258 results on '"Olav A. Gressner"'
Search Results
2. Monitoring fibrogenic progression in the liver
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Olav A. Gressner and Chunfang Gao
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Liver Cirrhosis ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Growth factor ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Transdifferentiation ,Connective tissue ,General Medicine ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,Biochemistry ,CTGF ,Extracellular matrix ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Liver ,Fibrosis ,Fibrocyte ,Disease Progression ,medicine ,Hepatic stellate cell ,Humans ,Biomarkers - Abstract
The clinical course of chronic liver diseases is significantly dependent on the progression rate of fibrosis which is the unstructured replacement of injured parenchyma by extracellular matrix. Despite intensive studies, the clinical opportunities for patients with fibrosing liver diseases have not improved. This will be changed by increasing knowledge of new pathogenetic mechanisms, which complement the "canonical principle" of fibrogenesis. The latter is based on the activation of hepatic stellate cells and their transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts induced by hepatocellular injury and consecutive inflammatory mediators such as TGF-β. Stellate cells express a broad spectrum of matrix components. New mechanisms indicate that the heterogeneous pool of (myo-)fibroblasts can be supplemented by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) from cholangiocytes and potentially also from hepatocytes to fibroblasts, by influx of bone marrow-derived fibrocytes in the damaged liver tissue and by differentiation of a subgroup of monocytes to fibroblasts after homing in the damaged tissue. These processes are regulated by the cytokines TGF-β and BMP-7, chemokines, colony-stimulating factors, metalloproteinases and numerous trapping proteins. They offer innovative diagnostic and therapeutic options. As an example, modulation of TGF-β/BMP-7 ratio changes the rate of EMT, and so the simultaneous determination of these parameters and of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in serum might provide information on fibrogenic activity. Also, proteomic and glycomic approaches of serum are under investigation to set up specific protein profiles in patients with liver fibrosis. The aim of this article is to present the current pathogenetic concepts of liver fibrosis and to discuss established and novel diagnostic approaches to reflect the process of hepatic fibrogenesis in the medical laboratory.
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- 2014
3. Oral application of 1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine) attenuates the formation of experimental cholestatic liver fibrosis
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Ildikó Klemmer, Shintaro Yagi, and Olav A. Gressner
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Hepatology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Connective tissue ,Biology ,Malondialdehyde ,CTGF ,Lipid peroxidation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Infectious Diseases ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Western blot ,In vivo ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Hepatic stellate cell ,Paraxanthine - Abstract
Aim: Several epidemiological studies suggest a beneficial effect of coffee consumption on the formation and progression of fibrogenic diseases, particularly of the liver. Recent data now point to a modulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling by paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine [1,7-DMX]), the demethylated primary metabolite of caffeine Methods: Twenty adult Sprague–Dawley rats were bile duct ligated (BDL) or sham operated with or without concomitant oral 1,7-DMX (1 mM) application. Serum was investigated by standard biochemical analysis, in-house connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Liver tissue was stained using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Sirius-red staining. Whole liver lysates, primary rat hepatocytes (PC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were investigated by CTGF, and total Smad2/3 Western blot analysis, CTGF reporter gene assay or an in-house malondialdehyde ELISA. Results: The in vitro 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) of 1,7-DMX was 0.95 mM by for CTGF promoter activity and protein expression in PC and 1.25 mM for protein expression in HSC. Oral 1,7-DMX application (1 mM) attenuated cholestatic hepatocellular injury in vivo as determined by biochemical serum analysis and reduced intercellular collagen deposition in the cholestatic rat liver (HE- and Sirius-red staining). Western Blot analysis of whole liver lysates revealed a reduction of intrahepatic concentrations of Smad2/3 and CTGF following oral 1,7-DMX intake. However, serum CTGF concentrations were not reduced in 1,7-DMX treated BDL rats. Oral 1,7-DMX furthermore led to a reduction of intrahepatic lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde concentrations) as markers of oxidative stress in BDL rats. Conclusion: Our pilot study warrants further studies of 1,7-DMX as a potential new drug to fight fibrotic processes, not just of the liver.
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- 2011
4. In the Search of the Magic Bullet …
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Olav A. Gressner
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Hepatology ,Chemistry ,Gastroenterology ,Astronomy ,Magic bullet - Published
- 2010
5. Potential novel biomarkers for monitoring the fibrogenic process in liver
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Axel M. Gressner, Chunfang Gao, Olav A. Gressner, and Mohamed S Rizk
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Gastroenterology ,medicine.disease ,Extracellular matrix ,Pathogenesis ,Fibrosis ,Liver biopsy ,Fibrocyte ,Parenchyma ,medicine ,Hepatic stellate cell ,business ,Transforming growth factor - Abstract
The clinical course of chronic liver diseases is significantly dependent on the progression rate of fibrosis, that is, the unstructured replacement of injured parenchyma by extracellular matrix. Fibrogenesis (i.e., the development of fibrosis) can be regarded as an unlimited wound-healing process, which is based on matrix synthesis in activated hepatic stellate cells, fibroblasts and, potentially, by hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells converted to (myo-)fibroblasts. Blood biomarkers of fibrogenesis and fibrosis can be divided into class I and class II. Class I biomarkers are single tests, which are based on the pathophysiology of fibrosis, whereas class II biomarkers are mostly multiparametric algorithms, which have been statistically evaluated with regard to the detection and follow-up of fibrosis. None of the presently available approach fulfils the criteria of an ideal test, but increased understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrosis offers additional ways for pathophysiologically well-based biomarkers. These include transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-driven marker proteins, bone-marrow-derived cells (fibrocytes) and cytokines, which govern pro- and anti-fibrotic activities. Proteomic and glycomic approaches of serum are under investigation to set up specific protein profiles in patients with liver fibrosis. These and other novel parameters will supplement liver biopsy/histology, high-resolution imaging analysis and elastography for the detection and monitoring of patients with liver fibrosis.
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- 2010
6. Identification of Paraxanthine as the Most Potent Inhibitor of TGF-β Dependent Connective Tissue Growth Factor Expression Among the Three Primary Caffeine Metabolites - A New Approach in the Pharmacological Management of Chronic Fibrogenic Diseases?
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Olav A. Gressner
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integumentary system ,Growth factor ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Connective tissue ,Pharmacology ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,CTGF ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Liver disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,medicine ,Theophylline ,Caffeine ,Theobromine ,medicine.drug ,Paraxanthine - Abstract
Several epidemiological studies suggest that coffee drinking is associated with a slower progression of fibrogenesis in patients with chronic, particularly alcoholic, liver disease. However, a causal, mechanistic explanation was pending. New results indicate that the methylxanthine caffeine, major component of coffee and the most widely consumed pharmacologically active substance in the world, might be responsible for this phenomenon as it inhibits the synthesis of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) in liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, primarily by inducing degradation of Smad2 (and to a much lesser extent Smad3). In particular paraxanthine has been identified as the most potent inhibitor of CTGF synthesis among the three primary metabolites of caffeine, i.e. paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine. CTGF plays a crucial role in the fibrotic remodeling of various organs which has therefore frequently been proposed as therapeutic target in the management of fibrotic disorders. This article summarizes the clinical- epidemiological observations as well as the pathophysiological background and provides suggestions for the therapeutic use of methylxanthine derivatives in the management of fibrotic liver diseases.
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- 2010
7. Impact of quality control accepted inter-laboratory variations on calculated Fibrotest/Actitest scores for the non-invasive biochemical assessment of liver fibrosis
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Nina Beer, Olav A. Gressner, Axel M. Gressner, and Arkadius Jodlowski
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Liver Cirrhosis ,Male ,Quality Control ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Liver fibrosis ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Error ratio ,Biochemistry ,Gastroenterology ,Internal medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,Inter-laboratory ,Grading (tumors) ,Reproducibility ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,FibroTest ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Non invasive ,Reproducibility of Results ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Surgery ,Liver biopsy ,Laboratories ,business ,Blood Chemical Analysis - Abstract
Introduction Non-invasive, i.e. serum-based assessment of liver fibrosis is still an important diagnostic challenge although multiple single and multiparametric panels of biomarkers have been suggested. Aim Two approaches were followed to determine the diagnostic reliability of Fibrotest and Actitest, two commercially distributed non-invasive multiparametric tests for staging and grading of liver fibrosis. Methods (i) Haptoglobin, ALT, gammaGT, α-2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A1 and bilirubin, required for calculation of respective scores, were determined in sera of 4 patients with histologically defined stages of fibrosis (F1–F4) and activities of fibrogenesis (A1–A3). Analytes were determined by 6 quality controlled external laboratories. Inter-laboratory variations of the calculated Fibrotest score for staging and Actitest score for grading (BioPredictive™), and their error ratios referred to histologic results were calculated. (ii) The variability of respective Fibrotest/Actitest scores depending on 64 selected combinations of analytes within the accepted ranges of analyte-specific maximum/minimum limits given by the external quality control of the German Association of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (DGKL) was calculated. Results (i) Fibrotest and Actitest scores were largely reproducible among the different laboratories. However, the error ratio was 77% for all results calculated by both, Fibrotest and Actitest when referred to histologic findings. (ii) Calculated scores of stages varied between F2 (9%), F3 (31%), F3–F4 (6%), and F4 (54%) (Fibrotest), and A1/A2 (48%), A2 (9%), A2–A3 (5%), and A3 (38%) for grades of fibrogenic activity. Conclusion Despite reproducibility of Fibro- and Actitest scores among the six laboratories, large scale investigation displayed high levels of variability depending on inter-laboratory differences that were still in a quality controlled, analytically acceptable range. Calculated scores coincided with histologic findings in less than 25% of all cases. Thus, the diagnostic accuracy of these tests must be considered as low, if histology is accepted as reference standard.
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- 2009
8. Validation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) and its gene polymorphisms as noninvasive biomarkers for the assessment of liver fibrosis
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Tobias Müller, E. Kovalenko, Henning W. Zimmermann, Birgit Lahme, Frank Tacke, Axel M. Gressner, Christian Trautwein, Ralf Weiskirchen, Olav A. Gressner, Thomas Berg, A. Janetzko, and T. Wiederholt
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Adult ,Genetic Markers ,Liver Cirrhosis ,Male ,Cirrhosis ,Adolescent ,Connective tissue ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Biology ,Chronic liver disease ,Young Adult ,Gene Frequency ,Fibrosis ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,integumentary system ,Hepatology ,Connective Tissue Growth Factor ,Hepatitis C ,Middle Aged ,Prognosis ,medicine.disease ,CTGF ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immunology ,Female ,Hepatic fibrosis ,Biomarkers ,Transforming growth factor - Abstract
Summary. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression is increased in fibrotic human liver and experimental animal models of liver fibrogenesis. CTGF has been linked to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathways in fibroproliferative diseases and specific polymorphisms within the CTGF gene may predispose for fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. As CTGF is detectable in various human fluids (serum, plasma and urine), it may provide information about fibrotic remodelling processes and reflect hepatic TGF-β bioactivity. We established a novel ELISA for the measurement of serum CTGF and tested its clinical value in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and chronic liver disease (CLD). HCV infected patients (n = 138) had significantly higher serum CTGF levels than healthy controls. CTGF was linked to the histological degree of liver fibrosis. To expand the results to other aetiologies, a separate cohort of CLD patients (n = 129) was evaluated, showing higher serum CTGF than healthy controls and again an association with advanced stages of liver cirrhosis (Child B and C). Although independent of the underlying aetiology, serum CTGF was most powerful in indicating fibrosis/advanced disease states in HCV-related disorders. The genotyping of six polymorphisms (rs6917644, rs9399005, rs6918698, rs9493150, rs2151532 and rs11966728) covering the CTGF locus in 365 patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C revealed that none of these polymorphisms showed a genotypic or allelic association with the severity of hepatic fibrosis. Taken together, serum CTGF is suitable for determination of hepatic fibrosis and most powerful in patients with chronic HCV infection.
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- 2009
9. Identification of paraxanthine as the most potent caffeine-derived inhibitor of connective tissue growth factor expression in liver parenchymal cells
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Monika Siluschek, Axel M. Gressner, Birgit Lahme, and Olav A. Gressner
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Blotting, Western ,Biology ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Inhibitory Concentration 50 ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Theophylline ,Fibrosis ,Caffeine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Theobromine ,Cells, Cultured ,DNA Primers ,Paraxanthine ,Molecular Structure ,integumentary system ,Hepatology ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Growth factor ,Connective Tissue Growth Factor ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,CTGF ,Endocrinology ,Gene Expression Regulation ,chemistry ,Hepatocytes ,Hepatic stellate cell ,Regression Analysis ,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background: Recently, we identified hepatocytes as the major cellular source of profibrogenic connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in the liver. Based on reports of a hepatoprotective effect of coffee consumption, we were the first to provide evidence that caffeine suppresses transforming growth factor (TGF)-β dependent and -independent CTGF expression in hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo, thus suggesting this xanthine-alkaloid as a potential therapeutic agent. Aim: This study aims at comparing the inhibitory capacities of caffeine and its three demethylated derivates paraxanthine, theophylline and theobromine on CTGF expression in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Results: Our data suggest paraxanthine as the most important pharmacological repressor of hepatocellular CTGF expression among the caffeine-derived metabolic methylxanthines with an inhibitory dosage (ID)50 of 1.15 mM, i.e. 3.84-fold lower than what is observed for caffeine. In addition, paraxanthine displayed the least cell toxicity as proven by the water-soluble tetrazolium-1 cell vitality assay. However, caffeine or any of the metabolites did not inhibit CTGF expression in HSC. At the toxicological threshold concentration of 1 mM for paraxanthine, we observed an inhibition of hepatocellular CTGF synthesis by 44%, which was strongly reverted in the presence of the specific competitive cyclic adenosine monophosphate inhibitor Rp-adenosine 3′,5-cyclic monophosphorothioate triethylammonium salt. Furthermore, CTGF protein expression induced by various concentrations of TGF-β (0.13–1 ng/ml) is still reduced by, on average, 27%/45% in the presence of paraxanthine (1.25 mM/2.5 mM). Conclusion: Our data provide an evidence-based suggestion of the caffeine-derived primary metabolite paraxanthine as a potentially powerful antifibrotic drug by its inhibitory effect on (hepatocellular) CTGF synthesis.
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- 2009
10. About coffee, cappuccino and connective tissue growth factor—Or how to protect your liver!?
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Olav A. Gressner
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Pharmacology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Growth factor ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Connective tissue ,General Medicine ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease ,CTGF ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Liver disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Fibrosis ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,business ,Caffeine ,Paraxanthine ,Transforming growth factor - Abstract
Several epidemiological studies suggest that coffee drinking is inversely correlated with the risk of development of liver fibrosis. However, a causal, mechanistic explanation has long been pending. New results indicate that the methylxanthine caffeine, major component of coffee and the most widely consumed pharmacologically active substance in the world, might be responsible for this phenomenon as it, and even more potently its derived primary metabolite paraxanthine, inhibits transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-dependent and -independent synthesis of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in liver parenchymal cells in vitro and in vivo. CTGF plays a crucial role in the fibrotic remodeling of various organs which has therefore frequently been proposed as therapeutic target in the management of fibrotic disorders. This article summarizes the clinical-epidemiological observations as well as the pathophysiological background of the antifibrotic effects of coffee consumption and provides suggestions for the therapeutic use of caffeine and its derived metabolic methylxanthines as potentially powerful drugs in patients with chronic fibrogenic liver disease by their inhibitory effect on (hepatocellular) CTGF synthesis.
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- 2009
11. Evaluation of serum percent trisialotransferrin as potential predictive biomarker of hepatocellular dedifferentiation in chronic liver disease
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Sven Stanzel, Olav A. Gressner, Axel M. Gressner, Chunfang Gao, Shadi Jafari, and Manfred Erkens
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Adult ,Liver Cirrhosis ,Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,Sialoglycoproteins ,Hepatitis C virus ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Chronic liver disease ,Biochemistry ,Liver disease ,Fibrosis ,medicine ,Humans ,Protein Isoforms ,Aged ,Liver Diseases ,Racial Groups ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Transferrin ,General Medicine ,Hepatitis C ,Cell Dedifferentiation ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,Case-Control Studies ,Hepatocellular carcinoma ,Chronic Disease ,Hepatocytes ,Female ,Liver cancer ,Hepatic fibrosis ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Background and aim Chronic hepatitis induced liver fibrogenesis is characterized by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) to fibroblast (-like cells), i.e. increasing hepatocellular dedifferentiation, ultimatively leading to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Up to now the spectrum of valid serum biomarkers for this process of hepatocellular dedifferentiation is very limited. We therefore investigated the dynamics of alterations in the serum transferrin isoform pattern in the pathogenetic sequence from liver fibrosis to hepatocellular carcinoma, to evaluate the suitability of one of the isoforms as potential biomarker for hepatocellular dedifferentiation in chronic liver disease. Results Our data on 252 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) induced fibrogenic liver disease and on 43 patients with HCV induced HCC demonstrate a dynamic alteration of serum % trisialotransferrin levels in the pathogenetic sequence from early stage hepatic fibrosis to fully developed hepatocellular carcinoma, whereas serum % di- and pentasialotransferrin values seem not to be affected. We show that patients with early stage fibrosis (METAVIR stage F1) and weak fibrogenic activitiy (METAVIR grade A1) display significantly lower values of serum % trisialotransferrin compared to healthy controls, and that serum % trisialotransferrin values increased steadily parallel to an increase of fibrotic stage and grade, respectively, while finally exceeding normal values in those patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion These findings propose a possible diagnostic value of serum % trisialotransferrin concentrations in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular dedifferentiation and the use of this parameter as possible predictive tumor marker in patients with chronic liver disease. Monitoring the pattern of transferrin bound sialic acid residues may thus be a helpful tool in assessing the risk of malignant degeneration in patients with chronic fibrogenic liver disease.
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- 2009
12. Connective tissue growth factor is a Smad2 regulated amplifier of transforming growth factor β actions in hepatocytes-But without modulating bone morphogenetic protein 7 signaling
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Ralf Weiskirchen, Axel M. Gressner, Katharina Rehbein, Birgit Lahme, Olav A. Gressner, and Monika Siluschek
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Male ,animal structures ,Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Smad2 Protein ,Biology ,Bone morphogenetic protein ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Tissue factor ,Transactivation ,Transforming Growth Factor beta ,medicine ,Animals ,Cells, Cultured ,Reporter gene ,integumentary system ,Hepatology ,Growth factor ,Connective Tissue Growth Factor ,Rats ,Bone morphogenetic protein 7 ,CTGF ,Hepatocytes ,Cancer research ,Signal Transduction ,Transforming growth factor - Abstract
In vivo knockdown of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) was recently shown to attenuate the formation of experimental liver fibrosis. The secreted, cysteine-rich growth factor is proposed to adversely modulate the binding of profibrogenic transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and its natural antagonist bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to their cognate receptors in several cellular systems, but the functionality of CTGF in modulation of the TGF-beta/BMP signaling pathways is still unknown. This study aims at characterizing a potentially differential modulating role of CTGF on TGF-beta- and BMP7-dependent transactivation of reporter gene [Ad-(CAGA)(12)-MLP-luc, Ad-hCTGF-luc, and Ad-(BRE)(2)-luc reporter gene] expression in rat hepatocytes. In this context, emphasis is also placed on the differential roles of Smad2 and Smad3 in the TGF-beta-dependent transactivation of the endogenous CTGF gene and the CTGF gene reporter, as investigated following adenoviral infection of wild-type and dominant negative Smad2/3 or treatment with the specific inhibitor of Smad3 or ALK5-specific (SB-431542) inhibitor. In this analysis, we found (1) a selective transcriptional activation of the CTGF promoter by Smad2 (but not Smad3); (2) the failure of BMP7 to inhibit the transcriptional activation of the Smad3-selective (CAGA)(12)-luc reporter by TGF-beta, as well as the failure of TGF-beta to inhibit the transcriptional activation of the Smad5-selective (BRE)(2)-luc reporter by BMP7; and (3) the sensitization of hepatocytes toward TGF-beta type I receptor (ALK5)/Smad2 and Smad3-mediated TGF-beta signaling by CTGF, whereas BMP type I receptor (ALK1)/Smad5-mediated BMP7 signaling is not modulated.CTGF acts as a Smad2-dependent sensitizer of TGF-beta actions that does not influence BMP7 signaling in hepatocytes.
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- 2009
13. Pharmacological application of caffeine inhibits TGF-β-stimulated connective tissue growth factor expression in hepatocytes via PPARγ and SMAD2/3-dependent pathways
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Ralf Weiskirchen, Olav A. Gressner, Monika Siluschek, Axel M. Gressner, Birgit Lahme, and Katharina Rehbein
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ,Gene Expression ,Smad2 Protein ,SMAD ,In Vitro Techniques ,Biology ,Pharmacology ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Transforming Growth Factor beta ,Caffeine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Smad3 Protein ,DNA Primers ,Base Sequence ,Hepatology ,Prostaglandin D2 ,Growth factor ,Connective Tissue Growth Factor ,Rats ,PPAR gamma ,CTGF ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Hepatocyte ,Hepatocytes ,Proteasome inhibitor ,Signal Transduction ,Transforming growth factor ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background/Aims: Epidemiological studies suggest that coffee drinking is inversely correlated with the risk of development of liver fibrosis but the molecular basis is unknown. Methods: We investigated the pharmacological mechanisms involved in caffeine-dependent regulation of CTGF expression, an important modulator protein of fibrogenic TGF-b, in rat hepatocytes using Western-blot, co-immunoprecipitations, reporter-gene-assays and ELISAs. Results: It is demonstrated that caffeine, similar to 8-Br-cAMP, suppresses CTGF expression, decreases SMAD2 protein levels and inhibits SMAD1/3-phosphorylation. The SMAD2 level can be restored by a proteasome inhibitor. Additionally, caffeine leads to an up-regulation of PPARc expression, that enhances the inhibitory effect of the natural PPARc agonist 15-PGJ2 on CTGF expression by inducing a dissociation of the SMAD2/3-CBP/p300-transcriptional complex. Conclusions: We show that caffeine strongly down-modulates TGF-b-induced CTGF expression in hepatocytes by stimulation of degradation of the TGF-b effector SMAD 2, inhibition of SMAD3 phosphorylation and up-regulation of the PPARc-receptor. Long-term caffeinization might be an option for anti-fibrotic trials in chronic liver diseases. 2008 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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- 2008
14. Connective tissue growth factor: a fibrogenic master switch in fibrotic liver diseases
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Olav A. Gressner and Axel M. Gressner
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Regulation of gene expression ,medicine.medical_specialty ,integumentary system ,Hepatology ,biology ,Growth factor ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Connective tissue ,Transforming growth factor beta ,medicine.disease ,CTGF ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Fibrosis ,Internal medicine ,Cancer research ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Hepatic stellate cell ,Transforming growth factor - Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF=CCN2), one of six members of cysteine-rich, secreted, heparin-binding proteins with a modular structure, is recognized as an important player in fibrogenic pathways as deduced from findings in non-hepatic tissues and emerging results from liver fibrosis. Collectively, the data show strongly increased expression in fibrosing tissues and transforming growth factor (TGF-beta)-stimulated expression in hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells and stellate cells. Functional activity as a mediator of fibre-fibre, fibre-matrix and matrix-matrix interactions, as an enhancer of profibrogenic TGF-beta and several secondary effects owing to TGF-beta enhancement, and as a down-modulator of the bioactivity of bone morphogenetic protein-7 has been proposed. By changing the activity ratio of TGF-beta to its antagonist bone-morphogenetic protein-7, CTGF is proposed as a fibrogenic master switch for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Consequently, knockdown of CTGF considerably attenuates experimental liver fibrosis. The spill-over of CTGF from the liver into the blood stream proposes this protein as a non-invasive reporter of TGF-beta bioactivity in this organ. Indeed, CTGF-levels in sera correlate significantly with fibrogenic activity. The data suggest CTGF as a multifaceted regulatory protein in fibrosis, which offers important translational aspects for diagnosis and follow-up of hepatic fibrogenesis and as a target for therapeutic interventions. In addition, CTGF-promoter polymorphism might be of importance as a prognostic genetic marker to predict the progression of fibrosis.
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- 2008
15. Intracrine signalling of activin A in hepatocytes upregulates connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) expression
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Birgit Lahme, Katharina Rehbein, Monika Siluschek, Axel M. Gressner, Ralf Weiskirchen, and Olav A. Gressner
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endocrine system ,medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,integumentary system ,Hepatology ,biology ,Liver cell ,Growth factor ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Cell biology ,CTGF ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,embryonic structures ,TGF beta signaling pathway ,medicine ,biology.protein ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,Activin type 2 receptors ,ACVR2B ,Follistatin ,Transforming growth factor - Abstract
Background/Aims: Up to now, the effect of activin A on the expression of the important transforming growth factor (TGF)-b downstream modulator connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is not known, but might be of relevance for the functional effects of this cytokine on several liver cell types. Methods: In this study, activin A-dependent CTGF expression in hepatocytes (PC) primed by exogenous activin A and in PC maintained under complete activin-free culture conditions was analysed by Western blots, metabolic labelling, gene silencing, reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)and CTGFreporter gene assays. This studywas supplemented by immunocytochemical staining of activin A and CTGF in PC of injured liver. Results: Using alkaline phosphatase a-alkaline phosphatase staining, it is demonstrated that activin A becomes increasingly detectable during the course of CCl4-liver damage. Addition of activin A to cultured PC induced CTGF protein expression via phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. This induction can be inhibited by the antagonist follistatin and a-activin A antibody respectively. When PC were cultured under serum(i.e. activin A)-free culture conditions, a timedependent increase of activin expression during the course of the culture was proven by RT-PCR. Silencing of inhibin bA gene expression under serum-free conditions by small interfering RNAs greatly suppressed CTGF synthesis and the phosphorylations of Smad2 and Smad3. However, both the extracellularly acting follistatin and the aactivin A antibody couldnot inhibit spontaneous CTGFexpression, which, however, was achieved by the cell-permeable TGF-b Alk4/Alk5 receptor-kinase-inhibitor SB431542. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results point to activin A as an inducer of CTGF synthesis in PC. Intracellular activin A contributes to spontaneous CTGF expression in PC independent of exogenous activin A, which is proposed to occur via Alk4/Alk5-receptors. The findings might be important for many actions of activin A on the liver.
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- 2008
16. Gc-globulin (vitamin D binding protein) is synthesized and secreted by hepatocytes and internalized by hepatic stellate cells through Ca2+-dependent interaction with the megalin/gp330 receptor
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Olav A. Gressner, Axel M. Gressner, and Birgit Lahme
- Subjects
Male ,Liver cytology ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Immunocytochemistry ,Biochemistry ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Animals ,Immunoprecipitation ,Receptor ,Cytoskeleton ,Cells, Cultured ,DNA Primers ,Base Sequence ,biology ,Vitamin D-Binding Protein ,Biochemistry (medical) ,CD44 ,General Medicine ,Molecular biology ,Rats ,Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2 ,Microscopy, Fluorescence ,Hepatocytes ,biology.protein ,Hepatic stellate cell ,Calcium ,Intracellular ,Annexin A2 ,Protein Binding - Abstract
Background Gc-globulin or vitamin D binding protein is a highly expressed, multifunctional and polymorphic serum protein, which also serves as the major transporter for vitamin D metabolites in the circulation. The present study was performed to analyze the interaction between gc-globulin of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells, the most important fat-/retinol-storing cell type in the liver, which spontaneously transdifferentiates to myofibroblasts in culture. Methods Hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes were isolated by the pronase/collagenase reperfusion method, hepatocytes by collagenase reperfusion of the organ. Gc-globulin expression was monitored by immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, RT-PCR, metabolic labelling with [35S]-methionine, and its intracellular binding to α-smooth-muscle actin was investigated by co-immunoprecipitation. Cytoskeletal stainings of gc-globulin and α-smooth-muscle actin in hepatic stellate cells and the identification of the receptors megalin/gp330, HCAM/CD44, cubilin and annexin A2 were performed with confocal immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting and/or FACS-analysis. Results Hepatocytes synthesize and secrete gc-globulin as shown by RT-PCR and [35S]-methionine labelling, which could be suppressed by cycloheximide. Also, a strong signal for gc-globulin was detected in the immunoblot of native hepatic stellate cell lysates. However, no mRNA for gc-globulin was found in this cell type, which suggests no active synthesis by hepatic stellate cells. Hepatic stellate cells were tested positively for the presence of known gc-globulin interacting receptors megalin/gp330, HCAM/CD44, cubilin and annexin A2. Inhibition of the megalin/gp330 receptor by a competitive, neutralizing antibody resulted in decreased intracellular availability of gc-globulin in hepatic stellate cells. The latter effect was enhanced by additional incubation of hepatic stellate cells with EDTA for complexing Ca2+, suggesting a Ca2+-dependent internalization of gc-globulin into hepatic stellate cells via the megalin/gp300 receptor. This was supported by confocal microscopy which showed a co-localization of gc-globulin with the multifunctional megalin/gp330 receptor on this cell type. Inside hepatic stellate cells, a linkage between gc-globulin and α-smooth muscle actin filaments of hepatic stellate cells was detected by immunocytochemistry. Intracellular binding of gc-globulin to α-smooth-muscle actin filaments was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Conclusion We give evidence to the expression of the megalin/gp330 receptor on hepatic stellate cells and that this receptor is involved in the Ca2+-dependent internalization of gc-globulin into hepatic stellate cells, a protein synthesized and secreted into the extracellular space and circulation by hepatocytes. Inside hepatic stellate cells, it co-localizes with and binds to α-smooth muscle actin filaments. Under consideration of the available literature, these findings propose a participation of gc-globulin in hepatic vitamin D metabolism as well as in hepatic stellate cell stability and apoptosis as important mechanisms of liver regeneration.
- Published
- 2008
17. Activation of TGF-β within cultured hepatocytes and in liver injury leads to intracrine signaling with expression of connective tissue growth factor
- Author
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Birgit Lahme, Ralf Weiskirchen, Monika Siluschek, Axel M. Gressner, J. Herrmann, Olav A. Gressner, and Katharina Rehbein
- Subjects
Male ,Transcriptional Activation ,Intracrine ,Time Factors ,intracrine signalling ,Intracellular Space ,intracellular activation ,Smad Proteins ,Models, Biological ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,TGF-β, TGF-β latency ,Transforming Growth Factor beta ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Phosphorylation ,Cells, Cultured ,biology ,integumentary system ,Calpain ,Liver Diseases ,Connective Tissue Growth Factor ,Cell Biology ,Transforming growth factor beta ,Articles ,Alkaline Phosphatase ,Molecular biology ,Rats ,CTGF ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,CYR61 ,Hepatocyte ,biology.protein ,Hepatocytes ,Molecular Medicine ,Phosphatase complex ,CTGF/CCN2 ,Intracellular ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Recently, synthesis and secretion of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)/CYR61/CTGF/NOV-family member 2 (CCN2) in cultures of hepatocytes were shown, which are sensitively up-regulated by exogenous TGF-beta. In this study TGF-beta-dependent CTGF/CCN2 expression in hepatocytes cultured under completely TGF-beta-free conditions was analysed by Western-blots, metabolic labelling, and CTGF-reporter gene assays. In alkaline phosphatase monoclonal anti-alkaline phosphatase complex (APAAP)-staining of cultured hepatocytes it was demonstrated that latent TGF-beta within the hepatocytes becomes rapidly detectable during culture indicating an intracellular demasking of the mature TGF-beta antigen. Subsequent signaling to theCTGF/CCN2 promoter occurs via p-Smad2, whereas p-Smad3 does not seem to be involved. Cycloheximide did not abolish the rapid immunocytochemical appearance of mature TGF-beta, but calpain inhibitors partially suppressed intracellular TGF-beta activation and subsequently CTGF up-regulation. Calpain treatment had the reverse effect. None of the inhibitors of extracellular TGF-beta signalling was effective in the reduction of spontaneous CTGF synthesis, but intracellularly acting Alk 4-/Alk 5-specific inhibitor SB-431542 was able to diminish CTGF expression. The assumption that latent intracellular TGF-beta is activated by calpains during culture-induced stress or injurious conditions in the liver in vivo was further validated by a direct effect of calpains on the activation of recombinant latent TGF-beta. In conclusion, these data are the first to suggest the possibility of intracrine TGF-beta signalling due to calpain-dependent intracellular proteolytic activation leading to transcriptional activation of CTGF/CCN2 as a TGF-beta-sensitive reporter gene. This mechanism might be deleterious for keeping long-term hepatocyte cultures due to TGF-beta-induced apoptosis and, further, might be of relevance for induction of apoptosis or epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocytes in injured liver.
- Published
- 2008
18. Evaluation of hepatotropic targeting properties of allogenic and xenogenic erythrocyte ghosts in normal and liver-injured rats
- Author
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Birgit Lahme, Axel M. Gressner, Olav A. Gressner, and Martin Koch
- Subjects
Liver injury ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cell type ,Hepatology ,biology ,Vesicle ,Phagocytosis ,Pharmacology ,Organ distribution ,medicine.disease ,Targeted drug delivery ,Erythrocyte Ghosts ,biology.protein ,medicine ,Neuraminidase - Abstract
Background/Aims: Haemoglobin-depleted erythrocyte ghosts have been recommended as vesicle carriers of drugs with hepatotropic properties. However, the influence of liver injury on ghost elimination and targeting has not been reported so far. Methods: Human and rat ghosts were prepared and loaded with model substances, and the basic parameters were characterized. Ghosts were injected intravenously into rats with acute, subacute and chronic liver injuries. Elimination from circulation, organ distribution and cellular targeting was measured. The uptake of ghosts by liver macrophages/Kupffer cells was determined in cell culture. Results: Ghosts are strong hepatotropic carriers with a recovery of 90% in normal liver. Kupffer cells are the almost exclusive target cell type. Hepatotropic properties remain in rats with chronic liver diseases, but are reduced by 60–70% in acute liver damage as a result of decline of phagocytosis of macrophages/Kupffer cells. Although the uptake of ghosts per gram liver tissue in chronic liver injury was also reduced by about 40%, the increase of liver mass and of macrophages/Kupffer cells compensated for the reduced phagocytotic activity. In subacute injury, the uptake per gram liver tissue was only moderately reduced. Conclusion: Drug targeting with ghosts might be feasible in chronic and subacute liver injuries, e.g. fibrogenesis and tumours, because the content of ingested ghosts is released by Kupffer cells into the micro-environment, providing the uptake by and pharmacological effects on adjacent cells.
- Published
- 2007
19. Biomarkers of hepatic fibrosis, fibrogenesis and genetic pre-disposition pending between fiction and reality
- Author
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Ralf Weiskirchen, Olav A. Gressner, and Axel M. Gressner
- Subjects
TGF-β ,Liver Cirrhosis ,Reviews ,serum markers ,Pathogenesis ,Extracellular matrix ,Fibrosis ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Grading (tumors) ,liver fibrosis ,liver fibrogenesis ,business.industry ,biomarkers ,Cell Biology ,genetic biomarkers ,medicine.disease ,Blood proteins ,fibrosis scores ,Immunology ,Hepatic stellate cell ,Molecular Medicine ,hepatic stellate cells ,Hepatic fibrosis ,business ,Transient elastography - Abstract
Fibrosis is a frequent, life-threatening complication of most chronic liver diseases. Despite major achievements in the understanding of its pathogenesis, the translation of this knowledge into clinical practice is still limited. In particular, non-invasive and reliable (serum-) biomarkers indicating the activity of fibrogenesis are scarce. Class I biomarkers are defined as serum components having a direct relation to the mechanism of fibrogenesis, either as secreted matrix-related components of activated hepatic stellate cells and fibroblasts or as mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis or turnover. They reflect primarily the activity of the fibrogenic process. Many of them, however, proved to be disappointing with regard to sensitivity and speci-ficity. Up to now hyaluronan turned out to be the relative best type I serum marker. Class II biomarkers comprise in general rather simple standard laboratory tests, which are grouped into panels. They fulfil most criteria for detection and staging of fibrosis and to a lesser extent grading of fibrogenic activity. More than 20 scores are currently available, among which Fibrotest™ is the most popular one. However, the diagnostic use of many of these scores is still limited and standardization of the assays is only partially realized. Combining of panel markers in sequential algorithms might increase their diagnostic validity. The translation of genetic pre-disposition biomarkers into clinical practice has not yet started, but some polymorphisms indicate a link to progression and outcome of fibrogenesis. Parallel to serum markers non-invasive physical techniques, for example, transient elastography, are developed, which can be combined with serum tests and profiling of serum proteins and glycans.
- Published
- 2007
20. Association between HBV Pre-S mutations and the intracellular HBV DNAs in HBsAg-positive hepatocellular carcinoma in China
- Author
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Olav A. Gressner, Hui Wang, Shu-Qun Cheng, Xing Gu, Chunfang Gao, Qiang Ji, Feng Shen, Aihua Wang, and Meng Fang
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,HBsAg ,medicine.medical_specialty ,China ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,symbols.namesake ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,TaqMan ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Aged ,Hepatitis B virus ,Sanger sequencing ,Hematology ,Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ,Liver Neoplasms ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,cccDNA ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Hepatitis C, Chronic ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,digestive system diseases ,HBeAg ,Hepatocellular carcinoma ,DNA, Viral ,Mutation ,symbols ,Female - Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between HBV mutations and intrahepatic HBV status and to determine the clinical features and the contribution of HBV mutations to postoperative prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with HBsAg (+) in China. Using TaqMan fluorescent real-time PCR, HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and total DNA (tDNA) were both quantified in 106 pairs of tumor tissues (TT) and adjacent non-tumor tissues (ANTT) obtained from HCC patients who received no antiviral treatment before surgical treatment. The prevalence of 19 hot spot mutations was evaluated by Sanger sequencing. HBV cccDNA and tDNA were lower in TT than in ANTT. The loads of cccDNA and tDNA in ANTT were associated with serum HBV DNA and HBeAg. Three Pre-S mutants (A2962G and C2964A in Pre-S1 and C105T in Pre-S2) were associated with higher tumor cccDNA levels (P < 0.05), and A2962G/C2964A mutants were associated with higher AFP levels. This would assist to disclose the virological features, to implement a more clinically personalized therapy and to improve the prognosis of HBV-related HCC patients.
- Published
- 2014
21. 5 Gastrointestinalsystem
- Author
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Axel M. Gressner and Olav A. Gressner
- Published
- 2014
22. RETRACTED: Intraperitoneal application of caffeine prevents d-galactosamine-induced hepatic expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in the rat
- Author
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Olav A. Gressner, Axel M. Gressner, Birgit Lahme, and Monika Siluschek
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ,medicine.medical_treatment ,D galactosamine ,Connective tissue ,Galactosamine ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Caffeine ,Internal medicine ,Cyclic AMP ,medicine ,Animals ,Hepatology ,business.industry ,Growth factor ,Connective Tissue Growth Factor ,Rats ,CTGF ,Sprague dawley ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Liver metabolism ,Liver ,chemistry ,Cyclic AMP metabolism ,business ,Injections, Intraperitoneal - Published
- 2009
23. Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Secondary to an Open Fracture of the Tibia: A Case Report and Review of Literature
- Author
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Olav A. Gressner and Tilman Saurbruch
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Open fracture ,Time Factors ,Adjuvant chemotherapy ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Amputation, Surgical ,Fracture Fixation, Internal ,Fractures, Open ,medicine ,Humans ,Neoplasms, Post-Traumatic ,Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal ,Open type ,Tibia ,Fractures, Comminuted ,Leg ,Muscle Neoplasms ,business.industry ,Cancer ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Surgery ,Tibial Fractures ,Amputation ,Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma ,Sarcoma ,business - Abstract
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is a highly malignant tumor in children and adolescents. It rarely occurs in adults. A 47-year-old patient presented with ERMS of the muscle flap transplant 20 years after an open type III-comminuted fracture of the lower leg. The affected leg was amputated. The patient refused adjuvant chemotherapy and one year after surgery remains disease-free and in good general condition.
- Published
- 2008
24. Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Serum as a New Candidate Test for Assessment of Hepatic Fibrosis
- Author
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Birgit Lahme, Eray Yagmur, Olav A. Gressner, Axel M. Gressner, and Sven Stanzel
- Subjects
Liver Cirrhosis ,Male ,Serum ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cirrhosis ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Connective tissue ,Immediate-Early Proteins ,Fibrosis ,medicine ,Humans ,Hepatitis, Chronic ,Hepatitis ,integumentary system ,Hepatitis, Alcoholic ,business.industry ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Connective Tissue Growth Factor ,medicine.disease ,CTGF ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Female ,Hepatic fibrosis ,Viral hepatitis ,business ,Transforming growth factor - Abstract
Background: No reliable, cost-effective serum test is available for assessment of liver fibrogenesis, the most serious complication of chronic inflammatory liver diseases (CLD). In sera of patients with CLD, we determined the concentration of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a secreted downstream mediator of the potent fibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Patients and Methods: We studied 83 patients with CLD (17 with chronic hepatitis, 16 with histologically proven fibrosis, and 50 with cirrhosis) and 74 healthy individuals. Serum CTGF was measured by use of a sandwich immunoassay. Results: The mean concentration of CTGF was highest in the fibrosis group (5.2-fold) and in the chronic viral hepatitis group (4.3-fold) but lower in those patients with fully developed cirrhosis. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of CTGF for fibrosis vs control was 0.955 (95% confidence interval, 0.890–0.987). The CTGF/platelet ratio increased the detection limit for cirrhosis from 84% to 92% and the specificity from 85% to 87.5% (cutoff for CTGF was 364 μg/L, ratio 2.05). Conclusion: CTGF in serum is a candidate marker of ongoing fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases.
- Published
- 2006
25. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in serum is an indicator of fibrogenic progression and malignant transformation in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection
- Author
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Olav A. Gressner, Meng Fang, Axel M. Gressner, Lun Gen Lu, Chun Fang Gao, and Hui Li
- Subjects
Adult ,Liver Cirrhosis ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Hepatitis B virus ,Cirrhosis ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,Carcinogenesis ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Serum albumin ,Gene Expression ,Biochemistry ,Gastroenterology ,Severity of Illness Index ,Hepatitis B, Chronic ,Fibrosis ,Internal medicine ,Albumins ,medicine ,Humans ,Liver injury ,integumentary system ,biology ,business.industry ,Liver cell ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Liver Neoplasms ,Connective Tissue Growth Factor ,General Medicine ,Hepatitis B ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,CTGF ,Liver ,Hepatocellular carcinoma ,Case-Control Studies ,biology.protein ,Female ,business ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Still a challenging medical problem is the non-invasive monitoring of patients with a variety of chronic liver diseases being on risk to develop fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, finally, primary liver cell carcinoma. Previously, we have shown that CTGF/CCN2, a down-stream mediator of TGF-β, in serum might be a promising non-invasive biomarker of fibrosis, which is extended in the following study to cirrhosis and liver cell carcinoma. Healthy individuals (n=56), as well as fibrotic (n=77), cirrhotic (n=17), and HCC-patients (n=72) with chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection, clinically, biochemically and histopathologically well characterized and classified, were included for the measurements of CTGF-concentrations in serum using a newly developed CTGF-enzyme immunoassay. A statistical significant increase of the mean serum CTGF-concentrations was associated with different stages of fibrosis, ranging from 15.9 μg/L (S0), 20.3 μg/L (S1/2) to 36.9 μg/L (S3/4). The highest CTGF-concentrations were measured in cirrhotic patients (43.6 μg/L), compared to healthy subjects (17.7 μg/L), followed by a decrease in cirrhotic HCC-patients (38.5 μg/L; p=0.001). Of note, HCC patients without underlying cirrhosis (n=8) had CTGF levels (13.5±13.2 μg/L) comparable to those in healthy controls. No statistical relation between CTGF levels and parameters of liver injury (e.g. AST, ALT) was noticed, but CTGF levels are correlated negatively with serum albumin levels (p=0.007) and platelet counts (p=0.0032), respectively. The latter was negatively correlated with the stage of fibrosis (p=0.025). In HCC patients, CTGF concentrations decreased with tumor progression and size, with lower levels in TNM stage II (30.5 μg/L) and stage III (33.6 μg/L) compared to TNM stage I (41.6 μg/L). Our data suggest a valuable diagnostic impact of CTGF in serum for the follow-up of patients suffering from chronic liver diseases developing fibrosis, cirrhosis and finally HCC. CTGF serum levels in HCC are most likely due to underlying fibrosis/cirrhosis but not due to malignancy per se.
- Published
- 2012
26. Oral application of 1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine) attenuates the formation of experimental cholestatic liver fibrosis
- Author
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Ildikó, Klemmer, Shintaro, Yagi, and Olav A, Gressner
- Abstract
Several epidemiological studies suggest a beneficial effect of coffee consumption on the formation and progression of fibrogenic diseases, particularly of the liver. Recent data now point to a modulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling by paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine [1,7-DMX]), the demethylated primary metabolite of caffeine Twenty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were bile duct ligated (BDL) or sham operated with or without concomitant oral 1,7-DMX (1 mM) application. Serum was investigated by standard biochemical analysis, in-house connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Liver tissue was stained using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Sirius-red staining. Whole liver lysates, primary rat hepatocytes (PC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were investigated by CTGF, and total Smad2/3 Western blot analysis, CTGF reporter gene assay or an in-house malondialdehyde ELISA. The in vitro 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) of 1,7-DMX was 0.95 mM by for CTGF promoter activity and protein expression in PC and 1.25 mM for protein expression in HSC. Oral 1,7-DMX application (1 mM) attenuated cholestatic hepatocellular injury in vivo as determined by biochemical serum analysis and reduced intercellular collagen deposition in the cholestatic rat liver (HE- and Sirius-red staining). Western Blot analysis of whole liver lysates revealed a reduction of intrahepatic concentrations of Smad2/3 and CTGF following oral 1,7-DMX intake. However, serum CTGF concentrations were not reduced in 1,7-DMX treated BDL rats. Oral 1,7-DMX furthermore led to a reduction of intrahepatic lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde concentrations) as markers of oxidative stress in BDL rats. Our pilot study warrants further studies of 1,7-DMX as a potential new drug to fight fibrotic processes, not just of the liver.
- Published
- 2011
27. Intracrine signaling mechanisms of activin A and TGF-β
- Author
-
Olav A, Gressner
- Subjects
Gene Expression Regulation ,Transforming Growth Factor beta ,Animals ,Humans ,Activins ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
While autocrine stimulation of cells by Activin A and/or its family member transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a phenomenon observed in a variety of cell types, little is known of putative intracellular signaling loops of these cytokines. Intracellular actions of several peptide hormones, growth factors, as well as of extracellular signaling enzymes and DNA-binding proteins, either within target cells or within their cells of synthesis have been shown. Although these intracrine moieties are structurally diverse, they share certain characteristics of synthesis and function. Depending on the cell type, there are reports of stimulatory as well as inhibitory mechanisms induced by such intracrine mechanisms, and this also accounts for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), whereas only stimulatory intracrine signaling of Activin A could be demonstrated so far. Stimulatory intracrine signaling loops of TGF-β were shown following calpain-dependent intracellular proteolytic activation of the latent cytokine in hepatocytes under cellular stress conditions of this cytokine, leading to transcriptional activation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) as a representative TGF-β-sensitive reporter gene. In contrast to TGF-β, increasing intrahepatocellular concentrations of Activin A are not the result of release from an intracellularly deposited latent complex, but of active de novo synthesis. The stimulatory intracrine signaling pathways of both, TGF-β and Activin A, are proposed to occur via Alk4/Alk5 receptors and Smad2, whereas additional activation of Smad3 only seems to be involved in intracrine Activin A signaling. However, intracrine TGF-β signaling may itself also be inhibitory as active TGF-β is also able to bind to intracellular TGF-β type II receptor, resulting in a ligand-induced impediment in receptor trafficking to the cell surface. Whether stimulatory or inhibitory modulation of the TGF-β pathway takes place seems to depend on the cell type and environmental conditions. Future studies are necessary at this point.
- Published
- 2011
28. Intracrine Signaling Mechanisms of Activin A and TGF-β
- Author
-
Olav A Gressner
- Subjects
Intracrine ,Cytokine ,medicine.medical_treatment ,TGF beta signaling pathway ,medicine ,Biology ,Signal transduction ,Autocrine signalling ,Activin type 2 receptors ,ACVR2B ,Transforming growth factor ,Cell biology - Abstract
While autocrine stimulation of cells by Activin A and/or its family member transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a phenomenon observed in a variety of cell types, little is known of putative intracellular signaling loops of these cytokines. Intracellular actions of several peptide hormones, growth factors, as well as of extracellular signaling enzymes and DNA-binding proteins, either within target cells or within their cells of synthesis have been shown. Although these intracrine moieties are structurally diverse, they share certain characteristics of synthesis and function. Depending on the cell type, there are reports of stimulatory as well as inhibitory mechanisms induced by such intracrine mechanisms, and this also accounts for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), whereas only stimulatory intracrine signaling of Activin A could be demonstrated so far. Stimulatory intracrine signaling loops of TGF-β were shown following calpain-dependent intracellular proteolytic activation of the latent cytokine in hepatocytes under cellular stress conditions of this cytokine, leading to transcriptional activation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) as a representative TGF-β-sensitive reporter gene. In contrast to TGF-β, increasing intrahepatocellular concentrations of Activin A are not the result of release from an intracellularly deposited latent complex, but of active de novo synthesis. The stimulatory intracrine signaling pathways of both, TGF-β and Activin A, are proposed to occur via Alk4/Alk5 receptors and Smad2, whereas additional activation of Smad3 only seems to be involved in intracrine Activin A signaling. However, intracrine TGF-β signaling may itself also be inhibitory as active TGF-β is also able to bind to intracellular TGF-β type II receptor, resulting in a ligand-induced impediment in receptor trafficking to the cell surface. Whether stimulatory or inhibitory modulation of the TGF-β pathway takes place seems to depend on the cell type and environmental conditions. Future studies are necessary at this point.
- Published
- 2011
29. Influence of intraanalytical and interlaboratory variability on the non-invasive classification of liver fibrosis as determined by calculated Fibrotest/ Actitest scores
- Author
-
Olav A. Gressner, A. M. Gressner, Sven Stanzel, and Nina Beer
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,FibroTest ,business.industry ,Liver fibrosis ,Internal medicine ,Non invasive ,Gastroenterology ,medicine ,business - Published
- 2010
30. Resistin ist ein Prognosefaktor für das Überleben nicht-septischer Patienten in der Intensivmedizin
- Author
-
Andreas Koch, Christian Trautwein, Frank Tacke, Olav A. Gressner, and Edouard Sanson
- Subjects
Gastroenterology - Published
- 2009
31. Retinol-Binding Protein 4 ist als Anti-Akutphaseprotein in kritisch kranken Patienten mit Insulinresistenz und Überleben auf Intensivstation assoziiert
- Author
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Frank Tacke, Olav A. Gressner, Andreas Koch, Christian Trautwein, and Edouard Sanson
- Subjects
Gastroenterology - Published
- 2009
32. Increased serum xylosyltransferase activity in patients with liver fibrosis
- Author
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Christian Götting, Joachim Kuhn, Knut Kleesiek, Axel M. Gressner, and Olav A. Gressner
- Subjects
Adult ,Liver Cirrhosis ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cirrhosis ,Adolescent ,Hepatitis C virus ,Xylosyltransferase ,Clinical Biochemistry ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Glycosaminoglycan ,Young Adult ,Fibrosis ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Homeostasis ,Humans ,Pentosyltransferases ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Chemistry ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Case-control study ,General Medicine ,Hepatitis C ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Endocrinology ,Case-Control Studies ,Female ,Proteoglycans - Abstract
We investigated the xylosyltransferase (XT) activity in the serum of liver fibrotic patients with hepatitis C virus induced liver fibrosis at different stages as determined according to the scoring system of Desmet and Scheuer.Measurement of XT activity was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.We found that serum XT activity in males (n=59, median+/-SD, 27.2+/-2.8 mU/L, p0.001) and females (n=54, 23.6+/-3.0 mU/L, p0.01) with liver fibrosis is significantly elevated in comparison to a corresponding healthy control cohort of males (n=50, 23.9+/-2.8 mU/L) and females (n=52, 21.5+/-3.7 mU/L), respectively. Of note, independent from gender, serum XT activity positively correlated with the stage of fibrosis but declined again in patients with histologically proven cirrhosis.XT activity is increased in the serum of patients with liver fibrosis at different stages, pointing to a possible pathogenetic role in elevated proteoglycan biosynthesis in fibrotic remodeling of this organ during chronic injury.
- Published
- 2009
33. Less Smad2 is good for you! A scientific update on coffee's liver benefits
- Author
-
Olav A. Gressner
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Alcoholic liver disease ,Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ,Acetylgalactosamine ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Connective tissue ,Smad2 Protein ,medicine.disease_cause ,Gastroenterology ,Collagen Type I ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Theophylline ,Transforming Growth Factor beta ,Internal medicine ,Caffeine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Hepatology ,biology ,business.industry ,Growth factor ,Liver Neoplasms ,Connective Tissue Growth Factor ,Transforming growth factor beta ,medicine.disease ,CTGF ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Liver ,Xanthines ,Cancer research ,biology.protein ,Liver cancer ,Carcinogenesis ,business - Abstract
Scientists at the National Institutes of Health have reported that increased coffee consumption is associated with a slower progression of fibrogenesis in patients with chronic and particularly alcoholic liver disease and a reduced incidence of heptocellular carcinoma. However, a causal mechanistic explanation was pending. New results indicate that the methylxanthine caffeine--a major component of coffee and the most widely consumed pharmacologically active substance in the world--might be responsible for this phenomenon, because it inhibits the synthesis of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, primarily by inducing degradation of Smad2 (and to a much lesser extent Smad3) and thus impairment of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling. CTGF and TGF-beta play crucial roles in the fibrotic remodeling of various organs, and, ultimately, carcinogenesis. This article summarizes the clinical-epidemiological observations as well as the pathophysiological background and provides suggestions for the therapeutic use of (methyl)xanthine derivatives in the management of fibro-/carcinogenic (liver) diseases.
- Published
- 2009
34. Inverse association between serum concentrations of actin-free vitamin D-binding protein and the histopathological extent of fibrogenic liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma
- Author
-
Monika Siluschek, Chunfang Gao, Philipp Kim, Axel M. Gressner, and Olav A. Gressner
- Subjects
Vitamin ,Adult ,Liver Cirrhosis ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,Adolescent ,Vitamin D-binding protein ,macromolecular substances ,Thrombophilia ,Liver disease ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Young Adult ,Internal medicine ,Germany ,medicine ,Vitamin D and neurology ,Humans ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Hepatology ,business.industry ,Vitamin D-Binding Protein ,Liver Neoplasms ,Gastroenterology ,Cancer ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Endocrinology ,Treatment Outcome ,chemistry ,Hepatocellular carcinoma ,Female ,Hepatic fibrosis ,business ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Background and Aim Next to its role as a carrier protein for vitamin D and its plasma metabolites, the primary function of vitamin D-binding protein (DBP; Gc-globulin) is to serve and to bind and neutralize extracellular monomeric actin (G-actin) released from necrotic cells, which in its long filamentous form (F-actin) triggers coagulation. We, therefore, investigated the kinetics of serum concentrations of actin-free DBP during the pathogenetic sequence from liver fibrosis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to initiate a discussion on a hypothetical association of serum concentrations of actin-free DBP and, thus, altered actin clearance in the circulation, and an increased risk of thrombosis in patients with functional liver insufficiency. Results Our data show that serum levels of actin-free DBP are decreased in patients with liver fibrosis (n=288) and HCC (n = 1 02) compared with healthy controls (n = 1 20 and n=63 ) and nonliver disease sick (n=312) and that the level of decrease correlates with the severity of disease as determined according to the score by the French METAVIR Cooperative Study Group staging system for hepatic fibrosis or the Edmondson-Steiner's grading system for the assessment of HCC. Conclusion Although further, in particular, longitudinal studies are still necessary to back up our data, the presented findings suggest that decreasing levels of the actin-scavenger DBP could potentially contribute to the thrombophilic predisposition frequently observed in patients with chronic fibrogenic liver disease and HCC.
- Published
- 2009
35. Lower copy numbers of the chemokine CCL3L1 gene in patients with chronic hepatitis C
- Author
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Olav A. Gressner, Claus Hellerbrand, Frank Grünhage, Tilman Sauerbruch, Frank Lammert, Ulrich Spengler, Jacob Nattermann, and Hermann E. Wasmuth
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Receptors, CCR5 ,Hepatitis C virus ,Hepacivirus ,Gene Dosage ,HIV Infections ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,Young Adult ,T-Lymphocyte Subsets ,medicine ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Copy-number variation ,CCL3L1 ,Aged ,Hepatitis B virus ,Aged, 80 and over ,Hepatology ,biology ,Genetic Variation ,Hepatitis C ,Hepatitis C, Chronic ,Middle Aged ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Case-Control Studies ,Chemokines, CC ,Immunology ,Female ,Viral hepatitis ,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 - Abstract
Recently, variation of gene copy numbers was recognized as a novel type of common genetic diversity, but its impact on viral hepatitis is unknown. Here, we determine the influence of copy number variation on the susceptibility and disease severity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, investigating copy number variants (CNVs) of the chemokine CCL3L1 gene, which encodes a potent CCR5 ligand.CNVs were determined in 254 patients with chronic hepatitis C, 144 HCV/HIV co-infected patients, and 210 HCV negative controls, using quality-controlled real-time fluorescent dye-labeled quantitative PCR. Liver biopsies were obtained from HCV infected patients.Copy numbers of the CCL3L1 gene range from 0 to 12 (mean 2.7+/-1.4 copies). Patients with two or less copies are over-represented in the HCV infected cohort compared to HCV negative controls (odds ratio [OR] 1.54; p=0.02). CCL3L1 copies are shifted to lower numbers in HCV infected patients (means 2.6 vs. 2.9 in controls; p=0.011). HCV/HIV co-infected patients carry even lower CCL3L1 copy numbers compared to controls (means 2.2 vs. 2.9; p0.001), with a higher proportion of patients possessing two or less copies (OR=3.42; p0.001). No association was detected between CCL3L1 copy numbers and histological grades of inflammation or stages of fibrosis.Lower CCL3L1 gene copy number compared to the population median is associated with chronic hepatitis C. Copy number variation of host genes represents a novel class of genetic diversity associated with viral hepatitis.
- Published
- 2009
36. Lesch-Nyhan Variant
- Author
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Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
37. Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic
- Author
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Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
38. Limbic Epilepsy
- Author
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Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
39. Limbic Encephalitis
- Author
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Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
40. Legg-Calvé-Perthes' Disease
- Author
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Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
41. Lattice Corneal Dystrophy Type I
- Author
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Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
42. Lewy Body Dementia
- Author
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Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
43. Lactose Intolerance
- Author
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Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
44. Legasthenia
- Author
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Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
45. Lesion-associated Partial Epilepsies
- Author
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Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
46. Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
- Author
-
Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
47. Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndromes
- Author
-
Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
48. LBBB
- Author
-
Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
49. LVWM
- Author
-
Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
50. LCP
- Author
-
Alexander K. C. Leung, William Lane M. Robson, Carsten Büning, Johann Ockenga, Janine Büttner, Hartmut Schmidt, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, Katerina Tanya B. Perez-Gosiengfiao, Reyna M. Duron, Jesus Machado-Salas, Iris E. Martinez-Juarez, Ma. Rosa Avila, Angela Vincent, John Newsom-Davis, Vinzenz Oji, Jochen Utikal, Alexei Gratchev, Sergij Goerdt, Zvi Laron, Walter Lisch, Andreas Janecke, Berthold Seitz, Birgit Lorenz, Markus N. Preising, Nosratola D. Vaziri, John F. MacGregor, Roger A. Freedman, Thomas Klopstock, Arndt Hartmann, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Gudrun Rappold, Andrea Kelly, Changhong Li, Françoise Vuillier, Amos Etzioni, Cord Sunderkötter, Nandhagopal Ramachandiran, Sandra Sirrs, Jan Ehrchen, Stefan Beissert, Fenella Wojnarowska, Gudula Kirtschig, Laurent Schild, Bernard C. Rossier, Hubert Scharnagl, Winfried März, James M. Gilchrist, Rabah Ben Yaou, Gisèle Bonne, Benedikt G. H. Schoser, Flavia Paula, Mariz Vainzof, Maria Rita Passos-Bueno, Mayana Zatz, Tracey Weiler, Patrick Frosk, Kiaus Wrogemann, Cheryl R. Greenberg, Eloisa De Sá Moreira, Klaus Wrogemann, Adel Driss, Silke Hofmann, Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman, Takahiro Hamada, John A. McGrath, August H. M. Smelt, Renzo Guerrini, Carla Marini, Elena Parrini, Olav A. Gressner, Sören Siegmund, Stephan Haas, Manfred V. Singer, Matthias Wettstein, Dieter Häussinger, Massimo Pinzani, Wataru Shimizu, Charles Antzelevitch, Gérard Gacon, Olivier Dorseuil, Rémi Salomon, Joël Lunardi, Rade Tomic, Jesse Roman, Michelle A. Carey, Darryl C. Zeldin, Hideto Kameda, Jonathan Corren, Johannes C. Nossent, Alexander Olivares-Reyes, Tobias A. Rupprecht, Hans-Walter Pfister, Volker Fingerle, Rui-Cheng Ji, Chitra Suri, Marlys H. Witte, Lubomir Sokol, Jürgen Schölmerich, Martina Deckert, Reiner Siebert, Manuel Montesinos-Rongen, Cornelius Courts, Heinrich Schwindt, Anna Brunn, Werner Kempf, Reinhard Dummer, Günter Burg, Sylvain Latour, Karsten Schulmann, Christian Pox, Wolff Schmiegel, and Laura M. Tanner
- Published
- 2009
Catalog
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