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This article examines the advancement of automated fact-checking in Brazil and investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) products shape publishers' discourses and practices. First, it maps the field to identify how it has evolved throughout the years. Next, it draws on 30 official statements published by journalists and their tech partners, and seven semi-structured interviews with representatives from five websites. This article shows an emerging automation landscape in the Brazilian fact-checking venture supported by the tech industry. Nonetheless, AI has challenged fact-checkers' authority and increased the technologists' influence over journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, studies on technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) have been increasing; however, integrating TPACK into online teaching has generated concerns among teachers across various subject domains in the humanities. Since there have been few recent reviews of teachers' online TPACK research in the humanities, the present study systematically reviews research in this area published between January 2012 and June 2022. This review aims to advance the knowledge on using TPACK in different subject disciplines while providing practical implications for technology integration in online teaching. The review of 24 articles revealed article frequency reached a peak in 2021 and 2022 covering various subject domains in the humanities. Most studies collected data through qualitative methods while focusing on in-service teachers. The articles were categorized into three research areas: exploring, measuring, and applying TPACK. Among the disciplines, the results showed that language teachers had various TPACK competencies in online teaching; journalism teachers' collaborations during online course delivery were facilitated when integrating TPACK; and music teachers' individual beliefs for online teaching were predicted by TPACK. The reviewed research used TPACK as the theoretical basis for scale development to assess teachers' readiness for flipped teaching. The reviewed articles indicated that TPACK was helpful for language teachers' technology integration as well as course and platform design during their online teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article combines two neglected elements within the history of online news: public service news sites and weather reporting, and it does so by utilising web archives, which – surprisingly – do not figure very prominently in journalism history. The two elements have – in isolation and in combination – at least in Denmark, become increasingly important as the online news sections of the two public service institutions Denmark's Radio (DR) and TV2 consistently are among the most visited news sites and since reporting on the weather has gained in prominence and more recently, at least on DR TV, has become increasingly educational in its linking to issues of climate change. This article focusses on online news and conducts a historical analysis of the weather reporting on DR.dk from 2005 to 2022. The analysis seeks to balance the coding of journalistic texts with considerations of the online form of journalism, which here broadly means reading the webpage as a text. A key focus in the analysis is how meteorological data have been woven into cultural and social narratives, some of which are linked to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we introduce and utilize the concept scientification of Islamophobia to analyze a website called WikiIslam, and the way that its contents are used by websites and online users in a complex global ecology of knowledge production and consumption regarding Islam and Muslims. We have used an online content marketing platform called SemRush to locate the most disseminated WikiIslam articles on the web, and we have conducted a content analysis of the most popular articles, as well as of the webpages that link to them. While practicing a seemingly academic means of referencing, we find articles on WikiIslam to be selective, particularly when it comes to topics, and to some degree when it comes to sources. Furthermore, we find that articles from WikiIslam are used as references in support of bigoted claims about Islam and Muslims on other websites. Finally, we find that some users who visit WikiIslam do so while looking for basic information about Islam on Google, meaning that WikiIslam has some success in functioning as an online encyclopedia about Islam. We conclude that these three findings highlight some of the key ways that the scientification of Islamophobia is manifesting online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critiques the Information Technology (Intermediaries Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 ("the Rules") as they relate to online journalism. The Government's stated objective for making the Rules is to "level the playing field" of online journalism with print journalism. I examine whether and how the Government satisfies this objective. I make two broad claims. First, the Rules fail to "level the playing field". The objectives, philosophical approach, and substance of the new regulatory scheme are significantly different from those that govern print journalism, and to the disadvantage of online journalism. Second, rather than "levelling the playing field", the Rules give the Government overwhelming control of online journalism. The Government exercises ultimate control over the regulatory structures and gives itself unprecedented censorship powers over online journalism. If my claims are correct, the Rules will have catastrophic consequences for online journalism and Indian democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing availability of data, information pollution and disinformation have become more prevalent in digital journalism. In the past, access to information was emphasized as a right, but today, the right to information pollution protection has emerged. The primary reasons for this are the inability to monitor the vast amount of news circulating in the digital environment and the absence of a structure to govern the responsibilities of digital news sharing. Our research has developed a data model for digital journalism to address such issues. In addition to providing the FAIR principles, the data model we propose for digital journalism creates a trustworthy social media network by enabling the news to have a logical relationship with each other and all news processes to be observed. For a data model to support an observable and traceable social media environment, it must be compatible with graph structures containing massive amounts of data. Although existing blockchain technologies allow for observation and monitoring, they do not support graph data structures. The model and data are separated in the proposed structure, and indexing mechanisms are supported to address these issues. The proposed data model was compared to the blockchain technology data model. In terms of time and space complexity, sustainability, and maintenance costs, it was determined that the model we created for digital journalism was superior to the data model of blockchain technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay complicates interpretations of digital architectures in online journalism production in terms of journalistic interlopers and intralopers during an age of increased influence of technologists on online news development. While much normative scholarship revolves around social media, metrics, algorithms, artificial intelligence, VR, and other forms of digital innovation applied to journalism, the essay argues that such work must not focus merely on the actions of today's tech-savvy journalism but should interrogate social and cultural relationships at the center of journalistic production so not to as become distracted away from the embedded practices of ideological incorporation that shapes media messages and reproduces inequalities through what and how journalism covers. In the future, as we approach a notion of the Metaverse, scholars must interrogate the long-standing embedding of elite ideologies into the news as journalists collaborate with technologists (or as journalists become technologists), interact (and re-interact) with elite ideologies at accelerating rates in networked societies, and move into new digital realms we have not yet imagined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship on the mainstream press in the United States has argued that in the new media age, consumers prefer entertainment while journalists prefer hard news—yet digital Black press journalists and readers value both types of content. In the Black press, entertainment is produced and consumed as an alternative to mainstream media's often unfavorable hard news coverage of African Americans. The race-based trauma that African Americans experience through news consumption can negatively impact mental health and cause news avoidance, but some are resisting this by creating spaces for Black joy online. This research uses interviews with journalists and focus groups with readers to investigate the utility of entertainment news content in the Black press. I find that entertainment in the digital Black press contributes to positive and comprehensive coverage of the African American community, gives consumers a means to cope with or protect themselves from reading traumatic news coverage on topics such as Black Lives Matter, and can act as a form of self-care. I conclude that digital Black press entertainment content can counteract communal stress for African Americans who may experience high levels of news-related anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While dance has captured attention across platforms and media, remuneration is constrained by copyright issues, a devaluation of dance as a product, and racism. Media coverage of economic, labor, and crediting concerns in popular dance is a critical part of the circuit of creation, discourse, and culture-shifts in online dance. Coverage has an important role in an age of online organizing and the exposure economy, while it simultaneously extracts value from the creators being covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is an experience report on infant mortality in Brazil, with emphasis on the State of Paraíba, and how it can be presented by Data Journalism in longform format. The general objective is to present such data in a humanized narrative, and the impact on the lives of women who had this dream interrupted, being a product linked to the discipline of Journalism in Databases of the Journalism course at the State University of Paraíba. The report brings the stages of production of the Special De Colo Vazio and reveals an environment of innovation in digital productions and experimentation with new languages, above all, using as methodological strategies the Digital Methods (ROGERS, 2015) and emphasizing this subject in a different format in Journalism Digital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our daily dealings with media products are shaped by the use of generic designations such as journalistic presentation modes, for example, news, commentary, and Instagram-story. Yet, scholarship has examined presentation modes only selectively and lacks empirical investigations in this domain. Based on literature and a quantitative content analysis of jury protocols of the German online journalism award "Grimme Online Award," this article explores how presentation modes are constructed and further develops a framework for a categorization of presentation modes with eight dimensions: Content and Function, Author, Sources, Periodicity, Material Substrate, Structure, Media, and Interactive-Engagement Elements. This study is the first to empirically assess journalistic presentation mode dimensions and manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist studies of the media have shown different degrees of gender inequality in journalism organizations. Drawing on the notions of field and gendered habitus, the authors of this study conducted in-depth interviews with 30 Chinese women journalists to explore their experiences of digital journalism production, their survival logic in the field, the associated gender power relationships, and the reconstruction of 'Pink Ghetto' in the digital news field. The research shows that women journalists with more opportunities for work and career development while generating various gender-related challenges related to blurred boundaries between work and family life, deviations from career paths, and the risks of using digital platforms. The study explains how women journalists' identities negotiate between the gendered habitus and the professional identity. Those journalists construct multiple identities by adopting four strategies, namely 'strong gender', 'weak gender', 'de-gendering', and 'trans-gender', which proposed a framework of identity negotiation. The study thus offers a broad perspective in feminist media research in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies about media self-censorship typically focus on its mechanism in traditional newsroom settings. But how media self-censorship may evolve in online journalism has remained largely unexplored. Using Hong Kong as a case, I examine the digital evolution of media self-censorship in a unique non-democratic context. Drawing on interviews with online journalists, my findings reveal that digital transformation has provided new valences for media self-censorship. With the financial hardship of legacy media in the digital age, Hong Kong online journalists are more directly exposed to external threats such as advertisement boycotts orchestrated by the state, and hence increasingly reluctant to offend external powerholders out of the fear of political and financial retaliation. Moreover, as online journalists adopt business-driven norms that favor the generation of clicks, political or policy news are further marginalized. These stories are often deemed boring, non-engaging to online audiences, and are not "sensationalizable" due to political risks, especially when compared to soft news types like crimes and lifestyles stories. Adapting to these changes, news managers are increasingly used to avoiding professional editorial debates that results are unpredictable but using "objective" web metrics as persuasive devices to discourage the production of sensitive news. Lastly, the dissemination of sensitive news is curbed in the social media gatekeeping process. These findings suggest that an authoritarian state can effectively influence online news production by controlling the capital that drives digital transformation, thereby limiting the liberating potential of the media in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The news industry faces challenges due to the global macro and microeconomic environment. The current digital situation leads to the study of the characteristics of the audience interested in news content products. The central aim of this research is to classify the main attribute interest in digital news content in Mexico of the audience’s market by the attributes of age group, education level, and income level. This research is based on a survey of 2,005 digital news consumers in Mexico, directed in 2022 by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford for the annual Digital News Report Study. The statistical method used is data mining with decision trees that classify the audience by the attribute of interest in the news as the dependent variable and attributes of age groups, education level, and income level as independent variables. These findings confirm the segmentation of digital news consumers’ audiences. The classification in which the attributes of age groups, level of education, and income level are considered simultaneously concerning audiences’ interests indicates that some of the predictions made show that some attributes may not be significant in some subsets, except for age group. The lowest average interest in the news is between 18 and 24 years, and the highest average interest in the news, which is nearly very interested, has audiences over 35 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper constitutes the first academic study to be made of Google Discover as applied to online journalism. Design/methodology/approach: This paper constitutes the first academic study to be made of Google Discover as applied to online journalism. The study involved conducting 61 semi-structured interviews with experts that are representative of a range of different professional profiles within the fields of journalism and search engine positioning (SEO) in Brazil, Spain and Greece. Based on the data collected, the authors created five semantic categories and compared the experts' perceptions in order to detect common response patterns. Findings: This study results confirm the existence of different degrees of convergence and divergence in the opinions expressed in these three countries regarding the main dimensions of Google Discover, including specific strategies using the feed, its impact on web traffic, its impact on both quality and sensationalist content and on the degree of responsibility shown by the digital media in its use. The authors are also able to propose a set of best practices that journalists and digital media in-house web visibility teams should take into account to increase their probability of appearing in Google Discover. To this end, the authors consider strategies in the following areas of application: topics, different aspects of publication, elements of user experience, strategic analysis and diffusion and marketing. Originality/value: Although research exists on the application of SEO to different areas, there have not, to date, been any studies examining Google Discover. Peer review: The peer-review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-10-2022-0574 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of media organisations are adopting news recommender systems (NRS). Such algorithmic technologies, which prioritise content based on, for example, previous user behaviour or popularity metrics, may have far-reaching repercussions for news work. Despite this, the implications of NRS implementation for intra-organisational practices as well as dynamics and tensions between involved actors remain understudied. Against this background, this study examines decision-making processes and relationships between actors participating in NRS projects from an institutional logics perspective and places a particular emphasis on resulting tensions between journalistic, market, and tech logics. Drawing on 32 in-depth qualitative interviews with news media professionals across ten news organisations in the Netherlands and Switzerland, we discover a wide range of strategies which aim to reconcile logic multiplicity in the specific case of NRS development. Such negotiation efforts can ultimately promote new work practices and forms of collaboration but may also have broader implications for the distribution of power and voice within news organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the rise of Hindu-nationalist media outlets in India and their impact on professional journalism. It highlights the complaints of the majority population about mainstream news accounts linking Hindu holidays with negative events, while associating Eid, Easter, and Christmas with positive attributes. The article draws parallels between the growth of nationalist media in India and the rise of cable news and political talk radio in the United States. It also discusses the intersection of nationalism, populism, and media platforms, emphasizing the shared sense of threat to a collective identity. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding and addressing the challenges faced by professional journalism in the face of online assaults. [Extracted from the article]

This study scrutinizes Swedish news organizations' strategies to navigate the psychosocial implications of online harassment toward journalists, drawing from interviews with 14 media managers across local and national media outlets. Employing institutional theory, the findings highlight managerial prioritization of physical safety, while concurrently undervaluing the mental strain induced by subtle online harassment, viewed as an occupational hazard intrinsic to the profession. Consequently, their comprehension of work environment responsibilities is shaped through their cognitive assimilation, influenced by their sociocultural environment and industry affiliation, which precludes them from recognizing online harassment as an organizational challenge. This, in turn, hinders a systematic and reflexive approach toward managing the multifaceted manifestations of online harassment. The significance of the study transcends merely identifying barriers, offering insights into the underlying institutional structures and practices that perpetuate them. These insights are pivotal for devising strategies that mitigate the detrimental impacts of online harassment in journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the public debate on the quality of journalism and media responsibility and accountability efforts is not novel, the recent online and digital transition context has facilitated the emergence and expansion of new forms of media responsibility and monitoring of the quality of journalistic information. This study draws on a literature review to explore the relationship between media accountability and the quality of journalism while also examining how new forms of media responsibility could enhance information quality. Three facets of this relationship are emphasised: accountability as a dimension or hallmark of media quality, accountability as a mechanism for controlling or assessing the quality of journalism, and accountability as a space for defining the quality of news information. Additionally, this paper presents and discusses findings from an exploratory study mapping and analysing the level of implementation of digital responsibility and accountability mechanisms of six Portuguese editorial projects. The mapping of instruments highlights the heterogeneous reality and potential underlying the adaptation of conventional responsibility models to online formats, as well as underscores the mandated nature of media accountability and transparency processes in the Portuguese media. The analysis of the level of implementation of these mechanisms indicates asymmetries in their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, Instagram is one of the most popular and influential social networking sites. The most controversial of Instagram's many interactive features has proven to be its augmented reality (AR) "face filters," which superimpose a variety of effects onto photos and videos of users' faces. Most contentious are "plastic surgery" filters, which drastically augment the user's features. These filters, along with the broader impacts of AR filters on women's experiences of their real-world bodies, are only recently becoming the focus of scholarly investigation; nevertheless, these issues have drawn significant attention in the popular press. To identify and harness critical insights from contemporary online journalism on this topic, this article presents targeted analysis of a carefully selected sample of articles published between 2019–2020. We identify emergent themes in this sample regarding the socio-cultural impacts of Instagram's AR filters—most notably: makeup norms, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and corporeal liberation—and analyse these in consideration of cyberfeminist and feminist beauty/media theories. We find the sample's discussions of these filters offer a multifaceted exploration of both the negative impacts of this image-altering technology on women's self-perceptions, as well as its positive potentials in relation to the exploration of digital aesthetic identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims at analyzing how the rivalry between the Hercílio Luz Futebol Clube and Atlético Tubarão Club supporters, both from the city of Tubarão, south of Santa Catarina, is symbolically structured. For that, we analyze the comments in the profiles of the social network Facebook of the media of the city, from the point of view of the anthropology of the imaginary. We will use the theoretical set of imaginary proposed by Gilbert Durand that allows, through his concepts, to analyze the behavior of fans of the sport of greater world appeal: football. One of the main sources of identification and significance for those involved with the phenomenon, which has in digital journalism a space of identification and dispute demarcation, as Maffesoli points out. The article tries to raise the symbols that structure this rivalry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to evaluate the current status of journalism and digital slow journalism and identify its future challenges. A Delphi method has been used, with international experts responding to a qualitative questionnaire. This methodological technique is used to analyze experts' perceptions regarding one subject of study and detect future tendencies. In this particular case, an iterative process was conducted in two waves, with 28 professionals and academics from different continents (North America, South America, Europe and Australia), to stimulate a critical debate about digital slow journalism. The most prominent result of the study is that slow journalism is understood as more critical, contrasted and contextualized than fast journalism. The participants of the study believe there is a need for the truthful and quality information offered by slow journalism and narrative journalistic genres. Additionally, the findings indicate that the future of slow journalism involves the incorporation of new multimedia content and formats into its practice. This is particularly important if slow journalism is to be adapted to digital consumption demands. In this direction, future audience investigations will be key to offer readers better experiences and narrative styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes four online school newspapers produced in Brazilian high school (Ensino Médio), aiming to explain how these school newspapers are configured as a hypergenre (Bonini, 2011b). To achieve this, were surveyed the genres which constitute those newspapers (organizing, functioning and support genres), as well as the themes evoked and, based on de Palácios (2003), the use of online journalism mechanisms, especially interactivity, hypertextuality and multimediality. The analyzed issues presented characteristics of an online digital hypergenre, showing blog and conventional journalism shapes, and also, although in a restrict way, categories of online journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, journalism has progressively incorporated artificial intelligence (AI) into several processes: information analysis, content extraction, audience research, and automated copywriting, among others. ChatGPT, which has a great capacity for interacting with people through natural language and providing a response to almost any topic, focuses on content creation. This significant technological advancement rekindles the debate on whether machines will replace humans, including journalists. Focusing on the case of the Spanish press and using the framework of studying media participation in the public debate, we are interested in the press's reaction to ChatGPT's launch. Specifically, we asked the following questions: What were the issues that dominated the debate, and what voices were called upon to express their opinions? The stream of opinion on this issue was analyzed from a communication studies and discourse analysis perspective, starting with the identification of opinion statements expressed in articles of various journalistic genres conveyed by the press during the first 100 days since the launch of ChatGPT on November 30, 2022. We worked with 176 press articles that addressed the subject in five Spanish generalist newspapers. The results showed that the flow of opinion developed from 8 subtopics and 11 groups of voices. The prevailing opinion during this period was that ChatGPT is an extraordinary technological milestone, even if it makes mistakes that reveal the technology's immaturity. The main shortcomings identified were the inability to distinguish between what is true and what is false, its tendency to function as a black box, and its failure to account for the sources it uses. However, owing to the business potential that it heralds, it is clear that a real war for the dominance of AI has broken out, which makes it necessary to put regulations in place to reduce the risks of malicious use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When making public statements about abortion, those serving in the Russian Orthodox Church are beholden to the legacy of the Soviet health care system and the need to connect with audiences whose religious sentiments are largely nominal. This article explores framing of abortion by clerics and others serving in the Church in 150 Russian online newspaper articles. Said framing was analyzed according to typologies from prior research of morality policy and church-state relations in Russia. The frequency with which these frames were employed was measured and cross-referenced with article genres. The results show that rational-instrumental frames rooted in secular reasoning surpassed religious argumentation and appeals for state intervention, and that frames expressing disillusionment with the Russian government outpaced positive assessments of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital news outlets rely on a variety of outside contributors, from freelance journalists, to political commentators, to executives and politicians. These external dependencies create a network among news outlets, traced along the contributors they share. Using connections between outlets, we demonstrate how contributors' publishing trajectories tend to align with outlet political leanings. We also show how polarized clustering of outlets translates to differences in the topics of news covered and the style and tone of articles published. In addition, we demonstrate how contributors who cross partisan divides tend to focus on less explicitly political topics. This work addresses an important gap in the media polarization literature, by highlighting how structural factors on the production side of news media create an ecosystem shaped by political leanings, independent of the priorities of any one person or organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007, index.hu, one of the most read online newspapers in Hungary introduced the “blog cage”, a selection of blogs from the blog.hu platform on its front page: soon blog.hu became the definitive platform of the entire Hungarian blogosphere. However, the path leading up to this point was surrounded by heated professional disputes. Based on the oral history interviews of the Hungarian Online and Digital Media History project, I examine how the early stage of the institutionalization of the Hungarian blogosphere and its merger with traditional journalism took place through the shared history of blog.hu and index.hu. How the different notions of blogging were created in the boundary work discourses between the management and the editorial team, and within the newsroom? I attempt to answer these questions through a comparative analysis, outlining a chapter in the early history of the Hungarian blogosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of developments in communication technologies and the widespread use of the Internet, interest in online news sites is growing. For this reason, because of events taking place in the country and the world, and the speed of online broadcasting, readers' visits to news sites tend to increase. For this reason, it has become necessary for e-news newspapers to take care of the needs of readers and provide them with sufficient comfort by paying attention to the main format of the content, its design, and the way the content is displayed to the buyer. This research aims to analyze Turkish news sites in terms of visual communication and design. For this purpose, traffic rates for the most visited news sites in Turkey have been determined using a similar website. As a result of the analysis, it was noted that news sites hurriyet.com and sozcu.com were the most visited sites. It was analyzed in accordance with design principles using screenshots taken from the pages of both sites on the same date. As a result of the application, the compatible and non-compliant parts of both sites were determined in terms of design principles. It has been observed that Sözcü.com site is more compatible than hürriyet.com. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the professional standards of journalists in Albania and Kosovo to determine the relevance of Hallin and Mancini's media system in the age of digital journalism and social media. This is because the media system continues to be an important analytical tool for understanding the fundamental characteristics of national media and comparing media sectors across countries. A qualitative method was utilized to elucidate this, with semi-structured interviews performed with 22 television and digital journalism editors and journalists, as well as social media managers in Albania and Kosovo. The findings indicate that although television stations continue to target traditional audiences using professional journalism standards, journalists in digital journalism and social media compromise on professional standards to give the public what they want. Although Hallin and Mancini's media system as an analytical framework for evaluating media models remains useful, the criteria for evaluating them should be changed in light of changes in the media environment over the last two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the Cold War, the international tasks of the Bundeswehr have become central issues of intense domestic debates in Germany. Thereby, the question of out-of-area missions has been a controversial issue for a long time. Against this backdrop, the article analyses the media coverage of the German Bundeswehr. Based on the strategic culture approach, we try to identify changes in the semantic fields connected to the Bundeswehr in articles from four leading German newspapers in the period 1990–2011. To handle the large amount of articles we use text mining methods summed up under the label of distant reading. Since these methods are not yet commonly used in political science research, testing selected distant reading approaches is an additional aim of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Psychological Association defines trauma as "an emotional response to a terrible event...." Trauma can be experienced as a response to either physical or emotionally disturbing circumstances. The Journalism and the Pandemic Project from the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) and the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University, in their global survey of journalists, have studied the impact of the pandemic on journalists across the globe. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused varying degrees of disruptions in the personal and professional lives of journalists. Traumatic experiences like covering traumatic events up close, COVID-induced health issues, job loss, pay cuts, and insecurity at the workplace have consumed journalists like never before. Overwhelming emotions like shock, helplessness, loneliness, depression, and anxiety are some of the reactions observed by mental health experts. Indian journalists, too, like their counterparts across the globe, have had to take on the challenges posed by this unprecedented crisis. This article intends to study the impact of the pandemic on Indian journalists both from physical and emotional perspectives. The objectives of the study include—(a) to analyze the journalists' response to traumatic experiences during the pandemic, (b) to study the nature of trauma experienced by journalists during the pandemic, (c) to analyze how traumatic experiences affected the journalists, and (d) to explore and analyze how journalists managed to cope with the traumatic experiences. The study adopts social cognitive theory (SCT) as the framework. SCT comprises four goal realization processes: self-observation, self-evaluation, self-reaction, and self-efficacy. The four components are interrelated, and all influence motivation and goal attainment. Social cognition includes diverse processes linking the perception of social information with a behavioral response, including perception, attention, decision-making, memory, and emotion. The post-traumatic reactions include re-experiencing the traumatic event in flashbacks, recurrent nightmares, and intrusive memories, hypervigilant arousal, impaired concentration, depression, sleep disturbances, self-devaluation, avoidance of reminders of traumatic experiences, emotional detachment from others, and disengagement from aspects of life that provide meaning and self-fulfillment, which impair intrapersonal, interpersonal, and occupational functioning. The scope of the study covers the journalists' responses to traumatic experiences specific to the pandemic. The study adopts a mixed research method with a thematic analysis of the qualitative data from interviews of journalists followed by a factor analysis of the quantitative data from the survey of the journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative media gained new opportunities to reach the masses and make their voices heard, and it had the opportunity to create a new space for itself. Alternative media first started to open space for itself with internet journalism and then started to reach more audiences with social media journalism. Today, the fact that social media platforms are frequently preferred in the context of news acquisition and sharing makes social media journalism important. In this direction, social media journalism practices of alternative news sites were examined in this study. In this context, it is aimed to examine the pages of GZT, Sputnik Türkiye and Oda TV news sites in terms of social media journalism within the framework of the general scanning model. In the study, the number of followers/fans/subscribers, talkers, weekly follower/fan/subscriber growth rates, message distributions and message types and interaction rates on YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter accounts of the mentioned news sites between 25-30 June 2021 were examined. Then it was evaluated in terms of social media journalism. In this context, it has been determined that GZT, Oda TV and Sputnik Türkiye, among the analyzed websites, are effective in social media journalism practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of an ethnography of Japan's 'independent' journalism movement, with a focus on the establishment and dissolution of the Free Press Association of Japan (FPAJ). Based on 13 months of fieldwork within this organization and other internet news broadcasters (i.e., the Independent Web Journal, Our Planet TV), I argue that the conventional taxonomies applied to journalists and journalistic praxis do not easily apply to Japan. Even in the period of heightened political activism following the March 2011 earthquake and nuclear disaster, the country's stalwart kisha (press) club infrastructure proved too great an obstacle for comparatively informal challengers such as the FPAJ. While resistance movements and protest groups have made much use of the internet here, as in other parts of the world, the FPAJ's attempt to provide direct streaming access to official sources of information largely failed to attract official sources to its press conferences and to generate consistently newsworthy material. The FPAJ attempted to argue that anyone in Japan could be a journalist, but its eventual bankruptcy and dissolution ultimately wound up serving the argument for a professional and official journalistic class put forward by the colleagues whose monopoly over the information they were fighting against. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology has brought innovations to the field of journalism, as in every profession. These innovations enable new forms of journalism. The way the profession of journalism is practiced is scrutinized due to the development of audio-visual technology, the existence of social networks, the ethical and legal problems of data flow, the contribution of citizens to the formation of news content or the gradual increase in infollution and the loss of trust in the news. On the other hand, all such cases are related to news or data transfer in which people are involved. At this point, another problem has emerged; the existence of the technology that can produce the news or the content itself. In this context, news sites named Knowherenews.com and TheBipartisanpress.com, which are among the first examples of artificial intelligence journalism still online, are examined in terms of news production and creation processes. Within the scope of the study, descriptive analysis, which is a kind of qualitative data analysis that includes explanation and interpretation according to predetermined categories, is used. In order to make the study more descriptive and explanatory, both news sites are discussed in five different categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News platforms increasingly cover ongoing events through live blogs. In these texts, individual updates with the latest developments are issued every few minutes and added into a reverse chronology list containing everything published up to that point. Even though the fragments work as a whole – as they make up a single account of a specific event – they must, at the same time, let online users opt in and out at different points of the coverage, while providing the necessary elements for a felicitous interpretation. This article examines the discursive mechanisms that allow live blogs to do this. The discursive analysis of six reports by The Guardian and BBC News shows that cohesive links that make interpretation dependent on items that have already been mentioned, such as pronouns and conjunctions, while common within single posts, rarely ever create ties across them. The study identifies the most frequent types of cohesive devices between posts and explains how they also interact with other elements that provide them with context. Finally, I conclude that the relative autonomy the posts enjoy enable users to navigate the text in non-sequential ways, which reduces the media's control over the discursive interaction as the final product is assembled by the reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to identify how Chinese and Japanese online English-language newspaper editorials construct their arguments about a group of disputed islands – the Diaoyu Islands in Chinese, and the Senkaku Islands in Japanese – from a linguistic perspective. Newspapers in the two countries have played an important role in appealing not just to domestic readers, but also to international readers on this issue. A corpus of 50 editorials published between 2012 and 2016 was compiled from the English-medium Chinese and Japanese newspapers. The article examines evaluative language in the editorials, using an APPRAISAL framework developed within systemic functional linguistics. This project also adopts corpus techniques for selecting the samples. The findings show that the two corpora frequently used negative evaluations towards the opposite country. The two corpora, however, differed in the varieties of evaluations in the editorials. By exploring the discursive construction of the editorials in relation to contextual information, the analytical focus is on the way the discursive resources contribute to realising the ideologies behind the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands dispute. The findings contribute to our understanding of the way conflicting views can be constructed with the use of linguistic resources in the context of online English-medium news media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In journalism, ethics is also essential for the citizen to receive quality information to live in a free democracy. The functions of journalism are diverse, to inform, investigate, analyze, create social ties, in addition to the great social work it represents discovering or denouncing what is hidden or the information that citizens need to choose an adequate government. Based on the previous points, the current study explores the concept of digital journalism through a bibliographic review, while addressing different aspects of the current state of the journalistic profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article emphasizes the importance of digital literacy in combating fake news in the digital era. It highlights that digital literacy involves not only the use of technology but also critical skills in evaluating information. Fake news has profound and multifaceted effects on society, including undermining trust in institutions and causing societal segregation. The fight against fake news requires effective digital and media literacy, involving collaboration between government, media, and technology. The article also discusses the impact of fake news on public health, quality of life, economics, international relations, and national security. It concludes that digital literacy is essential for a well-informed and healthy society and calls for coordinated efforts at all levels of society. [Extracted from the article]

How can constructive journalism subscribe to established standards of journalism and still offer something new to the field? This paper explores the possibility that constructive journalism looks for better ways to implement the standards in a changing media environment. A case in point is the partial loss of the gatekeeper role in digital journalism. Here, journalism tries to show that it is still relevant by always finding something to criticize. But this may cause readers to turn away because, even though the news informs them about important points of disagreement, it does not outline how the debate might move on. Constructive journalism can be taken to suggest that journalists should evaluate the merits of the arguments involved so that readers can better assess the situation. This would not require journalists to give up on a negative focus in news, but to broaden their view: They should not confine their reporting to those in power but reflect the productive discourse which is often hidden in digital media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to understand the journalism practice enacted by Moroccan Urban Electronic Newspapers' (UENs) journalists and news media practitioners. This study, therefore, takes representative UENs' reporters, journalism intellectuals, and the editorial managers' perspectives on the contribution of these platforms to explore the transformative era of electronic journalism in Morocco. The participants' views regard that the digital era has widened the creation and multiplication of UENs, which has interestingly celebrated freedom of content circulation and audience outreach but engendered chaos through sinking and diluting. Hence, this has led several journalists to demand structural state intervention. As a result, journalism scholars and practitioners warn against deteriorating journalism conditions facilitated to increase practitioners" call for rigid and paternalistic supervision of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educators increasingly need to teach journalism within everchanging digital newsrooms. This study conducts a rare analysis of popular, United States–focused textbooks to answer a foundational question: What is journalism? Drawing on concepts of journalism's social function, this analysis finds the university textbooks are providing more upbeat messages, but significantly different definitions. General textbooks often emphasize a dominant, print-oriented watchdog role, while specialized books mostly accentuate journalists' neighborly, multimedia approach to reporting everyday life. This study points to the value of providing pluralist journalism approaches that show varied views of journalists' moral authority in reporting for diverse audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of combating climate change, which will determine the future of humanity, is becoming increasingly important on a global scale, affects all countries in the world regardless of their level of development, and is at a critical point for our planet. The Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016, was a cornerstone, subject to ratification by at least 55 countries accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions on October 5, 2016. The sustainability of the Paris Climate Agreement for Turkey can be enabled by supporting national policies through communication channels. In this context, www.hurriyet.com.tr, sozcu.com.tr, and Sabah.com.tr, which are among the most visited news sites in Turkey, have published the terms "Paris Agreement' and 'Paris Accord" in their contents from November 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The funding model crisis for newspapers is a matter of public concern; and it is not only a business issue, but also a social and political one, as news organisations are considered to have an irreplaceable function in democratic systems. Technological and social changes have transformed the business model of news organisations so that, in a digital scenario with a strong competition for consumers’ attention, they have had to diversify their portfolio of income streams. In such a context, this study analyses the state of the diversification of revenue streams in the Spanish digital media market, using the available data from the total universe of digital media in the country. The article focusses on the two most common revenue streams related to user payment -subscriptions and memberships- and analyses the importance of four variables in this diversification of revenue strategies: their nature (digital native versus traditional), thematic scope (general versus specialised), territorial scope (local versus national), and the type of organisation that promotes it (traditional, new, or independent groups). The data obtained suggest that there are no universal formulae in the implementation of payment models for Spanish digital media. Specifically, there are significant differences in the revenue models between native and non-native digital media. Thus, payment strategies are more prevalent among non-native digital media than among native media. Furthermore, the non-native media that have opted for paid models tend to diversify their sources of income more than the non-native ones based on free model. Additionally, data show that paywalls and memberships are more usual among specialised non-native digital media and generalist native outlets. Also, payments are more often required by local and regional media than national outlets. From the ownership point of view, although the main Spanish media corporations are developing their revenue models, the pay-per-content model is also quite extended among organisations, associations, and foundations not linked with the traditional publishing groups. This study, due to its exhaustiveness, dimensions, and novelty, identifies in detail the current state of the implementation of the pay model for digital media in Spain, which can help and facilitate media managers in their decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, digital native media have flourished as one of the most important communicative tools in the world, despite certain geographical disparities. Not only is this kind of media here to stay, but they have transitioned from being a feature of the avant-garde to occupying a central space in the digital ecosystem. Despite the diversity of models, difficulties in articulating business models that ensure sustainability, and their lack of financial muscle, native media have opened up renewed options for digital journalism in both the present and the future. By analyzing the current media landscape and a study of the main trends, carried out using a review of the published scientific literature and an analysis of cases from the last five years, this paper explores the horizons of the “new wave” of digital native media that will face the challenges of the second half of this third decade of the millennium. Of course, the future has not yet been written: digital media will have to build from the native space, observing emerging trends, modern technologies, and without giving up on providing quality digital journalism that is based in truthfulness, transparency, the involvement of users and the set of actions that serve the public interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the challenges of regulating the digital technology sector to support journalism in the era of platformization. It examines the interdependence between three categories of policy interventions proposed by regulators worldwide to rebalance the dynamics between journalism and online platforms: taxation and subsidies, copyright and licensing, and competition and anti-trust. By examining the theory of change driving each intervention, the benefits to publishers, and the potential for government intervention, this paper explores the risks of capture inherent in different approaches. It analyses the potential for media capture in each regulatory approach and with respect to further tying the future of journalism to the infrastructure provided by tech platforms. Capture through platformization is not well understood or considered by policymakers, and many debates over regulation rightly focus on the potential for political influence, but they fail to consider the broader implications of specific policy interventions on infrastructure capture. This article argues that policymakers must establish a transparency framework to provide better data and understanding of the relationship between online platforms and news media. Without it, interventions will be ineffective, and dependency ensured. It concludes with a discussion on the importance of defining the objectives of new laws and crafting them in ways that minimize threats to media independence and sustainability. This article provides a theoretical contribution to the broader emerging discourse on platformization and media capture and offers practical recommendations for policymakers based on comparative analysis and an assessment of evidence and impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]