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Optimal omega-3 status, influenced by increased intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is vital for physiological health. This study investigated the impact of ad libitum fish oil supplementation on the omega-3 status of female athletes in a professional rugby league team during a competitive season. Twenty-four (n = 24) athletes participated, and their omega-3 status was assessed using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) and arachidonic acid (AA) to EPA ratio through finger-prick blood samples taken at the start and end of the season. They were given access to a fish oil supplement (PILLAR Performance, Australia) with a recommended daily dose of four capsules per day (2,160 mg EPA and 1,440 mg docosahexaenoic acid). At the beginning of the season, the group mean O3I was 4.77% (95% confidence interval [CI: 4.50, 5.04]) and the AA to EPA ratio was 14.89 (95% CI [13.22, 16.55]). None of the athletes had an O3I exceeding 8%. By the season's end, the O3I was a significantly increased to 7.28% (95% CI [6.64, 7.93], p <.0001) and AA to EPA ratio significantly decreased to a mean of 6.67 (95% CI [5.02, 8.31], p <.0001), driven primarily by the significant increase in EPA of +1.14% (95% CI [0.77, 1.51], p <.0001). However, these changes were varied between the athletes and most likely due to compliance. This study has demonstrated that using the objective O3I feedback scale is possible with elite female rugby athletes, but individual strategies will be required to achieve daily intake targets of EPA + DHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In the United States, traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes significantly to mortality and morbidity. Elovanoids (ELVs), a novel class of homeostatic lipid mediators we recently discovered and characterized, have demonstrated neuroprotection in experimental stroke models but have never been tested after TBI. METHODS: A moderate fluid-percussion injury (FPI) model was used on male rats that were treated with ELVs by intravenous (IV) or intranasal (IN) delivery. In addition, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we examined whether ELVs could be detected in brain tissue after IN delivery. RESULTS: ELVs administered intravenously 1 h after FPI improved behavior on days 2, 3, 7, and 14 by 20, 23, 31, and 34%, respectively, and preserved hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) volume loss compared to the vehicle. Whole-brain tractography revealed that ELV-IV treatment increased corpus callosum white matter fibers at the injury site. In comparison to treatment with saline on days 2, 3, 7, and 14, ELVs administered intranasally at 1 h and 24 h after FPI showed improved neurological scores by 37, 45, 41, and 41%. T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) abnormalities, such as enlarged ventricles and cortical thinning, were reduced in rats treated by ELV-IN delivery compared to the vehicle. On day 3, ELVs were detected in the striatum and ipsilateral cortex of ELV-IN-treated rats. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated that both ELV-IN and ELV-IV administration offer high-grade neuroprotection that can be selectively supplied to the brain. This discovery may lead to innovative therapeutic targets for secondary injury cascade prevention following TBI.

Mutations in the adiponectin receptor 1 gene (AdipoR1) lead to retinitis pigmentosa and are associated with age-related macular degeneration. This study explores the effects of AdipoR1 gene deficiency in mice, revealing a striking decline in ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), an increase in ω6 fatty acids, and elevated ceramides in the retina. The AdipoR1 deficiency impairs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling, which is crucial for FA metabolism, particularly affecting proteins associated with FA transport and oxidation in the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium. Our lipidomic and proteomic analyses indicate changes that could affect membrane composition and viscosity through altered ω3 PUFA transport and synthesis, suggesting a potential influence of AdipoR1 on these properties. Furthermore, we noted a reduction in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins, which are crucial for forming and maintaining photoreceptor outer segments that are PUFA-enriched ciliary structures. Diminution in Bardet-Biedl syndrome-proteins content combined with our electron microscopic observations raises the possibility that AdipoR1 deficiency might impair ciliary function. Treatment with inhibitors of ceramide synthesis led to substantial elevation of ω3 LC-PUFAs, alleviating photoreceptor degeneration and improving retinal function. These results serve as the proof of concept for a ceramide-targeted strategy to treat retinopathies linked to PUFA deficiency, including age-related macular degeneration.

Cancer therapy, including immunotherapy, is inherently limited by chronic inflammation-induced tumorigenesis and toxicity within the tumor microenvironment. Thus, stimulating the resolution of inflammation may enhance immunotherapy and improve the toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). As epoxy-fatty acids (EpFAs) are degraded by the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), the inhibition of sEH increases endogenous EpFA levels to promote the resolution of cancer-associated inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that systemic treatment with ICI induces sEH expression in multiple murine cancer models. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and pharmacologic sEH inhibition, both alone and in combination, significantly enhance anti-tumor activity of ICI in these models. Notably, pharmacological abrogation of the sEH pathway alone or in combination with ICI counter-regulates an ICI-induced pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic cytokine storm. Thus, modulating endogenous EpFA levels through dietary supplementation or sEH inhibition may represent a unique strategy to enhance the anti-tumor activity of paradigm cancer therapies.

We aimed to review the association of dietary fats and risk of coronary events in adults. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to April 2022 for prospective cohorts and randomized trials investigating the association of dietary intake and biomarkers of fats and fatty acid interventions and the risk of coronary events. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to estimate relative risk (RR) for the top versus bottom tertiles of exposures. One-hundered sixty-five prospective cohorts and randomized trials were included. Dietary intake and biomarkers of total fat and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the risk of coronary events. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acids from meat and unprocessed meat was modestly associated with a higher risk and, in contrast, intake of alpha-linolenic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, and linoleic acid was modestly associated with a lower risk. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and increasing the consumption of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids in place of saturated fats reduced the risk of coronary events. Existing evidence, in its totality, provides a modest support in favor of current recommendations suggesting replacement of saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acne is one of the most common skin problems affecting people worldwide, especially young individuals. Despite many years of research into the etiology of acne, its exact causes remain a subject of debate. In recent years, increasing scientific interest has focused on the role of diet in shaping skin health, including the influence of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on the severity of acne symptoms. Objective: The aim of this study is to review the scientific literature regarding the relationship between a diet rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the reduction of acne. We will analyze available scientific evidence and attempt to determine whether dietary changes to increase the intake of these fatty acids may have a beneficial impact on skin condition and reducing the severity of acne symptoms. Results: Several studies suggest that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and relatively low in omega-6 fatty acids may be associated with a reduction in acne severity. Some clinical studies have shown that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids can lead to a reduction in the number of comedones and inflammatory skin lesions in acne patients. Conclusions: Our literature review suggests that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and lower in omega-6 fatty acids may be beneficial for individuals struggling with acne. However, further clinical research is needed to confirm these observations and better understand the mechanisms of action of fatty acids on skin health. In the meantime, a balanced diet rich in omega-3-containing foods such as fatty fish, nuts, and seeds is recommended as a potential adjunct to acne treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a category of fatty acids that contain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which constitute a substantial portion of the Western diet and are vital for maintaining human wellness. The extent to which circulating PUFAs influence the effects of BMI on leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is unknown. Additionally, the impact of circulating PUFA on LTL remains controversial in observational studies. Methods: Using publicly accessible datasets, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out to determine genetic association estimates for BMI, circulating PUFAs, and LTL. The circulating PUFAs considered were omega-3 PUFAs (i.e., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total omega-3 PUFAs) and omega-6 PUFAs (i.e., linoleic acid (LA) and total omega-6 PUFAs). Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to investigate the causal relationships between BMI and PUFA with LTL. Additionally, we examined whether certain PUFA mediate the impact of BMI on LTL. Results: None of the evidence supported a causal effect of genetically predicted DHA and total omega-3 PUFA on LTL (DHA: β = 0.001, 95% CI: −0.023 to 0.026, p = 0.926; total omega-3 PUFA: β = 0.008, 95% CI: −0.013 to 0.029, p = 0.466). After conducting sensitivity analyses to account for various models of horizontal pleiotropy, the causal association between higher levels of LA and longer LTL persisted (β = 0.034, 95% CI 0.016 to 0.052, p < 0.001). Adjusting for LA in genetics reduced the effect of BMI on LTL from β = -0.039 (95% CI: -0.058 to -0.020, p < 0.001) to -0.034 (95% CI: -0.054 to -0.014, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This MR study indicates that an increase in genetically predicted circulating LA levels is associated with longer LTL. Additionally, it appears that circulating LA levels play a role in mediating some of the impact that BMI has on LTL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean diet has gained significant attention for its potential health benefits on diverse pathological conditions including osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage breakdown and inflammation. Numerous observational studies have suggested that adherence to the Mediterranean diet, may have protective effects against OA. The abundance of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds and omega-3 fatty acids, among the Mediterranean diet components is believed to contribute to its beneficial effects on OA. Research investigating the association between the Mediterranean diet and OA has shown promising results. Several observational studies have reported that adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with a reduced risk of developing OA and with lower severity of OA symptoms. Additionally, intervention studies have demonstrated improvements in pain, function, and quality of life among OA patients following a Mediterranean diet intervention. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of the Mediterranean diet against OA, including its ability to reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and cartilage degradation. However, further well-designed randomized controlled trials and mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms and establish causality. In conclusion, the Mediterranean diet appears to be a promising dietary approach for the prevention and management of OA. Its rich array of nutrients and bioactive compounds may exert protective effects against OA development and progression, although more research is warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal muscle echo intensity (EI) is affected by ageing and physical activity; however, the effects of nutrition are less understood. The aim of this study was to explore whether habitual nutrient intake may be associated with ultrasound-derived EI. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were trained on an initial sample (n = 100, M = 45; F = 55; 38 ± 15 years) to predict EI of two quadriceps muscles from 19 variables, using the "jack-knife" function within the "pls" package (RStudio), which was then tested in an additional dataset (n = 30, M = 13; F = 17; 38 ± 16 years). EI was determined using B-mode ultrasonography of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) and nutritional intake determined via 3-day weighed food diaries. Mean daily intake of specific nutrients were included as predictor variables with age, sex, and self-reported physical activity. PLSR training model 1 explained ∼52% and model 2 ∼46% of the variance in RF and VL EI, respectively. Model 1 also explained ∼35% and model 2 ∼30% of the variance in RF and VL EI in the additional testing dataset. Age and biological sex were associated with EI in both models (P < 0.025). Dietary protein (RF: β = −7.617, VL: β = −7.480), and selenium (RF: β = −7.144, VL: β = −4.775) were associated with EI in both muscles (P < 0.05), whereas fibre intake (RF: β = −5.215) was associated with RF EI only and omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/ω-3 FAs, RF: β = 3.145) with VL EI only (P < 0.05). Therefore, absolute protein, selenium, fibre, and n-3 FAs may be associated with skeletal muscle EI, although further mechanistic work is required before claiming causal inference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of stage of lactation (early, mid, and late) and proportion of pasture in the cow's diet (high: GRS, medium: PMR, and no: TMR) on the composition and quality of Cheddar cheese. Triplicate trials were carried out in each stage of lactation, and milk protein and fat contents were standardized for Cheddar cheese manufacture at pilot scale. Because cheese milks were standardized for milk fat and protein contents, gross composition did not differ as a result of diet. Fatty acid profiles of GRS cheese were significantly different from TMR, while PMR profiles were less distinct and more similar to both GRS and TMR profiles, as illustrated by partial least squares discriminatory analysis. Fatty acids including CLA C18:2 cis -9, trans -11, C22:1 n-9, and C18:3 n-3 were most influential in this separation of profiles. Fatty acid profiling revealed that GRS-derived cheese contained higher proportions of nutrients considered beneficial for human health including higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids. A biomarker model utilizing the proportions of 5 fatty acids was constructed and was effective at distinguishing between cheese of GRS, TMR, and PMR feeding systems. Proportions of ρ-κ-CN, α s2 -CN and α s1 -CN in cheese also differed among diets while proportions of ρ-κ-CN, α s1 -CN, and β-CN were lowest in late lactation cheese. The effect of diet was less influential compared with that of stage of lactation on the ripening characteristics of cheese. An index of primary proteolysis was highest in late lactation cheese. The peptides derived from the proteolysis of κ-CN and β-CN and levels of secondary proteolysis, in particular, the proportions of 12 free AA were most influenced by stage of lactation. Overall this study demonstrated the effects of increasing pasture allowance and wstage of lactation on the nutritional quality and ripening properties of Cheddar cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The nutritive value of grass silage can be improved by harvesting herbage at a less mature growth stage, which in practice usually involves more frequent harvests. This study examined the performance of dairy cows offered grass silages produced from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) based swards harvested at 2 different frequencies during the growing season (3-harvest [3H] vs. 5-harvest [5H]). Thirty-four mid-lactation (average 147 DIM) dairy cows (30 multiparous, 4 primiparous) were offered either 3H or 5H silages in a continuous design (21 wk) experiment. Within each treatment cows were offered silage from each harvest (in harvest number order) for a predetermined number of days in proportion to herbage DM yield at each harvest. Silages were offered ad libitum, while a common concentrate was offered to all cows at 12.0 kg/cow per day over the first 15 wk of the study, 8.0 kg/cow per day during wk 16 to 19 and 6.0 kg/cow per day during wk 20 to 21. Total yield of herbage harvested over the season from within 3H and 5H were 12.6 and 11.2 t DM/ha, respectively. Across all harvests the mean ME and CP concentration of silages were 10.9 MJ/kg DM and 131 g/kg DM for 3H, and 11.5 MJ/kg DM and 152 g/kg DM for 5H. Silage DMI was greater for cows offered 5H silages compared with 3H silages (14.1 vs. 11.7 kg/d, respectively). Cows offered 5H silages had a greater daily milk yield (33.5 vs. 31.9 kg) and ECM yield (37.4 vs. 35.6 kg) compared with cows offered 3H silages. Treatment had no effect on milk fat or protein concentration. Cows offered 5H silages produced milk with greater concentrations of CLA and n-3 fatty acids. Treatment had no effect on mean BW or BCS, or on efficiency metrics such as milk yield or ECM yield per kilogram of DMI. Molar proportions of VFA in ruminal fluid differed between the treatments, with cows offered 3H silages having higher proportion of total butyrate (15.9% vs. 14.4% of total VFA) and lower total valerate (3.2% vs. 3.7% of total VFA) compared with those offered 5H. The acetate:propionate and acetate plus butyrate:propionate ratios were unaffected by treatment. In conclusion, increasing herbage harvesting frequency from 3 to 5 times per year improved the nutritional value of the resulting silages, and this led to higher silage DMI, milk yield, and ECM yield. However, overall production efficiency (ECM/DMI) was unaffected by treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids play many critical roles in brain function but have not been investigated in essential tremor (ET), a frequent movement disorder suspected to involve cerebellar dysfunction. Here, we report a postmortem comparative analysis of fatty acid profiles by gas chromatography in the cerebellar cortex from ET patients (n = 15), Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (n = 15) and Controls (n = 17). Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI)/ phosphatidylserine (PS) were separated by thin-layer chromatography and analyzed separately. First, the total amounts of fatty acids retrieved from the cerebellar cortex were lower in ET patients compared with PD patients, including monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The diagnosis of ET was associated with lower cerebellar levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and PUFA (DHA and ARA) in the PE fraction specifically, but with a higher relative content of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA; 20:3 ω-6) in the PC fraction. In contrast, a diagnosis of PD was associated with higher absolute concentrations of SFA, MUFA and ω-6 PUFA in the PI + PS fractions. However, relative PI + PS contents of ω-6 PUFA were lower in both PD and ET patients. Finally, linear regression analyses showed that the ω-3:ω-6 PUFA ratio was positively associated with age of death, but inversely associated with insoluble α-synuclein. Although it remains unclear how these FA changes in the cerebellum are implicated in ET or PD pathophysiology, they may be related to an ongoing neurodegenerative process or to dietary intake differences. The present findings provide a window of opportunity for lipid-based therapeutic nutritional intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Pregnant women have physiological metabolic changes in glycemic and lipid profiles that are essential for fetal development. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effects of fish-oil-capsule supplementation on the glycemic and lipid profiles of pregnant women. Data Sources A systematic search was conducted of the MEDLINE (by PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) databases and gray literature, including preprints for all relevant studies published in English, with no date restrictions. Data Extraction The estimated pooled results were analyzed using a random-effects model and represented by mean differences (MDs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The analyses were performed with R software, version 4.2.1, using the "Meta" packages, versions 6.0-0. Data Analysis Fifteen eligible studies were included after screening. In a pooled analysis, overall fish-oil supplementation had no effect on parameters compared with placebo. In the subgroup analysis, fish-oil supplementation may be beneficial in insulin (MD: –2.11 IU/mL; 95% CI: –3.86, –0.36) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (MD: –0.71; 95% CI: –1.14, –0.29) indices, with heterogeneity (I2 =0%) among pregnant women with diabetes mellitus. In the subgroup with doses of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) below 200 mg, there was a reduction in HOMA-IR in the intervention group (MD: –0.60; 95% CI: –1.14, –0.06). Conclusion Pregnant women taking fish-oil capsules showed significant beneficial changes in the subgroups of type 2 diabetes and EPA dosages below 200 mg for insulin and HOMA-IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context There is growing evidence that insufficient dietary intake is associated with sarcopenia. Objective In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the energy and nutrient intakes by people with and without sarcopenia were compared using only the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2010 (EWGSOP1) and 2019 (EWGSOP2) consensus diagnostic criteria. Data Sources Only observational studies that compared energy and nutrient intake from food alone by individuals with and without sarcopenia were included. Studies were searched in the following databases: Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Ovid, and Scopus. The review followed the PRISMA checklist and submitted the protocol to PROSPERO. Data Extraction Data were extracted by 2 authors independently. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Data Analysis A total of 8648 articles were identified and 12 were selected. Among individuals with sarcopenia, lower intakes of energy and some nutrients, mainly with antioxidant properties, were observed compared with those without sarcopenia. Meta-analyses showed that individuals with sarcopenia consume fewer calories/day than individuals without sarcopenia (n = 10 studies; standardized mean difference (SMD) −0.15; 95% confidence interval: −0.29, −0.01) diagnosed by EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2. Individuals with sarcopenia consume less omega-3, folate, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, and vitamins C, D, and E when compared with those without sarcopenia. Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that insufficient intake of energy and nutrients with antioxidant potential may be associated with sarcopenia. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD 42020195698. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context In 2020, 13.6 million children under 5 years suffered from severe acute malnutrition (SAM)/wasting. Standard ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) improve polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status but contain suboptimal amounts of omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs with unbalanced n-6-to-n-3 PUFA ratios. Objectives The aim was to compare the effects of RUTFs with different essential fatty acid contents on PUFA status, neurodevelopmental, and clinical outcomes (mortality, comorbidities, and recovery) of children with severe wasting. Data Sources Twelve databases, trial repositories, and article references with no publication limitations. Data Extraction Ten studies from randomized, quasi, and cluster-randomized controlled trials providing RUTFs as home treatment to children 6–59 months with SAM/wasting were included. Data Analysis Plasma phospholipid eicosapentaenoic acid content was higher in children receiving RUTF with altered essential fatty acid contents compared with standard RUTF (0.20 [0.15–0.25], P < 0.00001). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status only improved in children receiving RUTF with added fish oil (0.33 [0.15–0.50], P = 0.0003). The Malawi Developmental Assessment tool (MDAT) global development and problem-solving assessment scores were higher in global assessment and gross motor domains in children receiving added fish oil compared with standard formulation (0.19 [0.0–0.38] and 0.29 [0.03–0.55], respectively). Children receiving high-oleic-acid RUTF (lowering the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of the RUTF) with or without fish oil had significantly higher scores in social domains compared with those receiving the standard formulation (0.16 [0.00–0.31] and 0.24 [0.09–0.40]). Significantly higher mortality risk was found in children receiving a standard formulation compared with RUTF with a lower n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (0.79 [0.67–0.94], P = 0.008). Conclusion Although lowering n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios did not increase plasma DHA, it improved specific neurodevelopmental scores and mortality due to lower linoleic acid (high-oleic-acid peanuts), higher alpha-linolenic acid (altered oil), or both. Additional preformed n-3 long-chain PUFAs (fish oil) with RUTF improved the children's DHA status, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and weight-for-height z score. More research is needed regarding cost, availability, stability, acceptability, and the appropriate amount of n-3 long-chain PUFAs required in RUTFs for the best clinical outcomes. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022303694. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of halibut oil cream, containing omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A and D, and hydroxyproline, on burn wound healing in rats. Acute dermal toxicity tests confirmed its nontoxicity. Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a control, a positive control treated with silver sulfadiazine 1% (SSD), and three groups treated with 3%, 9%, and 27% halibut oil cream Formulation (HBOF). The SSD and HBOF groups showed significant healing improvements compared to the control. Histopathological analysis indicated increased collagen production in the HBOF groups, suggesting halibut oil cream's potential as a topical treatment for burn wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oocytes and early embryos are exposed to many uncontrollable factors that trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during in vitro culture. Prevention of ER stress is an effective way to improve the oocyte maturation rate and oocyte quality. Increasing evidence suggests that dietary intake of sufficient n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is associated with health benefits, particularly in the domain of female reproductive health. We found that supplementation of eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) during in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocyte significantly downregulated ER stress-related genes. Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) are communications areas between the ER and mitochondria. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is a key calcium channels in MAMs and, participates in the regulation of many cellular functions. Notably, the MAM area was significantly decreased in ETA-treated oocytes. CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) is presents in MAMs, but its role in oocytes is unknown. ETA treatment significantly increased CISD2 expression, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of CISD2 blocked the inhibitory effect of ETA on IP3R. Transcriptomic sequencing and immunoprecipitation experiments showed that ETA treatment significantly decreased expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase PRKN. PRKN induced ubiquitination and degradation of CISD2, indicating that the PRKN-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates CISD2. In conclusion, our study reveals the mechanism by which ETA supplementation during IVM alleviates mitochondrial calcium overload under ER stress conditions by decreasing PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of CISD2 and facilitating inhibition of IP3R by CISD2/BCL-2. This improves oocyte quality and subsequent embryo developmental competence prior to implantation. [Display omitted] • Supplementation with ETA improves the quality of oocytes in vitro culture. • ETA regulates calcium homeostasis through PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of CISD2. • CISD2 agonists enhance oocyte and subsequent embryo developmental competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 fatty acids have gained attention due to numerous health benefits. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are long chain omega-3 fatty acids produced from precursor ALA (α-linolenic acid) in humans but their rate of biosynthesis is low, therefore, these must be present in diet or should be taken as supplements. The commercial sources of omega-3 fatty acids are limited to vegetable oils and marine sources. The rising concern about vegan source, fish aquaculture conservation and heavy metal contamination in fish has led to the search for their alternative source. Microalgae have gained importance due to the production of high-value EPA and DHA and can thus serve as a sustainable and promising source of long chain omega-3 fatty acids. Although the bottleneck lies in the optimization for enhanced production that involves strategies viz. strain selection, optimization of cultivation conditions, media, metabolic and genetic engineering approaches; while co-cultivation, use of nanoparticles and strategic blending have emerged as innovative approaches that have made microalgae as potential candidates for EPA and DHA production. This review highlights the possible strategies for the enhancement of EPA and DHA production in microalgae. This will pave the way for their large-scale production for human health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A limited number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have examined the use of lipid emulsions (LEs) of different compositions in home parenteral nutrition (HPN), and there are very few data on the long-term use of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The study's objective was to assess safety and tolerability of an n-3 PUFA-enriched LE in adult patients suffering from chronic intestinal failure (CIF) requiring long-term HPN. In this prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicentre, international clinical trial, which was conducted at eleven sites, adult patients in need of HPN including lipids received either the investigational product, an n-3 PUFA-enriched medium/long-chain triglyceride (MCT/LCT) LE, or the reference product, a standard MCT/LCT LE, for an average duration of eight weeks. The primary outcome was the sum of changes of liver function parameters (total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase) from baseline to final visit. Secondary objectives included fatty acid pattern in plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) and triene:tetraene ratio in plasma. 74 patients were enrolled up to premature study termination. Liver function parameters showed no clinically relevant differences between study groups and remained within normal ranges. The n-3 PUFAs EPA and DHA increased in plasma and RBCs in the Lipidem group and were higher in the Lipidem group than the reference group at the end of the study resulting in an increased n-3-index in RBCs with Lipidem. Average n-3-index was >8. The plasma triene:tetraene ratio decreased in both groups. This study is one of the largest comparing two LEs in the complex setting of HPN treatment of adult patients. Although it has been early terminated its results considerably contribute to the evidence on safety and efficacy of longer-term use of LEs in HPN treatment. The n-3 PUFA-enriched LE Lipidem was safe and well-tolerated, particularly in terms of liver function. Lipidem provided an additional supply of n-3 PUFAs and led to positive changes in fatty acid profiles of plasma and RBCs. The n-3-index was in the desirable range at the end of the study in patients receiving Lipidem. There was no evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency with Lipidem. NCT03282955. EudraCT Number: 2015-000849-23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), specifically the most biologically active (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), have well-documented health-promoting effects, including, but not limited to, controlling inflammatory processes in the human body and supporting cardiovascular and cognitive health and visual processes. There is also some evidence pointing to the potential of EPA and DHA to preserve and/or enhance muscle strength. Muscle strength plays a crucial role in preventing age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function and the subsequent impaired functionality in the daily lives of the elderly. It also has a significant role in physical performance by aiding in the effectiveness of training elements, such as vertical jumps, sprinting, changes of direction, rate of force development, and anaerobic conditioning. Previous studies have indicated that supplementation with n-3 PUFAs may have a small but significant effect on preserving and/or increasing muscle strength in both healthy adults and in elderly. However, the number of studies published on this topic is limited. The goal of this narrative review is to summarize the effects of EPA and DHA supplementation on muscle strength and identify the limitations of previous studies that, if addressed, will help confirm or exclude the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs on muscle strength in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the evidence regarding the effects of omega-3 supplementation on the nutritional status of pancreatic cancer patients. Methods: A systematic review of clinical trials was conducted, adhering to the PRISMA Statement. MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to 31 December 2022 without restrictions on the publication date or language. Independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. The internal validity and risk of bias in randomized controlled trials (RCT) were assessed using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials-RoB2, while the risk of bias in non-randomized intervention studies was evaluated using the ROBINS-I tool. Results: Eight studies met all the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Five of them were RCT, with the majority (n = 4) classified as low risk of bias, and the three quasi-experiments were deemed to have a moderate risk of bias. Among the studies investigating the outcome of weight gain/maintenance, six reported statistically significant positive results (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, the presented evidence indicates that omega-3 supplementation in pancreatic cancer patients is safe, well-tolerated, and beneficial, as it contributes to the stabilization or increase in body weight, as well as a reduction in inflammatory biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing dietary intake of fish oil is frequently recommended for decreasing the risk for cardiovascular diseases and improving metabolic health. We hypothesised that dietary intake of chromista oil (a marine food product and a rich source of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) ameliorates metabolic impairments in mice with established excess adiposity. Three-to 4-week-old mice (male) were fed a control (n = 12) or a high-fat diet (HFD, n = 24) for 12 weeks to establish body fat mass. Then, mice on the HFD were assigned to 2 groups (n = 12 each) with 1 continuing being fed the HFD and the other fed the HFD with chromista oil for an additional 12 weeks. Intake of chromista oil did not affect body weight and body adiposity of the mice fed the HFD; mice fed the HFD had significantly more body weight and fat mass than control mice. The flattened daily oscillations of respiratory exchange ratio induced by the HFD were not changed by chromista oil intake. Intake of chromista oil significantly increased plasma concentration of insulin, the calculated value of HOMA-IR, and plasma concentration of adiponectin in the mice fed the HFD. However, blood glucose was unaffected by chromista oil. Transcription of genes encoding circadian rhythm and fatty acid metabolism of the 2 HFD-fed groups were similar. Untargeted metabolomic analysis showed that intake of chromista oil altered the hepatic metabolomic profile with substantial alterations in amino acid metabolism. Findings from this study indicate that dietary intake of chromista oil does not improve glucose homeostasis or alter the diminished metabolic flexibility in mice with excess adiposity induced by the HFD. argeted metabolomic analysis is warranted to investigate the effects of dietary chromista oil, as a source of n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids, on metabolism in models of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid uptake by white adipose tissue (WAT) is critically important for storage of excess energy and to protect peripheral tissues from ectopic lipid deposition. When WAT becomes dysfunctional (i.e., with obesity), it is characterized by impaired lipid uptake and increased lipolysis which, together, promote whole-body dyslipidemia. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N-3 PUFA) are widely studied for their triacylglycerol (TAG)-lowering properties and cardiometabolic health benefits. One potential mechanism underlying these benefits is the modification of WAT lipid uptake; however, there are gaps in our understanding regarding the specific mechanisms by which N-3 PUFA function. Evidence to date suggests that N-3 PUFA promote TAG clearance by increasing lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and the abundance of fatty acid transporters. Specifically, N-3 PUFA have been shown to increase LPL activity through increased gene transcription and modifications of endogenously produced LPL regulators such as apolipoprotein C-II/III and angiopoietin-like proteins. This review presents and discusses the available in vitro and in vivo research to provide a comprehensive overview of N-3 PUFA regulation of WAT lipid uptake in healthy and obese contexts. Additionally, we highlight areas where more research is necessary to better understand the contribution of increased WAT lipid uptake in relation to the TAG-lowering properties associated with N-3 PUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boosting the immune system has become a crucial aspect in the global battle against the COVID-19 pandemic and other similar infections to protect oneself against symptoms, especially in the prevention of viral infections of the lower respiratory tract. The importance of conducting more studies to create successful herbal formulations as infection prevention measures is emphasized in this review, which looks at the function of immune-boosting nutrients, medicinal plants, and herbal treatments. We reviewed and analyzed 207 studies published from 1946 to the present using reputable databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and NCBI. The review examined 115 plant species in total and identified 12 key nutrients, including vitamins A, D, C, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, and zinc, while noting that four plant families, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Acanthaceae, show potential against respiratory infections like influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV. To lower the risk of infection, it is recommended to consume nutritious meals that have immune-modulating qualities. Information on the bioactive components of medicinal herbs, spices, and plants that have been effective in treating respiratory viral infections and related conditions is compiled in this review, which highlights phytoactive substances with antibacterial and antiviral activity as effective modulators to lower the risk of infections. Furthermore, it is highlighted that ancient knowledge systems, like Ayurveda and Naturopathy, should be integrated to help develop new herbal formulations. To improve immunity and lessen vulnerability to serious respiratory infections, the results highlight the need for including immune-modulating foods and plant-based medicines into everyday routines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The value of milk components is increasingly recognised for human health benefits (e.g. omega-3 fatty acids, FA), or indicators of nutrient-use efficiency for both animal and environmental benefits (e.g. milk urea, MU). Aims: The study explored whether inclusion of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in a perennial ryegrass and white clover (Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L, PRW)-based diet affects milk production, MU concentration, and milk FA composition of dairy cows during mid-lactation. Methods: Thirty-two cows, balanced for milk production (26.1 ± 3.03 kg/cow), MU (16.6 ± 2.84 mg/dL), and days in milk (94 ± 7 days), were evenly allocated into eight groups of four. Groups were then randomly assigned one of two dietary treatments, namely, PRW only (control), and PRW plus lucerne (lucerne). During an 8-day adaptation, control cows were fed a fresh allocation after each milking at 08:30 hours and 16:00 hours to provide 25 kg/cow.day DM of fresh PRW herbage above a target post-grazing height of 4.5 cm height. Cows on lucerne were allocated 10 kg DM of fresh lucerne at 08:30 hours, and 15 kg DM of fresh PRW at 16:00 hours. Apparent nutrient intakes and milk composition were determined on Days 9 and 10 of the study. Key results: Diet treatment did not significantly alter DM or metabolisable energy intake, milk production, or milk fat and protein percentage. However, compared with control cows, nitrogen and linoleic acid (LA) intake increased, and soluble carbohydrate, neutral detergent fibre, and alpha linoleic acid (ALA) intake decreased for cows fed lucerne. Milk urea increased by 43% for lucerne compared with control cows (22.4 vs 15.7 ± 1.43 mg/dL, P < 0.001). Cows grazing lucerne produced milk with a higher concentration of LA and ALA than did the control cows. Increases in milk LA from grazing lucerne were congruent with improvement in intake of the FA from the diet, whereas increases in ALA occurred despite the corresponding lower dietary intake. Conclusion: Supplementing a pasture diet with lucerne increased MU and FA. Implications: Lucerne has the potential to enhance dietary protein supply during periods of deficiency and increase the supply of functional FA in the milk of grazing dairy cattle. Ruminant milk components are increasingly recognised for human health benefits (e.g. functional fatty acid composition) or indicators of nutrient supply (e.g. milk urea). This experiment investigated the effect of including lucerne at 40% of the traditional diet of perennial ryegrass-white clover mix on milk production and composition. The findings showed that lucerne can improve dietary protein supply during periods of deficiency and increase the concentration of functional fatty acids in the milk of grazing dairy cattle. This article belongs to the collection: Australasian Dairy Science Symposium 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Broiler chickens are often exposed to various nutritional and environmental stressors that negatively impact their productivity and overall health. These stressors, such as oxidized diets and high ambient temperatures, increase the risk of oxidative stress, which can affect meat quality and increase production costs. While the harmful effects of high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and heat stress on broiler meat quality parameters have been documented, less is known about the combined effects of both these stressors. Antioxidant supplementation could play a key role in improving antioxidant defense and preventing oxidative damage to meat. Our study confirmed that dietary enrichment with 5% linseed oil and cyclic heat stress negatively affected the quality and oxidative stability of broiler breast meat, although no interactions between the stressors were found. In addition, high levels of antioxidants were found to improve meat quality and prevent oxidative damage to broiler meat. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of a high dietary n-3 PUFA intake and cyclic heat stress (HS) on the carcass characteristics, meat quality, and oxidative stability of broiler breast meat and the potential of antioxidant supplementation (vitamins E, C, and selenium) to mitigate these effects. A total of 192 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to 24 pens within two controlled environment chambers and fed with the following diets: a basal diet low in antioxidants according to NRC recommendations (NRC group), a basal diet according to Aviagen recommendations additionally supplemented with 200 IU/kg vitamin E, 250 mg/kg vitamin C, and 0.15 mg/kg selenium (HAOX group), and these two diets further supplemented with 5% linseed oil (NRC N-3 and HAOX N-3 groups). On day 22, the broilers were exposed to the following two environmental conditions: thermoneutral (TN, 21 °C) or cyclic HS (HS, 34 ± 1 °C, 7 h/d) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. A high intake of n-3 PUFAs significantly decreased growth performance, dressing percentage, and breast yield, while the incidence of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) meat characteristics and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased. Cyclic HS reduced body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI), but had limited effects on meat quality. No interactions between n-3 PUFAs and HS were observed for any measurements. High antioxidant supplementation increased breast yield, improved meat quality, and reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by an enhanced antioxidant activity and lower MDA levels. In conclusion, n-3 PUFAs had a negative effect on both the carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers, while HS primarily affected only carcass characteristics, with neither stressor having severe adverse effects. High levels of antioxidants could mitigate the negative effects of dietary- and heat-induced oxidative stress by enhancing the oxidative stability of broiler meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The rapid expansion of blue crab in the Mediterranean Sea represents a severe threat for both human activities and biodiversity. It is a highly invasive species, with high fecundity, and able to tolerate a wide range of temperatures and salinities as well as to afflict the trophic net of local benthic ecosystems at multiple levels. Despite being omnivorous, the progressively lower prey abundance and variability can lead to a consequent lack of crucial dietary nutrients (mainly lipids) that may alter the population dynamics over time. The present study compared the effects on blue crabs of two distinct diets (a marine and a terrestrial one) with different fatty acid profiles over a 60-day feeding trial. The results highlighted how both males and females were able to face the dietary lack of crucial nutrients by preferentially investing them in reproductive performances at the expense of growth. The invasive blue crab is challenging the Mediterranean basin, progressively declining local populations. This reflects a lower prey availability and suitability of dietary nutrients (mainly n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA). The present study aimed to challenge blue crab males and females with a feed source low in n-3 PUFA with respect to one showing a proper fatty acid profile and to investigate the responses in terms of growth, welfare, lipid characterization of target tissues, and reproductive status. Blue crabs were divided into three groups as follows: (i) Marine: crabs fed sardinella (Sardinella aurita) fillet for 60 days; (ii) Mix: crabs fed bovine heart for the first 40 days and sardinella fillet for the following 20 days; and (iii) Terrestrial: crabs fed bovine heart for 60 days. The diet did not alter the health status but reflected the fatty acid profile of muscle and ovary of the blue crabs. In each group, males and females showed a proper hepatopancreas structure, with comparable levels of lipid reserves. This properly supported gonad maturation in both sexes. However, males and females from the group fed the terrestrial diet were characterized by reduced body weight, revealing that blue crabs prioritize reproductive investment rather than growth by directing crucial nutrients to reproductive organs when a suboptimal diet is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Improving boar semen quality is essential for successful artificial insemination due to its direct impact on fertility rate and litter size, making it very important for efficient reproduction in pig farming. Boar sperm is highly sensitive to oxidative stress, which damages sperm cells and decreases fertility. This study is focused on finding whether dietary supplementation can enhance the quality of boar semen, preserve sperm from oxidative damage, and affect the expression of epigenetic-related genes by examining the impact of particular nutrients with antioxidant effects. Key findings revealed that the supplemented group showed improved sperm concentration, motility, and kinematics, with enhanced antioxidative capacity, through increased enzyme activity in seminal plasma and lower lipid peroxidation markers. Changes in epigenetic-related gene expression levels also indicated positive impacts on genetic stability, which could enhance fertility. These results imply that dietary supplementation could improve reproductive performance in boars. This study investigates the impact of nutritional supplementation on semen quality, epigenetic-related gene expression, and oxidative status in boars. Thirty boars were divided into a control group and a treatment group receiving Espermaplus (a supplement containing various vitamins, amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and trace elements with antioxidant properties). The experiment was performed for 12 weeks. Semen samples were collected at four moments: before starting the supplementation and after 3 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. Spermatozoa concentration, motility, and kinematics were assessed using the CASA system. The measured parameters included curvilinear velocity—VCL; straight-line velocity—VSL; average path velocity—VAP; curvilinear distance—DCL; straight line distance—DSL; distance of average path—DAP; amplitude of lateral head displacement—ALH; beat-cross frequency—BCF; and head activity—HAC. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in seminal plasma, as well as the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were measured to assess oxidative stress levels in boar's seminal plasma. The expression of epigenetic-related genes such as Protamine 1 (Prm1), Protamine 2 (Prm2), and DNA-methyltransferase 3 alpha (Dnmt3a) were evaluated using real-time PCR. The treated group showed a significant increase in spermatozoa concentration (p = 0.003), total motility (p = 0.001), and progressive motility (p = 0.002) after 12 weeks compared to the control group. Kinematic parameters such as VCL, VSL, and VAP were also significantly higher (p < 0.001; p = 0.028; p < 0.001, respectively) in the treated group by the end of the experiment. SOD and GPx activities were consistently higher (p < 0.01; p < 0.001, respectively) in the treated group, indicating enhanced antioxidative capacity. TBARS levels as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in the treated group by the end of the study. Significant changes were observed in the expression of epigenetic-related genes. The supplementation of boar diets with Espermaplus significantly improved semen quality, reduced oxidative stress, and had an impact on the expression levels of certain epigenetic-related genes, suggesting that dietary antioxidants and bioactive compounds can enhance boar semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay between functional food nutrients and neurosteroids has garnered significant attention for its potential to enhance stress resilience in health and/or disease. Several bioactive nutrients, including medicinal herbs, flavonoids, and bioavailable polyphenol-combined nanoparticles, as well as probiotics, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, have been shown to improve blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, endogenous neurosteroid homeostasis and brain function. These nutrients can inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are linked to the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. Interestingly, flavonoids exhibit dose-dependent effects, activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway at the physiological/low dose (neurohormesis). This leads to the upregulation of antioxidant phase II genes and proteins such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), which are activated by curcumin and resveratrol, respectively. These adaptive neuronal response mechanisms help protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neurotoxicity. Impaired Nrf2 and neurosteroid hormone signaling in the brain can exacerbate selective vulnerability to neuroinflammatory conditions, contributing to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, anxiety and depression and other neurological disorders, due to the vulnerability of neurons to stress. This review focuses on functional food nutrients targeting Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and redox resilience genes to regulate the neurosteroid homeostasis and BBB damage associated with altered GABAergic neurotransmission. By exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms using innovative technologies, we aim to develop promising neuroprotective strategies and personalized nutritional and neuroregenerative therapies to prevent or attenuate oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, ultimately promoting brain health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal supplements containing diverse phytochemicals have been proven to improve digestibility, beneficial serum metabolites, milk yield, and quality in cows. However, the temperature sensitivity of phytochemicals in herbs complicates their practical use as livestock supplements. In response, this study aimed to assess how shade-dried plantain, lemongrass, and their combination influence cow performance, digestibility, serum and milk antioxidants, and milk fatty acids. Forty multiparous mid-lactating Holstein-tropical crossbred cows were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10) for 63 days in a completely randomized design with covariates adjustment. The control group received a basal diet (14.9% crude protein, 11.0 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter (DM)) without herbs. The herbs-supplemented groups received shade-dried powder (per cow/day) of either 100 g plantain (plantain), 100 g lemongrass (lemongrass), or 50 g each of plantain and lemongrass (combined), along with the basal diet. Compared with the control, the plantain or lemongrass group presented improved performance, i.e., DM consumption (3–4%), milk (10–11%) and its components yield (p ≤ 0.05). Similar to the control, the combined group had no effect on performance or digestibility, whereas the digestibility of all nutrients in the plantain or lemongrass group substantially increased. Herbs-supplementation reduced serum bad-cholesterol and urea-nitrogen while increasing good-cholesterol and albumin compared with the control (p < 0.01). Notably, 4–8% serum and 8–23% milk antioxidants were greater in the herbs-supplemented groups than the control, while the lemongrass had the optimum milk β-carotene. Substantially, herbs-supplementation resulted in a 6–10% higher unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs), whereas the combined group presented a 3.56-fold greater n-3 fatty acids than the control. Significantly, the plantain or lemongrass group presented better benefit‒cost‒ratio than the combined and control. Therefore, shade-dried herbs-supplementation improved the beneficial serum metabolites, serum and milk antioxidants, and milk USFAs in cows. Additionally, shade-dried plantain or lemongrass enhanced cow DM consumption, digestibility, milk yield, and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of lifestyle, including diet and exercise, has been associated with improved learning and memory capacity, delayed age-related cognitive decline, and a reduced risk of neurodegeneration. Most neurodegenerative diseases are defined as complex multifactorial disorders in which genetic and environmental factors greatly contribute to their onset. Although inflammatory cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress itself might exert pro-inflammatory effects and an uncontrolled response could lead to a state of chronic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory dietary approaches unify the disciplines of nutrition, immunity, and neurology. Personalized dietary interventions will be developed based on an individual's genetic makeup, metabolic profile, and gut microbiota composition, thanks to advances in genomics, metabolomics, and microbiome research. The relevance of dietary patterns in decreasing inflammation relies on the role of specific antioxidant nutrients, which might contribute to a decrease in the levels of ROS. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in neuroscience and immunology that have revealed the crucial role that diet and the immune system play in brain function and disease progression. Nutrition influences the immune system, and in turn, the immune system impacts neurological health. This bidirectional relationship suggests that targeted nutritional interventions could modulate immune responses to delay or mitigate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases potentially. This approach focuses on the use of specific nutrients and dietary components that influence the immune system and inflammatory pathway. Key elements of immunonutrition include omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins and various bioactive compounds found in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Essential amino acid (EAA) and omega-3 fatty acid ingestion independently attenuate leg skeletal muscle disuse atrophy in uninjured persons. However, no data exist regarding the effectiveness of combined EAA and omega-3 fatty acid ingestion to mitigate skeletal muscle disuse atrophy in response to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. This pilot trial will explore the feasibility of recruitment and retention of ACLR outpatients from a single center across 18 months to consume either a combination of omega-3 fatty acids and EAAs, or a placebo control, for 4 weeks before and 2 weeks after surgery. Methods: Thirty adult (≥ 18 years old) ACLR outpatients will be recruited for this single center, double-blind, two-arm randomized controlled feasibility pilot trial. Participants will consume either 5 g⋅day−1 of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) and 40 g⋅day−1 of EAAs or 5 g⋅day−1 of a control fatty acid mixture (safflower oil) and 40 g⋅day−1 of non-essential amino acids (NEAAs). Fatty acid supplements will be consumed 4 weeks before and for 2 weeks after ACLR surgery, whereas the EAAs and NEAAs will be consumed 1 week before and for 2 weeks after ACLR surgery. The primary outcomes are feasibility of recruitment and retention, with the goal to recruit 30 outpatients across 18 months and retain 22 participants upon completion of the study protocol following 12 weeks of data collection. These results will be reported using descriptive statistics, along with reasons and timepoints for study dropout. Secondary exploratory outcomes will be reported using inferential statistics for purposes of hypothesis generation and elucidation of mechanistic targets for future work; no inferences to clinical efficacy will be made. These outcomes include integrated rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, skeletal muscle protein content and expression of translation factors, skeletal muscle and erythrocyte phospholipid composition, and measures of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and power. Impact: This work will set the foundation for a future randomized controlled trial powered to detect an effect of EAA + omega-3 fatty acid intake on skeletal muscle size or function in response to ACLR surgery. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06233825. Registered 31 January 2024. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06233825?term=NCT06233825&rank=1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroponic barley forage in the diets of lactating Italian Mediterranean buffaloes on Mozzarella cheese chemical and sensory properties. Thirty‐six buffaloes were evenly assigned to three groups: control (C) with standard maize silage‐based ration, and low hydroponic (LH) and high hydroponic (HH) barley forage substitution for 50% and 100% of maize silage, respectively. HH Mozzarella had lower hardness, reduced saturated fatty acids, increased oleic and α‐linolenic fatty acids. Hydroponic forage could be an innovative system for sustainable livestock production with a positive impact on the Mozzarella cheese improving its nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based carrier oils are constantly gaining popularity for their beneficial health effects on human organisms, thus shifting consumers' preferences to alternative options in the oil market. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of twenty-six edible plant-based fixed oils via chromatographic, chromatic, and spectroscopic techniques, suggesting their potential use as complementary edible oil sources. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and a-linolenic acids were found in considerable proportions, whereas the majority of oils possessed unsaturated (UFA)/saturated (SFA) fatty acid ratio greater than 1.6, suggesting their function in lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular disease. Linseed, chia seed, macadamia, and canola oils provide a balanced intake of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within the range of 1:1 to 5:1. Oxidative stability was inversely related to oils' PUFA content, with linseed, chia seed, pine cone, and walnut oils being the least stable oils against oxidation. Chlorophyll content in all oils was below the limit (50 mg/kg), preventing oxidation in the presence of light, whereas the highest values of b-carotene were noticed in soybean, linseed, and canola oils (61.18, 60.42, and 60.12 ppm, respectively). The application of machine learning algorithms for analyzing ATR-FTIR band intensities and FA proportions via discriminant analysis succeeded in discriminating pulp from seed oils, with a classification accuracy of 96.0% and 88.0%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Purpose: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac rhythm disorder that significantly impacts global health. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary habits play a crucial role in the modulation and management of AF. This review article aims to synthesize current knowledge on the interplay between nutrition and atrial fibrillation, providing insights for healthcare professionals and patients alike in managing this condition through dietary choices. State of Knowledge: Various studies have examined the effects of specific nutrients, food groups, and dietary patterns on the incidence and progression of AF. This review delves into research linking macro- and micronutrients--such as omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and antioxidants--to AF risk. It also evaluates the influence of dietary patterns, including Mediterranean and plant-based diets, on the electrical and structural remodeling of the heart that predisposes to AF. Additionally, the impact of excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption on AF is scrutinized, highlighting the importance of moderation. Summary: The evidence indicates a significant association between diet and atrial fibrillation, suggesting that specific dietary modifications could potentially reduce AF risk or mitigate its severity. Recommendations for clinical practice involve promoting heart-healthy dietary patterns, focusing on the balance and quality of nutrients, while considering individual dietary restrictions and preferences. Further research is needed to clarify causal relationships and to develop comprehensive dietary guidelines specific to AF management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thraustochytrids are emerging as a valuable biomass source for high-quality omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), crucial for both human and animal nutrition. This research focuses on cultivating Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 using cost-effective agro-industrial by-products, namely sugarcane molasses (SCM), corn steep liquor (CSL), and residual yeast cream (RYC), to optimize biomass and lipid production through a comprehensive multistep bioprocess. The study involved optimization experiments in shake flasks and stirred-tank bioreactors, where we evaluated biomass, lipid content, and DHA yields. Shake flask optimization resulted in significant enhancements in biomass, lipid content, and lipid production by factors of 1.12, 1.72, and 1.92, respectively. In a 10 L stirred-tank bioreactor, biomass surged to 39.29 g/L, lipid concentration increased to 14.98 g/L, and DHA levels reached an impressive 32.83%. The optimal concentrations identified were 66 g/L of SCM, 24.5 g/L of CSL, and 6 g/L of RYC, achieving a desirability index of 0.87, aimed at maximizing biomass and lipid production. This study shows that agro-industrial by-products can be effective and low-cost substrates for producing lipids using thraustochytrids, offering a sustainable option for omega-3 PUFA production. The findings support future improvements in bioprocesses and potential uses of thraustochytrid biomass in food fortification, dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and as vegan omega-3 sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intrinsic quality of meat is directly related to muscle and fat tissues. Factors such as the rate and extent of anaerobic glycolysis affect muscle pH, influencing the meat's color, water holding, and texture. Postmortem anomalies can result in deviations from this intrinsic quality. The animals' diet plays a crucial role in meat quality. Specific nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, and minerals, affect meat's texture, flavor, and juiciness. Feeds rich in omega-3 fatty acids can improve the sensorial quality of meat. Meat processing and methods such as aging, marinating, and cooking affect the texture, flavor, and juiciness, which can be evaluated by specific equipment or trained or untrained consumers. This comprehensive review investigates the relationship between animal feeding practices and meat processing techniques and their combined impact on meat quality and sensory perception. By synthesizing recent research, we explore how various feeding protocols (including diet composition and feed additives) and processing methods shape meat products' nutritional value, texture, flavor profile, and overall consumer appeal. Understanding this nexus is crucial for optimizing meat quality while ensuring sustainability and safety in the food supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study emphasizes the critical role of early nutritional interventions in addressing cancer-related malnutrition. It aimed to assess the effects of omega-3 fatty acids (ω3) and vitamin D3 (VitD) supplementation on the nutritional status of newly diagnosed women with breast cancer (BC) in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Method: A total of 88 newly diagnosed women with BC were randomly assigned into four groups: (i) Omega-3 fatty acid (ω3) group; (ii) Vitamin D (VitD) group; (iii) ω3+VitD group; and (iv) the controls. The patients took two daily 300 mg ω3 capsules and/or one weekly 50,000 IU VitD tablet for nine weeks. Nutritional status of the participants was assessed by several measurement tools, namely, the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA)-derived scores, anthropometric measurements, blood albumin status and dietary intakes between the baseline and after 9 weeks post-intervention. The procedures of the present study were registered on ClinicalTrial.gov with the identifier NCT05331807. Results: At the end of trial, there was a significant increase in the PG-SGA-derived nutritional risk scores (p < 0.01), body weight and body mass index (BMI) (both p < 0.05) among participants in ω3+VitD group compared to other groups. Additionally, there was a significant rise in blood albumin levels (p < 0.05), daily energy and protein intake in the ω3+VitD group (p < 0.05) compared to baseline. Conclusion: Participants with supplementation of daily ω3 and weekly VitD had improved nutritional status, assessed by the PG-SGA scores and anthropometric measures, blood albumin and dietary energy and protein intake among women with BC who were undergoing active treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previously, we showed that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid n-3 (PUFA) supplementation improved the performance of postpartum rats in the shuttle box escape test (SBET). Methods: The brains of these rats were used in the current study which examined brain cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity in white matter bundles and 39 regions spanning sensorimotor, limbic, and cognitive areas to determine the effects of n-3 PUFAs on neural metabolic capacity and network interactions. Results: We found that n-3 PUFA supplementation decreased CCO activity in white matter bundles, deep and superficial areas within the inferior colliculus, the anterior and barrel field regions of the primary somatic sensorimotor cortex, the secondary somatic sensorimotor cortex, the lateral, anterior regions of the secondary visual cortex and the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and the medial nucleus of the amygdala. Structural equation modeling revealed that animals consuming diets without n-3 PUFAs exhibited fewer inter-regional interactions when compared to those fed diets with n-3 PUFAs. Without n-3 PUFAs, inter-regional interactions were observed between the posterior cingulate cortex and amygdala as well as among amygdala subregions. With n-3 PUFAs, more inter-regional interactions were observed, particularly between regions associated with fear memory processing and escape. Correlations between regional CCO activity and SBET behavior were observed in rats lacking dietary n-3 PUFAs but not in those supplemented with these nutrients. Discussion: In conclusion, consumption of n-3 PUFAs results in reduced CCO activity in white matter bundles and sensorimotor regions, reflecting more efficient neurotransmission, and an increase in inter-regional interactions, facilitating escape from footshock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated numbers of atherogenic lipoproteins (apoB) predict the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We reported that this may be mediated via the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, as low-density lipoproteins (LDL) induce interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) secretion from human white adipose tissue (WAT) and macrophages. However, mitigating nutritional approaches remained unknown. We tested whether omega-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA) treat LDL-induced upregulation of WAT IL-1β-secretion and its relation to T2D risk factors. Twelve-week intervention with EPA and DHA (2.7 g/day, Webber Naturals) abolished baseline group-differences in WAT IL-1β-secretion between subjects with high-apoB (N = 17) and low-apoB (N = 16) separated around median plasma apoB. Post-intervention LDL failed to trigger IL-1β-secretion and inhibited it in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated WAT. Omega-3 supplementation also improved β-cell function and postprandial fat metabolism in association with higher blood EPA and mostly DHA. It also blunted the association of WAT NLRP3 and IL1B expression and IL-1β-secretion with multiple cardiometabolic risk factors including adiposity. Ex vivo, EPA and DHA inhibited WAT IL-1β-secretion in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, EPA and DHA treat LDL-induced upregulation of WAT NLRP3 inflammasome/IL-1β pathway and related T2D risk factors. This may aid in the prevention of T2D and related morbidities in subjects with high-apoB. Clinical Trail Registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04496154): Omega-3 to Reduce Diabetes Risk in Subjects with High Number of Particles That Carry "Bad Cholesterol" in the Blood – Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correlation between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) and osteoarthritis (OA) incidence has been established, but research on the long-term outlook of OA patients remains limited. This study investigates the association between omega-3 PUFA intake and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in the U.S. OA population. A cohort of 3,467 OA patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2018 was studied. Cox proportional hazards regression models, Kaplan-Meier curves, and subgroup analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between omega-3 PUFA intake and mortality. The dose-response relationship was examined using a restricted cubic spline (RCS) model. Among the 3,467 OA patients, there were 459 all-cause deaths and 175 CV deaths. Omega-3 PUFAs were significantly negatively correlated with all-cause mortality (95% CI: 0.59–0.93, p = 0.011) but not with CV mortality (95% CI: 0.29–1.04, p = 0.056). Higher omega-3 PUFA intake was associated with a 49% decrease in all-cause mortality. Kaplan-Meier curves showed lower all-cause mortality rates in those with higher omega-3 PUFA intake. The inverse correlation was more pronounced among individuals living with a partner. The dose-response analysis indicated a linear negative relationship between omega-3 PUFA intake and all-cause mortality. Increased intake of omega-3 PUFAs is associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality in OA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of insulin resistance (IR) and hepatic steatosis is increasing, with dietary fiber playing a protective role against these disorders. Ocimum basilicum L., widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, but their health-promoting properties remain underexplored. This study evaluated the effects of a fiber-rich fraction of partially defatted basil seeds (BSF) on IR, hepatic steatosis, and polyunsaturated fatty acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6 J male mice. Mice were assigned to four groups and fed either a control diet or HFD, supplemented with BSF or oat flour for 4 weeks. HFD induced IR, hepatic steatosis, proinflammatory state, and a significant decreased in SCFA production. In contrast, supplementation with BSF attenuated IR, steatosis, liver damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation, while increasing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver, adipocytes, and erythrocytes, and enhancing SCFA production, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits in managing these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The response to medical management of young dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) associated pain has not been evaluated. Using an open-label design, the effectiveness, over a 4-month period, of standardized management (grapiprant/fish oil/exercise) for treating OA pain in young dogs was evaluated. Methods: Included dogs were 9 months-4 years of age; ≥3.6 kg body weight; had ≥1 appendicular joint with radiographic OA and obvious joint pain; had a Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) score of ≥5. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory piprant (grapiprant) was given at the recommended dose daily, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was initiated at 100 mg/kg and then increased to 200 mg/kg daily, and leash exercise was gradually increased to a target of 60 min daily. Client-reported outcome measures (CROMs) and force plate gait analysis were collected at baseline and monthly for 4 months. The index limb was defined as the most severely affected limb at baseline. Results: Forty-eight dogs were enrolled (mean ± SD age of 30.7 ± 10.7 months). Hips, elbows, and stifles were commonly affected. Medication and supplement compliance was excellent (≥95% of target administered), and treatments were well-tolerated. CROMs showed significant improvement over time and at each time point. Overall, peak vertical force (PVF) increased significantly (<0.001), and vertical impulse increased numerically. Increase in PVF from baseline was significant at all time points except 4-months. Discussion: This study demonstrates a clinically meaningful benefit of a multimodal treatment regimen over a 4-month period for young dogs (<4 years old) with OA-pain. Future work should determine if early, effective treatment is of long-term benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) affects 30 million Americans. Previous epidemiologic work has shown that diet can impact pulmonary function in those with and without COPD. Diet is also a major driver of gut microbiome composition and function. Importantly, the gut microbiome has also been associated with lung health (i.e., the gut-lung axis) in both preclinical and clinical studies. Despite this growing body of evidence, many questions remain regarding the gut-lung axis. Specifically, how the microbiome impacts the relationship between diet factors and spirometry or stage of disease in people with COPD is little understood. We hypothesize that there are taxonomic differences in the gut microbiome among the different stages of COPD and that diet microbiome interactions influence pulmonary function. This study aimed to identify how the GI microbiota correlated with the severity of respiratory disease in COPD patients and how the microbiome may mediate the relationship between diet, including fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, and lung function outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial design, placebo-controlled ASCEND randomized trial compared the effects of 100 mg aspirin daily and, separately, 1 g omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) daily on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in 15,480 UK adults with diabetes. We report the effects of these randomized treatment allocations on scores derived from the National Eye Institute's Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25) in a subset of participants involved in the ASCEND-Eye sub-study. Methods: Ordinal data from the NEI-VFQ-25 were analyzed using proportional odds regression methods. A common odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to interpret the average effect size of randomization to each study treatment on composite and subdomain scores from the questionnaire. Results: Neither randomization to aspirin nor omega-3 FAs for 7.5 years significantly affected composite or subdomain scores from the NEI-VFQ-25. Conclusion: Applying the NEI-VFQ-25 in ASCEND-Eye represents one of the largest surveys of vision-targeted health-related quality of life in people with diabetes. Further observational analyses of these data are planned, to identify the clinical and demographic characteristics associated with lower composite and subdomain scores in a diabetic population. Trial registration: Eudract No. 2004–000991-15; Multicentre Research Ethics Committee Ref No. 03/8/087 (29th December 2003); ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT00135226 (24th August 2005); ISRCTN No. ISRCTN60635500 (1st September 2005). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiotoxicity is the serious side effect of doxorubicin treatment. Ceramides are formed from the degradation of sphingolipids in cell membranes and play an important role in signaling and modulating biological processes. There is evidence that omega‐3 fatty acid administration can act on this pathway. To evaluate the role of the ceramide pathway in the pathophysiology of doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity and the effect of omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in the attenuation of chronic doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control (C), Doxorubicin (D), Omega‐3 fatty acids (W), and Doxorubicin + Omega‐3 fatty acids (DW). The groups received omega‐3 fatty acids (400 mg/kg/day, via gavage) or water for 6 weeks and doxorubicin (3.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or saline once a week for 4 weeks. Doxorubicin‐treated animals showed increases in left atrium and left ventricle diameters, serum triglycerides and cholesterol, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonylation. We also observed a decrease in left ventricular shortening fraction and nSMase1 expression in the heart. Omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation attenuated the structural and functional alterations caused by doxorubicin and decreased protein carbonylation. In contrast to doxorubicin, omega‐3 fatty acids increased neutral nSMase activity in animals that both received and did not receive doxorubicin but with no effect on nSMase1 protein expression. Omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation attenuated the cardiotoxicity caused by doxorubicin. The ceramide pathway may be involved in the pathophysiology of cardiotoxicity, but it is not the mechanism by which omega‐3 fatty acids attenuated cardiac dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to optimize the coating process of Omega-3 fatty acid (OM3-FA) mini soft capsules containing the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) pitavastatin and ezetimibe using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for in-process monitoring. Cardiovascular disease treatments benefit from combining OM3-FA with lipid-lowering agents, but formulating such combinations in mini soft capsules presents challenges in maintaining stability and mechanical integrity. Methods: The coating process was developed using a pan coater and real-time NIR monitoring to ensure uniformity and quality. NIR spectroscopy enabled precise control of coating thickness, ensuring consistent drug distribution across the capsule surface. Results: The optimized process minimized OM3-FA oxidation and preserved the mechanical integrity of the capsules, as confirmed by texture analysis and in-vitro dissolution testing. This integration of NIR spectroscopy as a process analytical technology (PAT) significantly improved coating quality control, resulting in a stable and effective combination therapy for pitavastatin and ezetimibe in a mini soft capsule form. Conclusion: This approach offers an efficient solution for enhancing patient adherence in cardiovascular disease management. The application of NIR spectroscopy for real-time monitoring highlights its broader significance in pharmaceutical manufacturing, where it can serve as a versatile tool for ensuring product quality and optimizing production efficiency in diverse formulation processes. By incorporating NIR-based PAT, manufacturers can not only achieve product-specific improvements but also establish a foundation for continuous manufacturing and automated quality assurance systems, ultimately contributing to a more streamlined and robust production environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]