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Penyakit tuberculosis merupakan salah satu penyakit berjangkit yang boleh disebar melalui udara. Ia dijangkit oleh bakteria Mycobacterium apabila seseorang individu bersin atau batuk. Penyakit ini boleh sembuh dengan mengikuti rawatan yang telah dijalankan dengan mengambil tempoh masa yang panjang. Sistem survelan penting dalam pengawalan dan pencegahan penyakit tuberkulosis dengan mengaplikasikan GIS ke dalam bidang kesihatan. Dengan itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti corak taburan tuberkulosis di daerah Mukah. Kajian ini melibatkan tiga teknik analisis GIS iaitu analisis Mean Center, analisis Hot Spot dan analisis Moran’I. Kajian ini melibatkan data tuberkulosis tahun 2017 bagi kawasan daerah Mukah. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa kes tuberkulosis bagi golongan lelaki adalah lebih tinggi berbanding dengan golongan perempuan. Sehubungan dengan itu, berdasarkan taburan tuberkulosis mendapati bahawa kes tuberkulosis adalah tinggi di kawasan bandar berbanding di luar bandar Mukah. Analisis mean center telah menunjukkan pusat purata terletak kawasan pinggir bandar. Taburan bagi penyakit ini adalah bersifat rawak. Kawasan titik panas terletak berhampiran dengan bandar Mukah. Hasil paparan daripada teknik analisis GIS menunjukkan bahawa ia adalah penting sebagai salah satu tindakan kepada pakar perancang dalam menentukan aktiviti pencegahan penyakit tuberkulosis di daerah Mukah.

The years 1997/1998 and 2015/2016 saw the occurrence of El Niño occur among the worst in human history. Until now there is still a lack of research in studying the degree of El Niño's strength impact on climate and weather, especially in the tropic region. The objective of this study is to study the effectiveness of remote sensing technology in identifying the differences between the 1997/1998 and 2015/2016 El Niño events. This study uses six satellite data and temperature data from the Malaysia Meteorology Department (MMD). The first step of remote sensing data will be through pre-processing, converting digital Numbers (DN) to Land Surface Temperature (LST). The results of the study found that there was a change in the pattern of LST columns during the 1997/1998 and 2015/2016 El Niño events. Spatial patterns change based on Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) values. The results of this study are important because of the importance of spatial information to those responsible for preparing measures to overcome and reduce the impact of El Niño on the population. at the developing country level, including Malaysia, there is still a lack of information technology infrastructure in channeling useful information to the community. Through the information, this spatial information provides critical hot spot information that needs more attention.

Geographic Information System (GIS) merupakan antara teknologi yang boleh digunakan dalam sektor kesihatan awam untuk mengkaji penyakit dan membantu mengenal pasti sebaran penyakit semasa pandemik. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaan analisis ruang dalam kajian COVID-19 masih kurang dilakukan terutamanya di Malaysia setakat ini. Oleh itu, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk melakukan tinjauan literatur terhadap penggunaan analisis ruang dalam kajian berkaitan COVID-19. Kertas kerja ini akan mengkaji semula kesusasteraan tentang penggunaan analisis ruang yang digunakan untuk membuat analisis dalam kajian COVID-19 daripada beberapa kajian lepas. Sebanyak empat model regresi ruang yang didapati paling kerap digunakan dalam analisis kajian COVID-19 seperti Geographically weighted regression (GWR), Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Spatial Error Model (SEM), dan Spatial Lag Model (SLM). Akhir sekali, kertas kerja ini akan menyarankan penggunaan analisis ruang dalam kajian berkaitan COVID-19 pada masa akan datang terutamanya di Malaysia. Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the technologies that can be used in the public health sector to study diseases and help to identify the spread of diseases during pandemic. However, so far, the use of spatial analysis in COVID-19 study is still lacking, especially in Malaysia. Therefore, the objective of this study is to conduct a literature review on the use of spatial analysis in COVID-19 related studies. This paper will review the literature of spatial analysis that used to make the analysis in the COVID-19 study from previous studies. A total of four spatial regression models were found to be most frequently used in the COVID-19 study analysis such as Geographically weighted regression (GWR), Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Spatial Error Model (SEM), and Spatial Lag Model (SLM). Finally, this paper will suggest the use of spatial analysis in a COVID-19 related studyespecially in Malaysia in future.

Pelancongan luar bandar bukan sahaja menyumbang kepada pendapatan negara, malah turut menyumbang kepada sumber pendapatan penduduk tempatan. Oleh itu, pelancongan luar bandar perlu diperbanyakkan lagi, terutamanya di negara sedang membangun seperti Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun, aktiviti pelancongan sebaik-baiknya dijalankan secara lestari untuk mengurangkan kesannya kepada alam sekitar dan juga manusia. Salah satu pelancongan luar bandar yang popular pada masa kini ialah pelancongan berasaskan warisan khususnya jejak warisan batu megalitik. Pelancongan ini telah lama terkenal di luar negara. Oleh itu, pelancongan warisan ini berpotensi untuk menjadi daya tarikan kepada pelancong yang meminati warisan budaya. Kajian ini menghasilkan satu peta jejak warisan batu megalitik sebagai pelancongan lestari luar bandar di Tambunan, Sabah. Kajian ini menggunakan data kerja lapangan yang dijalankan di Tambunan. Peta jejak warisan dihasilkan dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis GIS iaitu analisis Kernel density, analisis penimbalan dan analisis kos laluan terendah (LCPA). Akhirnya, sebuah jejak warisan batu megalitik yang tidak terlalu jauh dan dekat untuk dilalui dihasilkan. Peta jejak warisan ini boleh menjadi panduan kepada pihak pengusaha pelancongan untuk mengembangkan pelancongan di Tambunan. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada pemeliharaan batu megalitik di Tambunan agar tidak pupus. Rural tourism not only contributes to the national income but also contributes to the income of locals. Therefore, rural tourism needs to be increased, especially in developing countries such as Malaysia. However, tourism activities should be carried out sustainably to reduce its impact on the environment as well as human beings. One of the popular rural tourism nowadays is heritage tourism, especially the megalithic stone heritage trail. This tourism has been popular abroad. Therefore, this heritage tourism has the potential to be an attraction to tourists who are interested in cultural heritage. The output of this study is a megalithic stone heritage trail map for rural sustainable tourism in Tambunan, Sabah. The data used for this study obtained from the fieldwork which is conducted in Tambunan. Heritage trail maps are produced using GIS analysis methods which included Kernel density analysis, buffer analysis and least-cost path analysis (LCPA). Finally, a megalithic stone heritage trail that is not too far and close was produced. This heritage trail map can be a guide for tour operators to develop tourism in Tambunan. This study contributes to the preservation of megalithic stones in Tambunan so that they do not become extinct.

Permintaan dan penawaran terhadap harta tanah memainkan peranan penting dalam mempengaruhi perubahan nilai harta tanah. Hal ini demikian kerana, sektor harta tanah pada hari ini menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan baikpun stabil mahupun kurang stabil melibatkan harta tanah jenis kediaman, rumah kedai dan dagangan. Peningkatan harga harta tanah ini serba sedikit telah memberikan peluang kepada kawasan bandar untuk berkembang lebih pesat. Akan tetapi, peningkatan harga harta tanah didapati mempunyai nilai yang semakin mahal dari tahun ke tahun telah menimbulkan kerisauan dalam kalangan masyarakat kini. Oleh itu, pelbagai inisiatif telah dilaksanakan bagi mengatasi masalah yang telah wujud ini. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan topografi dengan nilai harta tanah di Signal Hill, Sabah. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah berlandaskan konsep asas dalam GIS dan analisis berbentuk tiga dimensi bagi mengintegrasikan elemen fizikal melibatkan topografi dan harta tanah kediaman secara terperinci. Hasilnya, nilai yang berbeza dapat dipaparkan mengikut tingkat ketinggian kawasan harta tanah kediaman di Signal Hill. Analisis ini juga telah membentuk unit perwakilan yang dapat membuat hubung kait di antara topografi dan harta tanah. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa sememangnya faktor bentuk muka bumi mempengaruhi harga harta tanah di kawasan Signal Hill. Hal ini disebabkan kawasan Signal Hill terletak di lokasi tanah tinggi dan dipengaruhi kemudahsampaian menyebabkan nilainya berbeza. Diharapkan kajian ini sedikit sebanyak dapat membantu bukan sahaja kepada pihak akademik, tetapi juga kepada badan berkanun dan badan bukan berkanun dalam kajian akan datang. Demand and supply of real estate play a major role in influence changes in value. This is because the real estate sector today shows a significant increase in terms of good or bad situations involving residential properties, shop houses and commercial properties. The slight increase in property prices has provided an opportunity for urban areas to grow more rapidly. However, the increasing expensive value in property has been found for years that has been a concern among the community today. Therefore, various initiatives have been implemented to address this problem. Thepurpose of this study is to analyze the relationship of topography with propertyvalue in Signal Hill, Sabah. The approach that was used in this study is based on basic concepts in GIS and three-dimensional analysis to integrate physical elements in residential properties. As a result, different values canbe displayed according to the elevation level of the residential property areas in Signal Hill. This analysis has also formed a representative unit that can make connections between topography and real estate. This study found that the landform factors have influenced property prices in the Signal Hill area.The Signal Hill area is located in a highland location and it’s affected by accessibility causing its value to be different. It is hoped that the findings of the research will be able to help not only the academics but also the authorities and non-authorities in future studies.

Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP) telah diisytiharkan di Malaysia pada 17 Mac 2020 untuk memutuskan rantai wabak COVID-19. Sejak saat itu, tidak ada vaksin yang dibuat untuk menyembuhkan penyakit. Oleh itu, PKP adalah kaedah terbaik yang dilaksanakan oleh banyak negara untuk meminimumkan atau membasmi penyakit ini. COVID-19 adalah penyakit berjangkit yang mudah dijangkiti oleh orang lain melalui sentuhan, mulut, hidung dan mata. Oleh itu, penjarakan fizikal antara satu sama lain mesti diamalkan dan tempat yang sesak mesti dielakkan. Walau bagaimanapun, orang ramai cenderung melanggar peraturan PKP dan jarak fizikal. Hal ini terbukti berdasarkan catatan dari fasa 1 hingga fasa 5 PKP di Malaysia. Bilangan kes positif COVID-19 menurun semasa fasa awal PKP tetapi mendapat daya tarikan pada fasa 4 dan 5. Pada masa yang sama, jumlah tenaga kerja di pihak berkuasa terhad dan sukar bagi mereka untuk memantau di semua tempat. Faktor geografi dan jaraknya juga merupakan beberapa cabaran yang harus dihadapi untuk memastikan rakyat mengikuti peraturan PKP. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis taburan spatial faktor lokasi yang sering dikunjungi orang ramai dengan bantuan analisis spatial melalui Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS). Dengan menggunakan teknik pertindanan dan Kernel density dari kaedah analisis spatial, kajian ini kemudian dapat menghasilkan peta kepadatan risiko COVID-19 yang berpotensi. Selepas itu, kajian ini dapat mengenal pasti kawasan potensi risiko COVID-19 dan mengesahkannya dengan lokasi terkini kes positif di daerah Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Melalui hasil kajian, walaupun tidak mencapai ketepatan yang dikehendaki tetapi ia masih boleh dijadikan sebagai salah satu panduan kepada pihak berkuasa untuk mengawal kawasan yang terlibat. Akhir sekali, penemuan kajian ini sesuai untuk pihak berkuasa bertindak dan memfokuskan kawasan berisiko tinggi penyebaran COVID-19. Movement Control Order (MCO) has been declared in Malaysia on 17th Mac 2020 to break the chain of the COVID-19 pandemic. Since at that time, no vaccine was made to cure the disease, therefore, the MCO was the best method implemented by many countries to minimize or eradicate the disease. COVID-19 is a contagious disease that can be easily contracted to others based on touch, mouth, nose, and eye. Thus, physical distance from each other must be applied and crowded places must be avoided. However, people tend to violate the MCO ruling and the physical distance. This was evident based on the record from phase 1 to phase 5 of MCO in Malaysia. The number of COVID-19 positive cases were decreased during the early phase of MCO but gain traction in phase 4 and 5. At the same time, the number of manpower in the authority is limited and it was difficult for them to monitor in all places. The geographical factors and the distance were also some of the challenges that they must face to make sure the people follow the MCO ruling. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of the location factors that the people frequently visited with the help of spatial analysis through Geographic Information System (GIS). By using the Kernel density and overlay technique from the spatial analysis method, this study could then produce a density map of potential COVID-19 risk. Subsequently, this study manages to identify the area of potential risk of COVID-19 that can be contracted and validate it with the current location of the positive cases in Kota Kinabalu district of Sabah. Although some places unable to show the desired result but it still good enough as one of the guidance for the relevant authorities to take action. Lastly, the findings of this study are suitable for the authorities to act and mainly focused the high-risk area of COVID-19 spreading.

The years 1997/1998 and 2015/2016 saw the worst El Niño occurrence in human history. The occurrence of El Niño causes extreme temperature events which are higher than usual, drought and prolonged drought. The incident caused a decline in the ability of plants in carrying out the process of photosynthesis. This causes the carbon dioxide content to be higher than normal. Studies on the effects of El Niño and its degree of strength are still under-studied especially by researchers in the tropics. This study uses remote sensing technology that can provide spatial information. The first step of remote sensing data needs to go through the pre-process before building the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) maps. Next this study will identify the relationship between Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) with Application Remote Sensing in The Study Of El Niño Extreme Effect 1997/1998 and 2015/2016 On Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)NDWI and NDWI landscape indices. Next will make a comparison, statistical and spatial information space between NDWI and NDVI for each year 1997/1998 and 2015/2016. This study is very important in providing spatial information to those responsible in preparing measures in reducing the impact of El Niño.

Wetlands are a vital component of land cover in reducing impacts caused by urban heat effects and climate change. Remote sensing technology provides historical data that can study the impact of development on the environment and local climate. The studies of wetland in reducing Land Surface Temperature (LST) in a tropical climate are still lacking. The objective of the study is to examine the influence of land cover change wetland and vegetation on land surface temperature between the years 1988 and 2019. First of all, step, pre-processing, namely geometric correction, atmosphere correction, and radiometric correction, were performed before retrieval of the LST dataset from thermal band Landsat 5 and 8. Then, Iso Cluster, unsupervised was chosen to produce the land cover map for 1988 and 2019. Geographical Information System (GIS) technology was utilized to determine changes to land cover and LST change between the years 1988 and 2019. With GIS technology, a study of the impact of wetland deforestation on local temperatures at a local scale was carried out. Next to that, correlations between LST and the wetland were analyzed. The results indicated the different land cover between the years 1988 and 2019. The areas of land cover for wetland and vegetation decrease and while area of urban increased. The land cover changed the influences of LST significantly in the study area. The LST increased with the decreasing in areas wetland areas for every 5-kilometer square (km²) wetland lost an increase in 1-degree Celsius of LS was estimated. The size of wetland influence on LST was significant. Wetland and vegetation function in reducing the urban heat island effect was vital in providing a comfortable environment to the Kuching population and indirectly reduce the demand for power energy.

Sarawak recorded the second-highest number of cases since 2013 until 2017 after Sabah. Sarawak is the largest state in Malaysia and needs to provide spatial information, especially to the ministry of health. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the distribution of malaria risk maps. To achieve the objectives of this study requires Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) data, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), daily temperature, and secondary data on the number of malaria cases in Sarawak. The results of the study clearly show that the occurrence of La Niña and El Niño affects the total distribution of Malaria risk maps. The number of malaria cases is also related to the ONI value. The lower the ONI value causes the malaria case value to decrease. The results of this study suggest that most of the hot spots in the forest, forest fringe, and inland areas of Sarawak. This clearly shows the lack of knowledge and knowledge causing the rural population to be prone to malaria. The Ministry of Health needs to focus on the interior in disseminating teachings and knowledge in dealing with malaria mosquitoes.

Real Estate is an asset that provides profitable investment in return. Commercial property constitutes an important part of the real estate sector. In valuing commercial property, rental value is an essential component for valuers in applying valuation methods. Determining the rental value usually a difficult process as it involves a lot of influence factors. There are various factors that can be used but not the same for every commercial property. Therefore, this paper shows the modeling valuation comparison between two commercial property areas of Putatan and Limbang that represent the outskirts of the city in Sabah and Sarawak respectively. The purpose of this study is to find an effective approach to develop a suitable model for commercial property valuation using OLS and subsequently intends to identify factors that influence the commercial properties for both study areas. The OLS technique was used for this study to develop the property valuation model in Putatan and Limbang. The outcome shows that both study areas can be modeled using OLS for property valuation using similar factors but the Limbang area produced higher accuracy than Putatan based on the adjusted R2 value. However, in terms of the significant of the property value influence factors, both Limbang and Putatan produced different significant factors. Thus, it shows that most of the outskirt city commercial property valuation must be modeled using different influence factors. The model will benefit the local authorities, especially for commercial property valuation. Ultimately, revaluation also can be done easily with low cost, less time and few people needed for this approach.

Warisan budaya tradisional penting sebagai lambang identiti sesuatu masyarakat dan negara. Tamadun dan asal usul sesuatu masyarakat dapat diketahui daripada warisan budaya. Salah satu warisan budaya yang semakin pupus ialah budaya megalitik yang merupakan pengamalan batu besar dalam kehidupan masyarakat dahulu. Antara kawasan yang mempunyai batu megalitik ini ialah Kg Tobilung, Tambunan. Maka kajian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan batu megalitik di Kampung Tobilung, Tambunan sebagai pendokumentasian lokasi batu megalitik tersebut menggunakan aplikasi Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS). Selain itu, analisis GIS menggunakan analisis penimbalan dilakukan untuk melihat jarak batu megalitik dengan sumbernya iaitu di sungai-sungai yang berdekatan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan GIS membantu dalam pendokumentasian budaya megalitik dengan menunjukkan lokasi letakan batu megalitik di Kampung Tobilung secara tepat dan menentukan sumber batu megalitik tersebut dengan mudah melalui jarak minimum batu megalitik dengan sungai-sungai berdekatan. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada bidang arkeologi melalui penemuan batu megalitik dan pendokumentasian ke atas batu megalitik tersebut. Di samping itu, melalui penceritaan bersama penduduk kampung, sejarah berkaitan dengan batu megalitik tersebut dapat diketahui dan seterusnya boleh dijadikan sebagai produk pelancongan pada masa akan datang. Pihak berkaitan juga boleh menjadikan hasil kajian ini sebagai panduan untuk melakukan aktiviti pemeliharaan ke atas megalitik ini agar ia tidak dirosakkan atau hilang.

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event is a climate event that has an impact on the world climate. The effects of ENSO are often associated with prolonged droughts and floods since 1980 following global climate change. In addition to causing flooding and drought. Indirectly, the occurrence of ENSO causes health problems, environmental destruction, affecting economic activities such as agriculture and fisheries. Many studies on ENSO have been conducted. However, there is still a lack of research on the effect of ENSO on temperature in local knowledge areas, especially urban areas because the urban environment especially building materials that can absorb and release heat. In addition, previous studies have focused on large-scale areas. Beside that there still gap to understand and increase knowledge about the effect of ENSO on local temperatures, especially in urban areas. This study uses meteorological data and Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) from 1988 to 2019. This study found that the occurrence of ENSO has an effect on the value of daily temperature but differs based on the value of the ONI index. In addition, this study uses linear regression in predicting the effect of ENSO on temperature. The results of this study are useful to those responsible for understanding the impact of ENSO on temperature in urban areas to provide infrastructure in reducing the impact of ENSO as well as adjustment measures during the occurrence of ENSO.

Transformation of land cover vegetation toward urban areas causes the temperature at urban higher to compare to suburban and rural areas, namely urban heat island (UHI) effect. The UHI has a negative impact, such a stroke heat, air pollution, green gasses emission, and electric consumption. UHI studies at a tropical country still limited due to the containment of cloud cover. Besides that, studies only focus on big cities which have residents above than 2 million. The outcome this studied important to enhance our knowledge of urban heat effect at small-medium cities and guidelines to policymaker and urban planner to discover there has effectively taken to decrease the effect of urban heat at the hot spot area. The main goal of this research about to discovered influence of urban growth and selected urban index, namely the Normalized Difference Built Index (NDBI) to LST. NDBI is an index which denotes intensity of urban built up. In the first step, we generate the LST and NDBI from Landsat 8 OLI at year 2018 and Landsat 5 TM for the year 2011 and 1991. Second, we applied the unsupervised classification of Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 5 TM to generate the land cover maps for the years 1991, 2011, and 2018. Third of our method to examine the relationship between Land surface temperature (LST) and NDBI. The higher value NDBI is a hot spot, and the low value is a cold spot. In the last step, we applied for Change Detection analysis using GIS to examine the land cover change between 1991 and 2018. Our results show the higher the value of NDBI and LST at the centre of the city and the lowest value at vegetation land cover. The transformation of land cover vegetation to urban increase at countryside area and out-of-town and significantly increase of distribution of UHI. On another hand, the shows positive relationships between LST and NDBI. The output of the study provides a guideline for policymakers and town designers to develop to toward city zero carbon, sustainable and health.

In the past two decades, China’s urbanization has advanced rapidly. In 2018, Xi’an was successfully selected as a national central city, and the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration (GZPUA) is emerging rapidly due to Xi’an. This study focuses on the current ecological status of the region and how to strike a balance between economic development and ecological protection. This study uses the ecological vulnerability of the Guanzhong urban agglomeration as a starting point to investigate the changes in its spatial and temporal distribution of ecological vulnerability and the primary driving factors, as well as to investigate the interaction between the changes in ecological vulnerability and urban agglomeration development in the GZPUA region. Using the “sensitivity–elasticity–pressure (SEP)” assessment framework model, this paper selects the spatial distribution data of natural, social, and economic sources in 2000 and 2020 based on the ecological environment characteristics of GZPUA. By using spatial principal component analysis, this paper quantitatively evaluates the ecological vulnerability changes of GZPUA in two periods, 2000 and 2020, with 1000 m × 1000 m raster as the evaluation unit, classifies the ecological vulnerability of the area into levels, and conducts a sub-regional in-depth study from different administrative regions. This research helps to comprehend the change in ecological environment quality in the GZPUA and provides a basis for ecological environment management decisions in the region. The results showed that (1) the ecological vulnerability of the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration as a whole is moderate, with the highest ecological vulnerability index (EVI) value of 0.89 and the lowest EVI value of 0.087 in 2000, and the highest EVI value of 0.93 and the lowest EVI value of 0.082 in 2020. The percentage of areas with the highest ecological vulnerability (moderate or severe) was 5.07% in 2000 and 15.11% in 2020. (2) The variation scope of the integrated EVI in the study region is 1.78–4.96 (2000) and 1.81–4.99 (2020), among which the EVI values in Xi’an, Bei Lin, Lian Hu, and Xin Cheng are the highest and the EVI values in Tai Bai, Zhou Zhi, and Feng Xian are the lowest. (3) In the central region of GZPUA, the spatial variation of CEVI is distributed in a circle that is highly congruent with the region’s economic and population development characteristics, whereas the spatial variation of CEVI in the southern mountainous region of the study area is primarily constrained by the topography and natural conditions. This region has low CEVI because of the high mountains and thick forests, which is a crucial ecological barrier for the GZPUA. (4) The EVI, ecological sensitivity index (ESI), ecological elasticity index (EEI), and ecological pressure index (EPI) have a strong relationship with land use. Among them, farmland and built-up land showed highly significant correlations with the EVI, ESI, EEI, and EPI (p < 0.01).

Heritage trails are an effective way to preserve cultural sustainability. Nowadays, heritage trails have been widely developed as tourism products either domestically or abroad. Megalithic stones are an ancient tradition of high value that has interesting functions and backgrounds. Moderni-zation with infrastutural development, and changes in religion in society have caused the mega-lithic stone tradition to be less practiced and increasingly declining. One of the effective ways to preserve megalithic stones from further decline is by building heritage trails as a tourism product. Many megalithic stones are located in sloping areas. In this study, least-cost path analysis (LCPA) in GIS applications was used to identify cost-effective and sloping routes to produce heritage trails. Study data were obtained from fieldwork in Tambunan. The benefits of this study provide ex-posure to the outside world about the megalithic stone tradition, and determine the appropriate routes to develop heritage trails in the District, and assist in the economy of the local population.

Heritage trail is an important part of rural tourism especially for community development, community participation, for discovering community heritage, and for involvement by community in developing trails to promote the history, natural and the cultural heritage of the area. One of the cultural heritages that are increasingly extinct is the megalithic stoneritual which was a daily practice in the lives of the people in the past. Megalithic stone can be found scattered in rural area of Sabah such as Penampang, Keningau, Kota Belud, Tuaran, Papar, Tenom and Tambunan. The megalithic stone or Menhir was usually used for worshipping the ancestral spirit. The megalithic stone is unique as it has many shapes such as flat, horn, triangle and round. However, this was not practice anymore and the stone is disappearing or broken one by one. Since the numbers of megalithic stones in Sabah are many, it is not feasible for all location of the stones to be gazetted for the preservation of the stones. Therefore, heritage trails is the best solutions that can be used to protect the stones and at the same time get the local community involved. However, in order to make it as one of the rural tourism in the area, several criteria need to be met to attract tourists to participate the heritage trails. These criteria include; accessiability to the megalithic site, near to accommodation, closer to other side attraction, transportation availability andsupport services around the area. Thus, GIS mapping is needed to assists this as it can show the suitability of the heritage trails location by identifying whether all the criteria can be found near the area. The purpose of this study is to show the effectiveness of GIS in analyse the suitability of the heritage trail route and its location for the tourists. In this case,the area of Tobilung village in Tambunan was used as a study area in this paper. Having known all the location for each criteria in the study area using google map, the proximity analysis was then conducted to identify the suitability of the heritage trail location. Based on the result, the heritage trail that features the megalithic stone in Tobilung, Tambunan issuitable for rural tourism as it has most of the criteria required for a tourist especially in terms of accommodation, transportation, places of attraction and services such as food and beverages, accessibility and utilities. This paper presents the significant role that GIS can play in rural tourism development in Tobilung, Tambunan and subsequently enhance the local economy of the village.

Aksesibiliti pengangkutan awam merupakan satu indikator penting dalam mengukur perancangan pengangkutan dan juga turut memainkan peranan penting dalam pergerakan penduduk khususnya di sesebuah bandar. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti kekerapan dan mod perkhidmatan bas awam yang menggunakan laluan utama untuk ke pusat Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu. Sumber primer melalui pemerhatian langsung di lokasi kajian dan temu bual mendalam secara berstruktur diaplikasikan dalam penyelidikan ini untuk mendapatkan data kekerapan bas awam agar aksesibiliti bas awam di Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu dapat diperhatikan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat kemudahan perkhidmatan bas berhenti-henti dan bas mini di kesemua laluan utama menuju ke pusat Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu. Penemuan ini membuktikan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu mempunyai aksesibiliti yang baik menerusi perkhidmatan pengangkutan awamnya. Namun, terdapat beberapa isu aksesibiliti perkhidmatan bas awam di laluan utama menuju ke pusat Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu. Antaranya ialah kekerapan perkhidmatan bas awam yang tidak seimbang pada waktu puncak dan waktu normal. Bukan itu sahaja, terdapat juga laluan utama yang tidak mempunyai perkhidmatan bas awam sama sekali dan isi ini kurang mendapat pemantauan daripada pihak yang bertanggungjawab. Secara tidak langsung, situasi ini akan memberi kesan kepada aksesibiliti seseorang yang ingin bergerak dari satu destinasi ke destinasi di Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu. Hasil dapatan penyelidikan ini dapat membantu pihak berkuasa untuk meningkatkan mutu perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam terutamanya perkhidmatan bas awam di Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu pada masa yang akan datang. The accessibility of public transportation is an important indicator in measuring transportation planning and it also plays an important role in the mobility of the people, especially in a particular city. This article aims to identify the frequency and mode of public buses that give services along the main route to Kota Kinabalu city center. Primary sources through direct observation at the study site and in-depth structured interviews areapplied in this research in order to obtain public bus data. This is to provide a clear view of the accessibility of public buses in Kota Kinabalu. The findings showed that there were services of stage buses and minibuses along all major routes in Kota Kinabalu city. The findings prove that Kota Kinabalu has good accessibility through its public transportation services. There are several issues of accessibility to public bus services on the main route to Kota Kinabalu city center in this research. Among them is the frequency of unbalanced public bus services between peak and normal hours. There is also a major route that does not get public buses at all, and lack of monitoring regarding the route issue among the responsible authorities. As a result, it will indirectly affect the accessibility of a person to reach his or her destinations in Kota Kinabalu city. The findings of this research will help the authorities to improve the quality of public bus services in Kota Kinabalu city in the future.

Using the exploratory spatial data analysis method to analyze the level of residential land price, and calculate the use level of urban land intensive use based on the PSR model, exploring the differences between the urban residential land price and land intensive spatial in the city of Hebei Province in 2019 and make relevant suggestions. The result shows (1) The land price level of urban housing is characterized by spatial differentiation of circle structure with Langfang city as the center and decreasing outward. (2) The overall level of urban land intensive use shows the spatial differentiation characteristics of high in the southeast and low in the northwest. (3) The spatial distribution of urban residential land price level is different from that of land intensive use level, and there is a situation that the land price level is high and the urban land intensive use level is low. (4) Because of the shortcomings in the development of land price and intensive land use, some suggestions are put forward from the overall perspective of the whole province and the specific situation of each city.

Amid the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the year 2020, educational platforms have been forced to change and adapt from conventional physical learning to virtual learning. Nearly all higher learning institutions worldwide are forced to follow the new educational setting through virtual platforms. Sabah is one of the poorest states in Malaysia with the poorest infrastructure, with the technology and communication facilities in the state remaining inept. With the changes in virtual platforms in all higher education institutions in Malaysia, higher learning institutions in Sabah are expected to follow the lead, despite the state lagging in its development. This has certainly impacted the overall productivity and performance of students in Sabah. Therefore, this study aims to explore the challenges of the implementation of virtual learning among students in Sabah. More specifically, this study seeks to identify vulnerable groups among students based on their geographical location. To achieve the objective of this study, a survey has been conducted on a total of 1,371 students in both private and public higher learning institutions in Sabah. The sample selection for this study was determined using a purposive sampling technique. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), it was found that there are five challenges in virtual learning faced by students in higher learning institutions in Sabah. These are the unconducive learning environment (var(X) = 20.12%), the deterioration of physical health (var(X) = 13.40%), the decline of mental health (var(X) = 12.10%), the limited educational facilities (var(X) = 10.14%) and social isolation (var(X) = 7.47%). The K-Means Clustering analysis found that there are six student clusters in Sabah (Cluster A, B, C, D, E & F), each of which faces different challenges in participating in virtual learning. Based on the assessment of location, almost half of the total number of districts in Sabah are dominated by students from Cluster A (9 districts) and Cluster B (4 districts). More worryingly, both Cluster A and Cluster B are classified as highly vulnerable groups in relation to the implementation of virtual learning. The results of this study can be used by the local authorities and policymakers in Malaysia to improve the implementation of virtual learning in Sabah so that the education system can be more effective and systematic. Additionally, the improvement and empowerment of the learning environment are crucial to ensuring education is accessible and inclusive for all societies, in line with the fourth of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-4).

The response of chlorophyll to climate variability plays an important role in regulating the regional marine ecological environment and carbon cycle. This study focuses on the impact of changes in chlorophyll on the catches of deep-water fish and offshore fish. The chlorophyll factors from satellite image MODIS were analysed during La Niña in 2008/2011 and El Niño in 2015/2016. Remote sensing reflectance’s 443 nanometres and 555 nanometres were utilized to examine the bias of the chlorophyll concentration, Thus the higher phytoplankton absorption coefficient at 443, and backscattering coefficient for dissolved and detrital material stated the more phytoplankton biomass and higher suspended sediment concentration. The results found that the fish catch during El Niño is higher at 295572 metric tons compared to during La Niña which is 255783 metric tons. The El Niño event was found to have experienced an increase in catch of 29789 metric tons. This is due to the influence of the change in the mean value of the concentration in the study area of 0.31 mg-3 during La Niña compared to during El Niño 0.4 m mg-3. A decrease in the average value concentration of -0.09 mg-3 resulted in a decrease in the number of catches. In addition, the maximum value of chlorophyll concentration was also found to be high during El Niño which is 22 m mg-3 compared to during La Niña which is 18 m mg-3. The high distribution of chlorophyll-a is in the coastal areas of Sarawak, which explains why the coastal fish catches are higher than in the deep sea. It is concluded that the distribution of chlorophyll concentration is different during the occurrence of ENSO. This may result in different fishing rates in the study area. Remote sensing technology successfully explains why fish catches during El Niño are higher than during La Niña based on different chlorophyll dispersions. The provision of information in this space is very important to fishermen to reduce operating costs.

Since an ever-increasing part of the population makes use of social media in their day-to-day lives, social media data has been analyzed in many different disciplines. While there is a great deal of literature on the challenges and difficulties involving specific data analysis methods, there hardly exists research on analyzing the appropriate techniques used to handle different types of data for the purpose of social media analytics. To address this gap, we conducted an extended and structured literature analysis through which we identified challenges addressed and solutions proposed. The literature search revealed that three types of data that were least used for social media analytics that includes Bluetooth, WIFI and mobile roaming data. In contrast, other types of data have received more attention. Based on the results of the literature search, we discuss the most important challenges for researchers and present potential solutions. The findings are used to extend an existing framework on social media analytics. The article provides benefits for researchers and practitioners who wish to collect and analysis social media data.

The El Niño incident in 2015/2016 resulted in a 30% decrease in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) mainly from the agricultural sector. This is due to the El Niño incident which contributed to the prolonged drought for 3 months. This prolonged drought disaster has caused the deterioration of plant health due to a decrease in the amount of rainfall. This study examines and analyzes the spatial-temporal dynamics to identify and delineate the vegetation stress zones in Sarawak. In achieving the objectives of this study Vegetation Health Index (VHI) has been used in studying the changes in monthly space due to changes in Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). This study only focuses on the two occurrences of El Niño in 2015/2016 and La Niña in 2017 and 2018 because the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) data only started operations in 2013 until now. The results of this study offer the discovery of the effect of La Niña on plant health compared to previous studies that only focus on the effects of El Niño (Drought) on plant health. Indirectly, this study can provide information on which areas of the district are severely affected by the occurrence of La Niña and El Niño on plant health.

In this decade, the preservation of traditional heritage in the Kadazan Dusun community is an important step that must be emphasized in order for future generations to know and practice their ancestral cultures. The reason is that the Kadazan Dusun community has a unique diversity of legacy tradition. Additionally, more and more countries in the world make the legacy a key component of tourism development. Therefore, it would be a loss to the community as well as the country if the tradition's heritage is extinct from practicing. Currently, the Geographic Information System (GIS) has been introduced in preserving the traditional heritage because of its effectiveness in producing ethnographic maps. This study has mapped the ethnographic area of the Kadazan Dusun community and uses the GIS application to identify the ethnographic pattern of the community. Data from research projects in 2011 was used in this study. The result of this study shows the level of density of ethnographic patterns of the Kadazan Dusun community in Tambunan. The findings of this study provide exposure to the community, especially the Kadazan Dusun in respect of areas with high ethnographic density in Tambunan, thus promoting the area as a Cultural and Heritage Tourism site and also developing knowledge in the field of ethnographic mapping.

Tourism able to greatly assist in developing economy as it also contributes to other sectors. One of the most important tools in promoting tourism is tourism map. Tourism mapping is important to provide guidance to tourists in identifying and finding the best tourism spots in the area. However, most tourism maps were not produced using the correct concept and the right tools. The effect of this would lead to lacking of information or misleading to the tourist. This paper discusses, based on literatures, the concepts of creating a tourism map through cartography, and introduces the idea of using GIS technology as one of the methods to produce tourism map effectively and efficiently.