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The principles and effectiveness of the method of laser polarization interferometry of dehydrated blood films (facies) for the differential diagnosis of thyroid pathology have been studied. For this purpose, a theoretical description of the processes of formation and layer-by-layer phase scanning of the polarization structure of speckle fields in the blood facies of donors and patients with nodular goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, and papillary cancer has been developed for the first time. A statistical analysis of holographically reconstructed maps of polarization ellipticity of the singly scattered component of the speckle field was conducted. Based on this analysis, the most sensitive markers for the diagnosis and differentiation of thyroid pathology were identified. Excellent diagnostic accuracy (91%–93%) and very good differentiation accuracy (86%–89%) were achieved for nodular goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, and papillary cancer.

We introduce a Mueller-matrix imaging polarization-based approach for the quantitative digital screening of the polycrystalline structure of fibrillary-based biological tissues in vitro. The morphometric evaluation of histological sections of myocardium was performed utilizing the high-order statistical moments calculated based on the spatial distribution of linear and circular birefringence and dichroism obtained experimentally. We demonstrate that spatial distributions of phase of light and optical anisotropy of scattering inherent to fibrillar networks of myocardium at different necrotic stages can be effectively used as a quantitative marker of stages of myosin fibril degradation. Processing the images of phase of light scattered in biological tissues with high order statistical analysis provides a functional tool for the quantitative characterization of necrotic conditions of the myocardium.