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Highlights This study is dedicated to the fabrication of acrylated epoxidized natural rubber (AENR)/dual‐functionalized organoclay (DF‐C30B) hybrid networks using an in‐situ light‐induced crosslinking polymerization technique. The process begins with the successful synthesis of DF‐C30B, which contains methacrylate groups, achieved by reacting 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) with cloisite 30B (C30B). During fabrication, DF‐C30B nanolayers are dispersed within the AENR matrix at various feed ratios, ranging from 1 to 8 parts per hundred of rubber (phr). The photocrosslinking polymerization is then initiated using 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone (DMPA) as the photoinitiating agent. Subsequent analysis of the nanocomposites involves evaluating their structure and morphology using established techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR analysis enables comparing distinct bands of the nanocomposite's components, affirming the integration and covalent attachment of nanoclay in the AENR matrix. Results from TEM and XRD illustrate the uniform distribution of DF‐C30B throughout the AENR matrix without significant agglomeration. TGA results indicate that the hybrid networks exhibit enhanced thermal stability, with degradation onset temperatures of 306°C, 308°C, 315°C, and 318°C for DF‐C30B loadings of 1, 2, 4, and 8 phr, respectively, compared to 198°C for pure AENR. Correspondingly, char residue levels increased to 4.3%, 5.6%, 7.8%, and 11.7% for the respective DF‐C30B contents. This research underscores the promising role of DF‐C30B as a strengthening component in nanocomposites based on NR, contributing to improved thermal endurance, enhanced uniformity, and offering insightful directions for future advancements. Fabricated acrylated epoxidized natural rubber (AENR)/dual‐functionalized organoclay (DF‐C30B) hybrid networks via light‐induced crosslinking polymerization. Enhanced compatibility and performance of DF‐C30B within the AENR matrix. Successful integration and stability confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Uniform dispersion of DF‐C30B within the matrix demonstrated by XRD and TEM. Improved thermal stability compared to neat AENR, as evidenced by TGA results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates the production of organoclay suitable for use in the base section of a passenger tire with a cap/base tread construction. The process involved the purification and modification of two types of sodium bentonite clay with different mineral characteristics and ion exchange capacities using a single-step process. The modification process of purified bentonite suspensions was performed using a two-tailed long-chain alkyl quaternary ammonium salt surfactant, namely di (hydrogenated tallow alkyl) dimethyl ammonium chloride (AD2HT), and two one-tailed long-chain alkyl quaternary ammonium salt surfactants, namely cetyl-trimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and octadecylamine chloride (ODA), in relatively low amounts of surfactant (0.95 CEC), along with polyethylene glycol (4% clay) as an auxiliary modifier. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the interlayer spacing of organoclays significantly increases. In addition, the XRD pattern depends on the kind of surfactant and is independent of the type of bentonite clay. The resulting organoclays were added to the tread base section of a passenger tire using the melt masterbatch technique along with a silane coupling agent. An increase in curing maximum torque (8–15%), curing delta torque (6–14%), hardness (2–10%), static modulus 300 (2–18%), and dynamic storage modulus (11–30%) of the rubber composites was observed without significant change of resilience and loss factor of the composite at 2 Phr of organoclay loadings. The organoclays based on the AD2HT modifier exhibited better mechanical properties than those based on the ODA and CTAC surfactants. The dynamic storage modulus of composites increased by about 30% with only 2 Phr of AD2HT-modified bentonites. Furthermore, the performance of the organoclay was found to be independent of the primary particle size, iron content, and ion exchange capacity of the bentonite clay within the studied range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a nanohybrid based on montmorillonite (oMMT2) was prepared through a two‐step method using Arquad MCB‐80 and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) as intercalation agents. The nanohybrid exhibited a basal spacing of 31.5 Å, which contained approximately 12.3% of Arquad MCB‐80 and 31.6% of DOPO. Various amount of oMMT2 nanohybrid was incorporated into a flame‐retardant polyethylene system containing aluminum trihydroxide and red phosphorus with a constant total additive content of 20 wt%. The dispersibility of oMMT2 in the composite matrix was evaluated by energy dispersive x‐ray mapping and x‐ray diffraction analyses. At a content of 3 wt% in the nanocomposite, oMMT2 showed a highly exfoliated state, while at a 5% content, a partially exfoliated and intercalated state was observed. A synergistic flame‐retardant effect between the nanohybrid and the mixture of aluminum trihydroxide and red phosphorus was found. The nanocomposite loading 3 wt% oMMT2 demonstrated the best flame retardancy, achieving a V‐0 rating of the vertical burning test with a limiting oxygen index of 27.6%. Moreover, the addition of the low oMMT2 contents (≤3 wt%) improved the mechanical properties of the flame‐retardant composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two series based on poly(propylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)-block-poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PPF-b-F-PTMO) containing carbon and mineral nanofillers that differ in shape (1D and 2D) were synthesized via in situ polymerization. The influence of the addition of the 1D-type nanoparticle, i.e., carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and the so-called 2D-type, i.e., graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and organoclay (C20A), on the properties of a biobased block copolymer was analyzed. The dispersion of nanoadditives in the nanocomposites was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thermal properties were studied employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The introduction of nanoparticles increased the crystallinity (Xc) and the mean values of tensile modulus (E) of the bionanocomposites. In turn, one observed that the decrease in the limited viscosity number (LVN) was visible along with incorporating nanoadditives. The synthesized polymer bionanocomposites reveal the mechanical properties of elastomers during mechanical testing. Moreover, the good processability of the obtained materials by injection molding combined with the comprehensive ability to change mechanical and thermal properties of PPF-b-F-PTMO by tailoring the type and content of the nanofillers can indicate their possible applications in packaging, automotive, sports, construction, and many other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pultruded fiber reinforced polymer composites used in civil, power, and offshore/marine applications use fillers as resin extenders and for process efficiency. Although the primary use of fillers is in the form of an extender and processing aid, the appropriate selection of filler can result in enhancing mechanical performance characteristics, durability, and multifunctionality. This is of special interest in structural and high voltage applications where the previous use of specific fillers has been at levels that are too low to provide these enhancements. This study investigates the use of montmorillonite organoclay fillers of three different particle sizes as substitutes for conventional CaCO3 fillers with the intent of enhancing mechanical performance and hygrothermal durability. The study investigates moisture uptake and kinetics and reveals that uptake is well described by a two-stage process that incorporates both a diffusion dominated initial phase and a second slower phase representing relaxation and deterioration. The incorporation of the organoclay particles substantially decreases uptake levels in comparison to the use of CaCO3 fillers while also enhancing stage I, diffusion, dominated stability, with the use of the 1.5 mm organoclay fillers showing as much as a 41.5% reduction in peak uptake as compared to the CaCO3 fillers at the same 20% loading level (by weight of resin). The mechanical performance was characterized using tension, flexure, and short beam shear tests. The organoclay fillers showed a significant improvement in each, albeit with differences due to particle size. Overall, the best performance after exposure to four different temperatures of immersion in deionized water was shown by the 4.8 mm organoclay filler-based E-glass/vinylester composite system, which was the only one to have less than a 50% deterioration over all characteristics after immersion for a year in deionized water at the highest temperature investigated (70 °C). The fillers not only enhance resistance to uptake but also increase tortuosity in the path, thereby decreasing the overall effect of uptake. The observations demonstrate that the use of the exfoliated organoclay particles with intercalation, which have been previously used in very low amounts, and which are known to be beneficial in relation to enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, and decreased flammability, provide enhanced mechanical characteristics, decreased moisture uptake, and increased hygrothermal durability when used at particle loading levels comparable to those of conventional fillers, suggesting that these novel systems could be considered for critical structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new pore type, nano-scale organo-clay complex pore-fracture was first discovered based on argon ion polishing- field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction by focused ion-scanning electron in combination with analysis of TOC, Ro values, X-ray diffraction etc. in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation shale in the Songliao Basin, NE China. Such pore characteristics and evolution study show that: (1) Organo- clay complex pore-fractures are developed in the shale matrix and in the form of spongy and reticular aggregates. Different from circular or oval organic pores discovered in other shales, a single organo-clay complex pore is square, rectangular, rhombic or slaty, with the pore diameter generally less than 200 nm. (2) With thermal maturity increasing, the elements (C, Si, Al, O, Mg, Fe, etc.) in organo-clay complex change accordingly, showing that organic matter shrinkage due to hydrocarbon generation and clay mineral transformation both affect organo-clay complex pore-fracture formation. (3) At high thermal maturity, the Qingshankou Formation shale is dominated by nano-scale organo-clay complex pore-fractures with the percentage reaching more than 70% of total pore space. The spatial connectivity of organo-clay complex pore-fractures is significantly better than that of organic pores. It is suggested that organo-complex pore-fractures are the main pore space of laminar shale at high thermal maturity and are the main oil and gas accumulation space in the core area of continental shale oil. The discovery of nano-scale organo-clay complex pore-fractures changes the conventional view that inorganic pores are the main reservoir space and has scientific significance for the study of shale oil formation and accumulation laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolithic silica-based aerogels, produced with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), reinforced with aramid fibers and incorporating aluminosilicates were prepared for the first time. The nanocomposites were obtained by varying the amount and type of aramid fibers and replacing a part of the synthetic Si (up to 35 wt% of Si) of TEOS by natural aluminosilicates, kaolin and palygorskite. The effects of the type and amount of both fiber and mineral in the materials key properties were investigated. Most samples displayed very low volumetric shrinkages during ambient drying (<5%), high porosity (∼90%), and low bulk densities, down to 120 kg m−3. Composites with both minerals exhibited superinsulating thermal performance, with thermal conductivity reaching values as low as 22 mW m−1 K−1, while also showing excellent thermal stability. The mechanical properties of the designed clay mineral-silica aerogels can be tailored, since the addition of short length fibers (Kevlar pulp) produces stiffer composites, while the longer fibers (Teijinconex) lead to more flexible ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer nanocomposites, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-clay systems, leverage intricate interactions between components to fine-tune their thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties. In our study, we functionalized montmorillonite clay nanofillers (CloisiteNa+) to fabricate recycled PETclay nanocomposites. The nanofillers underwent a three-step functionalization process, involving the treatment with (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), the grafting of initiating coatings (multifunctional peroxide initiator, [MPI]) onto clay/APTES, and the subsequent fabrication of grafted brushes using poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) or poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA). The functionalization process and the properties of the modified clay were successfully confirmed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The fabrication of nanocomposites, incorporating both clay and functionalized clay, influenced the thermal behavior of the composites, whereas the nanofillers had no discernible impact on the flow temperature. The PET and nanocomposites exhibited liquid viscoelastic behavior, with the exception of PET with clay, which displayed shear-thinning and “rubberlike” behavior. Rheological curves and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated improved dispersion and compatibility for clay/APTES and clay functionalized with PBA-grafted brushes within the PET matrix. In some instances, the utilization of functionalized clay resulted in enhanced compatibility and customized properties in PET-organoclay nanocomposites compared with conventional fillers. These findings bear implications for a broad spectrum of applications involving PET-organoclay nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses a research paper that proposes a modified method for evaluating the stability of deep excavations in soft clays. The discussion raises concerns about the proposed method and questions the assumptions made by the authors. It suggests alternative explanations for the observed behavior of excavations in soft clays and criticizes the models used in the study for not accurately representing actual ground movement patterns caused by excavation. The author invites the study authors to respond to these criticisms. [Extracted from the article]

In this approach, nanocomposites of PVDF/PMMA/CTAMag films have been successfully synthesized. Modified Maghnite was used as inorganic reinforcement. In this study, nanocomposite polymers were developed based on a mixed matrix of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) of composition (80/20 w/w) in dispersion containing 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt % fillers of organomodified montmorillonite nanoclay (CTAMag) in the melt state. The results obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD traces and FTIR spectra highlighted the homogeneous flexible character of the PVDF/PMMA/CTAMag films and their intercalated and intercalated/exfoliated surface morphology, in addition to the presence of PVDF α, β and γ phase crystallites in these complex films. The increased presence of the modified clay in the host matrix of the PVDF/PMMA blend significantly influenced the melting temperature and the degree of crystallinity of the PVDF crystallites. The scattering of the dielectric spectra, which covers a wide range of frequencies from 20 Hz to 1 GHz, indicates the presence of the phenomenon of interfacial polarization associated with the dielectric capacitance complex at lower frequencies in these composites at 27 °C. The mechanical properties of these composites were evaluated as a function of the load and the mixed matrix of these composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injection moulded specimens were produced from biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites, after melt compounding in different compositions. WAXD studies demonstrated that the OMMT formed similar intercalation levels in the 2.5–10 w/w% additive ratio range. It was also proved by rotational rheometry that the nanoclay stacks form physical network above 5 w/w% concentration, which significantly influence the viscoelastic properties of the melt. The value of zero shear viscosity also changed accordingly, starting to increase above 5 w/w% nanoclay content. The OMMT content reduced the creep sensitivity measured in molten state.X-ray and DSC investigations showed that OMMT inhibits the crystallisation of PBS, resulting in a decrease in crystallinity at higher nanoclay ratios. As a result, the room temperature creep increased with the OMMT ratio.The Young's modulus linearly increases in the entire concentration range exceeding 1.2 GPa at 10 w/w% nanoclay content. The value of yield strength does not change significantly (35–40 MPa), but the strain at yield – which characterises stiffness – and the notched Izod impact strength already decrease at 2.5 w/w% OMMT content, but further increasing the nanoclay content has minor effect. However, the nanocomposite with 10 w/w% OMMT can be a real alternative to polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) injection moulded products based on its mechanical properties.To characterise the effect of OMMT on dynamic mechanical properties, the S (Stiffening effectiveness), L (Loss effectiveness) and D (Damping effectiveness) indices were introduced to quantitatively describe the nanoclay effect intensity in each temperature range.

At the Gowanus Canal Superfund site in Brooklyn, New York, a multilayer reactive capping system is required as part of the approved remedy. The base reactive layer is an organoclay (OC)–sand layer containing a minimum of 25% by dry weight OC that is intended to block any upwelling mobile nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). The construction quality assurance (CQA) method for verifying the OC content of the OC–sand stockpiles prior to placement in the canal consists of Loss on Ignition (LOI) testing performed at an offsite laboratory with a turnaround time of 3 days. To mitigate construction delays, rapid field testing methods to verify the OC content of the OC–sand blends were sought. Interestingly, electrical conductivity (EC) measurements on the as-is (not sieved or pulverized) OC, sand, and their blends provided several correlations with goodness of fit (R2) values >0.95 for a variety of sand-sized materials including: a commercial playground sand, beach sand, a limestone quarry sourced sand, and the sediment capping sand from the first Remedial Target Area (RTA-1) at the Gowanus Canal. The correlation curves and R2 values were relatively insensitive to change in the sand borrow source (silicate or karst geology or salinity). EC measurements were available in as little as 30 min and up to approximately 24 h using a tabletop pH/EC probe, distilled water, beaker, and magnetic stirrer. The EC approach and preliminary correlations presented here can greatly reduce CQA testing turnaround times to within hours (not days) in field settings. Lastly, similar findings were made when another commercially modified bentonite clay known as Fluorosorb-400™ was blended with playground sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Water based polylactic acid (PLA)‐surface modified montmorillonite (MMt) nanocomposites as biobased formulations for paper coating were successfully developed using emulsification solvent evaporation method. Electrostatic and steric stabilization mechanisms have contributed to the production of stable emulsions up to 5 months at 23 ± 1°C, revealing strong repulsive forces generated between the nanoparticles as confirmed by zeta potential (ζ) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. MMt particles were fully encapsulated by PLA as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs. Meanwhile the film formation process highlighted the importance of emulsifier's type and solubility in the polymer matrix, as no films were obtained when sodium oleate was used alone compared with continuous, homogeneous, and free‐standing films obtained when the combination Tween 80 (80 wt%)—sodium oleate (20 wt%) was used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the cross‐section's surfaces showed homogeneous dispersion of the MMt particles with no clusters or agglomerates formed. Thermal analyses using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (DSC‐TGA) showed an overall reduction in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the thermal stability of neat PLA, whoever this reduction was recovered when MMt was added due to the confinement effect. Thickened PLA and PLA/MMt emulsions using 1 wt% xanthan gum showed a non‐Newtonian behavior and shear thinning flow with suitable viscosity values for paper coating applications. Development of stable PLA/organoclay nanocomposite aqueous dispersions. Steric and electrostatic mechanisms provided excellent stability. Full encapsulation of organoclay platelets in nanometric PLA particles. Formation of free‐standing films from PLA/organoclay emulsions. Thickened PLA/organoclay emulsions using Xanthan gum for paper coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to synthesize and study the functional properties of polymer-clay nanocomposite (PCNCs) based on poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (NaPSS) and two types of clay in the dispersed phase: bentonite and kaolinite, in order to advance in the development of new geomimetic materials for agricultural and environmental applications. In this study, the effect of adding high concentrations of clay (10–20 wt. %) on the structural and functional properties of a polymer–clay nanocomposite was evaluated. The characterization by infrared spectroscopy made it possible to show that the PCNCs had a hybrid nature structure through the identification of typical vibration bands of the clay matrix and NaPSS. In addition, scanning electron microscopy allowed us to verify its hybrid composition and an amorphous particle-like morphology. The thermal characterization showed degradation temperatures higher than ~300 °C with Tg values higher than 100 °C and variables depending on the clay contents. In addition, the PCNCs showed a high water-retention capacity (>2900%) and cation exchange capacity (>112 meq/100 g). Finally, the results demonstrated the ability of geomimetic conditioners to mimic the structure and functional properties of soils, suggesting their potential application in improving soil quality for plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of nano clay composite and reactive diluents was found to be good for various properties of the composite when individually used. This research aims at the preparation of modified nanocomposites and investigating their mechanical properties. Mechanical testing, crosslinking density, surface morphology, and functional groups present in the composite were observed in this research. The composites were mixed with varying wt.% (2, 5, 7, 10) of 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy) propan-1-ol reactive diluent and a steady (5 wt.%) of nano clay mixed in epoxy. Mechanical testing samples were manufactured in line with ASTM standards. Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy tests have been conducted to investigate the surface morphology and the presence of functional groups present in the system. The swelling behaviour of the samples has been observed to gain a better understanding of crosslinking density. The tensile and fracture toughness behaviour of the composite was greatly improved. In addition, 7 wt.% diluent and 5 wt.% nano clay in the pristine epoxy reveal an optimal property. Including nano clay and reactive diluent 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy) propan-1-ol in differing amounts improves tensile and fracture resilience by (19–23)%, suggesting a tight forming bond between epoxy, nano clay, and diluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic effect of organoclay (OC) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the crucial properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposite films was systematically investigated herein. After their incorporation into PLA via the solvent casting technique, the water vapor barrier property of the PLA/OC/ZnO film improved by a maximum of 86% compared to the neat PLA film without the deterioration of Young's modulus or the tensile strength. Moreover, the film's self-antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens, including gram-negative (Escherichia coli , E. coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus , S. aureus) bacteria, was enhanced by a maximum of approximately 98–99% compared to the neat PLA film. Furthermore, SEM images revealed the homogeneous dispersion of both nano-fillers in the PLA matrix. However, the thermal stability of the film decreased slightly after the addition of the OC and ZnO. The film exhibited notable light barrier properties in the UV-Vis range. Moreover, the incorporation of a suitable biodegradable plasticizer significantly decreased the T and notably enhanced the flexibility of the nanocomposite film by increasing the elongation at break approximately 1.5-fold compared to that of the neat PLA film. This contributes to its feasibility as an active food packaging material. Graphic Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of surface modification and some processing parameters on the palygorskite (Pal) dispersion and the mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of the resulting Nylon 6 nanocomposites was investigated. Natural Pal was surface modified with hexadecyl tributyl phosphonium and 3‐aminopropyl trimethoxysilane to produce organoclays with different surface energy values. Nylon 6/Pal nanocomposites were produced by twin screw extrusion and then injection molded, Pal loading was 2 wt. % in all the cases. A screw configuration was designed to impose different level of shear stresses to the nanocomposites during processing, and nanocomposites were extruded at two different screw speeds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicated that Pal was dispersed differently depending mainly on the degree of shear stress and surface modification of Pal. The best tensile mechanical properties were achieved with Pal exhibiting the lowest surface energy value dispersed with the screw having high shear configuration. The fatigue life of nylon 6 improved with addition of Pal. The experimental results give some guidelines for producing Nylon 6/Pal nanocomposites with improved properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, montmorillonite clay (MT) was modified for the first time with CuFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles and assessed as a recyclable catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones under solvent-free microwave irradiation conditions with a high to excellent yield. The morphology and chemistry of the CuFe2O4@MT (CuF@MT) nanocomposite were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images, transmission electron microscope images, and vibrating sample magnetometer curve analyses. The results indicated the presence of CuFe2O4 with a tetragonal structure, a consistent distribution, and no aggregation at MT. The findings further indicated that CuF@MT's superior magnetic characteristics led to its use as a heterogeneous catalyst in manufacturing 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. This technique offers various advantages, including mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, and fast recovery of the nanocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, clay-based organic thermosetting polyurethane polymer nanocomposites have more attracted attention in academia and industries because they exhibit different properties from conventional materials. In this study, we investigated novel thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) by adding nanoparticles of clay as a fire-retardant property. By employing an in-situ polymerization technique with a 2:1 ratio of tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate (TPI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG2000), the NCO terminated TPU prepolymer was created. Cloisite 25A (C25A), an organo-modified montmorillonite clay, was utilized to provide sufficient compatibility with the PEG/TPI matrix. The synthesized nanocomposite was examined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), SEM analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR analysis provides information on functional groups. Compared to pure polyurethane, the nanocomposites showed superior thermal stabilities, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results from X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy confirm the successful formation of an exfoliated polymer clay nanocomposite under all conditions, evidenced by the absence of the distinct peak (2θ = 4.79°) corresponding to the d-spacing of the organoclay. The relationship between clay loading and TPU matrix type and the mechanical characteristics of nanocomposites was examined. As the amount of clay in the Young's TPU/Cl25A nanocomposites grew, so did their tensile strength and modulus. The fire-retardant experiment was studied by a cone colorimeter. There have been notable advancements in the fire-retardant qualities, including smoke, CO output, and heat release rate. Comparing polyurethane integrated with 5-weight percent organoclay to ordinary polyurethane polymer, a noteworthy 53% reduction was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the preparation of poly (3-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB) nanocomposites using the melt mixing method. Two types of organically modified nanoclay, Cloisite 93A (C93A), and Cloisite 30B (C30B), were incorporated at various weight percentages into the PHB matrix to create the nanocomposites. Comparative analyses were conducted between PHB/C93A and PHB/C30B to assess their tensile and impact properties in relation to the matrix polymer. Between the nanocomposites, the PHB/C93A nanocomposites shows an optimum tensile modulus of 949 Mpa with a 3 wt% clay loading, while PHB/C30B nanocomposites demonstrated improved percentage elongation at break of 5.33 % and enhanced Izod impact strength of 39.67 J/m at 3 wt% of clay load. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) signifies the thermal behavior of both the matrix and nanocomposite. The degree of crystallinity is observed to be 47 % in case of the PHB/C30B nanocomposites as compared to the PHB/C93A nanocomposites as 38 %. Again in case of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the maximum % char of 5.198 is observed for the PHB/C30B nanocomposites. The enhanced viscoelastic behavior of the PHB/C93A nanocomposites was attributed at a peak of approx. 55–60 °C due to the incorporation of C93A nanoclay into the matrix in the study of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The morphological investigation using WAXD analysis showcased particle clay intercalation and dispersion within the PHB matrix, indicating effective clay-matrix interactions. Overall, this study sheds light on the enhanced properties of PHB nanocomposites with the incorporation of organoclay, offering potential applications in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the adsorption efficiency of low-cost raw and modified clay was investigated. The modified clay was characterized through various technics including X-ray diffraction, XRF spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and Electron microscopy SEM to analyze the evolution of raw clay structure and morphology. Paracetamol was chosen as an adsorbate to evaluate the removal performance from the aqueous medium. Factors influencing the uptake of paracetamol, such as pH, equilibrium time, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of paracetamol, were examined. The results obtained showed that the raw clay was successfully modified by HDTMA, which increased adsorption capacity thanks to new hydrophobic interaction. The adsorption of paracetamol on the modified clay reached equilibrium at a contact time of 120 min. Isothermal and kinetic models used in this study showed that the adsorption followed the Langmuir-isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The maximum experimental adsorption capacity predicted by Langmuir model is about 112.63 mg/g, which is much higher than that obtained for the unmodified sample (62.11 mg/g). These results show that modified natural Moroccan clay can be used as low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent nanomaterials to remove emerging pharmaceutical contaminants from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread use of geopolymer, the effective activation and utilization of thermally activated termite soils as alternative or eco-friendly material are great of interest. The present study investigated the use of calcined termite soils (TC) in geopolymer pastes and mortars as a precursor, while metakaolin (MK) was used as a reference material to prepare control samples. The physicochemical properties of both raw and calcined solid precursors as well as geopolymer pastes and mortars were characterized using various techniques, including BET, PSD, XRF, XRD, setting time, ICC, and SEM/EDS. Results showed that termite soil can be successfully employed as a starting material in geopolymer production. Pastes and mortars prepared using TC gave significant compressive strengths of 43.2 and 33.2 MPa, respectively, although they were approximately 26% and 6% lower than control samples made using MK. Based on the analytical studies, better mechanical performance of MK-based binders compared to TC-based ones is attributed to the presence of reactive phases within MK that promotes the geopolymerization resulting in the development of a stronger geopolymer network and better connectivity within the matrix. It can be concluded that TC can be considered as a suitable raw material for the production of geopolymer binder considering the availability and accessibility in certain regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yoon–Nelson model serves as a widely used tool for describing the breakthrough behavior of organic micropollutants within fixed bed adsorbers. This study aims to augment its modeling efficacy through two proposed refinements found in the literature: a logarithmic transformation and the incorporation of steric hindrance effects. We systematically evaluated the original Yoon–Nelson model alongside the modified versions, using breakthrough data associated with micropollutant adsorption on solid materials. Three distinct cases were scrutinized: (1) caffeine adsorption on activated carbon; (2) tetracycline adsorption on hierarchical porous carbon; and (3) diclofenac adsorption on organoclay. While all three models demonstrated comparable performance with highly symmetric breakthrough data in case 1, their efficacy diverged significantly when confronted with strongly asymmetric breakthrough data in cases 2 and 3. The original Yoon–Nelson model and the logarithmically modified version fell short in accurately representing these intricate breakthrough curves. In contrast, the version incorporating steric hindrance effects showcased substantial accuracy, outperforming other models in capturing the complexities of asymmetric breakthrough data. This advancement markedly enhances the modeling accuracy and versatility of the Yoon–Nelson model, particularly in assessing the dynamic behavior of organic micropollutants within fixed bed adsorbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the abrasion resistance of a carbon fiber composite based on epoxy nanocomposite matrix filled with layered-silicate clay nanoparticles was evaluated. In the first step of the work, the clay-epoxy nanocomposite was first studied to assess the dispersion and the performance, and then to select the best content for the fiber composite production. The nanocomposite mixture was prepared by finely dispersing clay nanoparticles into the epoxy monomer through mechanical stirring, then the hardener was added. After this step, the fiber reinforced composite was produced by vacuum infusion, and then the properties were evaluated. The abrasion resistance has been assessed using different approaches. A test was specifically designed to simulate the impact of abrasive powders which could potentially be found in the atmosphere and crash into aircraft or air vehicles (such as for instance volcanic ashes). The results showed that the presence of nanoclay reduces the weight loss of the sample with the impacted surface, which can be clearly correlated to a damage reduction. Highlights • Sandblasting tool made to mimic impact of abrasive powder on composite surface • Presence of nanoclay does not significantly affect the vacuum infusion process • Layered-silicate nanoparticles lead to improve composites abrasion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles were synthesized by base-catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate in the water-acetone medium. For surface modification of mesoporous silica, commercially available silane, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate was reacted with mono-thioglycerol via 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl (TEMPO) aided thiol-ene reaction, and the obtained silane was incorporated on the surface of neat mesoporous silica to graft extended alkyl chains terminating in hydroxyl groups. The prepared MSNs were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. These MSNs were compared to conventionally used commercial silica as an additive in tubular quenched polypropylene films (TQPP) for their anti-blocking, thermal, mechanical, optical, and barrier properties. Organic modification of MSNs decreased the blocking force in TQPP films. The mechanical properties including % elongation and tensile strength increased for TQPP films with mesoporous silica, while it decreased for films containing commercial silica. Both modified and unmodified MSNs decreased haze and enhanced gloss in TQPP films, showing improved optical properties as compared to commercial silica particles. In TQPP film with modified MSNs, a reduced value of the water contact angle was obtained, indicating better wettability of the surface of the TQPP film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) nanocomposites loaded with two different types of organoclays are fabricated using the melt mixing technique in a twin-screw extruder. Quaternary ammonium salts with dimethyl, benzyl, hydrogenated tallow, and dimethyl, dehydrogenated tailed modified organoclays are blended with PBT matrix at the compositions of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% weight ratios. Test samples are shaped using a lab-scale injection molding device. Mechanical, thermo-mechanical, thermal stability, melt flow, structural, and morphological behaviors of the nanocomposite samples are investigated by performing tensile, impact, and shore hardness tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), melt flow rate measurements, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods, respectively. According to the findings, NC 130 clay gave better results than NC 140 in terms of tensile, hardness, and melt flow behaviors, whereas NC 140 showed higher performances as impact resistance, thermo-mechanical, and density, since the reduction in density and weight lowering are highly required for mainly transportation sector, and thermal properties were considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a groundbreaking study on the synergistic effect of combining Cloisite 30B (C30B) organoclay with styrene-butadiene-grafted glycidyl methacrylate (SbB-g-GMA), a dual-functional impact modifier and compatibilizer with the ultimate aim of developing high-performance materials based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polystyrene (PS) with superior thermal and mechanical properties, thereby exploring the feasibility of recycling of these commonly used plastics via a simple melt blending approach. The morphology of the melt-mixed PET/PS blends and dispersion state of organoclay in the PET/PS/C30B nanocomposites in the presence and absence of the compatibilizer were analyzed by the X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated through TGA/DSC analysis and tensile and Izod impact tests. The microscopic images revealed that the addition of the SbB-g-GMA compatibilizer resulted in a superior dispersion of the nanoclay platelets. The composition of 70% PET, 30% PS, 7 phr SbB-g-GMA, and 3 phr C30B yielded the best dispersion of C30B and the most favorable thermomechanical properties in the PET/PS/SbB-g-GMA/C30B blend. Interestingly, the study found that using the nanoclay alone was insufficient to achieve compatibility between PET and PS. Optimal results were obtained when SbB-g-GMA was mixed into the PET/PS/C30B nanocomposite. The mechanical properties, including tensile and impact strength, modulus, elongation at break, as well as the thermal stability, exhibited significant improvements upon the addition of the synthesized SbB-g-GMA dual-functional compatibilizer compared to both the binary blends of PET/PS and the PET/PS/C30B nanocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant effects of halloysite nanoclay, Cloisite 10A (C10A) and Cloisite 15A (C15A) organonanoclays were examined in this study. The antimicrobial action was assessed using the agar-well method and the disc diffusion method. The free radical-scavenging effects of the clays were determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Halloysite showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. C10A was effective against both Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus , Listeria monocytogenes , Bacillus subtilis and E. faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa). Additionally, only C10A was found to have an antimicrobial effect on Candida glabrata of 18 mm amongst the tested clays. C15A showed an antimicrobial effect on S. aureus and K. pneumoniae. It was determined that the antifungal properties of organoclays were higher than those of halloysite. The most effective clay type was determined to be C10A. The positively charged inner surface of the halloysite nanoclay can provide a large area to which negatively charged free radicals can attach. The modified C15A used in this study has two long-chain alkyl groups attached, whereas the modified C10A has a single long-chain alkyl group and a benzyl group attached. It is proposed that the differences in these antimicrobial effects are due to the structures of the molecules. According to these results, organoclays as green source materials could be used as additives and coatings in food processing, biomedical devices, filters and paints due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastomeric polymers such as high‐density polyethylene, have a variety of desirable features, that have supplanted traditional materials. However, high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) shows inadequate wear resistance, which limits its use for industrial applications, particularly in low‐load‐bearing applications such as flexible energy harvesting devices and sensors. The current work is engrossed in investigating the influence of hybrid reinforcements CaCO3 particles and bentonite nano clay as secondary reinforcements in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)‐based composites on the wear and friction properties. The reinforcements were melt compounded with HDPE using a Brabender mixer and sampled using an injection molding machine. The wear test (ASTM G‐99‐04) was performed by a pin‐on‐disk tribo‐tester. In comparison to a base matrix, the synthesized hybrid composite achieved the maximum improvement in wear rate of 93%. The results revealed that there is a significant improvement in wear resistance. Morphological analysis revealed that due to the encapsulation and compatibilization effect of bentonite nano clay the hybrid composite exhibited improved wear performance. The results signify the synergistic effect of filler particles resulted in sufficient bonding for stress transfer due to the encapsulation of CaCO3 by nano clay. The wear mechanism observed optically was abrasion, fatigue, and adhesion wear that changed with the change in the weight percent of nanoparticles. Finally, the prepared composite with enhanced tribological properties such as low wear rate, low friction coefficient, and enhanced morphology can be used in low load‐bearing wear applications such as turbo nanogenerators and piezo nanogenerators. Highlights: Bentonite nano clay and CaCO3 dispersed homogeneously in HDPE matrix.Wear resistance of HDPE increases by reinforcing particles (nano‐clay and CaCO3).Micro‐cutting, deformations, and particle husks were the possible wear mechanism.Encapsulation effects the hybrid composite to exhibit improved wear performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native cassava starch was modified by dry heating treatment, and sodic montmorillonite was modified using an alkylpolyglucoside biosurfactant to produce a novel montmorillonite‐filled starch bionanocomposites with improved performance. The bionanocomposites were produced in two extrusion steps using a co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder. The structural properties of the bionanocomposites were studied by X‐ray diffraction. The reinforcement effect and material performance were evaluated by hydrophobicity, solubility, opacity, barrier, thermal and mechanical properties. In general, the dispersion of the nanofillers resulted in bionanocomposites with intercalated structures and improved properties compared with unfilled bioplastics. The main results exhibited that modified montmorillonite showed better compatibility with starch, improving nanofiller dispersion and interaction than the native one. As a result, it increased the hydrophobicity and reduced solubility, water, and oxygen permeabilities in comparison with bionanocomposites based on native starch by 36%, 48%, and 68%, respectively. Also, the tensile strength and Young modulus increased from 0.60 to 2.56 MPa and from 2.99 to 15.68 MPa, respectively. In conclusion, modification of MMT by the biosurfactant is a good approach to enhance dispersion/interaction with the starch matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved the preparation of composites consisting of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles deposited within the structure of organophilic bentonite. These composites were subsequently utilized as fillers in natural rubber (NR). The organobentonites were initially prepared via a cation exchange reaction using alkylammonium ions with different chain lengths (C8N−C18N) and later deposited by ZnO nanoparticles. The identification of the ZnO‐organobentonites was conducted using various techniques, including powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV‐Vis spectroscopy, etc. The findings demonstrate the successful deposition of ZnO nanoparticles within the organobentonite's structure. The basal space between the silicate layers increased with the increasing chain length of alkylammonium ions. When added to NR, the ZnO‐organoclays mutually acted as a cure activator and filler. As expected, the ZnO‐organoclay modified by octadecylammonium ions (C18N) showed the greatest reinforcement due to its highest capability to enlarge the basal space between the silicate layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and development of environmentally oriented cements with predominant content of widespread noncalcined precursors contribute to a more promising future for constantly evolving alkali-activated materials (AAMs). In this study, natural and designed blends of calcined clays and abundant raw calcium carbonate minerals were investigated as binary precursors for one-part AAMs using standard techniques, thermal, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. The influencing factors to set optimal parameters were the mineralogical assemblage, precursors fineness, formulation details, means of alkali reactant incorporation, and curing regimes. It was stated that hydraulic one-part AAMs can be derived from calcined marl incorporated with limestone powder containing 5.8%–7.0% of calcined clay minerals and 54.6%–60.5% of calcite or nonhydraulic one-part AAMs from a mixture consisting of 20%–30% metakaolin and 70%–80% limestone powder. It was found that, compared with a metakaolin-limestone-based binary precursor, alkali activation of calcined marl–limestone results in the formation of a higher amount of binder gel with a greater extent of Ca incorporation into the structure of Na aluminosilicate gel and the formation of Ca aluminosilicate and Ca silicate hydrogels. This provides an alkali-activated calcined marl–limestone binder system with better mechanical properties and continuous strength development, including under wet conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responsive polymers can be combined with clay particles to form adaptable, or "tunable," clay–polymer composites. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential for "tunability" of a nanocomposite at the mesoscale through changes in material properties—swelling behavior, Atterberg limits, hydraulic conductivity, and shear strength—with varying pH and ionic concentration of the surrounding fluid. The composite was synthesized from a nonionic form of the polymer polyacrylamide and an expansive clay, montmorillonite. An attempt was made to induce changes in behavior of the composite by exposing the material to a selected range of pH and ionic concentration conditions, thereby influencing the conformation (shape and size) of the responsive polymer molecules under different stress levels and solid contents. Behavior was compared for the cases of predicted coiled, partially extended, and extended conformation. The test results demonstrate that conformation of responsive polymer and tunability of composite depends primarily on solution type, stress levels, and solid content. The "tuning" response of a nanocomposite is maximized with a significant change in ionic concentration of the surrounding fluid. Nanocomposite swelling was 30% less than pure clay and had a friction angle 12° greater than pure clay at high ionic concentration. At low or high pH conditions, nanocomposite tunability was limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple shape memory materials currently have a wide range of applications in aerospace and healthcare. In this study, Organic clay (OC) was introduced as a reinforcing phase in trans-isoprene (TPI) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix. TPI/LDPE/OC shape memory composites (SMP) were prepared by melt blending and vulcanized and pressed using dynamic vulcanization technique. In order to reveal the effect of OC content on the mechanical and shape memory properties of TPI/LDPE/OC composites, a series of experiments were conducted. The results show that the optimum vulcanization time of the composites decreases linearly with increasing OC content. The torque difference of the composites is maximized when OC is added at 2 phr, which indicates that the cross-linking degree of the composites is optimal at this time; In addition, with the increase of OC content, the mechanical properties, crystallization properties and shape memory properties of the composites first increase and then decrease. This is due to the fact that OC can form a stable and homogeneous interlayer structure with the composite matrix in the appropriate amount, which will play a role in enhancing the properties, but when OC is added in excess, agglomeration occurs within the composite matrix, thus reducing the properties; The crosslinking degree, tensile strength, crystallinity and triple shape memory properties of the composites were optimized when the OC content was 2 phr. This study provides potential value for research on the application of multiple shape memory materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of geopolymer with an iron–oxygen–silicon linkage is synthesized and reported for the first time. The aim was to enable the iron-rich clay material (laterite) as a raw material for the geopolymerization. Iron was used in different ratios ranging 1–3 wt. % in the raw mix designing geopolymer followed by activation with concentrated alkali solutions of NaOH and KOH in different concentrations. The bonding of Fe–O–Si was confirmed from the FTIR peaks in NaOH- and KOH-based geopolymers. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the formation of zeolitic, sodalite, and almandite phases. The final product has shown a compressive strength of 2371.8 and 1503 kN/m2 and can be used as a construction material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blends of poly(D-lactic acid) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PDLA/PLLA) produce the stereocomplex crystals (SC) with a melting temperature of ~ 250 °C, which exhibits higher crystallization rate and mechanical strength than PDLA or PLLA. The SC was also reported as an effective nucleator for PLA homochiral crystals (HC). In the PDLA/PLLA blends, the SC would develop at first in most of cases. However, the morphology of SC in the asymmetric blends were rarely reported, and the effect of the SC morphology on the subsequently crystallization of HC was not clear yet. In this study, the PDLA/PLLA blends with dissimilar weight ratios were prepared by three methods, i.e., electrostatic spinning, solution casting, and melted-cooling, and the SC with different morphologies were achieved. Then, the crystallization behavior of HC under the existence of SC was studied. Results indicated that the SC morphology exerted diverse effects on the formation of HC. The SC with fibrous and banded morphology produced by electrostatic spinning presented great limitation for the formation of HC. The SC with spherical morphology developed in the solution casting films enhanced the formation of HC. The SC with network structure produced in the melted-cooling specimens accelerated the crystallization rate of HC significantly. This investigation indicated that not only the content of SC, but also the morphology of SC would influence the crystallization behavior of HC, which would make a deep understanding for the crystallization behavior of PDLA/PLLA specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer clay nanocomposites, which can exhibit many superior properties compared to virgin polymers, have gained increasing interest and importance in recent years. This study aimed to prepare composites of two organoclays with unusual ratios and different degrees of lyophilicity with low-density polyethylene and compare their textural structures and thermal and mechanical properties with those of virgin polymer. For this purpose, firstly, organoclays, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic organoclays (OC and SOC), were prepared by solution intercalation method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with and without addition of a hydrocarbon substance. Then, using both organoclays, polyethylene organoclay composites were prepared and characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Additionally, tensile and hardness tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the composites, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms were taken to examine their thermal behavior. XRD patterns and HRTEM images of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic organoclays and the composites show that the characteristic smectite peak of the clay shifts to the left and expands, that is, the interlayer space widens and, in the composites, it deforms immediately at low clay ratios. HRTEM images of the composites prepared especially with low clay ratios indicate that a heterogeneous dispersion of clay platelets occurs, indicating that nanocomposite formation has been achieved. On the contrary, in the composites prepared with high clay ratios, this dispersion behavior partially turns into aggregation. In the composites prepared using up to 20% by weight of superhydrophobic organoclay, extremely stable and continuous improvements in all mechanical properties were observed compared to those of the composites prepared using hydrophobic organoclay. This indicates that by using superhydrophobic organoclay, a ductile nanocomposite of polyethylene containing inorganic components in much higher than usual proportions can be prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel polyimide/clay nanocomposites were fabricated by incorporating organically modified clay at different loading percentage of 1–5 wt% within the polyimide (PI) matrix. A novel PI was synthesized through a direct polycondensation reaction between novel 5,5′-((4-methoxyphenyl)azanediyl)bis(isobenzofuran-1,3-dione)and 4,4′-(1,4-phenylenebis(oxy))bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline). The organoclay was prepared from Sodium montmorillonite (Na-clay) and protonated form of diamine (modifier) via ion-exchange reaction. The structural characterization of nanocomposites were made using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the mechanical properties were obtained by tension tests. The results of XRD, TEM, and FE-SEM indicated that clay could well disperse in the PI matrix and were intercalated by diamine and PI macromolecules. The thermal stability and glass transition temperature of nanocomposite at lower clay loadings are similar to PI but gradually decrease with increase in clay content. The tensile properties of PI/Clay nanocomposites showed the highest values at the optimum clay content of 3 wt%. The gas permeation of PI/clay nanocomposites was increased with the increase in loading percentage of organoclay, whereas the gas selectivity was maintained at par to that of neat PI film until it diminished at 5 wt% percentage of organoclay causing mineral agglomeration. PI/clay 3 wt% MMMs exhibited 245% and 240% increase in CO2 and O2 gas permeability respectively, while showing minimal variation in the selectivity of O2/N2 and CO2/N2 compared to that of neat PI matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clays and clay minerals are common natural materials, the unique properties of which have attracted the interest of the industry, especially because these materials are easily available, cheap, and non-toxic. Clays and clay minerals are widely used in many applications, such as in ceramic production, in the clarification of liquids, pollutant adsorbers, filler in composites and nanocomposites, soil amendments, in pharmacy, etc. This review assesses the development in the area of clay application in nanocomposites and ceramics. The first part of this study covers polymer/clay nanocomposites. Topics of interest include nanofiller sources for polymer nanocomposites, the possible ways of clay modification, polymer/clay nanocomposite classification and their processing, and polymer matrix overview with possible enhancement of nanocomposite properties. Some of the applications have already been commercialized. Approximately 80% of the polymer/clay nanocomposites are destined for the automotive, aeronautical, and packaging industries. The second part of this study describes ceramic materials with a focus on silicate ceramics. Talc and kaolinite represent the main natural raw materials for traditional ceramic applications. Less traditional cordierite, steatite, and forsterite could offer property enhancement and seem to be useful in electronics, electrical engineering, catalysts, solar thermal storage, or medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the synthesis of new nanocomposites (NCs) comprising polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with silicon dioxide (SiO2 ) and chromium trioxide (Cr2O3 ) for the use in gammarays’-shielding applications. The nanocomposites exhibit desirable properties such as low weight, elasticity, high attenuation coefficients, and costeffectiveness for gamma-rays’ shielding. The structural properties of PVA–CMC–SiO2–Cr2O3 nanocomposites are studied. The scanning electron microscopy reveals that the top surface of the PVA–CMC/SiO2–Cr2O3 NCs films exhibits uniform and cohesive aggregates or fragments distributed randomly, when the weight percentage reaches 8%. The uniform distribution of nanoparticles (NPs) in the blend is evidenced by the optical microscope images and leads to a continuous network within the polymer matrix. The study results regarding the utilization of gamma-rays’ shielding demonstrate that the nanocomposites composed of PVA–CMC/SiO2–Cr2O3 display significant attenuation coefficients for gamma rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on addressing the challenges associated with labor-intensive soil penetration resistance (SPR) measurements, which are prone to errors due to varying soil moisture levels. The innovative approach involves developing SPR estimation models using artificial neural networks (ANN) for soils with optimal moisture levels determined by van Genuchten (WG) calculations. Sampling and measurements were conducted at 280 points (0–30 cm depth), with an additional 324 samples used for model testing. Considering six scenarios, this study aimed to identify the best estimation model using key soil properties (sand, clay, silt, bulk density, organic carbon, and aggregate stability) in different combinations affecting SPR. Results from all ANN scenarios demonstrated satisfactory SPR estimation performance, with the sand and clay content scenario exhibiting the highest accuracy, characterized by a mean square error (MSE) of 0.0029 and a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9707. This selected scenario were further validated with different test data, yielding an MSE of 0.7891 and an R2 value of 0.67. In conclusion, this study suggests that, by standardizing moisture levels through WG calculations, ANN-based SPR estimation can effectively be applied to soils with specific sand and clay contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pultruded fiber reinforced polymer composites used in civil, power, and offshore/marine applications use fillers as resin extenders and for process efficiency. Although the primary use of fillers is in the form of an extender and processing aid, the appropriate selection of filler can result in enhancing mechanical performance characteristics, durability, and multifunctionality. This is of special interest in structural and high voltage applications where the previous use of specific fillers has been at levels that are too low to provide these enhancements. This study investigates the use of montmorillonite organoclay fillers of three different particle sizes as substitutes for conventional CaCO3 fillers with the intent of enhancing mechanical performance and hygrothermal durability. The study investigates moisture uptake and kinetics and reveals that uptake is well described by a two-stage process that incorporates both a diffusion dominated initial phase and a second slower phase representing relaxation and deterioration. The incorporation of the organoclay particles substantially decreases uptake levels in comparison to the use of CaCO3 fillers while also enhancing stage I, diffusion, dominated stability, with the use of the 1.5 mm organoclay fillers showing as much as a 41.5% reduction in peak uptake as compared to the CaCO3 fillers at the same 20% loading level (by weight of resin). The mechanical performance was characterized using tension, flexure, and short beam shear tests. The organoclay fillers showed a significant improvement in each, albeit with differences due to particle size. Overall, the best performance after exposure to four different temperatures of immersion in deionized water was shown by the 4.8 mm organoclay filler-based E-glass/vinylester composite system, which was the only one to have less than a 50% deterioration over all characteristics after immersion for a year in deionized water at the highest temperature investigated (70 °C). The fillers not only enhance resistance to uptake but also increase tortuosity in the path, thereby decreasing the overall effect of uptake. The observations demonstrate that the use of the exfoliated organoclay particles with intercalation, which have been previously used in very low amounts, and which are known to be beneficial in relation to enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, and decreased flammability, provide enhanced mechanical characteristics, decreased moisture uptake, and increased hygrothermal durability when used at particle loading levels comparable to those of conventional fillers, suggesting that these novel systems could be considered for critical structural applications.

The problem of goaf treatment has become more and more prominent, posing a significant risk to the safety of transportation and causing environmental damage if it is not treated properly. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of various grouting pastes and evaluate their application in goaf treatment according to grouting backfilling. This research begins by discussing different grouting pastes' properties, including clay-cement composite grouting material and geopolymer grouting material, which have excellent engineering performance, environmental friendliness, and are easy to operate in complex geological environments. Moreover, the factors affecting the performance of grouting pastes, such as water-solid ratio and curing time, are also examined. Based on detailed information about the boreholes provided by drilling television, a reasonable treatment plan is formulated for goaf treatment. Finally, this study evaluates the effectiveness of different grouting pastes in real-world goaf treatment projects. The study draws the following conclusions: a direct relationship exists among flowability, setting time as well as water-solid ratio. An inverse relationship exists between the compressive strength of grouting materials and the water-solid ratio. Drilling data reveals complex goaf structures with defects such as water leakage, collapse and cavity, indicating potential geological risks in shallow areas. A treatment plan is formulated based on the geological conditions of goafs by drilling television. The effectiveness of backfill grouting in goaf areas is inspected using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technology, and results indicate that adjusting water-solid ratio of grouting material can improve treatment effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the removal of methylene blue (MB) by both raw and modified clay as an abundant, cost-effective was investigated. The modification of the raw clay was done by calcination, acid treatment, and again second calcination processes. In addition, the effects of calcination temperature and acid/base concentration on the adsorption capacity of clay were investigated. The characterisation of clay was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzes. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used. The modified clay provided significant improvements in adsorption capacity compared to the raw clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of nanocomposites are directly affected by the filler–matrix interaction and therefore surface filler modification is often necessary to improve the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. Our study evaluated surface modification of sepiolite (SEP) on properties of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT)‐based nanocomposites. The nanofillers were modified using two organic modifiers, octadecyl isocyanate (OI), and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). OI showed higher treatment efficiency than APTES and better results in alkyl groups on the surface of the nanofiller, with crystalline profile, which remained in the nanocomposites. The effect of organo‐sepiolites on the properties of PBAT nanocomposites was investigated by DSC, XRD, TGA, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical tensile tests. TGA analysis showed that the addition of O‐SEP on PBAT decreases its thermal stability. SEM analysis showed cavities and fiber tips in the matrix associated with clay agglomerates and some untreated clay faces, which impair filler‐matrix interfacial adhesion. Both treatments increased the elastic modulus and preserved the elongation and tensile strength of PBAT and the treatment with OI results in a higher modulus. Although some studies to improve the clay dispersion are necessary, the promising results reveal the potential of using OI and APTES as SEP modifiers to reinforce PBAT or other polyesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]