increased the WRC whereas the incorporation of calcium decreased it. Pulp fibre showed superior water binding properties compared to peel fibre. Gelling properties were evaluated by means of oscillation measurements as well as texture analyses and revealed that pulp and peel fibres were able to form sugar-acid gels at low pH < 2.7 and soluble solids loads of 55 and 60%, respectively. Pulp fibre exhibited similar gel points like isolated citrus pectin. Fibre gels were, however, less elastic than citrus pectin gels. Possibly this is a consequence of the swollen fibre matrix which might interfere with the pectin gel network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectin, which is one of the most important wastes of fruit juice industry, was extracted from orange pulp at optimum conditions (pH, time and temperature) and modified using pectinase. The effect of modification on the structural properties of pectin was monitored using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The bands at 1600-1800 cm-1 which indicate the specific region and quality of pectin were detected using FTIR while galacturonic acid content was determined using HPLC. The results showed that the galacturonic acid content of pectin from orange pulp was determined to be 406.44 mg/g powder pectin while that of the modified pectin from the orange pulp was determined to be 465,34 mg/g powder pectin. In addition, flow properties of the pectin samples were determined using rheological analysis. The viscosity and viscoelastic properties of the modified pectin samples were revealed to be different from those of non-modified pectin samples. The consistency index values of unmodified and modified pectin samples were determined to be 0.0559 Pa.sn and 0.0046 Pa.sn, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to document the effects of supplementation alfalfa silage with molasses, orange pulp and Lactobacillus buchneri on in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production. The treatments included: 1) alfalfa hay (control); 2) alfalfa hay with bacterial additive 3×108 cfu/g; 3) alfalfa hay with orange pomace; 4) alfalfa hay with orange pomace and bacterial additive 3×108 cfu/g; 5) alfalfa hay with 5% molasses; 6) alfalfa hay with 5% molasses and bacterial additive 3×108 cfu/g. Alfalfa hay harvested at flowering stage and after 24 hours wilted and mixed orange pomace with a ratio of 2100 g and 760 g, respectively, and was ensiled for 90 days. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 24 h incubation, treatments AO (alfalfa + orange pulp) and CON (without additive) had the highest and lowest in vitro gas production (p<0.05) and adding orange pulp and molasses increased gas production. Adding inoculant decreased in vitro DM digestibility. Results showed that ensiling alfalfa with orange pulp and molasses can improve silage quality and increased gas production and in vitro DM digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to develop an environment-friendly method to convert orange pulp wastes to Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by homogeneous substitution. Carboxymethylation of Orange pulp treated with alkaline PEG solutions was investigated and characterized by means of TGA, DSC, XRD and SEM and compared with commercial CMC. The TGA data reveals that shifting of peaks was observed towards lower temperature with increase in monochloroacetic acid (MCA). SEM studies showed greater blending of particulate powder with increasing MCA content. The crystallinity of synthesized CMC was found to be lower than the commercial CMC. Finally, the cellulosic materials were evaluated for the formulation and dissolution studies of prepared tablets. Dissolution release studies shows that synthesized cellulose (CMCOP5, CMCOP8, CMCOP11) release up to 70.1 ± 0.04%, whereas the commercial CMC 78.184 ± 0.07% in 8 h respectively and thereby suggests that it may be used in delayed drug delivery and targeting drugs to the colon. The synthesized CMC from orange pulp may be used as substitute for the commercial CMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to establish the relationships between faecal fat concentration and gaseous emissions from pig slurry. Five diets were designed to meet essential nutrient requirements: a control and four experimental feeds including two levels (35 or 70 g/kg) of calcium soap fatty acids distillate (CSP) and 0 or 200 g/kg of orange pulp (OP) combined in a 2 × 2 factorial structure. Thirty growing pigs (six per treatment) were used to measure dry matter (DM) and N balance, coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, faecal and urine composition and potential emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ) and methane (CH 4 ). Increasing dietary CSP level decreased DM, ether extract (EE) and crude protein (CP) CTTAD (by 4.0, 11.1 and 3.5%, respectively, P < 0.05), but did not influence those of fibrous constituents. It also led to a decrease (from 475 to 412 g/kg DM, P < 0.001) of faecal concentration of neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom) and to an increment (from 138 to 204 g/kg, P < 0.001) of EE in faecal DM that was related to greater CH 4 emissions, both per gram of organic matter ( P = 0.021) or on a daily basis ( P < 0.001). Level of CSP did not affect N content in faeces or urine, but increased daily DM ( P < 0.001), and N ( P = 0.031) faecal excretion with no effect on urine N excretion. This resulted in lesser ( P = 0.036) NH 3 potential emission per kg of slurry. Addition of OP decreased CTTAD of EE (by 7.9%, P = 0.044), but increased ( P < 0.05) that of all the fibrous fractions. As a consequence, faecal EE content increased (from 165 to 177 g/kg DM; P = 0.012), and aNDFom decreased greatly (from 483 to 404 g/kg DM, P < 0.001), which in all resulted in a lack of effect of OP on CH 4 potential emission. Inclusion of OP in the diet also led to a significant decrease of CP CTTAD (by 6.85%, P < 0.001), and to an increase of faecal CP concentration (from 174 to 226 g/kg DM, P < 0.001), with no significant influence on urine N content. These effects resulted in higher N faecal losses, especially those of the undigested dietary origin, without significant effects on potential NH 3 emission. No significant interactions between CSP and OP supplementation were observed for the gaseous emissions measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foram estudados os efeitos da adição de polpa cítrica sobre a qualidade fermentativa e o valor nutritivo da silagem de capim-elefante. O capim-elefante, apresentando 90 dias de crescimento, foi ensilado com níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica peletizada: 0; 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10; 12,5 e 15%, com base na matéria fresca. As silagens foram produzidas em 28 silos experimentais (quatro repetições/tratamento), confeccionados a partir de baldes plásticos com válvulas do tipo Bunsen. A abertura dos silos ocorreu 106 dias após a ensilagem, quando foram determinados os teores dos ácidos orgânicos e a composição químico-bromatológica das silagens. Foi observado efeito linear crescente da adição de polpa cítrica sobre os teores de matéria seca, o mesmo ocorrendo para carboidratos solúveis e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, mas com redução nos teores de nitrogênio amoniacal e fibra em detergente neutro. Para os teores de ácidos orgânicos (acético, lático e butírico) e etanol, observou-se comportamento quadrático para as curvas obtidas, com pontos de máxima para o ácido lático igual a 5,8% e de mínima para os ácidos acético, butírico e o etanol, iguais a 7,8; 7,2; e -3,7% de polpa, respectivamente. Não foram observados efeitos sobre os valores de pH, assim como para os teores de lignina e de ácido propiônico. Inclusões de 4,7 a 7,6% de polpa cítrica peletizada, com base na matéria fresca, são suficientes para melhorar a qualidade e o valor nutritivo da silagem de capim-elefante.The effects of increasing levels of citrus pulp on fermentation pattern and nutritive value of elephantgrass silage was evaluated. Elephantgrass harvested at 90 days was ensiled with increasing levels of dried citrus pulp: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% (fresh matter basis). Silages were produced in 28 plastic experimental silos (4 replicates/treatment) bearing Bunsen valves. Silos were opened 106 days after ensiling, when samples were taken for the analysis of silages organic acids and chemical components. Silage dry matter concentration increased linearly with level of citrus pulp. The same effect was observed for the water soluble carbohydrate concentration and the "in vitro" dry matter digestibility. However, ammoniacal nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber levels decreased linearly with citrus pulp addition. The response was quadratic for organic acids (acetic, lactic and butyric) and ethanol. The maximum point for lactic acid was observed with 5.8% and the minimal point for acetic, butyric and ethanol was observed with 7.8%, 7.2% and - 3.7% of citrus pulp inclusion, respectively. Citrus pulp did influence neither pH, nor lignin and propionic acid levels. Inclusions of 4.7 to 7.6% of citrus pulp (fresh matter basis) are enough to improve the elephantgrass silage quality.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing the level of two sources of fibrous by-products, orange pulp (OP) and carob meal (CM), in iso-NDF growing-finishing pig diets on nutrient balance, slurry composition and potential ammonia (NH 3 ) and methane (CH 4 ) emissions. Thirty pigs (85.4 ± 12.3 kg) were fed five iso-nutritive diets: a commercial control wheat/barley (C) and four experimental diets including two sources of fibrous by-products (OP and CM) and two dietary levels (75 and 150 g/kg) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. After a 14-day adaptation period, faeces and urine were collected separately for 7 days to measure nutrient digestibility and the excretory patterns of N from pigs (6 replicates per diet) housed individually in metabolic pens. For each animal, the derived NH 3 and CH 4 emissions were measured in samples of slurry over an 11- and 100-day storage periods, respectively. Source and level of the fibrous by-products affected digestion efficiency in a different way as the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), fibre fractions and gross energy increased with OP but decreased with CM ( P < 0.05). Crude protein CTTAD decreased with the inclusion of both sources of fibre, being lower at the highest dietary level. Faecal concentration of fibre fractions increased ( P < 0.05) with the level of inclusion of CM but decreased with that of OP ( P < 0.01). High dietary level for both sources of fibre increased ( P < 0.02) CP faecal content but urine N content decreased (from 205 to 168 g/kg DM, P < 0.05) in all the fibre-supplemented compared to C diet. Additionally, the proportions of undigested dietary, water soluble, and bacterial and endogenous debris of faecal N excretion were not affected by treatments. The initial slurry characteristics did not differ among different fibre sources and dietary levels, except pH, which decreased at the highest by-product inclusion levels. Ammonia emission per kg of slurry was lower in all the fibre-supplemented diets than in C diet (from 2.44 to 1.81 g, P < 0.05). Additionally, slurries from the highest dietary level of by-products tended ( P < 0.06) to emit less NH 3 per kg of initial total Kjeldahl N and showed a lower B 0 , independently of the fibre source. Thus, the fibre sources and their dietary levels affected pig nutrient digestion and composition of urine and faeces, showing potential to decrease NH 3 and CH 4 emissions at high levels of inclusion, independently of type of fibre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work evaluated whether high-pressure homogenization (HPH) could functionalize orange pulp in terms of water holding and swelling capacity and rheological properties. The orange pulp particle size was gradually decreased by applying HPH at increasing pressure (200 and 800 bar) whereby the mechanical impact at 800 bar resulted in the appearance of a more homogeneous, smoother suspension with a twofold increase in yield stress. HPH also affected the pectin properties within the orange pulp cell walls. More specifically, HPH at 800 bar increased the relative presence of water-extractable pectin. By investigating subsamples containing particles with different sizes isolated from orange pulp before and after HPH, it became clear that particle size is inversely related to water holding capacity and the ability of the particle network to deform prior to flow. Especially highly disintegrated orange pulp material (<40 μm) contributes to water holding capacity and soft particle network behavior. Industrial relevance Orange pulp is of particular interest in the context of producing fiber-rich functional ingredients because of its large quantity available within the juice industry. High-pressure homogenization (HPH) at pressures higher than the ones usually applied in food industry seems required to functionalize orange pulp as HPH at 200 bar (a common pressure applied in the food industry) could not increase the relative presence of small particles, contributing to water holding capacity and soft particle network behavior, as substantially compared to HPH at 800 bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The inclusion of industrial byproducts such as citrus pulp in the composition of animal diets has been widely recommended due to sustainability aspects and their high level of carbohydrates. Limonene is found in citrus pulp and has been described elsewhere as a major compound of citrus essential oils with excellent anthelmintic activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the parasitological parameters of lambs artificially infected (Experiment 1) with Haemonchus contortus and naturally infected (Experiment 2) by gastrointestinal nematodes, fed diets with dehydrated citrus pulp or silage of moist orange pulp. Both experiments had three treatments (C: control, DP: diet + dehydrated citrus pulp, and MP: diet + silage of moist orange pulp). The diets were isoproteic (11% crude protein) and the concentrate was corrected every 14 days according to animal weight. Parasitological parameters were evaluated for both experiments each 14 days (body weight, body condition; fecal egg counts-FEC, egg hatch assay-EHA, coproculture, and packed cell volume-PCV). Analysis of variance (GLM of the SAS software) was performed with repeated measures in time, and the means were compared by the Tukey test. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to detect constituents of dry or moist citrus pulp. Dehydrated citrus pulp had 0.02% essential oil (major compounds were 85.9% limonene and 7.6% valencene). Moist orange pulp contained 1.5% essential oil (major compounds were 65.5% limonene and 31.2% alpha- and gamma-terpineol). In both experiments, the weight gain among the treatments was similar ( p > 0.05) demonstrating that both moist and dehydrated orange pulp can be used to replace corn kernels to feed infected lambs. The supplementation with orange pulp did not decrease natural or artificial infections of gastrointestinal nematodes according to the FEC results ( p > 0.05). However, PCV increased from animals fed dehydrated and moist pulp in natural infection (Experiment 2, p < 0.05) in comparison with the control group. In addition, the consumption of the dehydrated citrus pulp from animals infected with H. contortus (Experiment 1) caused lower hatching rates after 42 days of consumption ( p < 0.05), suggesting a tendency to shed fewer eggs to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of orange pulp (OP) as a fermentation feedstock for the production of volatile esters of 'fruity' aroma by using a commercial wine yeast strain ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. cerevisiae) was investigated. To achieve this goal, the kinetic behaviour of yeast (cell growth, substrate assimilation and volatile ester formation) was studied in OP complemented with nutritive medium under two different aeration conditions. The results were compared with those obtained from conventional processes in nutritive medium containing glucose as a sole carbon source. The results obtained revealed that the yeast cells were able to grow in the OP-containing medium after a 12-h lag period, probably due to the inhibitory effect of limonene. OP was found to stimulate the de novo synthesis of isoamyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate and ethyl esters (hexanoate, octanoate, decanoate and dodecanoate) by S. cerevisiae. This was strongly evident in the case of limited oxygen supply. Based on the above findings, OP appears to be a promising choice for bioflavour production by yeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, orange pulp (OP) and/or organic Se were fed to broilers in order to investigate their effects on the performance, behavior, breast meat quality, and oxidative stability. A total of 240 chicks were allocated to four groups: a control group; an OP group, fed with OP at 50 g/kg of diet; a Se group, fed with organic Se at 0.15 ppm; and an OP + Se group, fed with OP and organic Se at 50 g/kg and 0.15 ppm, respectively. The selenium and OP + Se groups showed improved meat oxidative stability during frozen storage from 90 to 210 days (p < 0.05), whereas the performance and meat quality were unaffected by the dietary treatments (p > 0.05), apart from a reduction in the meat pH and the dressing percentage in the OP-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). A synergistic action between OP and Se was observed for the meat oxidative stability. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (FA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) contents in the breast meat lipid fractions were increased in the OP groups (p < 0.05). Dietary intervention did not affect the feeding or drinking behaviors of the broilers (p > 0.05). The dietary supplementation of broiler chickens with the citrus industry byproduct orange pulp at 50 g/kg, along with organic Se at 0.15 ppm, beneficially improves the meat oxidative stability and the meat nutritional value, with no negative side effects on the performance or the meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A low-in-oil dressing-type o/w emulsion incorporating a rich-in-fiber orange pulp commercial product, either in crude form or following comminution, was prepared and the rheological properties and physicochemical stability of the emulsion were studied. Interactions between the adsorbed at the droplet surfaces yolk proteins and the pulp surface constituents, possibly electrostatic in nature, resulted in extensive droplet aggregation. This was reflected in the dramatic increase of emulsion rheological parameter values, derived by applying the power or the Casson equation to shear stress-rate of shear data. Pulp incorporation resulted in an improvement of emulsion stability against creaming while the stability against droplet coalescence was only marginally affected. In addition, the rheological parameter values of the fortified with pulp emulsion exhibited an appreciable increase with storage, especially in the case of emulsions incorporating the crude pulp. These findings are combined with oil droplet or pulp particle size and ζ-potential data to probe the emulsion structure and explain its behavior during aging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]