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International audience; Oligomers coming from glycerin carbonate acrylate (GCA) and solketal acrylate (SolA) were synthesized in good yields by free-radical chain transfer polymerization using 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) as chain transfer agent. These oligomers were totally soluble in solvents and did not exhibit branching or gelation. The efficiency of the chain transfer polymerization process on these glycerol-based acrylate monomers was demonstrated and reactive cotelomers bearing both acetal and cyclocarbonate groups were obtained. The structure of these oligomers was well-characterized by NMR, SEC, FTIR and MALDI-Tof spectroscopies. The oligo(GC-stat-Sol)s are particularly interesting, notably in terms of reactivity and solubility in various organic solvents and water that can be modulated by varying different SolA/GCA ratios. These results open the way to a widespread valorization of glycerol.

Dehydrogenative oxidation of vicinal alcohols catalyzed by a commercially 64 wt.% Ni/SiO2 catalyst leads to the formation of α-hydroxyketone. This first step was developed without additional solvent according to two protocols: "under vacuum" or "with an olefin scavenger". The synthesis of ketols was carried out with good conversions and selectivities. The recyclability of the supported nickel was also studied. Acyloin was then cleaved with oxidative reagent "formic acid/hydrogen peroxide", which is cheap and can be used on a large scale for industrial oxidation processes. The global yield of this sequential system was up to 80 % to pelargonic acid and azelaic acid monomethyl ester without intermediate purification. By treating the acyloin intermediate with hydroxylamine, nitriles were obtained with a good selectivity.

International audience; A practical and cost-effective ruthenium-catalyzed self-metathesis of non-refined methyl oleate (85%) derived from very high oleic sunflower oils was demonstrated at pilot scale using a robust and kg-scale commercially available SIPr-M71 pre-catalyst. The simple addition of 1 wt% bleaching earths (Tonsil 110FF) to a thermally pretreated oil could efficiently prevent catalyst deactivation. Remarkably, without the need for filtration, the catalytic system was able to achieve a turnover number (TON) of more than 744 000 at a catalyst loading of only 1 ppm. At large scale (up to 200 kg), the equilibrium of the self-metathesis reaction was reached within 1 hour at 50 degrees C under neat conditions at a very low 5 ppm catalyst loading to produce the expected primary metathesis products (PMP), that is, 9-octadecene and dimethyl-9-octadecenoate, with a productive TON of 94900.

International audience; The worldwide production of glycerin exceeds the demand from the chemical industry and new applications have been investigated these last years mainly in the area of additives. Here, water–soluble glycerin-based polyacrylates and polymethacrylates have been prepared by free-radical polymerization of solketal (meth)acrylate using various transfer agents derived from fatty chains. According to specific experimental conditions, linear functional oligomers were obtained. This versatile process allowed designing amphiphilic copolymers after the hydrolysis of acetal groups. These oligomers exhibit critical aggregation concentration values ranging from 5 to 15 × 10−6 mol.L−1 without any strong differences between polyacrylate and polymethacrylate series. In the case of glycerol-based polyacrylate derivatives, the observed monomodal populations can be ascribed to the low polydispersity indexes.

International audience; This work compares the biodegradability of polyesters produced by an esterification reaction between glycerol and oleic di-acid (D 18:1) issued from green chemical pathways, via either classical thermo-chemical methods, or an enzymatic method using the immobilized lipase of Candida antartica B (Novozym 435). An elastomeric polymer synthesized by enzymatic catalysis is more biodegradable than an elastomeric thermo-chemical polyester synthesized by a standard chemical procedure. This difference lies in percentage of the dendritic motifs, in values of the degree of substitution, and certainly in cross-links inducing an hyper-branched structure less accessible to the lipolytic enzymes in a waste treatment plant. However, when the elastomeric polymer synthesized by enzymatic catalysis is processed at high temperature as required for certain industrial applications, it presents an identical rate of biodegradation than the chemical polyester. The advantages of the thermo-chemical methods are greater speed and lower cost. Enzymatic synthesis appears be suited to producing polyesters, devoid of metallic catalysts, which must be used without processing at high temperature to keep a high biodegradability.

International audience; Background and Objectives: In obese subjects, the loss of fat mass during energy restriction is often accompanied by a loss of fat-free mass (mostly muscle), especially in the absence of physical activity. In other contexts leading to a muscle loss (immobilization, inflammation, cancer), several studies showed that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) modulate protein homeostasis, especially via effects on insulin sensitivity. The n-3 PUFA intake during weight loss could thus help protecting muscle mass. This hypothesis has been tested in rats with two sources of n-3 PUFA i.e. the vegetable precursor, -linolenic acid (18: 3 n-3) and its long-chain derivatives (LC, 20: 5 n-3 and 22: 6 n-3). Methods: Male adult Wistar rats (n=48) were fed for 4 weeks with a high-fat induction diet, then 3*12 rats were energy restricted during 8 weeks (50% of ad libitum intake) while the 12 remaining rats were fed ad libitum. During these two phases, the dietary lipids contained oleic sunflower oil (71% 18:1 n-9, ad libitum ADLIB and restricted OLE control groups), rapeseed oil (10% 18:3 n-3, RAPE group) or fish oil (10% LC n-3 PUFA, FISH group). At the end of the restriction phase, rats were anesthetized prior to intravenous insulin injection, sampling of the Gastrocnemius muscle, and euthanasia. Post-mortem analyses were as follows: body composition, expression of muscle genes involved in proteolysis by qPCR, and activation by phosphorylation of muscle proteins involved in insulin signalling by western blotting.Results: During the induction phase, the weight gain was similar in all groups. During the restriction phase, ADLIB group continued to gain weight while all energy- restricted rats lost weight (-20%) and fat mass (-50%). However, when compared to the ADLIB group, leg muscles significantly lost weight in the OLE group (-4 to -6%), but not in the RAPE and FISH groups. As concerns proteolysis key-enzymes, transcript levels involved in the ubiquitin/proteasome system were significantly decreased in the FISH group (-30% for MAFbx and -20% for MurF1), intermediary in the RAPE group and unchanged in the OLE group, when compared to the ADLIB group. The type of dietary fatty acids had no effect on calcium-dependent (calpain 2) and lysosomal (cathepsin D) systems. In response to insulin, phosphorylation levels of AKT and IRS1 (insulin receptor), known to stimulate protein synthesis, were significantly increased (+ 70%) in the FISH group, when compared to the ADLIB group. A similar result was observed for the transcript level of IRS1 (+ 50%), which promotes the transduction of insulin signal. The RAPE group exhibited the same activation pattern as the FISH one, with the exception of IRS1 phosphorylation level. No change was observed for OLE group. Conclusion: Dietary n-3 PUFAs prevent the loss of muscle mass associated with energy restriction. This beneficial effect is associated with an improved activation of the insulin-signalling pathway. Most importantly, the vegetable 18: 3 n-3, supplied by rapeseed oil, has the same overall efficiency as n-3 LC-PUFA from fish oil.

International audience; Sunflower oil is naturally rich in both unsaturated fatty acids and numerous minor components, with high levels of &-tocopherol and phytosterols that could play an important role in plant protection. These micronutriments, tocopherols and phytosterols, also exhibit health benefits for humans including reducing both cardiovascular diseases and aging disorders. &−Tocopherol represents more than 95% of total sunflower tocopherol and has the greatest vitaminic activity. Furthermore, this oil contains high amounts of β-sitosterol which is a promising health beneficial phytosterol. The objective of this study was to compare the content and composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols in sunflower oil between different cultivars and locations in a three-year experiment, and to estimate the relationships between these minor components, fatty acids and climatic conditions. Results revealed that content and composition of these molecules are mainly determined by plant genotype. Nevertheless, the environmental conditions seemed to strongly influence the tocopherol content. The results suggest possible improvement in sunflower breeding for minor components.; El aceite de girasol es naturalmente rico en ácidos grasos no saturados y en numerosos componentes menores. Posee altos niveles de α-tocoferol y fitoesteroles que podrían desempeñar un papel importante en la protección de las plantas. Estos micronutrientes, tocoferoles y fitoesteroles, también presentan beneficios para la salud de los seres humanos, reduciendo el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares y trastornos del envejecimiento. El α-tocoferol representa más del 95% de los tocoferoles del girasol y tiene la mayor actividad vitamínica. Además, este aceite contiene altas cantidades de β-sitoesterol que es un prometedor fitoesterol benéfico para la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el contenido y la composición de ácidos grasos, tocoferoles y fitoesteroles en el aceite de girasol entre los diferentes cultivares y sitios en un experimento de tres años, y evaluar las relaciones entre estos componentes minoritarios, los ácidos grasos y las condiciones climáticas. Los resultados revelaron que el contenido y la composición de estas moléculas principalmente están determinados por el genotipo de la planta. Sin embargo, las condiciones ambientales parecen influir mucho en el contenido de tocoferoles. Los resultados sugieren una posible mejora genética del girasol con respecto a sus componentes menores.

International audience; Oleic acid and diacid were converted into propargylic esters followed by thiol-ene/yne coupling (TEC/TYC) functionalization in presence of mercaptoethanol. The multi-radical addition on fatty esters leads to the formation of lipidic polyols (OH1 and OH2), as judged by 1H NMR and mass spectroscopies as well as by steric exclusion chromatography (SEC). The crosslinking reaction between TEC/TYC-based polyols and MDI isocyanate reactant was monitored by FTIR experiment and reaction parameters were optimized. By differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), relatively high glass transitions are measured corresponding to structure with little or without dangling chain. Moreover, the thermal stability of the resulting plant oil-based polyurethane materials (PU1 and PU2) were found to be fully consistent with that of other lipidic polyurethanes respecting a three-step process. Thanks to TYC methodology, fatty diacid produces lipidic polyol without dangling chain and lipidic thermoset PU with relatively high Tg.

n-3 PUFA are crucial for health and development. Their effects as regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism are well documented. They also appear to affect protein metabolism, especially by acting on insulin sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role ofn-3 PUFA, i.e. the precursor α-linolenic acid (ALA) 18 : 3n-3 or long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA), in chickens, by focusing on their potential function as co-regulators of the insulin anabolic signalling cascade. Ross male broilers were divided into six dietary treatment groups. Diets were isoproteic (22 % crude protein) and isoenergetic (12·54 MJ metabolisable energy/kg) and contained similar lipid levels (6 %) provided by different proportions of various lipid sources: oleic sunflower oil rich in 18 : 1n-9 as control; fish oil rich in LC-PUFA; rapeseed and linseed oils providing ALA. The provision of diets enriched withn-3 PUFA, i.e. rich in LC-PUFA or in the precursor ALA, for 3 weeks improved the growth performance of chickens, whereas that of only the ALA diet enhanced the development of the pectoralis major muscle. At 23 d of age, we studied the insulin sensitivity of the pectoralis major muscle and liver of chickens after an intravenous injection of insulin or saline. The present results indicate that the activation patterns ofn-3 PUFA are different in the liver and muscles. An ALA-enriched diet may improve insulin sensitivity in muscles, with greater activation of the insulin-induced 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase/ribosomal protein S6 pathway involved in the translation of mRNA into proteins, thereby potentially increasing muscle protein synthesis and growth. Our findings provide a basis on which to optimise dietary fatty acid provision in growing animals.

International audience; In sunflower, conventional breeding is widely used for the modification of traits such as the fatty acid composition, disease resistance, and mainly for obtaining commercial oil with high oleic acid content. There is a growing interest on tocopherols and phytosterols present in sunflower, due to their human health benefits. This emphasizes the need of studies on breeding programs for these bioactive components. A hundred of isogenic pairs of classic and its oleic version of hybrids and parental lines were cultivated in different locations in France between 2003 and 2006. The results indicated that sunflower oil is rich in a-tocopherol and P-sitosterol. However, there was little correlation between traditional linoleic and oleic sunflower oils for the total tocopherol content, and no correlation for the total phytosterol content. Additionally, there was little or no effect of the oleic conversion for the tocopherol and phytosterol contents. Nevertheless, tocopherol content was significantly lower in the oleic sunflower than in the classic genotypes, but it was function of the year.

International audience; From a green and sustainable chemistry standpoint, the current challenge in the polyurethane's industry is to switch from petrobased polyurethanes (PUs) to biobased polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs). This review describes the main alternative strategies being developed with a focus on PHUs from vegetable oils and derivatives. The substitution of petrobased polyols by natural oil based polyols was the first route to biobased PUs to be developed. The second strategy involves synthesis without the need of harmful isocyanate by the nucleophilic polyaddition of polyamines to polycyclic carbonates. The technological barrier to the synthesis of biobased cyclic carbonates could be overcome by the chemical transformation of epoxidized vegetable oils or by the use of glycerine carbonate-based intermediates. New families of biobased PHUs with a lower environmental footprint could be generated.

The synthesis of polymeric materials based on monomers from renewable feedstocks is a steadily growing field. New aliphatic polyesters derived from the 1,18-(Z)-octadec-9-enedioic acid (D18:1), a high oleic sunflower oil fatty acid derivative, and aliphatic diols of different molecular weight (from 1,3-propanediol to 1,12-dodecanediol) have been synthesized and characterized. The polymerization was undertaken by direct bulk polycondensation of a diacid with a diol, with or without a metal catalyst, leading to viscous liquid to solid semi-crystalline polyesters at room temperature, depending on the diol type. The molecular weights of polyesters ranged between 7000 and 20,000 g mol −1 . The main attractive aspects of these polyesters are the renewable biomass origin of the diacid and the presence of double bonds on the polymer backbone (oleic acid derivative) allowing subsequent chemical modifications. The epoxidation of these double bonds was undertaken on the macromolecular chains to induce the photochemical cross-linking of the epoxide functions. Transparent and homogeneous cross-linked films were made by photo-polymerization of the epoxy units with less than 5% of extractible products. Enzymatic degradation of these polyesters (cross-linked) was poor over 8 weeks.

International audience; This paper aims at making the state of the art of the radical polymerizations of glycerol-based monomers, especially (meth)acrylate and vinylic/allylic derivatives. Acrylate and methacrylate derivatives bearing numerous secondary groups like ester, cyclocarbonate, acetal, and urethane were involved in free radical polymerization and radical controlled polymerizations as well as in the photopolymerization. Glycerol- based monomers bearing a vinylic or an allylic polymerizable group polymerize by acceptor-donor process and produce alternating copolymers. From all these monomers, the synthesis of functionalized polymers was possible, leading to various valuable applications.

International audience; Whereas the new stakes on lignocellulosic biomass are often demand-oriented (heat, electricity, biofuels, etc.) mainly through public policies, the new equilibrium will depend also on the supply-side. This supply has to be understood as socio-economic and environmental targets combining many topics: multi-resources (agriculture, forest, "dedicated coppices", by-products and wastes), available/potential quantities and costs, localisation, replacement/substitution effects (activities, lands), and supply-side stakeholders’ behaviours. Many initiatives have been launched to grasp those dimensions through projects (National Research Agency, French Environment and Energy Management Agency, etc.). Many figures exist on the biomass assessment aspect but they are not clear enough and not comparable due to differences in definitions, scopes, data, parameters, geographical levels, reporting units, time-scale, etc. Regarding the characterisation of biomass supply chains, evaluations are often incomplete and lack methodological references. This article aims to focus on methodological key points and barriers to overcome, in order to get a better evaluation and understanding of biomass mobilisation expected by potential users and public authorities.

International audience; Aminolysis reaction of glycerol carbonate with primary amine in organic and hydroorganic media leads to the formation of two hydroxyurethane isomers and a partial decomposition of glycerol carbonate into glycerol. Aminolysis with a secondary amine promotes the condensation reaction and limits the formation of glycerol. The ratio of alpha versus beta was determined by zgig C-13 NMR. This technique permits computing the yield of alpha and beta products in the medium. The quantity of glycerol was determined by GC analysis. The ratio of the isomers and the amount of glycerol depend on the amine and the solvent. Kinetic investigations reveal that, in hydroorganic medium, the more the alkyl chain of the amine increased, the less glycerol was formed. On the contrary, in organic medium, the alkyl chain of the amine does not play a major role in the formation of glycerol.

International audience; Over the past decade, Phelipanche ramosa, a weedy parasitic plant (broomrape), has been increasingly infesting winter oilseed rape (WOSR) fields in France. Elite WOSR lines have shown different responses in P. ramosa infested fields, suggesting that genetic variability might be available for breeding programmes targeting broomrape resistance. Ten WOSR genotypes selected for their contrasting response in field experiments were analysed using mini-rhizotron and greenhouse co-culture experiments to determine the components of resistance to broomrape. Partial resistance was revealed at three developmental stages of the parasitic plant. First, at the germination stage, parasite attachment to the roots of some WOSR lines was limited and associated with a low rate of parasite seed germination. This mechanism of parasite avoidance could nevertheless be suppressed under high infestation in mini-rhizotron and greenhouse conditions. Second, at the root attachment stage, limited parasite attachment was observed in mini-rhizotron conditions under low and high infestation, and in greenhouse conditions. Third, after successful parasite attachment, some WOSR genotypes retarded and even disturbed the growth of tubercles, minimising and delaying parasite emergence from the soil. Although the exact mechanisms limiting parasite attachment and tubercle development require further investigation, our findings suggest that, by cumulating various resistance traits in new genotypes to enhance effectiveness and potential durability of resistance, breeding could be a promising control strategy in WOSR. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Suite à l’autorisation d’utiliser de l’huile végétale comme carburant agricole, des éleveurs se sont équipés de presses pour extraire l’huile des graines de colza. Contrairement aux process industriels, cette méthode est réalisée sans chauffage. Le coproduit de cette extraction est un tourteau dit fermier ou gras car l’extraction de l’huile est incomplète. Ces tourteaux fermiers peuvent être utilisés en alimentation des ruminants comme source protéique ; leur valorisation nécessite la connaissance de la dégradabilité ruminale de l'azote (DTN). L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer cette DTN par la méthode de référence in sacco, de préciser si cette DTN pouvait être déterminée in vitro par la méthode de dégradation enzymatique (DE1) avec les mêmes équations que pour les tourteaux de colza industriels, et de comparer la DTN des tourteaux fermiers à celle de tourteaux industriels expeller obtenus par cuisson et pressage. La DTN des tourteaux fermiers de colza est élevée, ce qui a comme conséquence une faible valeur PDIE et est donc une limite à leur valorisation, sauf en quantité limitée sur des rations très déficitaires en azote dégradable, type ensilage de maïs. Cette DTN peut être déterminée in vitro en appliquant les équations de correction proposées pour les tourteaux de colza. La DTN des tourteaux industriels expeller est beaucoup plus faible que celle des tourteaux fermiers, bien que supérieure à celle des tourteaux déshuilés, et est surestimée par la méthode enzymatique.

International audience; Le plafonnement des débouchés alimentaires des produits agricoles a conduit à limiter la production par un système de jachères. Après les Etats-Unis, l'Europe met maintenant en place le « gel des terres ». Mais une autre voie n'est-elle pas de développer des productions agricoles destinées à des usages non alimentaires ? Ce type de culture occupe déjà près de 80 000 hectares en France sur ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler des «jachères industrielles ». Sur ce total, la moitié est consacrée au colza destiné à la production de diester utilisé comme carburant en mélange dans le gazole.Mais il existe bien d'autres domaines où les produits de l'agriculture pourraient constituer une source appréciable de matières premières pour l'industrie : cellulose, huiles techniques, arômes, produits de chimie fine et cosmétiques.

International audience; Glycerol carbonate acrylate is a 5-membered cyclic carbonate synthesized from glycerol that is used as a chemical coupling agent and has proven highly suitable for use in the synthesis of multifunctional polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs). The multifunctionality of the structure of PHUs is determined by the density of the carbon-amine groups generated by the Aza-Michael reaction and that of the urethane groups and adjacent primary and secondary hydroxyl groups generated by aminolysis. Glycerol carbonate acrylate is polymerized with polyfunctional mono-, di-, tri, and tetra-amines, by type-AB polyaddition, either in bulk or in solution, through stepwise or one-pot reaction strategies in the absence of added catalysts. These approaches result in the generation of linear, interchain, and crosslinked structures, through the polyaddition of linear and branched amines to the ethylene and cyclic carbonate sites of glycerol carbonate acrylate. The resulting collection of organic molecules gives rise to polyethylene amino ester PHUs with a high molar mass, exceeding 20,000 g·mol(-1), with uniform dispersity.

Rapeseed and sunflower are two of the world's major oilseeds. Rapeseed and sunflower meal (RSM and SFM), the by-products of oil extraction, are produced in large quantities. They are mainly composed of proteins, lignocellulosic fibres and minerals. They were initially used as a protein complement in animal feed rations and sometimes as fertilizer or as combustible source. More recently, new alternatives to these traditional uses have been developed that draw on the structure and physicochemical properties of RSM and SFM, which are plentiful sources of nitrogen and carbon nutrients. This feature, together with their cheapness and ready availability, supports the cultivation of various microorganisms in both submerged cultures and solid-state fermentation. Recent studies have thus emphasized the potential utilisation of RSM and SFM in fermentative processes, including saccharification and production of enzymes, antibiotics, antioxidants and other bio-products, opening new challenging perspectives in white biotechnology applications.

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International audience; Sunflower oil is naturally rich in both unsaturated fatty acids and numerous minor components, with high levels of &-tocopherol and phytosterols that could play an important role in plant protection. These micronutriments, tocopherols and phytosterols, also exhibit health benefits for humans including reducing both cardiovascular diseases and aging disorders. &−Tocopherol represents more than 95% of total sunflower tocopherol and has the greatest vitaminic activity. Furthermore, this oil contains high amounts of β-sitosterol which is a promising health beneficial phytosterol. The objective of this study was to compare the content and composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols in sunflower oil between different cultivars and locations in a three-year experiment, and to estimate the relationships between these minor components, fatty acids and climatic conditions. Results revealed that content and composition of these molecules are mainly determined by plant genotype. Nevertheless, the environmental conditions seemed to strongly influence the tocopherol content. The results suggest possible improvement in sunflower breeding for minor components.; El aceite de girasol es naturalmente rico en ácidos grasos no saturados y en numerosos componentes menores. Posee altos niveles de α-tocoferol y fitoesteroles que podrían desempeñar un papel importante en la protección de las plantas. Estos micronutrientes, tocoferoles y fitoesteroles, también presentan beneficios para la salud de los seres humanos, reduciendo el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares y trastornos del envejecimiento. El α-tocoferol representa más del 95% de los tocoferoles del girasol y tiene la mayor actividad vitamínica. Además, este aceite contiene altas cantidades de β-sitoesterol que es un prometedor fitoesterol benéfico para la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el contenido y la composición de ácidos grasos, tocoferoles y fitoesteroles en el aceite de girasol entre los diferentes cultivares y sitios en un experimento de tres años, y evaluar las relaciones entre estos componentes minoritarios, los ácidos grasos y las condiciones climáticas. Los resultados revelaron que el contenido y la composición de estas moléculas principalmente están determinados por el genotipo de la planta. Sin embargo, las condiciones ambientales parecen influir mucho en el contenido de tocoferoles. Los resultados sugieren una posible mejora genética del girasol con respecto a sus componentes menores.

Avec l’utilisation de tourteau de colza en remplacement du tourteau de soja, les vaches ont produit autant de lait plus riche en protéines (P

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Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version; The hypothesis that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) could contribute to maintain muscle mass during energy restriction aiming to weight loss was tested in the rat, with special attention paid to insulin signalling. After 10 weeks on a diet rich in lipids and sucrose, male rats were energy restricted and fed diets rich in 18:1 n-9 (OLE), 18:3 n-3 (ALA) or n-3 long-chain (LC, >18 carbons) PUFA. After 4 weeks, they were killed after an insulin injection. Red blood cells, liver, and Gastrocnemius muscle were enriched in ALA in the ALA group, and in LC-PUFA in the ALA and LC groups. The LC diet resulted in a higher weight loss, without negative impact on the muscle weight. In parallel, hepatic phosphorylation of insulin receptor and IRS1 was the highest in this group. This suggests that the trend we observed in the preservation of protein homeostasis in the LC group is mediated, at least partly, by an enhancement of the early steps of insulin signalling resulting from cell membrane enrichment in n-3 PUFA.

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The optimal rates of incorporation of industrial rapeseed meal (RSM) at 7% in starting up and 14% in growth and finish period in the diet of ducks were assessed in a previous experiment in 2008. Considering of raw materials prices and in order to improve traceability of the latter, it could be relevant to use rapeseed expeller cakes produced in farm or in a semi industrial unit. The objective of this experiment was to identify the incidence of the incorporation of these rapeseed meals or cakes with various fat contents on the zootechnical performances of mule ducks intended for the force-feeding during the phase of breeding. Four treatments were tested: two expeller rapeseed cakes with different fat contents (fat contents in % of dry product) (17,7 and 23,5), a semi-industrial expeller rapeseed cake (11) and an industrial RSM (2,8) and were compared with a feed without RSM. Incorporation rates of rapeseed cake or meal amounted to 7% of the starting diet and to 14% of the growing diet. Each treatment was 6 times repeated with each time 20 ducks. The zootechnical performances of breeding and force-feeding were measured and completed by anatomical dissections. Use of expeller rapeseed cake penalizes the growth of animals in starting up. The effect was noted up to the age of 8 weeks but no later. An increase of the thyroid gland weight was measured but without any repercussion on physical characteristics. The use of the various rapeseed cakes did not alter any performance of force-feeding., Lors d’essais précédents nous avons déterminé les niveaux d’incorporation optimaux du tourteau de colza (TC) industriel dans les aliments destinés au canard prêt à gaver ; ils s’élèvent à 7 % en démarrage et à 14 % en période de croissance et finition respectivement (Bernadet et al, 2008). Face à l’augmentation des prix des matières premières et dans un souci de traçabilité et de valorisation des ressources en circuit court, il est intéressant d’utiliser des tourteaux dits « gras » issus de fabrication artisanale ou semi industrielle. L’objectif de cet essai est d’identifier l’incidence de l’incorporation de différents tourteaux de colza dont des tourteaux gras d’origine fermière ou semi industrielle sur les performances zootechniques des canards mulards destinés au gavage durant la phase d’élevage. Quatre traitements ont été testés : deux TC « gras » de teneurs en matière grasse (MG, en % sur produit sec) différentes (17,7 et 23,5), un TC semi industriel (11) et un TC industriel (2,8) et comparés à un aliment dépourvu de TC. Les taux d’incorporation de TC appliqués s’élevaient à 7 % en démarrage, 14 % en croissance. Chaque traitement a été répété 6 fois à raison de 20 canards par répétition. Les performances zootechniques d’élevage et de gavage ont été mesurées et complétées par des dissections anatomiques. Les résultats montrent que l’utilisation de TC « gras » pénalise la croissance des animaux en démarrage. L’effet est visible jusqu’à l’âge de 8 semaines puis est moindre à 12 semaines. Une forte augmentation du poids des glandes thyroïdes est notée, toutefois l’utilisation des différents TC n’a pas altéré les performances de gavage.

National audience; Glycerol is a by‐product of biodiesel production from fat sources whose availability is increasing. The objectives of the present study were to determine the nutritive value and the conditions of its use for growing pigs. In a first trial, digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy of crude glycerol (99%) and glycerol urine content were assessed with increased levels of glycerol in the diet (3, 6, 9 and 12%). Urinary excretion of glycerol became high at 9 and 12% inclusion rate and represented 12 and 24% of glycerol intake respectively. Therefore, while glycerol digestive utilization was high (95%; DE = 16.8 MJ per kg) irrespective of diet level, ME (16.6 MJ per kg) decreased when the daily intake of glycerol exceeded 3 g per kg bodyweight and per day. Net energy (NE) value of crude glycerol was estimated in a second trial in respiratory chambers, with 7.5% glycerol in the diet corresponding to a low urinary excretion. Considering a 13.3 MJ NE/kg dry matter of crude glycerol, 4 levels of glycerin (82.5% glycerol) were compared in 30‐115 kg pigs. No significant effect of glycerin level was observed on growth performances and carcass characteristics, except a decrease (3%) of average daily gain between 30 and 70 kg bodyweight in pigs fed with 4 and 6% of glycerin in the diet.

Quiniou, N., Quinsac, A., Crépon, K., Evrard, J., Peyronnet, C., Bourdillon, A., Royer, E. and Etienne, M. 2012. Effects of feeding 10% rapeseed meal (Brassica napus) during gestation and lactation over three reproductive cycles on the performance of hyperprolific sows and their litters. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 513–524. Largely due to increased production of biodiesel, there is a greater availability of solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (RM) in France, making it competitive for feeding pigs. Nevertheless, the long-term effects of dietary glucosinolates (GSL) when feeding RM on sow reproductive and litter performance are a persistent concern to feed manufacturers. Four batches of 24 hyperprolific sows were fed to evaluate the effects of including 0 or 10% RM [14.5 µmol GLS g−1dry matter (DM) basis] in the gestation and lactation diets over three reproductive cycles. Intake of dietary GLS remained below 5 mmol d−1over the gestation period and averaged 8 mmol d−1over the lactation period, corresponding to less than 2 µmol GLS g−1DM basis. Lactation feed intake, sow body weight and backfat, and the length of the weaning-to-estrus interval were not different (P>0.05) between treatment groups. Sows fed diets with 10% or no RM farrowed 43.6 and 43.8 piglets over three reproductive cycles, respectively (P>0.05). Piglet weight at birth or weaning, survival and litter weight gain were not affected (P>0.05) by dietary RM inclusion. Similar (P>0.10) plasma thyroxin levels of sows and piglets indicated that thyroid function was not altered by RM inclusion. In conclusion, feeding gestation and lactation diets including 10% RM to hyper prolific sows over three parities was safe and did not affect sow longevity, reproductive or litter performance.

Dans le contexte actuel d’épuisement des ressources fossiles et de protection de l’environnement, la valorisation énergétique des huiles issues de la biomasse et la chimie verte prennent de l’importance. En effet, ces huiles et leurs dérivés biodégradables peuvent venir en remplacement des produits d'origine fossile. Ils sont de plus en plus retrouvés dans les produits de grande consommation (savon, produits d’entretien) ou industriels (solvants, lubrifiants). Deux sources sont envisagées, celles des huiles végétales déjà bien implantées, et celle des huiles produites à partir de microorganismes, actuellement en plein essor. Parmi les microorganismes, Streptomyces lividans est une bactérie des sous-bois qui présente l’avantage d’être capable d’exploiter des matières premières ligno-cellulosiques comme source de carbone pour sa production de biomasse (Antai et al., 1981 ; Davis et al., 2010). Par ailleurs, dans certaines conditions de culture, mises au point dans l'équipe Métabolisme Energétique des Streptomyces, il a été montré que cette bactérie était capable de produire de l'huile sous forme d'inclusions cytoplasmiques, les corps lipidiques (Kaddor et al., 2009). Ce travail a reçu le soutien financier du PRES Universud pour 2010 et les premiers résultats montrent que la souche Streptomyces lividans TK24 stocke jusqu'à 25% de sa masse sèche en acides gras (majoritairement des acides gras impairs en C15 et branchés), essentiellement sous forme de triglycérides.

The conversion rate of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is determined by dietary and non-dietary factors. Higher capacity of DHA synthesis has been evidenced in females, indicating that sex factors influence the conversion pathway. To evaluate the extent to which sexual dimorphism of DHA synthesis is subordinated to nutritional handling, we measured the omega 3 a dagger 4-desaturation index in male and female rats receiving adequate or inadequate amounts of ALA. The omega 3 a dagger 4-desaturation index was drawn from the DHA to docosapentaenoic acid (omega 3DPA) ratio in liver phospholipids. Male and female rats born to omega 3-deficient dams were fed a supplemented diet supplying low, inadequate, intermediate, or adequate ALA (5, 20, 100, or 300 mg ALA/100 g diet, respectively). Control rats from both gender received the adequate diet from fetal life. Compared with control, low ALA feeding induced the omega 3 a dagger 4-desaturation index to increase by 38 and 70% in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction of males and females, respectively, and by 67% in phosphatidylcholine in females only. Supplementations with increased doses of ALA progressively smoothed this gender effect. Moreover, the analysis of our data from a previous study shows that ovariectomy decreased, whereas estradiol treatment increased the omega 3 index to values comparable with those of diet-matched males and intact females, respectively. Females are more prone than males to increase their index of omega 3 a dagger 4-desaturation, especially in response to low supplies in ALA. Estradiol supports the omega 3 index, suggesting that this hormone plays a role in the effect of gender on DHA synthesis.

Background Rapeseed is an emerging and promising source of dietary protein for human nutrition and health. We previously found that rapeseed protein displayed atypical nutritional properties in humans, characterized by low bioavailability and a high postprandial biological value. The objective of the present study was to investigate the metabolic fate of rapeseed protein isolate (RPI) and its effect on protein fractional synthesis rates (FSR) in various tissues when compared to a milk protein isolate (MPI). Methods Rats (n = 48) were given a RPI or MPI meal, either for the first time or after 2-week adaptation to a MPI or RPI-based diet. They were divided in two groups for measuring the fed-state tissue FSR 2 h after the meal (using a flooding dose of 13C-valine) and the dietary N postprandial distribution at 5 h (using 15N-labeled meals). Results RPI and MPI led to similar FSR and dietary nitrogen (N) losses (ileal and deamination losses of 4% and 12% of the meal, respectively). By contrast, the dietary N incorporation was significantly higher in the intestinal mucosa and liver (+36% and +16%, respectively) and lower in skin (-24%) after RPI than MPI. Conclusions Although RPI and MPI led to the same overall level of postprandial dietary N retention in rats (in line with our findings in humans), this global response conceals marked qualitative differences at the tissue level regarding dietary N accretion. The fact that FSR did not however differed between groups suggest a differential modulation of proteolysis after RPI or MPI ingestion, or other mechanisms that warrant further study.

International audience

Cet article fait un bilan des domaines d’utilisation du tournesol produit en France (graines, huile, tourteaux) aussi bien dans les domaines alimentaires que non alimentaires et fait état des perspectives pour les prochaines décennies. Cette production répond à des critères de qualité qui sont contrôlés, suivis et améliorés par les professionnels de la filière oléagineuse française. Les résultats obtenus lors la détermination des paramètres influençant le taux en huile, l’équilibre entre les acides oléiques et linoléiques est présenté., This article reviews the use of sunflower produced in France (seeds, oil, cake) in both food and nonfood areas and outlines the prospects for the coming decades. This production meets quality criteria that are controlled, monitored and improved upon by professionals of French oleaginous industry. The results obtained in the determination of parameters influencing the oil content, the balance between oleic and linoleic acids are presented.

National audience; This article reviews the use of sunflower produced in France (seeds, oil, cake) in both food and nonfood areas and outlines the prospects for the coming decades. This production meets quality criteria that are controlled, monitored and improved upon by professionals of French oleaginous industry. The results obtained in the determination of parameters influencing the oil content, the balance between oleic and linoleic acids are presented.; Cet article fait un bilan des domaines d’utilisation du tournesol produit en France (graines, huile, tourteaux) aussi bien dans les domaines alimentaires que non alimentaires et fait état des perspectives pour les prochaines décennies. Cette production répond à des critères de qualité qui sont contrôlés, suivis et améliorés par les professionnels de la filière oléagineuse française. Les résultats obtenus lors la détermination des paramètres influençant le taux en huile, l’équilibre entre les acides oléiques et linoléiques est présenté.

Les surfaces mondiales de tournesol se sont fortement accrues depuis 20 ans. En 2010, elles ont atteint 24 millions d’hectares dont les deux tiers sont répartis entre l’Europe (4 millions d’hectares) et les deux leaders, Russie et Ukraine (11,3 millions d’hectares au total) qui possèdent encore des marges importantes de progression. Cette situation dynamise la recherche, la sélection, la production de semences, les échanges… d’autant que les prix du tournesol sont bien orientés et que son huile possède une image globalement positive. En France, le tournesol dispose de plus d’autres atouts : variétés oléiques sur plus de 50% des surfaces, filière organisée, présence d’importants centres de recherche des principaux semenciers, implication de l’INRA, bonne adaptation aux exigencesenvironnementales croissantes. Mais, depuis 20 ans, les rendements moyens ont peu progressé, contribuant à une forte baisse des surfaces (stabilisées depuis 3 ans à 700 000 hectares) et à leur concentration dans le Sud-Ouest et l’Ouest-Atlantique. L’amélioration de la productivité apparaît donc indispensable : elle passe avant tout par la sélection de variétés performantes et tolérantes auxmaladies mais aussi par la mise au point d’itinéraires techniques complets (variété, date, densité de semis,…) adaptés à une grande diversité de situations. Le contexte environnemental implique de mener des travaux sur les nouveaux systèmes de désherbage avec désherbants de post-levée, le désherbage mécanique, la conduite de l’interculture blé-tournesol et l’adaptation à l’évolution climatique. Au niveau transformation et débouchés, plusieurs pistes de recherche apparaissent opportunes pour conforter ladurabilité de cette culture., For the last 20 years, sunflower world acreages have largely increased. In 2010, they reached 24 million hectares. Two thirds are located in Europe (4 million hectares), in Russia and Ukraine (11.3 million hectares) where the acreage can still expand a lot. This situation is favourable for research, breeding, seeds production, exchange…all the more that sunflower price seems well oriented and that its oil is globally well appreciated. In France, sunflower has other assets: oleic varieties on more than 50% surfaces, well organized supply chain, main seeds companies research centres, involvement of INRA, good adaptation to the environmental requirements. But, for 20 years, mean seed yields have lightly increased which contributed to a large fall of the acreages (now stabilized to 700 000 hectares) and to their concentration in two regions: South-West and West-Atlantic. Productivity improvement seems essential: it first needs the breeding of high yielding varieties with a good disease tolerance but also the setting of complete crop management system (variety, date of sowing, planting density…) adapted to different situations. Because of the environmental context, it seems necessary to carry out studies on the new systems for weed control with post emergence herbicides, mechanical weed control, wheatsunflower intercrop cultivation and adaptation to climate change. As far as oilseed processing and outlets are concerned, several research points should be considered to ensure the sustainability of this crop.

Revue réalisée en hommage à Michel Ollivon (Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, UMR8612, Châtenay-Malabry), décédé en juin 2007, qui a été à l’origine de la création du RMT Listral. Ce Réseau Mixte Technologique avec pour thématique les Lipides Structurés Alimentaires est coordonné par l’ACTIA et animé par Actilait. Les autres partenaires du réseau sont : F Sobolewski & JP Bodin (Enilia-Ensmic), K Duhem & JP Guyonnet (Cniel), JP Bergé & JP Gouygou (Ifremer Nantes), G Nassy (Ifip), Lebois & D Majou (Actia), P Gaborit & R Richoux (Actilait).; National audience; From the nutrition point of view, lipids are primarily considered as energy suppliers, their dietary intake having to be limited. In fact, lipids are sources of various fatty acids, and dietary recommendations include the required daily intakes in different fatty acids (fatty acid profile). Beyond these quantitative aspects, fatty acids are part of larger molecules, mainly triacylglycerols (TAG), that are organized in supramolecular structures as for example fat crystals and lipid droplets. Recent advances in nutrition research have demonstrated that these structures, and lipid organization in food matrices, influence digestibility and metabolism of fatty acids. Therefore, the members of the technological network Listral propose a synthesis of the knowledge about the influence of molecular and supramolecular structures of lipids on digestion and metabolic fate of dietary fatty acids originating from for the main food industry sectors. Fatty acids are mainly provided in the diet in the form of TAG, or phospholipids (PL) where they are esterified in external (sn-1, sn-3) or internal (sn-2) position of the glycerol backbone. They can also be found as ethyl esters (EE) in specific formulations. These molecular characteristics of the lipid molecules affect their hydrolysis and their absorption rate but also their metabolism in indifferent organs, as assessed in studies often using inter esterified fat sources. The results depend on the types of fatty acids (saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids) but also on the model used for the studies: in vitro or in vivo studies ; animal model, human newborn or adult, either healthy or exhibiting some diseases. Among others, it was found that the crystal form and fat melting point as affected by the fatty acid profiles and the lipid molecular structures directly impact fatty acid absorption kinetics through modifications of lipolytic enzyme activities. However, in these studies, the relative effect of the thermal properties of lipids and the proportion of saturated fatty acids chains in sn-2 position were hardly distinguished. Supramolecular structures, namely type and size of the fat droplets and their interfacial composition, of lipids, either in their native forms or obtained after food processes, also affect the digestibility and absorption of lipids. This aspect is reviewed with specific focus on dairy, marine, meat, oil plant and egg products. The impact of other nutritional components present in these food matrices on the absorption of lipids is also discussed.

Remerciements : Plate forme de Micorgénomique (Iso Cell Express), INRA Domaine de Vilvert 78352 Jouy-en-Josas; Hormonal and nutritional factors regulate the metabolism of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). We aimed to determine whether ovarian hormones influence the capacity of rats to synthesize the end-products 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 22:5n-6 (n-6DPA) from their respective dietary precursors (18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6), and can regulate PUFA conversion enzymes gene transcription in brain and/or liver. Females born with a low DHA status were fed from weaning to 8 weeks of age a diet providing both essential precursors, and were concurrently submitted to sham-operated control (SOC) or ovariectomy (OVX) in combination with or without 17β-estradiol (E2) dosed at 8 or 16 μg/day. Relative to SOC, OVX increased the hepatic Δ9-, Δ6- and Δ5-desaturase transcripts and cognate transcription factors (PPARα, PPARγ, RXRα, RARα), but it did not affect LC-PUFA contents in phospholipids. In comparison with SOC and OVX groups, both E2 doses prevented the increase of transcripts, while paradoxically augmenting DHA and n-6DPA in liver phospholipids. Thus, in the liver of rats undergoing ovariectomy, changes of LC-PUFA synthesizing enzyme transcripts and of LC-PUFA proportions were not correlated. In brain, ovariectomy did not modify the transcripts of lipid metabolism genes, but it decreased DHA (-15%) and n-6DPA (-28%). In comparison with SOC and OVX groups, ovariectomized females treated with E2 preserved their status of both LC-PUFA in brain and had increased transcripts of E2 receptor β, PPARδ, RARα and LC-PUFA synthesizing enzymes. In conclusion, E2 sustained the transcription of lipid metabolism genes and proportions of neo-formed DHA and n-6DPA differently in brain and liver.

National audience; For the last 20 years, sunflower world acreages have largely increased. In 2010, they reached 24 million hectares. Two thirds are located in Europe (4 million hectares), in Russia and Ukraine (11.3 million hectares) where the acreage can still expand a lot. This situation is favourable for research, breeding, seeds production, exchange…all the more that sunflower price seems well oriented and that its oil is globally well appreciated. In France, sunflower has other assets: oleic varieties on more than 50% surfaces, well organized supply chain, main seeds companies research centres, involvement of INRA, good adaptation to the environmental requirements. But, for 20 years, mean seed yields have lightly increased which contributed to a large fall of the acreages (now stabilized to 700 000 hectares) and to their concentration in two regions: South-West and West-Atlantic. Productivity improvement seems essential: it first needs the breeding of high yielding varieties with a good disease tolerance but also the setting of complete crop management system (variety, date of sowing, planting density…) adapted to different situations. Because of the environmental context, it seems necessary to carry out studies on the new systems for weed control with post emergence herbicides, mechanical weed control, wheatsunflower intercrop cultivation and adaptation to climate change. As far as oilseed processing and outlets are concerned, several research points should be considered to ensure the sustainability of this crop.; Les surfaces mondiales de tournesol se sont fortement accrues depuis 20 ans. En 2010, elles ont atteint 24 millions d’hectares dont les deux tiers sont répartis entre l’Europe (4 millions d’hectares) et les deux leaders, Russie et Ukraine (11,3 millions d’hectares au total) qui possèdent encore des marges importantes de progression. Cette situation dynamise la recherche, la sélection, la production de semences, les échanges… d’autant que les prix du tournesol sont bien orientés et que son huile possède une image globalement positive. En France, le tournesol dispose de plus d’autres atouts : variétés oléiques sur plus de 50% des surfaces, filière organisée, présence d’importants centres de recherche des principaux semenciers, implication de l’INRA, bonne adaptation aux exigencesenvironnementales croissantes. Mais, depuis 20 ans, les rendements moyens ont peu progressé, contribuant à une forte baisse des surfaces (stabilisées depuis 3 ans à 700 000 hectares) et à leur concentration dans le Sud-Ouest et l’Ouest-Atlantique. L’amélioration de la productivité apparaît donc indispensable : elle passe avant tout par la sélection de variétés performantes et tolérantes auxmaladies mais aussi par la mise au point d’itinéraires techniques complets (variété, date, densité de semis,…) adaptés à une grande diversité de situations. Le contexte environnemental implique de mener des travaux sur les nouveaux systèmes de désherbage avec désherbants de post-levée, le désherbage mécanique, la conduite de l’interculture blé-tournesol et l’adaptation à l’évolution climatique. Au niveau transformation et débouchés, plusieurs pistes de recherche apparaissent opportunes pour conforter ladurabilité de cette culture.

National audience

This study presents the comparison between agricultural and forest resources related to the needs of biochemical processes. Recommendations and exchanges with future users (IFP, ARD) were used in this study. 234 samples from two years (2007-2008 and 2008-2009) were selected and analysed. Various species were analysed for their chemical composition, especially the content of fermentable sugars. Then the results were shown for homogeneous species groups: annuals immature, annuals mature, forage grasses, perennials harvested green in the fall and dry in late winter, hardwood and softwoods forest woodchips, short and very short rotation coppice. Common methodologies in the analysis and a database of samples for agriculture and forestry were used. The levels of hemicellulose were in the same range for both agricultural and forest biomass between 15 and 25% d.m. Regarding cellulose content, three groups could be distinguished: summer annuals and forage grasses (25 to 30 %), perennials and forest hardwoods and softwoods chips (38 to 46 %) and finally SRC and VSRC (52 to 54 %). In general, forest biomass contained more lignin than agricultural biomass: 20 % d.m. to 30 % d.m. while for agricultural biomass, values ranged from 8 to 20 %. Perennial crops contained more lignin than annual, between 15 and 20 % d.m. The agricultural biomass contained more C5 sugar and less C6 sugar, than forest biomass with the exception of perennials harvested dry in late winter., Proceedings of the 18th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 May 2010, Lyon, France, pp. 506-510

International audience; Populations of Western countries are severely deficient in omega-3 intake, both in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and the Long Chain derivatives (LC-n-3), Eicosa-Pentaenoic-Acid and Docosa-Hexaenoic-Acid. Omega-3 insufficiency is a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebral diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke. Stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, and induces a significant socioeconomic cost and a marked increase in patient/family burden. To date, preventive treatments and neuroprotective drugs identified in preclinical studies failed in clinical trials, in part because of an inability to tolerate drugs at neuroprotective concentrations. Therefore testing alternative protective strategies, such as functional foods/nutraceuticals, are of considerable interest. We have previously demonstrated that a single injection of ALA reduced ischemic damage by limiting glutamate-mediated neuronal death, whereas repeated injections displayed additive protective benefits as a result of increased neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and neurotrophin expression. Because intravenous injections are not a suitable long-term strategy in humans, the present study investigated the effect of ALA supplementation by an experimental diet containing rapeseed oil (RSO, a rich source of ALA) as the only source of lipids for stroke prevention. We tested several experimental diets which included 5, 10, and 20% RSO-enriched diet and feeding paradigms (fresh diet was provided once or twice a week for 4 or 6 weeks). Our results showed that ALA supplemented diets are more sensitive to lipid peroxidation than a regular chow diet. Because the diet affected feeding behavior and animal growth, we defined concrete guidelines to investigate the effect of omega-3 supplementation on neuropathology. Among the different sets of experiments, animals fed with 10% and 20% RSO-enriched diet displayed a reduced mortality rate, infarct size and increased probability of spontaneous reperfusion in the post-ischemic period. In addition, a drastic reduction of lipid peroxidation levels was observed in the ischemic brain of RSO-fed animals. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the potential of employing rapeseed oil as a functional food/nutraceutical aiding in stroke prevention and protection.

National audience

International audience; The condensation of technical-grade oleic acid (OA) (65%, 85%, and 90% oleic acid) with glycidol (Gly) was carried out in an aqueous medium in the presence of a macroporous anion-exchange resin containing ammonium groups. The reaction was optimized by a unifactorial method and by a 2(n-1) fractional factorial plan. The effects of the following main parameters were quantified from experiments based on a 2((5-1)) = 2(4) factorial design: OA/Gly molar ratio, concentration (mmol of OA/mL of H2O), catalytic efficiency (mequiv of X/mmol of OA), and temperature. The conditions were optimized for a discontinuous process in a stirred reactor for selective synthesis of glycerol 1-monooleate (1-GMO) in a polymorphic system (solid resin/emulsion or microemulsion) consisting of OA/Gly/H2O/1-GMO. The catalytic role of the Ambersep 900-X resin was demonstrated by conducting the reaction using the resin in the different functional forms Ambersep 900-OH- and Ambersep 900-HCO3- and in the nonfunctionalized form Ambersep 900-Cl-. The highest yield of 1-GMO (97%) was obtained with the nonfunctionalized form Ambersep 900-Cl- at 70 degrees C.