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This paper utilizes the waste bunker of a waste incineration plant as the analysis model. It analyzes the airflow characteristics under various unloading door opening states and the air flow velocity through CFD simulation. The simulation analysis results show that when one unloading door is opened, it is recommended to adjust the opening amplitude or set an air outlet to optimize the airflow distribution. If two unloading doors are opened, it is advised to prioritize the two middle unloading doors (M4, M5) or the two rightmost doors (M7, M8). Furthermore, the exhaust port located relatively far from the unloading door should be closed to reduce the turbulence of the airflow. When all unloading doors are opened, the air flow velocity at the unloading door needs to be increased to achieve an efficient exhaust effect and prevent negative pressure problems at low speed. The results offer theoretical support for odor control technologies and provide valuable design recommendations for air outlets and unloading doors in municipal waste incineration plants. Additionally, this study proposes optimization strategies and effective solutions for addressing odor pollutant diffusion in waste incineration facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heating furnace of the 1.20 MM TPY delayed coking unit of PetroChina Dushanzi Petro-chemical Co., Ltd. undergoes mechanical decoking once a year, during which the blower and induced draft fan need to be stopped. The VOCs generated by the deodorization system and odor control facilities can only be directly discharged into the atmosphere, which will cause pollution to the environment. A temporary mobile deodorization system needs to be added, with a cost of about 300,000 yuan. Based on the considerations of environmental protection and improving quality and efficiency, a feasibility analysis and industrial application of the mechanical decoking process scheme for non-stop blowers and induced draft fans were carried out. The results show that by using non-stop blowers and induced draft fans for mechanical coke cleaning, the temperature of the heating furnace tube wall can meet the requirement of not exceeding 100 °C. The maximum mass concentration of NOx in the flue gas of the heating furnace is 78 mg/m³, which meets the environmental protection requirement of not exceeding 100 mg/m³. The volume fraction of combustible gas at the entrance of the operating furnace chamber is 0.022%, which meets the safety production requirements. The economic benefit of the unit in 6 months was 2.479 million yuan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ozonation enhanced the formation potential of regulated DBPs from Phe chlorination. • CH with highest yield of 21.31+1.05 ug/mgPhe was enhanced to 3 times after ozonation. • The DBPs formation rates in the first 6 h were much higher than subsequent time. • Br− promoted brominated DBPs generation and elevated the total cytotoxicity. • Ozonation enhanced the BIF of THMs, while reduced that of DHAAs. As a strong oxidizing agent, ozone is used in some water treatment facilities for disinfection, taste and odor control, and removal of organic micropollutants. Phenylalanine (Phe) was used as the target amino acid to comprehensively investigate variability of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation during chlorine disinfection and residual chlorine conditions subsequent to ozonation. The results showed that subsequent to ozonation, the typical regulated and unregulated DBPs formation potential (DBPsFP), including trichloromethane (TCM), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), chloral hydrate (CH), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), and trichloroacetamide (TCAcAm) increased substantially, by 2.4, 3.3, 5.6, 1.2, 2.5, and 6.0 times, respectively, compared with only chlorination. Ozonation also significantly increased the DBPs yield under a 2 day simulated residual chlorine condition that mimicked the water distribution system. DBPs formations followed pseudo first order kinetics. The formation rates of DBPs in the first 6 hr were higher for TCM (0.214 hr−1), DCAN (0.244 hr−1), CH (0.105 hr−1), TCAcAm (0.234 hr−1), DCAA (0.375 hr−1) and TCAA (0.190 hr−1) than thereafter. The peak DBPsFP of TCM, DCAN, CH, TCAcAm, DCAA, and TCAA were obtained when that ozonation time was set at 5–15 min. Ozonation times > 30 min increased the mineralization of Phe and decreased the formation of DBPs upon chlorination. Increasing bromine ion (Br−) concentration increased production of bromine- DBPs and decreased chlorine-DBPs formation by 59.3%–92.2%. Higher ozone dosages and slight alkaline favored to reduce DBP formation and cytotoxicity. The ozonation conditions should be optimized for all application purposes including DBPs reduction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livestock sector’s emission of greenhouse gases and hazardous gases, has contributed significantly to environmental pollution, including climate change and global warming. Furthermore, the accumulation of microbial pathogens in livestock waste, including Salmonella and Escherichia coli, poses a risk to food safety and health. Several strategic solutions have been developed to control these impacts, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and industry sustainability. UV irradiation has emerged as an effective technology in controlling emissions from the livestock sector, based on photolysis and photo-catalysis. A laboratory experiments prove that using UV in combination with filtration, the removal rate of CO2, NH3, N2O, VOC, pathogenic bacteria, and dust is 3.8 – 4.4%, 2.6–18.07%, 6.9 – 12.2%, 80 – 100%, 99.4%, and 95% respectively. Although photo-catalysis is highly effective in the elimination of gaseous compounds and pathogen, dust control is mainly done by filtration processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing literature on global livestock emissions and pathogenic microorganisms, existing mitigation practices, UV treatment for livestock emissions mitigation, and the opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives and disinfection of common environmental pathogens of livestock emissions.

Aerobic composting is one of the primary steps for the resource utilization and harmless treatment of rural kitchen waste. The treatment device of food waste is ever increasingly needed for single or multiple households, as the development of separate waste collection and promotion of on-the-spot organic waste disposal and utilization. In this study, an aerobic composting device was designed to consider segmented fermentation for composting material, precise aeration and turning control, and multi-function integration. According to the four-stage aerobic composting, four chambers of sequential fermentation were utilized to achieve the separate fermentation of materials in different stages for the harmless treatment of the product. This integrated system also incorporated the agitation apparatus, aeration equipment, control devices, leachate collection mechanisms, and odor control systems. Continuous feeding was employed to introduce the kitchen waste and sawdust daily at a wet-to-weight 10:3. The aeration strategy was set at one minute of aeration every 10 min, and an aeration rate of 10L/min. The stirring frequency was positive for 4 min, reverse for 6 min, and stop for 240 min. The mixing performance simulation and composting experiment were conducted using kitchen waste and pine sawdust as the feedstock. In the simulation test: a fermentation tank and material particle model were constructed and calibrated the simulation parameters of kitchen waste and pine sawdust. The mixing state was simulated to explore the effect of kitchen waste and pine sawdust in four fermentation tanks using the discrete element simulation software EDEM. The mixing degree was calculated for the two kinds of materials in the fermentation tank using the coefficient of variation. The working performance of the equipment was verified in the test. In the composting experiment, solid samples were collected on days 21, 23, and 25 of the composting process, termed as the feeding port (P1), discharge port (P6), and the mid-sections of the first to fourth fermentation tanks (P2 to P5). Physical and chemical properties were determined for the maturity indices of the fermented products. The gas samples were analyzed using portable gas detectors to measure the concentrations of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) within the first, second, third, and fourth fermentation chambers, as well as at the outlet of the deodorization unit (P7). The results show that the mixing uniformity of materials in the fermentation bin was about 94%, which fully met the requirement that the mixing degree of fermentation materials reached 90%. Furthermore, the color of the fermented material was gradually darkened, the unpleasant odor gradually dissipated, and the fermented material was loose and granular after aerobic fermentation. The compost experienced a high-temperature phase exceeding 55°C for over 5 d, and following 20 d of continuous fermentation. The number of fecal coliforms reached the hygienic safety standard. And egg mortality rate reached 100% for Ascaris lumbricoides. The seed germination index was 73%, fully meeting the requirements of the National Standard for Organic Fertilizer (NY/T 525-2021). In summary, continuous composting and independent fermentation control can be expected to effectively enhance the quality of the fermentation product in different stages. This research can also provide technical references for local resource utilization, fertilizer application, and harmless disposal of kitchen waste in rural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine olfaction is a highly developed sense and is utilized for the benefit of detection applications, ranging from medical diagnostics to homeland security and defense prevention strategies. Instrumental validation of odor delivery methods is key to standardize canine olfaction research to establish baseline data for explosive detection applications. Solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME/GC-MS) was used to validate the odor delivery of an olfactometer. Three explosive classes were used in this study: composition C-4 (C-4), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and ammonium nitrate (AN). Dynamic airflow sampling yielded the successful detection of previously reported target volatile organic compounds (VOCs): 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB) in C-4 and 2-ethylhexan-1-ol (2E1H) in ammonium nitrate and TNT across odor dilutions of 80%, 50%, 25%, 12%, and 3%. C-4 highlighted the most reliable detection from the olfactometer device, depicting a response decrease as a function of dilution factor of its key odor volatile DMNB across the entire range tested. TNT only portrayed 2-ethylhexan-1-ol as a detected odor volatile with a detection response as a function of dilution from 80% down to 12%. Comparatively, ammonium nitrate also depicted 2-ethylhexan-1-ol as an odor volatile in the dynamic airflow sampling but with detection only within the upper scale of the dilution range (80% and 50%). The results suggest the importance of monitoring odor delivery across different dilution ranges to provide quality control for explosive odor detection using dynamic airflow systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored an innovative design of a drain cover for dirt removal, deodorization, and pest control. The research methods used in this study included an analysis of the literature, the TRIZ method and general design, and application of human factors engineering. Firstly, the contradiction matrix of the TRIZ method was used to find out the corresponding principles of invention for analysis. Based on the reference of the most innovative design, a drainage cover with rapid cleansing, deodorization, insect-repellent properties, and quick return was designed, and universal design was used to make the drainage cover. The innovative design can be more widely used to allow users to interact with the environment and products more harmoniously, and the innovative design of the drainage cover was faster and more hygienic through the human–computer interaction in the project. Additionally, the design was validated through analyses using the IPA and Kano models, confirming that it met the users' requirements and expectations. The prototype's structure was drawn by Autodesk Inventor drawing software (2024). The research results are as follows. We designed a sliding groove and the sliding block on the drainage cover so that the drainage cover could achieve the effect of rapid cleansing by sliding the sliding block. In terms of the odor control and pest prevention, we designed the odor-resistant block and the water filter under the drain cover so that the odor below the drain would not float upwards. And the pests in the drain hole cannot climb out. In terms of the improved operational design, the sliding block could be quickly returned and the use of the pushing aid to not touch the dirt. The successful development of the product validated the effectiveness of this research method for innovative product design and suggests its applicability for the development of other products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odor emissions from animal manure present a significant environmental challenge in livestock farming, impacting air quality and farm sustainability. Traditional methods, such as chemical additives and manure treatment, can be costly, labor-intensive, and less eco-friendly. Therefore, this study investigated the effectiveness of microbial feed additives in reducing these odors. Conducted over three months in 2022 on a Korean beef cattle farm with 20 cattle, the experiment involved feeding a mixture of four microbial strains—Bacillus subtilis KNU-11, Lactobacillus acidophilus KNU-02, Lactobacillus casei KNU-12, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU-06. Manure samples were collected from an experimental group (n = 9) and a control group (n = 11), with microbial community changes assessed through 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. The results demonstrated significant reductions in specific odorous compounds in the experimental group compared to the control group: ammonia decreased by 64.1%, dimethyl sulfide by 81.3%, butyric acid by 84.6%, and isovaleric acid by 49.8%. Additionally, there was a notable shift in the microbiome, with an increase in the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Prevotellaceae microbes associated with fiver degradation and fermentation, while the control group had higher levels of Bacteroidota and Spirochaetota, which are linked to pathogenicity. This study demonstrates that probiotics effectively alter intestinal microbiota to enhance microorganisms associated with odor mitigation, offering a promising and more sustainable approach to reducing odor emissions in livestock farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descriptive sensory analysis discriminated between the appearance, aroma, flavor, taste and texture of Cheddar cheese samples prepared from milk varying in fat globule size; small milk fat globule milk (SMM, d4,3 = 2.76 ± 0.07 μm), large milk fat globule milk (LMM, d4,3 = 5.07 ± 0.06 μm) and Control (d4,3 = 3.91 ± 0.09 μm), over a six‐month maturation period. Significant differences were measured between SMM, LMM and the Control as each cheese matured, where SMM was the most different across all parameters examined. SMM was lowest in color intensity (34.6 < 38.8–47.0), firmness (29.4 < 36.1–47.7), and fracturability (24.5 < 28.8–30.7), and highest in cohesiveness (57.0 > 39.8–45.8), adhesiveness (52.9 > 39.0–45.4), and smoothness (50.4 > 37.9–44.0). Moreover, SMM was more intense than the Control in cultured odor (34.9 > 29.6–30.6) and flavor (45.5 > 34.9–36.2), rancid (23.3 > 16.0–18.6) and metallic (17.7 > 14.3) flavor, salty taste (45.7 > 40.3–40.5) and aftertaste (38.5 > 34.9–35.8), sour (36.3 > 28.9) and umami taste (19.6 > 16.4); attributes that align with the degree of maturation. LMM showed similar differences to the Control, but was firmer (36.1 > 29.4), less cohesive (45.8 < 57.0), adhesive (45.4 < 52.9) and smooth (44.0 < 50.4) and had a less intense cultured odor (31.5 < 34.9) than SMM. An increase in salty taste was associated with a decrease in cheese firmness (−0.91, p < 0.0001). These results could provide process‐driven solutions that allow the dairy industry to decrease maturation time or create differentiated cheese products to meet specific consumer tastes or function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odors play a key role in animal communication and mate choice. Male urinary odor becomes less attractive to mature females when males get infected or have their immune system activated. The development of the immune response at early stages is related to the production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. To explore the chemical basis of the observed differences and analyze the effects of female interactions with the urinary odor of antigen-stimulated males, the males of inbred BALB/c (Th1) and C57BL/6 (Th2) mice were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The odor of male urine collected 3 days after immunization proved to be less attractive to females of both strains compared to the odor of control males. Herewith, BALB/c females sniffed the urine of immunized males less frequently, while C57BL/6 females demonstrated a shorter duration of grooming in olfactory tests with urine of immunized males. The altered response of females to the odor of male urine collected on day 3 after KLH immunization matched antigen-induced modulation of relative levels of volatile organic compounds detected in urine samples by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Males of both strains, after KLH immunization, exhibited an increase in the content of nonanal, benzothiazole, 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, and [1,4,5]-oxadithiepane. At the same time, no compounds were found, whose content changed multidirectionally in the urine of males after immunization in a strain-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to enhance natural rubber (NR) properties by incorporating spent coffee grounds (SCGs). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveals well‐dispersed SCG particles in the NR matrix without interaction. Shore A hardness notably increases by up to 49.90 (19% higher than unmodified), but tensile and tear strength decline with higher SCG levels. Optimal tear strength occurs at 10 phr of SCG due to uniform dispersion. The 300% modulus remains unchanged. The odor of composites (CO2 absorption) sees a 69.2% increase at 25 phr, while odor absorption efficiency peaks at 2%. Additionally, unmodified SCG affects scorch time (2.12%–23.40% increase from 1 to 20 phr) and cure time (3.12% to 76.82% improvement from 1 to 20 phr). These findings showcase improved hardness, enhanced CO2 absorption capacity, and effective odor control. Additionally, this study sheds light on the influence of SCG on processing times, contributing valuable insights for eco‐friendly applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of raw foul air that could escape to the atmosphere from the head space of the incoming wastewater sewer lines into a Southern California Water Resource Recovery Facility was evaluated by using a 1/20th scale pilot unit consisting of three different granular activated carbon filter technologies, operating side by side, under similar operating conditions, each having an average 3.8‐s contact time. The three activated carbon filters contained each 0.07 m3 of coconut, coal, and coconut mixed with permanganate media. The foul air entering the granular activated carbon filters contained 82% to 83% relative humidity. No moisture removal mechanism was used prior to treatment. The removal of six different odor characters from eight chemical odorants present in the foul air were assessed. These were rotten egg (hydrogen sulfide), rotten vegetables (methyl mercaptan), canned corn (dimethyl sulfide), rotten garlic (dimethyl disulfide), earthy/musty (2‐methyl isoborneol and 2‐isopropyl 3‐methoxy pyrazine), and fecal (skatole and indole). This is the first time a study evaluates the removal of specific odors by simultaneously employing sensory analyses using the odor profile method, which defines the different odor characters and intensities, together with chemical analyses of the odorants causing these odors. The results show that the three granular activated carbon filters, before hydrogen sulfide breakthrough, provided significant improvement in odor intensity and odorant removal. Breakthrough was reached after 57 days for the coconut mixed with permanganate, 107 days for the coconut, and 129 days for the coal granular activated carbon filter. Breakthrough (the critical saturation point of the activated carbon media) was considered reached when the hydrogen sulfide percentage removal diminished to 90% and continued downward. The coconut mixed with permanganate granular activated carbon filter provided the best treatment among the media tested, achieving very good reduction of odorants, as measured by chemical analyses, and reasonable removal of odor intensities, as measured by the odor profile method. The coconut mixed with permanganate granular activated carbon is recommended for short‐term odor control systems at sewer networks or emergency plant maintenance situations given its shorter time to breakthrough compared with the other granular activated carbons. The coal and coconut granular activated carbon filters are generally used as the last stage of an odor treatment system. Because of the observed poor to average performance in removing odorants other than hydrogen sulfide, the treatment stage(s) prior to the use of these granulated activated carbons should provide a good methyl mercaptan removal of at least 90% in order to avoid the formation of dimethyl disulfide, which, in the presence of moisture in the carbon filter, emit the characteristic rotten garlic odor. The differences observed between the performances based on odorant removal by chemical analysis compared with those based on sensorial analyses by the odor profile method indicate that both analyses are required to understand more fully the odor dynamics. Practitioner Points: Three virgin granulated activated carbon media were evaluated in a field pilot unit using raw collections foul air.Coal, coconut, and coconut mixed with permanganate were tested until breakthrough.Samples were analyzed both chemically (odorants) and sensorially (odors).Coconut mixed with permanganate proved to be the media that better reduced odorants and odors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In urban drainage systems, falling sewage in drop structures expedites the mass transfer of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and oxygen (O2). This process is important for sewer odor and corrosion control; however, direct experiments and relevant knowledge are limited. This study conducted laboratory experiments using two typical forms of falling sewage: free-falling jet and attached-falling jet. The results show that mass transfer coefficient KL and concentration deficit ratio r (the ratio of upstream-to-downstream gas concentration deficiency) increase with an increase of sewage drop height (0.2–1.4 m) and with a decrease of flow rate (0.9–2.0 L/min). Nonlinear correlations between r and the hydraulic parameters were proposed. The free-falling jet contributed about 40% more mass transfer than the attached-falling jet. The mass transfer rate in free-falling drop structures of this study was 3–13 times that in gravity sewers without drop structures. In addition, O2 is an appropriate surrogate gas for studying H2S mass transfer. Finally, the mass transfer of O2 in a prototype drop structure was estimated: if the drop height is <3 m , the jet may not break up, the mass transfer at the jet surface can be neglected, and almost all the mass transfer happens at the bottom pool of the drop structure; however, if the drop height is >6 m , falling droplets are the main (>80%) contributor. This study provides a tool for estimating the mass transfer in drop structures, which can optimize the design of drop structures to control sewer odor and pipe corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Intensive livestock production is a source of water, soil, and air contamination. The first aspect that negatively affects the quality of life of residents in the vicinity of piggeries is malodorous aerosols, which are not only responsible for discomfort but can be an etiological factor in the development of various diseases during prolonged exposure. One of the proven and efficient ways to counteract odor emissions is the usage of air biofiltration. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively analyze the bacterial community colonizing the biofilm of a biofilter operating at an industrial piggery in Switzerland. The study material consisted of biofilm and leachate water samples. The microbiological analysis consisted of DNA isolation, amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragment (V3-V4), preparation of a library for high-throughput sequencing, high-throughput NGS sequencing, filtering of the obtained sequencing reads, and evaluation of the species composition in the studied samples. The investigation revealed the presence of the following bacterial genera: Pseudochelatococcus, Methyloversatilis, Flexilinea, Deviosia, Chryseobacterium, Kribbia, Leadbetterella, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Xantobacter, Tessaracoccus, Staphylococcus, Thiobacillus, Enhydrobacter, Proteiniclasticum, and Giesbergeria. Analysis of the microbial composition of biofilters provides the opportunity to improve the biofiltration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body odors convey information about the individuals, but the mechanisms are not fully understood yet. As far as human reproduction is concerned, molecules that are produced in sexually dimorphic amounts could be possible chemosignals. 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid (HMHA) is one of them—more typical of men. Here, we investigated the possibility that the perception of gender and attractiveness in human faces could be implicitly influenced by this compound. Clearly feminine, ambiguous and clearly masculine faces were primed with an odor of HMHA, a control odor or air. Based on 100-ms face presentation, 40 raters had to identify the face's gender as quickly as possible and provide attractiveness evaluations. 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid tended to be perceived as less pleasant and induced lower sniff duration in women compared with men. As to the effects of HMHA on face perception (vs. control conditions), we found that gender identification and the associated response time were unaffected by HMHA. Attractiveness of the faces, however, increased in presence of HMHA, but not in a sex-specific manner and only for unattractive faces with ambiguous gender. In sum, this study found no evidence in favor of a possible role of this sexually dimorphic compound in intrasexual competition nor in intersexual attraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trained detection dogs have a unique ability to find the sources of target odors in complex fluid environments. How dogs derive information about the source of an odor from an odor plume comprised of odorants with different physical properties, such as diffusivity, is currently unknown. Two volatile chemicals associated with explosive detection, ammonia (NH3, derived from ammonium nitrate-based explosives) and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2E1H, associated with composition C4 plastic explosives) were used to ascertain the effects of the physical properties of odorants on the search behavior and motion of trained dogs. NH3 has a diffusivity 3.6 times that of 2E1H. Fourteen civilian detection dogs were recruited to train on each target odorant using controlled odor mimic permeation systems as training aids over 6 weeks and then tested in a controlled-environment search trial where behavior, motion, and search success were analyzed. Our results indicate the target-odorant influences search motion and time spent in the stages of searching, with dogs spending more time in larger areas while localizing NH3. This aligns with the greater diffusivity of NH3 driving diffusion-dominated odor transport when dogs are close to the odor source in contrast to the advection-driven transport of 2E1H at the same distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutualistic relationships confer selective advantages to interacting species through enhanced ecological benefits but may be functionally limited to certain life history stages. However, it is not yet known whether one party can indirectly benefit from risky cues released when the other party is threatened. Larval glochidia of the Chinese pond mussel (Anodonta woodiana) attach to fishes including the rosy bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus) for dispersal, while reproductive-phase bitterling use the gills of adult mussels as spawning substrate, and their larvae remain inside the host mussel shells until they are capable of swimming. Here, we examined heterospecific responses to risky chemical cues by rosy bitterling as an indirect indicator of species affinity consistent with mutualism at different life history stages, to test for age-dependent response patterns indicating temporal patterning of shared predation risk. Bitterling demonstrated equivocal but similar responses to water controls and mussel odor and significant antipredator responses to bitterling chemical alarm cues (CAC) independent of life stage, while only reproductive adult bitterling demonstrated significant antipredator responses to mussel CAC. These findings suggest that the mutualistic affinity to mussels present in reproductive-phase adult rosy bitterling may result in shared predation risk and therefore provide them with additional indirect antipredator benefits. Our results revealed a life history stage-dependent mutualism in this bitterling-mussel system and describe a novel application of predation risk assays for studying temporal patterning in mutualistic relationships. Significance statement: Interspecific interactions, including mutualisms, are a central component of community composition. Some freshwater fishes, including the rosy bitterling, and mussels share an interesting mutualism where each species provides early life habitat to the other. However, does mutualism provide additional indirect benefits? Here, we used responses to conspecific and Chinese pond mussel chemical cues in different life stages of bitterling to identify the occurrence of mutualistic behaviors. We demonstrated that the putative occurrence of mutualistic behaviors in rosy bitterling is not consistent over time and instead varies predictably with reproductive status of different life history stages. This study provides a novel perspective for a deeper understanding of labile interspecific relationships and provides a theoretical basis for indirectly examining mutualisms through chemical communication-based behavioral assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are prevalent soil contaminants. During the ex situ soil remediation process, VOCs may overflow from the soil and cause gas to diffuse into the atmosphere. Moreover, some VOCs, such as trichloromethane, are categorized by the EPA as emerging contaminants, imparting toxicity to organs, and the endocrine and immune systems, and posing a huge threat to human health and the environment. To reduce VOCs' emissions from contaminated soil, aqueous foam suppression is a prospective method that provides a durable mass transfer barrier for VOCs, and it has been widely used in odor control. Based on an aqueous foam substrate, in order to enhance the foam's stability and efficiency of suppression, SiO2–TiO2-modified nanoparticles have been used as stabilizing agents to improve the mechanical strength of liquid film. The nanoparticles are endowed with the ability to photocatalyze after the introduction of titanium dioxide. From SEM imaging, IR, and a series of morphological characterization experiments, the dispersibility of the SiO2–TiO2-modified nanoparticles was significantly improved under the polar solvent, which, in turn, increased the foam duration. The foam dynamic analysis experiments showed that the foam liquid half-life was increased by 4.08 h, and the volume half-life was increased by 4.44 h after adding the novel synthesized nanoparticles to the bulk foam substrate. From the foam VOC suppression test, foam with modified nanoparticles was more efficient in terms of VOCs' suppression, in contrast with its nanoparticle-free counterparts, due to the longer retention time. Moreover, in a bench-scale experiment, the SiO2–TiO2 nanoparticles foam worked against dichloroethane, n–hexane, and toluene for almost 12 h, with a 90% suppression rate, under UV irradiation, which was 2~6 h longer than that of UV-free SiO2–TiO2 nanoparticles, the KH–570-modified nanosilica foam, and the nanoparticle-free bulk foam. XPS and XRD results indicate that in SiO2–TiO2 nanoparticles, the proportion of titanium valence was changed, providing more oxygen vacancies compared to raw titanium dioxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur-containing gases are main sources of landfill odors, which has become a big issue for pollution to environment and human health. Biocover is promising for treating landfill odors, with advantages of durability and environmental friendliness. In this study, charcoal sludge compost was utilized as the main effective component of a novel alternative landfill cover and the in situ control of sulfur-containing odors from municipal solid waste landfilling process was simulated under nine different operating conditions. Results showed that five sulfur-containing odors (hydrogen sulfide, H2S; methyl mercaptan, CH3SH; dimethyl sulfide, CH3SCH3; ethylmercaptan, CH3CH2SH; carbon disulfide, CS2) were monitored and removed by the biocover, with the highest removal efficiencies of 77.18% for H2S, 87.36% for CH3SH, and 92.19% for CH3SCH3 in reactor 8#, and 95.94% for CH3CH2SH and 94.44% for CS2 in reactor 3#. The orthogonal experiment showed that the factors influencing the removal efficiencies of sulfur-containing odors were ranked from high to low as follows: temperature > weight ratio > humidity content. The combination of parameters of 20% weight ratio, 25°C temperature, and 30% water content was more recommended based on the consideration of the removal efficiencies and economic benefits. The mechanisms of sulfur conversion inside biocover were analyzed. Most organic sulfur was firstly degraded to reduced sulfides or element sulfur, and then oxidized to sulfate which could be stable in the layer as the final state. In this process, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria play a great role, and the distribution of them in reactor 1#, 5#, and 8# was specifically monitored. Bradyrhizobiaceae and Rhodospirillaceae were the dominant species which can utilize sulfide as substance to produce sulfate and element sulfur, respectively. Based on the results of OUTs, the biodiversity of these sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, these microorganisms, was demonstrated to be affected by the different parameters. These results indicate that the novel alternative landfill cover modified with bamboo charcoal compost is effective in removing sulfur odors from landfills. Meanwhile, the findings have direct implications for addressing landfill odor problems through parameter adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many herbivorous insects have specific host–plant preferences, and it is unclear how these preferences evolved. Previously, we found that Bicyclus anynana larvae can learn to prefer novel food odors from eating leaves with those odors and transmit those learned preferences to the next generation. It is uncertain whether such acquired odor preferences can increase across generations of repeated odor feeding and be maintained even in the absence of odor. In this study, we fed larvae with novel banana odor‐coated leaves (odor‐fed larvae) for five consecutive generations, without selection on behavioral choices, and measured how larval innate preferences changed over time. Then, we removed the odor stimulus from a larval subgroup, while the other group continued to be odor‐fed. Our results show that larvae learned to prefer the novel odor within a generation of odor feeding and transmitted the learned preference to the next generation, as previously found. Odor‐fed larvae preferred odor significantly more compared to control larvae across five generations of repeated odor or control feeding. However, this led neither to increased odor preference, nor its stabilization. This suggests that when butterfly larvae feed on a new host, a preference for that novel food plant may develop and be transmitted to the next generation, but this preference lasts for a single generation and disappears once the odor stimulus is removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A shoe insole material was created by combining eco-friendly natural fibers with alginate hydrogel, which is known for its biocompatibility. The sol–gel technique was used to create a composite by cross-linking the Bamboo/hemp and Tencel/Flax nonwoven, produced by the needle-punching method, with alginate solution using CaCl2 as a crosslinking agent. The composite was then dried at 30 °C for 24 h. To determine the effects of different alginate concentrations and nonwoven GSM (g/m2) on the composite's properties, three concentrations (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) and three GSM values (60 gm−2, 120 gm−2 and 180 gm−2) were used. The composite's properties were evaluated using SEM, FTIR, tensile strength, elongation, water absorbency, air permeability, overall moisture management, and anti-bacterial properties. The SEM and FTIR analyses have confirmed the successful synthesis of a composite material comprising alginate hydrogel reinforced with nonwoven fabric. Compared to Tencel/flax-reinforced hydrogel composites (117.6 N), the bamboo/hemp-reinforced hydrogel composites exhibited superior tensile strength (186.2 N) and water absorption properties. On the other hand, the Tencel/flax hydrogel composites (402 mm/sec) demonstrated better air permeability than the bamboo/hemp-reinforced hydrogel composite (321 mm/sec). In addition, both composites displayed antibacterial properties, making insoles made from these materials effective in controlling odors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide is an odorous gas anaerobically produced from decaying organic matter. It causes irritation when inhaled and is lethal at higher concentrations. Adsorption using activated carbon is one of the most effective methods for the removal of H2S from gas streams. The desorption of H2S from activated carbon can be facilitated using water. Due to their weak attachment affinity to H2S, the desorption energy requirements are low. In this paper, activated carbon is used to adsorb H2S from the air. The activated carbon is later regenerated using water. The effect of various parameters like temperature, pH and flowrate is studied. GC Sulfursorb Plus™ was used for this adsorption–desorption method. The H2S stream passed through the activated carbon column, where the concentration was recorded at both the influent and effluent. Desorption was conducted with water at different temperatures (10 °C, 20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C and 100 °C), flowrates (10 mL/min, 20 mL/min, 50 mL/min, 100 mL/min and 150 mL/min) and pH (5, 8, 10 and 12). The temperature was maintained using a hotplate and heat tape. Whereas pH was maintained using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, and flowrate using a peristaltic pump. Samples were collected and analyzed for sulfide concentration. Maximum sulfide concentration (560 µg/L) was noted at pH 5. However, the maximum cumulative mass (165 µg) was observed at 100 °C. Flowrate at which maximum removal (82.5 µg) was observed at 50 mL/min. GC Sulfursorb Plus™ has a high adsorption capacity, so desorption was partially effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The rise of malodor complaints from residents around swine farms and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from manure have become a global concern. Although various technologies have been developed to reduce gas emissions from swine farms, only a few have been successfully applied. In Korea, a bio-liquor circulation system (BCS) that controls odor by diluting slurry pit manure with biologically treated manure (bio-liquor) has been proposed as an odor control technology. However, the successful implementation of BCS has been hindered due to the lack of suitable bioreactor control strategies. Therefore, to effectively use BCS, it is crucial to develop an optimized control technology for bioreactors and system operations. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel real-time BCS controlled by tracking the time profiles of the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH (mV) within two bioreactors in an experimental swine farm set up to improve manure treatment efficiency and reduce malodor at farm scale. The study's results showed that the real-time BCS successfully controlled and optimized the bioreactor and the entire process, effectively reducing the concentrations of nitrogen and organic matter in the swine manure in the slurry pit, and subsequently the malodor. Recently, circulating biologically treated manure in slurry pits has been used as an odor reduction technology, but few successful results have been reported, due to the lack of proper control strategies for bioreactors. This study was conducted to investigate the performance of the developed real-time controlled bio-liquor circulation system (BCS) at farm scale. The BCS was operated sequentially as per swine manure inflow (anoxic, aerobic, and settling) circulation to the slurry pit. Each operational phase was self-adjusted in real-time using a novel algorithm for detecting the control point on the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH (mV)–time profiles, the nitrogen break point (NBP), and the nitrate knee point (NKP) in the aerobic and anoxic phases, respectively. The NH4-N in the slurry manure was thoroughly removed (100%) in the bioreactor, optimizing the duration of each operational phase by accurately detecting real-time control points. The newly developed real-time BCS decreased the nitrogen and organic matter in the slurry pit by >70%, and the potential ammonia and methane emissions by 75% and 95%, respectively. This study highlights that improved BCS that utilizes ORP tracking and pH (mV)–time profiles can effectively optimize BCS operation, and thereby reduce malodor and GHG emissions from swine farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the neural control of behavior has been extensively studied in gastropods, basic gaps remain in our understanding of how sensory stimuli are processed. In particular, there is only patchy evidence regarding the functional roles of sense organs and the extensive peripheral nervous system they contain. Our goal was to use extracellular electrophysiological recordings to confirm the chemosensory role of the tentacles in the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Employing a special twin‐channel suction electrode to improve signal‐to‐noise ratio, we applied three food odors (derived from earthworm‐based food pellets, algae‐based pellets, and fresh lettuce) to a reduced preparation of the tentacle while recording neuronal activity in the tentacle nerve. Responses were assessed by comparing average spike frequencies produced in response to saline flow with and without odors. We report stronger neuronal responses to earthworm‐based food odors and weaker responses to algae‐based food odors. There were no clear neuronal responses produced when lettuce food odor or control saline was applied to the tentacle. Overall, our results provide strong evidence for the chemosensory role of the tentacles in navigation behavior by L. stagnalis. Although it is unclear whether the differences in neuronal responses to different odors are a technical consequence of our recording system or a genuine feature of the snail sensory system, these results are a useful foundation for further study of peripheral nervous system function in gastropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the global market for odor neutralization and elimination in industrial and domestic environments. The company Croda aims to be "climate-, land-, and people-friendly" by 2030 and meet consumers' needs for sustainable products. It also discusses companies' investment plans in sustainable products and services, as well as the commitments of major market leaders to reduce their ecological footprint. The global air care market is expected to reach $19.74 billion by 2030, with consumers demanding more effective odor control products. Croda is working on developing a more sustainable odor neutralization technology to meet the requirements of the future household cleaning industry. [Extracted from the article]

there is a market need for more sustainable odour control technologies for air care applications. Consumers are looking for cleaning products that are effective, bio-based and biodegradable. In this article, the overview of global odour control business in industrial and home care applications and the future opportunities of odour control technologies are discussed. The article also highlights how Croda strives to meet the needs of today’s consumers demand for sustainable products, and how it’s aligned with Croda’s sustainability goal of being Climate, Land and People Positive by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organics in domestic wastewater contain more chemical energy than is required for treatment; however, current wastewater treatment approaches are energy intensive. The chemical energy in wastewater can be converted to methane-rich biogas through anaerobic bioreactor technologies. While recent research has examined anaerobic bioreactor configurations for domestic wastewater treatment, such as anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) or anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactors, none have conducted energy balances on proposed full-scale anaerobic wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs; i.e., those that include all processes, such as preliminary treatment, sludge pumping, odor control, etc.). Using Monte Carlo simulation, we address this gap in the literature by examining whole-facility net energy balances for three potential anaerobic wastewater treatment configurations composed of anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactors (e.g., the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB), AnMBRs, and partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) to a conventional WWTF designed for biological nutrient removal. For comparison, all energy values were normalized to treatment of 37,850 m3 of wastewater per day to U.S. EPA secondary effluent standards and nitrogen removal to 1 mg·N/L. Results suggest that a configuration based on anaerobic sludge blankets and PN/A can achieve a net energy positive condition, generating 670 ± 3,580 kWh/day. AnMBR-based configurations currently do not achieve an energy-neutral condition; however, reduction in AnMBR energy requirements will bring AnMBR configurations closer to this goal. Our results suggest that full-scale WWTFs that leverage anaerobic technologies can become energy neutral or net energy positive even when all WWTF energy requirements are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The foam-blocking material formula was optimized through single factor and uniform mixing design experiment methods. The effect of foam material on blocking volatile organic compounds" VOCs) was estimated by VOCs release chamber combined with GC. The structure and stability of foam were characterized by dynamic foam analyzer. The result showed that the volatilization blocking rate of tetrachloroethylene- enemy-heptane and toluene by form was close to 100% within 5 hand the foam structure was stable after 5 h of foaming. The engineering application method of foam-blocking material was established through the engineering demonstration experiment on contaminated site. As the result showed that the foam block rate of VOCs pollutants was 98% within 5 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olfactory navigation is observed across species and plays a crucial role in locating resources for survival. In the laboratory, understanding the behavioral strategies and neural circuits underlying odor-taxis requires a detailed understanding of the animal's sensory environment. For small model organisms like Caenorhabditis elegans and larval Drosophila melanogaster, controlling and measuring the odor environment experienced by the animal can be challenging, especially for airborne odors, which are subject to subtle effects from airflow, temperature variation, and from the odor's adhesion, adsorption, or reemission. Here, we present a method to control and measure airborne odor concentration in an arena compatible with an agar substrate. Our method allows continuous controlling and monitoring of the odor profile while imaging animal behavior. We construct stationary chemical landscapes in an odor flow chamber through spatially patterned odorized air. The odor concentration is measured with a spatially distributed array of digital gas sensors. Careful placement of the sensors allows the odor concentration across the arena to be continuously inferred in space and monitored through time. We use this approach to measure the odor concentration that each animal experiences as it undergoes chemotaxis behavior and report chemotaxis strategies for C. elegans and D. melanogaster larvae populations as they navigate spatial odor landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals can adaptively behave in different environmental conditions by converting environmental information obtained from their sensory organs into actions. This sensory–motor integration enables the accomplishment of various tasks and is essential for animal survival. This sensory–motor integration also plays an important role in localization to females, relying on sex pheromones floating in space. In this study, we focused on the localization behavior of the adult male silk moth, Bombyx mori. We investigated sensory–motor integration against time delay using odor plume tracking performance as an index when we set a certain time delay for the sensory and motor responses. Given that it is difficult to directly intervene in the sensory and motor functions of the silk moth, we constructed an intervention system based on a mobile behavior measurement system controlled by them. Using this intervention system, not only can timing the detection of the odor in the environment and timing the presentation of the odor to the silk moth be manipulated, but timing the reflection of the movement of the silk moth can also be manipulated. We analyzed the extent to which the localization strategy of the silk moth could tolerate sensory delays by setting a delay to the odor presentation. We also evaluated behavioral compensation by odor sensory feedback by setting a delay to the motor. The results of the localization experiment have shown that the localization success rate did not decrease when there was a motor delay. However, when there was a sensory delay, the success rate decreased depending on the time delay. Analysis of the change in behavior after detection of the odor stimulus has shown that the movement was more linear when we set a motor delay. However, the movement was accompanied by a large rotational movement when there was a delay in the sensory input. This result has suggested that behavior is compensated for the delay in motor function by feedback control of odor sensation, but not when accompanied by sensory delay. To compensate for this, the silk moth may acquire appropriate information from the environment by making large body movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an observational, double-blind, experimental study that examines the effects of human emotional odors on puppies between 3 and 6 months and adult dogs (one year and upwards). Both groups were exposed to control, human fear, and happiness odors in a between subjects' design. The duration of all behaviors directed to the apparatus, the door, the owner, a stranger, and stress behaviors was recorded. A discriminant analysis showed that the fear odor activates consistent behavior patterns for both puppies and adult dogs. However, no behavioral differences between the control and happiness odor conditions were found in the case of puppies. In contrast, adult dogs reveal distinctive patterns for all three odor conditions. We argue that responses to human fear chemosignals systematically influence the behaviors displayed by puppies and adult dogs, which could be genetically prefigured. In contrast, the effects of happiness odors constitute cues that require learning during early socialization processes, which yield consistent patterns only in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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