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Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) is a common plant used for its medicinal and nutritional properties, as for the beverages, jams, liqueurs, flavourings etc. Plant material examined were leaves and fruits of wild edible, and cultivated elderberry plants (’Haschberg’ and ’Ljubostinja’ selections). Determination of organic acids and sugars was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Organic acids found in the tested fruit samples were citric, tartaric, malic, quinic, shikimic and fumaric acids, out of which quinic acid content was the highest in unripe, while citric acid content was the highest in ripe fruits. Wild plants had higher contents of organic acids in unripe fruits (16.7 g 100 g-1dw) than cultivated (’Haschberg’ 6.6, and ’Ljubostinja’ 6.3 g 100 g-1dw). ’Ljubostinja’ selection had significantly higher organic acids content (10.2 g 100 g-1dw) in ripe fruits compared to wild specimen and ’Haschberg’ plants which had similar organic acids content (7.0 and 7.4 g 100 g-1dw). The major organic acid in ripe elderberry fruits was citric acid. When it comes to sugars content the presence of sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol was established. Wild specimen had significantly higher sugars content (2.2 in unripe, and 8.4 g 100 g-1dw in ripe fruits).

Compounds which add to bioactivity of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) are mostly phenolic compounds. One wild edible and two cultivated genotypes (’Haschberg’ and ’Ljubostinja’ selections) have been chosen. Leaves and fruits were collected in four stages (April-September). Total phenolics (TP) content was determined from MeOH extracts by Folin-Ciocalteau method while determination of individual compounds was performed using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis with a DAD at 280, 350 and 530 nm. TP content in leaves varied through developmental stages, being higher in II and III stage. Leaves and fruits (both unripe and ripe) of ’Ljubostinja’ plants had higher content of TP compared to wild ripe fruits (1.5-fold). Leaves had caffeic acid derivatives (0.3-0.7% in wild, 0.2-0.3% in ’Haschberg’ and 0.4-0.6% in ’Ljubostinja’ in dry weigh) and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, while fruits had more caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, particularly unripe fruits. The major phenolic acid present in leaves, especially during the II stage of development, was chlorogenic acid (approx. 4% dw) and the same was recorded in fruits (0.03% dw in unripe fruits of wild plants). Content of phenolic acids decreased during ripening of elderberry fruits and the similar was detected in the leaves.

This is the first report on the difference in the contents of the major quality compounds during development among cultivated ('Haschberg' cultivar and 'Ljubostinja' selection) and wild edible elderberry plants. Phenolics content in leaves (four stages) and fruits (unripe and ripe), as well as organic acids and sugars content in unripe and ripe fruits were determined. Quinic acid was the major organic acid in unripe fruits (especially in 'Wild' plants 16.7 g 100 g(-1)), while ripe fruits accumulated citric acid in the highest amounts (the highest was in' Ljubostinja' 10.2 g 100 g(-1)). 'Wild' elderberry plants had significantly higher sugar content in fruits, in general (2.2 unripe and in ripe 8.4 g 100 g(-1)), except for fructose content which was the highest in' Ljubostinja' ripe fruits (up to 6-fold higher). Tested elderberry plants had four major groups of phenolics in their leaves and fruits during development: phenolic acids (caffeic and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives), flavanone, flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin derivatives) and anthocyanins (mostly cyanidin derivatives).' Ljubostinja' had higher content of cyanidin derivatives in leaves in flowering stage and in all tested fruits (0.01% DW in unripe and 0.7% DW in ripe). Bearing in mind all tested quality parameters, 'Ljubostinja' selection had better quality of fruits, which position this selection as valuable resource for further cultivation and breeding of elderberry.

Фрушка гора представља природно станиште великог броја терестричних орхидеја, међутим, диверзитет који стоји на располагању никада није био предмет оплемењивачког процеса који би их увео у масовнију производњу и употребу. Циљ овог истраживања био је очување и употреба диверзитета терестричних орхидеја са подручја Фрушке горе, као и развијање концепта њиховог оплемењивања за потребе хортикултуре и пејзажне архитектуре. Током трогодишњег истраживања евидентирано је 17 врста код којих је утврђена велика разноликост како у станишту које настањују тако и у морфолошким (квалитативним – орнаменталним и квантитативним – развојним) и цитолошким особинама. Резултати истраживања су указали да укупан генофонд представља јединствен материјал високог значаја за даљу конзервацију као и укључивање истих у порграме оплемењивања. Морфолошком карактеризацијом је утврђен велики диверзитет облика, величина и боја листова и цветова што представља добру основу за селекцију орнаменталних карактеристика високе комерцијалне вредности. Анализа едафских фактора је показала да већина пронађених врста (Anacamptis pyramidalis, Gymnadenia conopsea, Gymnadeia odoratissima, Orchis militaris, Orchis purpurea, Neotinea tridentata, Ophrys sphegodes, Ophrys scolopax, Neotinea ustulata, Himantoglossum jankae и Epipactis microphylla) растe на земљиштима богатим карбонатима, слабо алкалне реакције земљишта, док свега 5 врста расте на земљиштима слабо киселе реакције (Epipactis helleborine, Platanthera bifolia, Cephalanthera longifolia, Limodorum abortivum и Orchis masculа). На основу добијених резултата може се закључити да геолошка и педолошка својства подлоге утичу на дистрибуцију терестричних орхидеја. Такође, код већине испитиваних врста је у кореновом систему утврђено присуство ендомикоризних гљива из групе Rhizoctonia што указује да испитиване врсте одржавају симбиозу током целог свог животног циклуса. Детаљно је испитан утицај различитих хранљивих подлога и осветљења на асимбиотско клијање семена у, Fruška gora predstavlja prirodno stanište velikog broja terestričnih orhideja, međutim, diverzitet koji stoji na raspolaganju nikada nije bio predmet oplemenjivačkog procesa koji bi ih uveo u masovniju proizvodnju i upotrebu. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je očuvanje i upotreba diverziteta terestričnih orhideja sa područja Fruške gore, kao i razvijanje koncepta njihovog oplemenjivanja za potrebe hortikulture i pejzažne arhitekture. Tokom trogodišnjeg istraživanja evidentirano je 17 vrsta kod kojih je utvrđena velika raznolikost kako u staništu koje nastanjuju tako i u morfološkim (kvalitativnim – ornamentalnim i kvantitativnim – razvojnim) i citološkim osobinama. Rezultati istraživanja su ukazali da ukupan genofond predstavlja jedinstven materijal visokog značaja za dalju konzervaciju kao i uključivanje istih u porgrame oplemenjivanja. Morfološkom karakterizacijom je utvrđen veliki diverzitet oblika, veličina i boja listova i cvetova što predstavlja dobru osnovu za selekciju ornamentalnih karakteristika visoke komercijalne vrednosti. Analiza edafskih faktora je pokazala da većina pronađenih vrsta (Anacamptis pyramidalis, Gymnadenia conopsea, Gymnadeia odoratissima, Orchis militaris, Orchis purpurea, Neotinea tridentata, Ophrys sphegodes, Ophrys scolopax, Neotinea ustulata, Himantoglossum jankae i Epipactis microphylla) raste na zemljištima bogatim karbonatima, slabo alkalne reakcije zemljišta, dok svega 5 vrsta raste na zemljištima slabo kisele reakcije (Epipactis helleborine, Platanthera bifolia, Cephalanthera longifolia, Limodorum abortivum i Orchis mascula). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da geološka i pedološka svojstva podloge utiču na distribuciju terestričnih orhideja. Takođe, kod većine ispitivanih vrsta je u korenovom sistemu utvrđeno prisustvo endomikoriznih gljiva iz grupe Rhizoctonia što ukazuje da ispitivane vrste održavaju simbiozu tokom celog svog životnog ciklusa. Detaljno je ispitan uticaj različitih hranljivih podloga i osvetljenja n, AB Fruška Gora mountain is a natural habitat for a high number of terrestrial orchids. However, the given diversity has never been a subject of breeding processes that would bring them into mass production and use. This research aimed to preserve and use the diversity of terrestrial orchids from the Fruška Gora area, as well as to develop the concept of their breeding for the needs of horticulture and landscape architecture. During the three-year study, 17 species were recorded, which showed high diversity in the preferred habitat as well as in the morphological (qualitative - ornamental and quantitative - developmental) and cytological features. The results of the research indicated that the total gene pool is a unique material of high importance for further conservation as well as its inclusion in breeding programs. Morphological characterization has determined the great diversity of shapes, sizes, and colors of leaves and flowers, which represent a good starting material for the selection of ornamental features of high commercial value. The analysis of edaphic factors showed that most of the species found – Anacamptis pyramidalis, Gymnadenia conopsea, Gymnadeia odoratissima, Orchis militaris, Orchis purpurea, Neotinea tridentata, Ophrys sphegodes, Ophrys scolopax, Neotinea ustulata, Himantoglossum jankae and Epipactis microphylla, grow on carbonate-rich soils, with poor alkaline soil reactions, while only 5 species grow on soils with weak acidic reactions (Epipactis helleborine, Platanthera bifolia, Cephalanthera longifolia, Limodorum abortivum, and Orchis masculа). Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the geological and pedological properties of the substrate influence the distribution of terrestrial orchids. Also, in the majority of the tested species, the presence of endomycorrhizal fungi from the Rhizoctonia group was found in the root system, indicating that the tested species maintained symbiosis throughout their life cycle. The effect o

In recent years, sweet and sour cherry production in Serbia has increased. Under Serbian agroecological conditions, pathogens causing leaf diseases threaten the success of sweet and sour cherry production. In the period 2012-2019, the health status of cherries was monitored in more than 30 locations. Depending on the production system, the following leaf pathogens were identified: Blumeriella jaapii, Wilsonomyces carpophilus, Mycosphaerella cerasella, Phoma prunicola, Podosphaera clandestina and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and morsprunorum race 1. Leaf pathogens caused premature defoliation, which adversely affected bud formation for the next growing season and increased susceptibility to freezing. Therefore, attention should be focused on correct leaf pathogen identification, and proper selection, application and rotation of fungicides., Poslednjih godina proizvodnja trešnje i višnje u Srbiji je povećana. U našim agroekološkim uslovima, patogeni lista ugrožavaju proizvodnju ovih perspektivnih voćnih vrsta. U periodu 2012-2019. godine praćeno je zdravstveno stanje trešnje i višnje, na više od 30 lokaliteta. avisno od sistema proizvodnje identifikovani su sledeći patogeni lista: Blumeriella jaapii, Wilsonomyces carpophilus, Mycosphaerella cerasella, Phoma prunicola, Podosphaera clandestina, Pseudomonas siringae pv. syringae i morsprunorum rasa 1. Patogeni lista izazivaju prevremenu defolijaciju, što negativno utiče na formiranje pupoljaka za narednu vegetaciju i povećanu osetljivost na izmrzavanje. Stoga pažnju treba usmeriti na ispravnu identifikaciju patogena, pravilan izbor i rotaciju fungicida različitog mehanizma delovanja, kao i optimalno vreme za njihovu primenu.

In this study, the susceptibility of different sweet (19) and sour cherry (3) cultivars (cvs.) to the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and P. s. pv. morsprunorum race 1 causing bacterial canker (sensu stricto) and leaf spot was evaluated. Susceptibility to bacterial canker was examined by artificial inoculations of 1-year-old rooted trees, which revealed susceptibility of all cvs. to both P. syringae pathovars. Susceptibility level differed among cvs.; sweet cherry cvs. Katalin, Linda, Summit, New Star and Bigarreau Burlat were highly susceptible, sour cherry cvs. erdi botermo and sweet cherry Drogan's Yellow, Carmen, Germersdorfer and Noir de Meched were susceptible. Sour cherry cvs. Spanska and ujfehertoi furtos, as well as sweet cherry cv. Rita were found to be less susceptible to bacterial canker. Susceptibility to bacterial leaf spot disease was evaluated on naturally infected (field conditions) and artificially inoculated leaves (laboratory conditions). Severe symptoms of bacterial spot with shot hole appearance were observed in cherry leaves at the beginning of May under field conditions. In all collected leaf samples, presence of P. s. pv. morsprunorum race 1 was determined. Sweet cherries Valery Chkalov, Summit, Bigarreau Burlat and New Star were highly susceptible to this bacterium. No symptoms of bacterial spot were found on sweet cherries Solomary gomboly, Linda, Germersdorfer, Hedelfinger, Katalin, Margit, Carmen, Aida, Sunburst, Alex, Peter, Rita and Kavics and sour cherry erdi botermo. In laboratory conditions, susceptibility of the tested cvs. varied and mostly depended on the inoculation method. Nonetheless, sweet cherry cvs. Carmen and Margit and sour cherry erdi botermo exhibited a certain level of resistance.

This study presents the results of a multiple-year evaluation (1991-1996; 2005-2007) of susceptibility of more than 100 apple cultivars to Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha and Erwinia amylovora under agroecological conditions existing in Serbia. Some of the most popular cultivars were found highly susceptible to V. inaequalis (Cripps Pink, Mutsu, Gloster 69, Wellspur); while Golden Delicious, Richared, Gala, Čačanska pozna, Čadel and Jonagold were susceptible; Idared, Granny Smith and Jonathan moderately susceptible; Lord Lamburne and London Pepping, as well as several autochthonous cultivars were moderately resistant; and a group of resistant cultivars included Prima, Priscilla, Williams Pride, Dayton, Enterprise, Gold Rush, Golden Orange, many of the Re-cultivars (Germany), as well as Baujade, Selena, Dukát, Produkta, Topaz, some older cvs. (Worcester Pearmain, Merton Worcester, James Grieve, Akane, Astilish, Astrachan Red and Discovery), some Co-op selections (USA) and NS hybrids (Serbia). Regarding powdery mildew, Idared and Jonathan were highly susceptible; Gala, Akane, Jonagold, Priscilla, Mutsu, Čačanska pozna, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Čadel and GoldRush were susceptible; Wellspur, Astrachan Red, Richared, Jonadel, Dayton and several autochthonous cultivars were moderately susceptible; Lord Lamburne, Astlisch, Prima, Champagne Reinette, Discovery and many autochthonous cultivars were moderately resistant; while most Re-cvs. (Germany), several cultivars from the Czech Republic, some selections from the USA and UK and most NS hybrids (Serbia) were resistant. Also, some cultivars showed variable susceptibility depending on location (Williams Pride, Gloster 69, Baujade and Produkta). E. amylovora was observed only in 2007 and at relatively low intensity (up to 12% infection). The highest disease severity was observed on cv. Elstar, then Granny Smith, Idared and Jonagored; while the lowest was found on Red Chief and Hapke apple trees., Ovaj rad prikazuje rezultate višegodišnjeg proučavanja (1991-1996; 2005-2007) osetljivosti više od 100 sorti jabuke prema patogenima Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha i Erwinia amylovora u agroekološkim uslovima Srbije. Neke od dobro poznatih sorti su visoko osetljive prema V. inaequalis (Cripps Pink, Mutsu, Gloster 69, Wellspur); osetljive su Golden Delicious, Richared, Gala, Čačanska pozna, Čadel i Jonagold; umereno osetljive su Idared, Granny Smith i Jonathan; umereno otporne su Lord Lamburne i London Pepping, kao i nekoliko autohtonih sorti; grupa otpornih uključuje sorte Prima, Priscilla, Williams Pride, Dayton, Enterprise, Gold Rush, Golden Orange, mnoge Re-sorte (Nemačka), Baujade, Selena, Dukát, Produkta, Topaz, neke starije sorte (Worcester Pearmain, Merton Worcester, James Grieve, Akane, Astilish, Astrachan Red i Discovery), neke Co-op selekcije (USA) i NS hibridi (Srbija). Prema pepelnici vrlo osetljive su bile sorte Idared i Jonathan; osetljive Gala, Akane, Jonagold, Priscilla, Mutsu, Čačanska pozna, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Čadel i GoldRush; umereno osetljive Wellspur, Astrachan Red, Richared, Jonadel, Dayton i nekoliko autohtonih sorti; umereno otporne su Lord Lamburne, Astlisch, Prima, Champagne Reinette, Discovery i mnoge autohtone sorte; i otporne su Re-sorte, nekoliko sorti iz Češke Republike, neke selekcije poreklom iz USA i UK i većina NS hibrida. Takođe, neke sorte su i varirale u osetljivosti (Williams Pride, Gloster 69, Baujade i Produkta). E. amylovora je beležena samo 2007. godine sa relativno malim intenzitetom bolesti (infekcija do 12%). Najveći intenzitet bolesti je primećen kod sorte Elstar, zatim slede sorte Granny Smith, Idared, Jonagored; a najmanji intenzitet je bio kod sorti Red Chief i Hapke.

Bakteriozno sušenje trešnje (Prunus avium L.) poslednjih nekoliko godina u mladim zasadima i plantažama trešnje predstavlja značajan problem u proizvodnji ove voćne vrste. Simptomi bolesti se ispoljavaju u vidu sušenja grana, grančica ili celih stabala, što se uglavnom zapaža na mestima rezidbe i oko pupoljaka, sa uočljivim promena boje tkiva kore, koje puca i nastaju rak rane. U periodu od 2012 – 2015 godine izvršen je monitoring zdravstvenog stanja trešnje kojim je obuhvaćeno nekoliko plantaža i manjih zasada trešnje iz više lokaliteta na području AP Vojvodine i centralne Srbije (Ritopek). Mlade voćke su očigledno najugroženije, jer smo na osnovu praćenja zdravstvenog stanja u više lokaliteta i zasadima različite starosti, pojavu bakterioznog sušenja u jačem ili slabijem intenzitetu, konstatovali samo u mladim zasadima (do 3 godine starosti – Selenča, Gornji Tavankut, Donji Tavankut, Ljutovo, Mikićevo i Kanjiža). Izolacijama na strandardne hranljive podloge, iz prikupljenih obolelih uzoraka trešnje, kao i sa zdravih pupoljaka i listova trešnje (epifitna populacija), dobijeni su brojni izolati bakterija P. syringae pvs. od kojih je za dalja ispitivanja odabrano 155 izolata. Identifikikacija dobijenih izolata je izvršena je na osnovu fenotipskih i genotipskih metoda. Na osnovu LOPAT testova izolati pripadaju Ia grupi fluorescentnih vrsta Pseudomonas syringae. Prema GATTa testovima utvrđene su dve grupe izolata u okviru vrste P. syringae: I grupa (G+A+T–Ta–) i II grupa (G–A–T+Ta+). Dodatni testovi su potvrdili GATTa testove, na osnovu kojih je zaključeno da sušenje mladih stabala trešnje prouzrokuju dve grupe bakterije P. s. pv. syringae (I grupa) i P. s. pv. morsprunorum rasa 1 (II grupa). Među ispitivanim izolatima nije bilo odstupanja u pogledu fenotipskih karakteristika u okviru iste grupe, osim sposobnosti stvaranja siringomicina pojedinih izolata I grupe (pv. syringae). Proverom patogenosti na raznim test biljkama i biljci domaćinu utvrđene su razlike, ali i o, Bacterial die back (canker) of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) in young orchards and sweet cherry plantations in the past few years has been a significant problem in the production of this fruit species. Symptoms of the disease were manifested in the form of drying branches, twigs or whole trees, which were mainly observed in places of pruning or around the buds, bark changes a color, cracks and cankers has formed. In the period 2012 - 2015 monitoring of the health status of sweet cherries was carried out covering several plantations and smaller orchards of sweet cherries in several localities in Vojvodina and central Serbia (Ritopek). Young fruit trees are obviously the most susceptible, based on monitoring of the health status in many localities and plantations of different ages, the occurrence of bacterial canker in a stronger or weaker intensity was found only in young plantations (up to 3 years old - Selenča, Gornji Tavankut, Donji Tavankut, Ljutovo, Mikićevo and Kanjiža). From collected diseased samples of sweet cherries, as well as healthy buds and leaves of sweet cherry (epiphytic population) isolations on standard nutrient medium, were obtained numerous isolates of P. syringae pvs. and for further investigations was selected 155 isolates. Identification of isolates was performed on the basis of phenotypic and genotypic methods. Based on LOPAT tests isolates belonging to Ia group fluorescent Pseudomonas syringae. According to GATTa tests two groups of P. syringae isolates were identified, I group (G+A+T-Ta-) and II group (G-A-T+Ta+). Additional tests confirmed the GATT tests, on the basis which it was concluded that the drying of young sweet cherry trees caused P. s. pv. syringae (I group) and P. s. pv. morsprunorum race 1 (II group). Among the tested isolates was not exceptions in phenotypic characteristics within the same group, except for the ability to produced syringomycine for some isolates of I groups (pv. syringae). In pathogenicity tests on various p

Stepska višnja (Prunus fruticosa Pall.) je autotetraploidna vrsta (FFFF, 2n = 4x = 32) koja se prema taksonomskom položaju svrstava u familiju Rosaceae, rod Prunus. Ova vrsta pripada sekciji Eurocerasus u koju se pored nje ubrajaju još i trešnja (Prunus avium L.) i višnja (Prunus cerasus L.). Stepska višnja i trešnja su među najranijim derivatima roda Prunus, dok je višnja nastala kroz proces prirodne hibridizacije između ove dve vrste nekoliko puta u toku istorije. Utvrđivanje nivoa diverziteta među biljnim materijalom koji se koristi u oplemenjivačkom radu je od izuzetne važnosti za unapređenje agronomskih svojstava bilo koje biljne vrste. Jedan od prvih koraka u istraživanju nivoa diverziteta jeste morfološka karakterizacija germplazme. Nasuprot ovom tipu markera nalaze se molekularni markeri kojima se detektuju razlike na nivou DNK. Cilj ovog rada je bio ispitivanje inter- i intrapopulacione varijabilnosti stepske višnje (P. fruticosa) upotrebom fenotipskih, mikrosatelitskih i SNP markera, a dobijeni rezultati će olakšati i ubrzati oplemenjivački proces trešnje i višnje. Fenotipska svojstva su ispoljila visok nivo varijabilnosti prevashodno za kvantitativne markere, dok je nešto niži stepen varijacija uočen kod kvalitativnih karaktera, a potpuno odsustvo varijabilnosti je uočeno samo u svojstvu prisustva lisnih žlezda. Populacije stepske višnje su pokazale visok nivo polimorfizma unutar i između populacija primenom mikrosatelitskih markera, a broj detektovanih alela u okviru lokusa se kretao od 2 (BPPCT022, UDP-018) do 11 (BPPCT034). Varijabilnost na nivou sekvenci DNK u okviru populacija vrste P. fruticosa je visoka, ovo je potvrđeno analizom 170256 SNP markera. Populacije stepske višnje na nivou sva tri tipa markera su pokazale visok stepen varijabilnosti kada se govori o svim analiziranim lokalitetima kao jednoj populaciji, dok je ona bila nešto niža između jedinki na jednom lokalitetu. Bujnost kao fenotipska karakteristi, European ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall.) is autotetraploid species (FFFF, 2n = 4x = 32) and belongs to Prunus genus and Rosaceae family. It is a part of Eurocerasus section that also includes sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). Sweet cherry and ground cherry are presumably early derivatives of ancestral Prunus while sour cherry arose from natural hybridization between these two species several times trough history. Determination of diversity is of great importance in every breeding program, and morphological characterization continues to be the first step for the description and classification of that diversity. Other available tolls for measuring diversity among germplasm are molecular markers. Aim of this research was to determine level of inter- and intrapopulation variability in European ground cherry (P. fruticosa Pall.) using phenotypic, SSR and SNP markers to facilitate cherry breeding. Phenotype characteristics exhibited high level of variability especially for quantitative traits, while qualitative traits had shown lower level of variability. Only presence of leaf nectaries had absence of variability; all analyzed accessions had nectaries on their leaves. Microsatellite markers confirmed high variability between and within all analyzed populations of ground cherry. Number of alleles per markers ranged from 2 (BPPCT002 and UDP-018) to 11 (BPPCT034). Analysis of 170,256 SNP markers confirmed high level of variability in DNA sequences of P. fruticosa. All analyzed populations of ground cherry showed overall high level of variability using all types of markers, while variability was relatively lower within each population. Association study revealed significant level of association between several traits and SNP markers. Vigor as a trait of interest showed significant association with SNP on chromosome 7 (S7_8740459) and chromosome 8 (S8_6142814). European ground cherry as one of wild relatives of economically

U periodu od 2010. do 2012. godine proučavana je varijabilnost i izvršena identifikacija i karakterizacija 13 klonova Oblačinske višnje na osnovu osobina pojedinih njihovih organa, proizvodno-tehnoloških osobina i osobina polena. Osobine pojedinih organa ispitivanih klonova Oblačinske višnje određene su ocenjivanjem na osnovu deskriptora za višnju i merenjem odgovarajućih parametara. Od hemijskih osobina ploda utvrđivani su: sadržaj rastvorljivih suvih materija, sadržaj ukupnih i invertnih šećera, sadržaj saharoze, sadržaj ukupnih kiselina i sadržaj ukupnih antocijana. Od fenoloških karakteristika proučavane su vreme cvetanja i vreme sazrevanja. Broj zametnutih plodova i broj ubranih plodova utvrđeni su na osnovu rezultata slobodnog oprašivanja. Rodnost proučavanih klonova izražena je preko prinosa po stablu i koeficijenta rodnosti. Otpornost na prouzrokovače bolesti (Wilsonomyces carpophylus, Blumeriella jaapii i Monilinia fructigena) ispitivana je u uslovima prirodne infekcije. Od osobina polena proučavane su morfološke karakteristike polena, skenirajućim elektronskim mikroskopom i klijavost polena, metodom naklijavanja in vitro na hranljivoj podlozi sa saharozom i agar-agarom. Kod kvalitativnih osobina utvrđena je različita zastupljenost klonova po proučavanim kategorijama. Na ekspresiju većine kvantitativnih osobina, veoma značajan ili značajan uticaj ispoljili su proučavani klonovi, a kod određenog broja osobina ispoljen je i veoma značajan ili značajan uticaj godine ispitivanja i interakcije klon × godina. Među proučavanim osobinama najveće učešče genetičke varijabilnosti u ukupnoj fenotipskoj varijabilnosti utvrđeno je za obim debla (82,83%), a najmanje za odnos dužine i širine polena (0,67%). Najmanje učešće godine u ukupnoj varijabilnosti ustanovljeno je za širinu grebena i širinu brazde na egzini polena (0,00%), a najveće za prečnik letorasta (89,98%). Interakcija klon × godina najviše je uticala na ispoljavanje širine grebena na egzini polena (23,29%), a, In the period from 2010 to 2012, the variability of 13 Oblačinska sour cherry clones was studied and the identification and characterization was provided, based on some traits of their organs, production-technological properties and pollen characteristics. The traits of individual organs of the examined sour cherry clones were determined by evaluating on the basis of descriptors for sour cherry and measuring the appropriate parameters. Also, the chemical fruit properties were determined: soluble solids, total sugars, invert sugars, sucrose, total acids and total anthocyanins. Flowering and ripening time were studied from the phenological characteristics. Initial and final fruit set were determined on the basis of open pollination. Productivity of the studied clones was expressed over the yield per tree and the yield efficiency. Resistance to diseases (Wilsonomyces carpophylus, Blumeriella jaapii and Monilinia fructigena) was studied under the conditions of natural infection. From pollen traits, morphological characteristics of pollen by scanning electron microscope and pollen germination by germination method in vitro on the medium with sucrose and agar-agar were studied. Concerning qualitative characteristics different numbers of clones per studied categories were determined. Regarding majority of quantitative traits, very significant or significant influence investigated clones, and in a certain number of traits, very significant or significant impact of year and the interaction clone × year were manifested. Among the studied traits the highest part of genetic variability in total phenotype variability has been found for trunk circumference (82.83%), and least for the pollen length and width ratio (0.67%). The least influence of a year in total variability was found for ridge width and furrow width of the pollen exine (0.00%), and the largest for diameter of the branches (89.98%). The interaction clone × year the most influenced on the expression of the ridge widt

The exciting challenge for all breeders is to release cultivars which the market wants and which can produce a profit for the growers. They have done it in the past and they will continue to do it in the future. Today's fruit breeding program are interrelated with other research disciplines. The complex, dynamic and interdisciplinary interactions require innovative approaches, including modern tools and techniques. The most important areas of collaboration are: database management, genetics, phytopathology entomology, ecology, physiology, molecular biology, fruit quality and sensory perception. Breeders also need to be aware of modern fruit marketing and consumer requirements. The complexity of tasks in modern fruit breeding sometimes leads to the specialization of particular breeding program and a dynamic interaction between complementary programs. Responses from fruit breeders about genetic transformation ranged from strongly negative to actively positive. Fruit breeders are constantly challenged to consider new tools and technology to increase the efficiency of their programs., Generalni, najvažniji izazov oplemenjivačkog rada je stvaranje novih sorti koje će prihvatiti tržište i koje donose profit proizvođačima. Selekcioneri su uspešno ispunjavali ove najviše ciljeve do sada i nema sumnje da će nastaviti da to rade i ubuduće. Današnji oplemenjivački programi su interdisciplinarni. Kompleksnost, dinamičan razvoj i interdisciplinarna interakcija zahtevaju nove prilaze, inventivne i dobro obučene kadrove savremene metode i opremljenost laboratorija. Najvažnije oblasti saradnje predstavljaju baze podataka, genetika, fitopatologija, entomologija fiziologija, ekologija, molekularna biologija, mehanizacija proizvodnje kvalitet ploda i senzorsko ocenjivanje. Oplemenjivači moraju biti svesni modernih zahteva tržišta i potrošača. Kompleksnost ciljeva vrlo često vodi ka specijalizaciji pojedinih oplemenjivačkih programa i dinamičkoj interakciji komplementarnih programa. Odnos oplemenjivača prema genetički modifikovanim organizmima ide od negativnog do pozitivnog. Stalan izazov pred naučnim radnicima je spoznaja novih metoda i tehnologija kako bi unapredili efikasnost svojih oplemenjivačkih programa.

The effect of exogenously applied auxins on mechanical injury induced oxidative stress was studied in 6 promising rootstock selections of Prunus cerasus L., P. mahaleb L., and P. fruticosa Pall. Investigated selections were included in low vigorous rootstock breeding programme for sweet and sour cherries. The standard rootstock PHL-A was used as a control, due to successful rooting. Leaves of investigated rootstocks were collected on: 0, 1st, 3rd and 7th day of inserting softwood cuttings into the rooting substrate under a fogging system with 95-99% average relative humidity. Exogenously applied auxin mixture consisted of 0.8% α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5% indolebutyric acid (IBA). Mechanical injuries during rooting period represent one of the factors that induce stress in softwood cuttings. Intensity of LP is used as a valuable biomarker of plant response to various abiotic factors. Differences in intensity of LP between auxin-treated and -untreated cuttings were examined. Almost all of investigated selections had lower LP intensity after auxin application (11.4-47.2%) between 1st and 3rd day. However, the most prominent change was in leaves of PHL-A (49.2%). The best LP-lowering effect were recorded in leaves of P. fruticosa, SV4 selection (56.9%) on 7th day and in P. mahaleb, M4 selection, on 1st and 3rd day (5.9, 5.8%), in comparison to untreated softwood cuttings. As for OV21 selection, LP intensity significantly increased in both treated and untreated cuttings on the 1st, 3rd and 7th day, but auxin-treated cuttings showed lower LP values, except on 7th day, reaching 221.3 nmol MDA equivalents g-1 fresh weight. Intensity of LP during vegetative propagation of selected genotypes could be used as one of the biochemical parameters in further rootstock selection for sweet and sour cherries.