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L’article se concentre sur les implications théoriques et empiriques de la coprésence d’humains et de robots sociaux au sein des espaces de sociabilité numériques. Il explore les modalités de cette coprésence en examinant deux types de situations que sont les discours médiatiques relativement au trouble occasionné par les robots et la manière dont les chercheurs des computer studies analysent cette présence en ligne. L’article montre que ces processus d’identification et de catégorisation des robots sociaux participent simultanément d’un travail de redéfinition de ce qui est le propre de l’humain. Sur cette base, il défend la thèse qu’il devient difficile d’envisager une sociologie des usages du numérique qui s’exonère de l’examen de ces entités non humaines anthropomorphes., The article focuses on the theoretical and empirical implications of humans and social bots copresence in digital social spaces. It examines how these entities are constructed trough media narratives and computer studies researches about the trouble they cause. The article shows how social robots’ identification and categorization processes are also redefinitions of what constitute humanness. On this basis, the article defends the thesis that it becomes difficult to imagine a digital sociology that is exempt from the examination of these anthropomorphic nonhuman entities., Este artículo se centra en las implicaciones teóricas y empíricas de la copresencia de humanos y robots sociales dentro de los espacios de sociabilidad digitales. Aquí se explora las modalidades de esta copresencia, examinando dos tipos de situaciones que son los discursos mediáticos en relación con el trastorno causado por los robots y la forma como los investigadores de computer studies analizan esta presencia en línea. El artículo muestra que estos procesos de identificación y categorización de los robots sociales participan simultáneamente en un trabajo de redefinición de lo que es propio del ser humano. Sobre esta base, defiende la tesis por la cual resulta difícil imaginar una sociología de los usos de lo digital que se exonera del examen de estas entidades no humanas antropomorfas.

Les registres publics contiennent des informations très riches sur les administrés. Étant de plus en plus souvent informatisés et capables d’échanger des données, ces registres pourraient constituer une ressource inestimable à l’heure de mettre en place l’administration numérique. Cela ne va par contre pas sans poser des problèmes de protection des données et implique dans tous les cas la mise en place de processus de décision quant au partage de ces données, en fonction d’objectifs précis et dans un contexte donné. Dans cet article, nous proposons un cadre d’analyse qui permet d’évaluer les besoins en information pour une prestation administrative donnée, ainsi que les possibilités de partage ou les restrictions en matière de protection de la sphère privée., Public registers contain highly rich information about citizens. As these registers are, to a steadily increasing extent, digitized and designed for data-sharing purposes, they represent an invaluable resource when implementing e-government. At the same time, they raise a number of serious data protection issues that entail, at all events, establishing a decision-making process to frame the sharing of these data on the basis of specific objectives and in accordance with a particular context. In this article, I propose an analytical framework serving to assess both the informational requirements associated with a given administrative service as well as the opportunities for sharing data, coupled with privacy restrictions.

This article focuses on the analysis of this distributed, heterogeneous, open and continuous production of “data about data” and its possible contribution to early detection objectives. It assesses whether the related processes of open classification and free annotation could provide promising results not only for information retrieval goals, which they are meant for, but also for detecting weak signals of incoming changes.

This article aims to widen the question of online social networks sites (SNS) ethics going beyond the questions of privacy and self-management of data, yet dominant in the public debates. The main theoretical framework developed in this paper, based both on recent contributions and classical sociology, is that SNS have to deal with the social dynamics of distinction and social classes like in any other spaces. From this perspective, focusing only on online privacy is too subjective and individualistic to provide a satisfying answer. Thus, we suggest that transparency should be considered as a social and collective fact rather than an individual characteristic. Boundaries between online and offline world are becoming increasingly porous and we argue, although acknowledging certain particular characteristics of SNS, that SNS ethics should be less about the specificities of online behaviors than on their articulation with the social world.

MIMIK (Method and Instruments for Modeling Integrated Knowledge) is a set of tools used to formalize and represent knowledge within organizations. It furthermore supports knowledge creation and sharing within communities of interest or communities of practice. In this paper we show that MIMIK is based on a model theory approach and builds on other existing methods and techniques. We also explain how to use the method and its instruments in order to model strategic objectives, processes, knowledge, and roles found within an organization, as well as relations existing between these elements. Indeed MIMIK provides eight types of models in order to describe what is commonly called know-how, know-why and know-what; it uses matrices in order to formally and semantically link strategic objectives, knowledge and actors. We close this paper with a presentation of a prototype we built in order to demonstrate a technical architecture allowing for knowledge creation, formalization and sharing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

International audience; In order to develop an indicator measuring the proximity of e-Government and its different generic functions, we analysed a set of studies that were conducted in the United States and in Europe. We defined 21 elements of measure grouped in six dimensions of proximity and we surveyed the official Websites of the French-speaking Swiss Cantons in 2002 and 2003. We observed that more technical aspects such as navigability were well developed, whereas more “socio-political” aspects (data protection, access for handicapped) and organisational issues were still in early stages. To conclude this work we give some hints for the application of a methodology based on proximity measurement.

Depuis quelques années, dans le contexte de la montée en puissance de la mesure de la production scientifique, on constate le renforcement d’une demande pour des instruments d’évaluation « à spectre plus large » qui prennent notamment en compte l’« impact » sociétal de la production scientifique. Dans ce cadre, le présent article s’intéresse à l’émergence d’une nouvelle catégorie descriptive ouverte de l’activité de la science et de ses externalités : la valeur d’usage de la recherche. Dans ce but, il examine d’abord les débats conduits autour de la question de la nature des productions et usages de la science dans différentes arènes (scientométrie, transfert de technologie et relations sciences et société) et explicite leurs influences sur la conceptualisation de l’évaluation scientifique (balance entre des perspectives « internalistes » et « externalistes » de la science). Il interroge ensuite les possibilités et limites du passage d’une mesure de l’impact sociétal des sciences à celle de ses usages externes à la communauté scientifique. À partir du cas suisse, l’article analyse enfin comment ces problèmes sont formulés aux niveaux institutionnel et politique, comment ils sont thématisés séparément et quelles réponses politiques y sont apportées. Ensemble, ces divers éléments permettent de préciser les enjeux de légitimation politique et sociale de la recherche que soulève pour l’évaluation ce type de cadrage externe à la science. Over the last few years, in the context of the rise of scientific production’s measurement, there has been a strengthening demand for alternative evaluation tools covering “a broader spectrum” and taking into account the societal “impact” of scientific production. The present article consequently questions the emergence of a new descriptive open category of science’s activity and its externalities: the use value of research. In order to address this issue, it first examines the debates on the nature of productions and science’s uses in various areas (scientometry, technology transfer and relations between science and society) and clarifies their influences on the scientific assessment’s conceptualisation (balance between “internalist” and “externalist” perspectives of science). The article then questions the opportunities and limits of the shift from a measurement of sciences trough the societal impact of their results to one based upon the value of their uses as attributed outside the scientific community. Based on a Swiss case-study, the article analyses how these problems are formulated at the institutional and political levels, how they are specifically addressed and which political answers they prompted. These various elements enable us to specify the issues of research’s political and social legitimization generated by such external framing and assessment.

International audience; ThinkData is an interactive service for raising awareness on data protection and transparency in the organisational context. Originating from a study carried out by an interdisciplinary work group as part of a think tank on services science and innovation (ThinkServices). ThinkData allows its users to become familiar with the concepts of data protection and transparency through short stories, situations involving employees, managers, HR managers and information systems professionals. In this paper we present the design thinking approach used to develop ThinkData.ch and we describe the main features of the service. In the analytical part of the paper we discuss the main challenges and issues brought about by the tentative generalization of our approach, particularly in terms of modelling the multi-jurisdictional aspects of data protection and transparency.

Part 4: Case Studies; International audience; This paper discusses the results of a survey on a concrete case of eParticipation, i.e. a campaign to get teenagers to participate in the Youth Council of the City of Lausanne. We analyse both the traditional tools (billboard ads, newspapers, official communication through schools) and the online tools (Web page, Facebook, YouTube). During our survey we used mixed methods: an online questionnaire (1360 respondents), documentary analysis of the Youth Council candidates’ application files, and interviews. We then analysed the impacts of the campaign in terms of participation under different angles, amongst other diffusion channels and use of humour.

The availability of ubiquitous networks and bandwidth enables us to access services online using all kind of devices from anywhere at any time. The cloud infrastructures and interoperability minitrack covers a variety of topics related to cloud infrastructures and interoperability.

International audience; In this paper, we describe an analysis framework we developed in order to analyze the implementation of a simplification strategy in a Swiss Canton. This strategy is based on a participatory analysis of services and on the development of eGovernment foundations through the use of open standards and open source software. This framework takes into account both the supply side of administrative services and the user uptake. We will furthermore present preliminary results of our survey.

Part 3: Understanding eParticipation; International audience; This paper examines how design thinking and serious games approaches can be used to support participation through the analysis of three case studies. Indeed we will analyze these approaches in three different contexts: (i) a state-owned multi-utilities company; (ii) a political party; (iii) an information system strategic committee. Our analysis framework relies on the concepts of "perceived usefulness" and "perceived ease of use" and we will use it to discuss the lessons learned. Our main finding is that these approaches really contributing in making complex and abstract matters more "tangible" and thus understandable.

The goal of this paper is to define a methodological approach to investigate the following issues. - Do eGovernment tools and applications save time? - Do they support the provision of better services? What are these new and betters services (if any)? What purpose do they serve? What is their added value? - What is the perception of citizens: do they realize or not that services are better and quicker? Do they respond to actual needs? We will not try to answer all these questions and will focus on (i) modelling services; (ii) measuring the time gained; (iii) and measuring the perceptions of citizens. This framework is still in preliminary stages and has not yet been validated in practice.

Participation is becoming (again) an important topic in the field of urban studies, leading to controversies about the democratization “promises” of local political life. Bernard Jouve studied this issue in several works by first investigating urban governance and then questioning the metropolitan democracy. His critical analysis perspective was built upon an outstanding articulation between in depth empirical investigations and the mobilization of both meso and macro analytical frameworks. Using to different set of cases (development councils in France and e-participation) this article intends to underline the value, in particular heuristic, of theses analytical frameworks and return to the exploratory hypothesis of differential democracy formation in Western democracies. This entry point enables us to initiate a discussion on both his lucid and pessimistic conclusions about participative processes instrumentalization by urban power dominant actors., La participation est (re)devenue un objet important dans le domaine des études urbaines, donnant lieu à des controverses autour de « promesses » de démocratisation de la vie politique locale. Bernard Jouve a traité cette thématique dans plusieurs de ses travaux en s'intéressant d'abord à la gouvernance urbaine puis en approfondissant la question de la démocratie métropolitaine. Sa perspective d'analyse critique s'est construite sur une articulation remarquable entre des investigations empiriques poussées et la mobilisation de cadres d'analyse à la fois meso et macro. En prenant deux cas bien différents (les conseils de développement en France et l'e-participation), cet article souhaite souligner l'utilité, en particulier heuristique, de ces cadres d'analyse et revenir sur l'hypothèse exploratoire d'une démocratie différentielle en formation dans les démocraties occidentales. Cette entrée nous permet d'ouvrir une discussion sur ses conclusions lucides et pessimistes concernant l'instrumentalisation des dispositifs participatifs par les acteurs dominants du pouvoir urbain.

International audience; TaxMe-Online is the online tax declaration system of the Canton of Bern in Switzerland, where each of the 26 Cantons has its own fiscal regime and taxation system. In 2008 it was used by almost 26 percent of the Canton of Bern taxpayers (42% used the TaxMe-CD or other software, and the last third chose the paper forms). The TaxMe portal furthermore gives taxpayer access to their fiscal data (taxation status, amounts paid, etc.) and allows them to send electronic vouchers. TaxMe-Online does not require any preliminary registration as the taxpayers receive their user ID at the same time as the tax declaration forms, and when they log in with their identification data, their identity data (name, address, etc.) are already available. Users do however have to sign a paper-based validation declaration: until they have done so, their online tax declaration is not considered as finalized. The tax administration does not have the right to access taxpayers' data until the receipt of this validation declaration. TaxMe-Online is built on open source components and solutions; data are coded before being sent electronically (Secure Socket Layer). 33% of the TaxMe-Online users say they are “very happy” with this way of filling in their tax declaration, but amongst citizens using a similar solution on CD-ROM or the paper-based declaration, only 18% say they are very happy. This paper tries to find out why the online solution scores much higher than other tax declaration systems. It comprises three main parts (i) the development of an assessment model; (ii) a description of the system and its functionalities; and (iii) an analysis of user acceptance. We investigated the point of view of the TaxMe-Online users on an empirical basis, most notably by analysing secondary sources such as surveys realized by the fiscal administration of the Canton of Bern and newspaper articles, and by conducting interviews with various stakeholders.

International audience; In June 2006 the Swiss Parliament adopted a new law on population registers' harmonization in order to simplify statistical data collection and data exchange from around 4'000 decentralized registers. Besides there are more than 2'000 administrative services delivered to Swiss citizens and businesses, of which hundreds could potentially use data from population registers. The law is rather vague about the implementation of this harmonization and even though many projects are currently being undertaken in this domain, most of them are quite technical. We believe there is a need for analysis tools and therefore in this paper we propose a conceptual framework to analyse data governance of these populations registers, with a strong focus on information requirements and identity management. In order to develop this framework we built on existing approaches to define its building blocks: data consumers, data sources, identity in a given context, requirements, and data sets.

In 2008 the State of Geneva modified its regulation on taxation at source in order to collect electronic fiscal data from employers. Indeed the latter provide data on their employees directly to the tax administration (AFC) and furthermore pay taxes to the State on behalf of their employees. They subtract the corresponding amounts from employees' income and refund that money to the fiscal administration. The taxation at source system is applied to foreigners who work in Switzerland or who receive Swiss pensions, to people who live in Geneva but work in other Cantons, as well as to performers, artists or speakers who work occasionally in Geneva. More than 12'000 companies and 117'000 employees are concerned by the scheme, and large companies provide data on several thousand employees. In the past these files provided by employers were handled semi-automatically by the AFC (at best). The new system (called ISEL for Impôt à la Source En Ligne) offers employers two electronic channels to provide data on employees: file transfer (.XSD) and internet e-form. This case study describes the ISEL project and its context, and discusses the issues raised by the introduction of this e-taxation system. On the human side, our paper takes a qualitative approach, based on interviews of various stakeholders involved in the project. They were asked questions on ISEL's functionality, usability, performance, and so on. On the technical side, the paper presents the architecting principles of the e-government approach in Geneva (Legality, Responsibility, Transparency and Symmetry) and the workflow that was implemented on top of AFC's legacy system.